(19)
(11)EP 2 937 876 B1

(12)EUROPEAN PATENT SPECIFICATION

(45)Mention of the grant of the patent:
29.04.2020 Bulletin 2020/18

(21)Application number: 13869640.6

(22)Date of filing:  24.12.2013
(51)International Patent Classification (IPC): 
H01F 1/057(2006.01)
H01F 7/02(2006.01)
H01F 41/02(2006.01)
B22F 3/16(2006.01)
(86)International application number:
PCT/CN2013/090319
(87)International publication number:
WO 2014/101747 (03.07.2014 Gazette  2014/27)

(54)

SINTERED NEODYMIUM-IRON-BORON MAGNET AND MANUFACTURING METHOD THEREFOR

GESINTERTER NEODYM-EISEN-BOR-MAGNET UND HERSTELLUNGSVERFAHREN DAFÜR

AIMANT NÉODYME-FER-BORE FRITTÉ ET SON PROCÉDÉ DE FABRICATION


(84)Designated Contracting States:
AL AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB GR HR HU IE IS IT LI LT LU LV MC MK MT NL NO PL PT RO RS SE SI SK SM TR

(30)Priority: 24.12.2012 CN 201210566731

(43)Date of publication of application:
28.10.2015 Bulletin 2015/44

(73)Proprietors:
  • Beijing Zhong Ke San Huan Hi-tech Co., Ltd.
    Beijing 100190 (CN)
  • Sanvac (Beijing) Magnetics Co., Ltd.
    Beijing 102200 (CN)

(72)Inventors:
  • HU, Boping
    Beijing 100190 (CN)
  • ZHAO, Yugang
    Beijing 102200 (CN)
  • ZHANG, Jin
    Beijing 102200 (CN)
  • CHEN, Guoan
    Beijing 102200 (CN)
  • RAO, Xiaolei
    Beijing 100190 (CN)
  • NIU, E
    Beijing 100190 (CN)
  • CHEN, Zhian
    Beijing 100190 (CN)
  • JIN, Guoshun
    Beijing 100190 (CN)
  • JIA, Jingdong
    Beijing 100190 (CN)

(74)Representative: Kuhnen & Wacker Patent- und Rechtsanwaltsbüro PartG mbB 
Prinz-Ludwig-Straße 40A
85354 Freising
85354 Freising (DE)


(56)References cited: : 
CN-A- 101 266 856
CN-A- 101 630 557
CN-A- 102 592 775
CN-A- 101 266 856
CN-A- 101 826 386
US-A1- 2006 201 585
  
      
    Note: Within nine months from the publication of the mention of the grant of the European patent, any person may give notice to the European Patent Office of opposition to the European patent granted. Notice of opposition shall be filed in a written reasoned statement. It shall not be deemed to have been filed until the opposition fee has been paid. (Art. 99(1) European Patent Convention).


    Description

    1. Field of the invention



    [0001] The present invention relates to a Nd-Fe-B sintered magnet and a method for manufacturing the same, particularly to a Nd-Fe-B sintered magnet with ultra-high performance and a method for manufacturing the same.

    2. Background of the invention



    [0002] Nd-Fe-B sintered magnets have been widely used in various fields such as electronics and information technology, automobiles, medical equipment, energy, and transportation, etc. Meanwhile, with the continuing improvement of technology and reduction of cost, Nd-Fe-B permanent magnets find wide potential applications in many emerging fields. With the advent of low-carbon economics, countries have paid attention to environmental protection and low carbon emissions as key science and technology fields. Therefore energy structure improvement, renewable energy development, increased energy efficiency, reduced energy consumption and carbon emission are in demand. New market emerges in low carbon industries such as wind-power generators, new-energy vehicles, energy-saving home appliances, etc. The new applications require improved performance of Nd-Fe-B sintered magnets. For example, the most popular laptop computers are equipped with 2.5-inch hard disks. The voice coil motors (VCM) of hard disks require N50H-grade Nd-Fe-B sintered magnets with the maximum energy product (BH)max > 382 kJ/mol (48 MGOe) and intrinsic coercivity Hcj > 1273.2 kA/m (16 kOe). In another example, the thin plate high performance Nd-Fe-B magnets in ignition coil of automobile engines operate at a required working temperature higher than 200 °C the application requires N35EHS-grade sintered Nd-Fe-B magnets with (BH)max > 262.6 kJ/m3 (33 MGOe) and coercivity Hcj > 2785.2 kA/m (35 kOe)... Both high (BH)max and high Hcj are demanded of Nd-Fe-B magnets in emerging applications such as robotic walkers, integrated special motors, and automatic driving systems, etc. Rare earths are important strategic resources. Enhanced comprehensive magnetic properties of Nd-Fe-B sintered magnet improve efficient use of these resources.

    [0003] Therefore, the trend of developing Nd-Fe-B sintered magnets is to improve both (BH)max and Hcj simultaneously.

    [0004] Currently the major global manufacturers have launched high performance Nd-Fe-B sintered magnet products to meet specific purpose requirements. Hitachi Metals Co. has developed Nd-Fe-B sintered magnets with (BH)max of 421.8 kJ/m3 (53 MGOe) for stable production; Vacuumschmelze (VAC) in Germany has put magnets of 50 MGOe (BH)max into mass production, and TDK Co. in Japan has also put commercial magnets with 48∼50 MGOe (BH)max into mass production. However, none of the products achieves both high (BH)max and high Hcj. The typical magnetic properties of some of the commercialized high performance magnets are listed in Table 1.
    Table 1 Magnetic properties of Nd-Fe-B sintered magnets with high performance produced by some global manufacturers (1 T = 10 kG; 79.6 kA/m = 1 kOe; 7.96 kJ/m3 = 10 MGOe).
    GradeCompanyBr/ kGsHcj/ kOe(BH)max/ MGOe
    NMX-S54 Hitachi Metals Co. 14.5∼15.1 11 51∼55
    NMX-S41EH Hitachi Metals Co. 12.4∼13.1 25 37∼42
    NMX-S34GH Hitachi Metals Co. 11.2∼12 33 30∼35
    VACODYM688TP VAC 11.4 36 32
    VACODYM745HR VAC 14.4 15 47


    [0005] Table 1 shows that Nd-Fe-B sintered magnets with high (BH)max correlate to low Hcj. Similarly, the high Hcj correlate to relatively low (BH)max. In addition, the numeric sum of (BH)max and Hcj of all products fall between 60 and 70 in cgs units.

    [0006] Patent CN 101 266 856 A discloses a sintered magnet having a composition (in wt%) (Nd30.5-x-y-zPrxDyyTbz)Co3.5Cu0.2Ga0.2B1Nd0.3A10.3Feexcess ; (x=0-8; y=7-12; z=0-3) and having [(BH)max] + [jHc] ≥ 75 in cgs units. The oxygen content is maintained between 100-900 ppm and the R-Fe-B mean grain size powder before sintering is d =2-4 µm.

    [0007] The fundamental function of permanent magnets is to provide magnetic fields in application spaces. The maximum energy product (BH)max (MGOe) represents the capacity of a permanent magnet to provide magnetic energy output. With the same size, a permanent magnet of larger (BH)max provides stronger magnetic field. The intrinsic coercivity Hcj (kOe) represents the capability of a magnet to keep itself stable in magnetized state., If Hcj of a magnet is not high enough, Hcj decays when the magnet is disturbed by demagnetizing field, temperature, or vibration, whereby the capacity of part or the whole of the magnet to provide magnetic field decreases, i.e., the capability of the magnet to maintain its magnetized state and to supply the magnetic field eventually decreases.

    [0008] For Nd-Fe-B sintered magnets, the relationship between Hcj and (BH)max or Remanence Br tends to be antagonistic. The magnet with high Hcj has decreased (BH)max or Br. Hcj decreases if (BH)max or Br is enhanced. It follows that unconditional increase of the Hcj would significantly affect (BH)max and decrease parameters and comprehensive characteristics of the magnet, and limit the applicability of the magnet. Therefore, in the field of Nd-Fe-B sintered magnets, the sum of (BH)max and Hcj is considered to be a comprehensive parameter for the performance of a magnet.

    3. Summary of the invention



    [0009] High performance magnets should have high Curie temperature Tc, high remanence Br or Mr (Br = 4 πMr) high intrinsic coercivity Hcj, and high maximum energy product (BH)max. The last three parameters Br, Hcj and (BH)max are referred to as the extrinsic magnetic properties of the permanent magnet.. Curie temperature Tc, saturation magnetization Ms, and magnetocrystalline anisotropy HA are referred to as the intrinsic magnetic properties of the permanent magnet main phase. The extrinsic magnetic properties of permanent magnet are determined by the intrinsic magnetic properties of the permanent magnet main phase. Considering the multiphase microstructure of Nd-Fe-B sintered magnet and tiny volume ratio of minor phases, these three parameters can reasonably refer to the main phase of Nd2Fe14 B-type
    tetragonal crystalline structure.

    [0010] Only the materials with excellent intrinsic magnetic properties are possible to be processed into high performance permanent magnets. For a permanent magnet, the higher Curie Temperature is, thes higher operating temperature range and better thermal stability.

    [0011] The theoretical limit of maximum energy product (BH)max is determined by the saturation magnetization Ms, according to the relationship (BH)max ≤ (4πMr) 2/4 ≤ (4πMs)2/4. Therefore only materials with high Ms can be processed into permanent magnets with high (BH)max. Intrinsic coercivity is determined by Hcq=CHa-N(4πMs), therefore materials with high Ha can produce permanent magnets with high Hcj. But high Tc, high Ms and high Ha are not necessary to produce high performance permanent magnets, it also depends on . appropriate manufacture processes to achieve both high Hcj and high (BH)max . because the parameters C and N in above formula are sensitive to microstructure which is determined by manufacture process. The theoretical maximum saturation magnetization Ms of a permanent magnet is determined once the components of the permanent magnet are determined. If the magnet is composed of a single main phase, the theoretical maximum (BH)max may be achieved. Taking Nd-Fe-B magnet for example, if the magnet is composed of the single Nd2Fe14 B-type
    crystalline phase (space group P42/mnm, tetragonal symmetry), and all grains are perfectly oriented along their easy magnetization direction (c-axis of the tetragonal phase), the theoretical (BH)max of approximate 509.3 kJ/m3 (64 MGOe) can be achieved. However, this magnet has no intrinsic coercivity Hcj, and it is not a permanent magnet and cannot be used as a permanent magnet. The reasons why Hcj≈0 are as follows: the grains in matrix are in close contact with each other Magnetization of each grain distributes along both easy magnetization directions of c-axis with equal possibility. The total magnetization of both easy magnetization directions cancels out and the magnet does not show magnetic characteristics. When a magnetic field is applied along the c-axis, the magnetization of each crystallite will be parallel to the field. But when the magnetic field is removed, the magnetization of each grain redistributes equally along either direction of c-axis, and the total magnetization of the magnet returns to zero and shows no remanence or coercivity. The magnet has no permanent magnetic characteristics Therefore, in order to achieve certain level of intrinsic coercivity Hcj, it is necessary to introduce rare-earth rich phase along the boundary of main phase grains via powder metallurgy processes of rare-earth permanent magnet. Each of the magnet main phase grains has a magnetization direction along the magnetic field when it is under saturation magnetization charged along the orientation. When the magnetization field disappears, intrinsic coercivity prevents each grain from flipping its direction of magnetization but keeps each grain along the magnetization direction, and thus the magnet demonstrates extrinsic magnetic properties such as remanence and coercivity. This type of microstructure will effectively keep the magnetization of saturatedly magnetized grains along the magnetic field direction. The ratio of the main phase to the rare-earth rich phase should be moderate. In the case where the rare-earth rich phase content is too low, although the main phase content fraction is high, and saturation magnetization Ms of the magnet is high, increasing the upper level of the remanence and maximum energy product,, the coercivity of the magnet may be too small. On the other hand, if the rare-earth rich phase is excessive, it will be beneficial to increase coercivity Hcj but can decrease the percentage of Nd2Fe14B crystalline structure main phase in the magnet, whereby decreasing Ms and leading to decreased Br and (BH)max.

    [0012] In order to obtain Nd-Fe-B permanent magnet with relatively balanced remanence and intrinsic coercivity, maximizing the sum of Hcq and (BH)max, , the present inventors have researched in the following two aspects in the present invention:
    1. 1. optimizing the composition ingredients of the magnet to ensure the main phase is of Nd2Fe14B crystalline structure and the main phase is of appropriate fraction in the magnet. to obtain excellent intrinsic magnetic properties; and 2. optimizing the manufacturing process to exhibit the excellent intrinsic magnetic properties in the extrinsic magnetic properties.


    [0013] Meanwhile, in present invention, additive element Co partially substitutes Fe, increasing the saturation magnetization Ms and the Curie temperature Tc of the main phase that is of Nd2Fe14B crystalline structure and improving the temperature coefficient of remanence and the temperature coefficient of coercivity.

    [0014] The present invention achieves the goals in the following ways:
    A Nd-Fe-B sintered magnet as defined in claim 1, comprising essentially of rare earth element R, additive element T, iron Fe, and boron B and having Nd2Fe14B-crystalline structure main phase and a rare-earth rich phase. The sum of the value of Hcj (in unit of kOe) and (BH)max (in unit of MGOe) is no less than 70, i.e., Hcj(kOe) + (BH)max(MGOe) ≥70.

    [0015] A Nd-Fe-B sintered magnet comprising essentially of rare earth element R, additive element T, iron Fe, and boron B and having Nd2Fe14B-crystalline structure main phase and a rare-earth rich phase. It is characterized that the area ratio of the main phase to the total area of the cross section of the magnet ranges from 91% to97%, wherein the cross section of the magnet is perpendicular to the orientation direction (i.e. the normal direction of the surface is the orientation direction).

    [0016] A Nd-Fe-B sintered magnet with a composition of rare earth element R, additive element T, iron Fe, and boron B, having Nd2Fe14B-crystalline structure main phase and a rare-earth rich phase. It is characterized that the Curie temperature Tc of the magnet ranges from 310 °C to 340 °C.

    [0017] A method for manufacturing Nd-Fe-B sintered magnet, characterized by the production process comprising alloy melting, alloy crushing, powder mixing, pressing, block sintering, and post-sinter treating with heat.

    [0018] In summary, the present invention improves remanence by optimizing the composition ingredients and the manufacture process to ensure appropriate fraction of the main phase and the orientation degree of the main phase crystal grains; the present invention enhances intrinsic coercivity Hcj by optimizing the phase fraction and microstructure of rare-earth rich phase along the grain boundary. In this way, high performance Nd-Fe-B sintered magnet was achieved with both high maximum energy product and high intrinsic coercivity, wherein (BH)max(MGOe) + Hcj(kOe)≥70. In addition, the present invention improves the temperature coefficient of remanence αBr and the temperature coefficient of coercivity αHcj by increasing Curie temperature Tc, enhancing intrinsic coercivity Hcj, and optimizing the microstructure of the Nd-Fe-B sintered magnet, enabling application of the magnet in a wider temperature range.

    4. Description of the drawings



    [0019] 

    FIG. 1 Metallographic photo of the cross section for magnetizing or with the normal direction being the magnetic orientation direction before black-and-white binarization treatment.

    FIG. 2 Metallographic image of the cross section for magnetizing or with the normal direction being the magnetic orientation direction after black-and-white binarization treatment.


    5. Description of embodiments



    [0020] The theoretical limit of (BH)max of Nd2Fe14B intermetallic compound, where 100% of the intermetallic compound is Nd2Fe14B main phase, is approximately 509.3 kJ/m3 (64 MGOe). But in practice, the (BH)max of Nd-Fe-B sintered magnet is smaller. Because rare-earth rich phase exists around grain boundary of Nd2Fe14B phase, resulting in intrinsic coercivity Hcj, and during the process, defects such as pores, impurities, and misaligned main phase grains etc. can lead it away from the ideal condition, decreasing the fraction of the main phase in the magnet, thus, remanence Br is decreased and consequently (BH)max is decreased.

    [0021] It has been proven that the remanence Br of Nd-Fe-B sintered magnets can be determined by the following equation:

    wherein MsJs(20I) denotes the saturation magnetization of the main phase, ρ/ρ0 denotes the relative density (ρ: magnet density; ρ0: density of the main phase), α denotes the volume fraction of nonmagnetic phases, and f denotes grain alignment factor. In order to achieve high (BH)max of a permanent magnet, the fraction of the main phase of the sintered magnet should be increased, so that the alloy composition of the magnet can be as close to the composition of Nd2Fe14B as possible (keeping high value of Ms), and in the meantime, appropriate content of rare-earth rich phase exists (smaller value of α) for high density magnet (ρ/ρ0≈1) via liquid phase sintering and uniformly distributed rare-earth rich phase around main phase grains so that high coercivity can be obtained for the magnet after sintering.

    [0022] The intrinsic coercivity Hcj of Nd-Fe-B sintered magnet can be determined by the following equation:

    wherein: Ha denotes the magneto crystalline anisotropy field of the main phase, C depends on grain-grain interaction and grain-boundary interaction, N denotes the effective demagnetizing factor. C and N sensitively depend on grain size, grain-size distribution and the orientation characteristics and boundary feature between adjacent grains. In order to obtain a magnet with high intrinsic coercivity Hcj, the magneto crystalline anisotropy field Ha of the main phase Nd2Fe14B-type crystalline structure of the magnet should be high enough, and further the factor C should be increased and N decreased by the optimizing process.

    [0023] In the present invention, Nd-Fe-B sintered magnets with high comprehensive indexes with both (BH)max and Hcj were obtained by optimizing the composition ingredients and the manufacture process. The main phase of the magnet is an intermetallic compounds with Nd2Fe14B crystalline structure and its lattice contants a=0.8760 nm∼0.8800 nm and c=1.2000 nm∼1.2230 nm. The maximum energy product (BH)max in MGOe and intrinsic coercivity Hcj in kOe is no less than 70, i.e., (BH)max(MGOe)+Hcj(kOe)≥70.

    [0024] According to the intrinsic magnetic characteristics of R2Fe14B intermetallic compounds, Pr2Fe14B has high Ms but low Ha. (For Pr2Fe14B, 4πMs= 1.56 T (15.6 kG), Ha =6923 kA/m (87 kOe). For Nd2Fe14B, 4πMs= 1.6 T (16 kG), Ha =6047.9 kA/m (76 kOe)). Comparatively, Tb2Fe14B has higher Ha but low Ms. (For Tb2Fe14B, 4πMs =0.7 T (7 kG), Ha =17507 kA/m (220 kOe). For Dy2Fe14B, 4πMs =0.71 T (7.1 kG), Ha =11936.5 kA/ m (150 kOe)). Therefore, adjusting the combination of Pr, Nd, Tb, and Dy in different compositions can result in higher 4πMs (4πMr) (and consequently high (BH)max, as well as higher Ha (and consequently higher Hcj).

    [0025] For example, in accordance with the present invention, a Nd-Fe-B sintered magnet has the magnetic properties of 6366.2 kA/m (80 kOe) ≤ Ha ≤ 11140.8 kA/m (140 kOe), (BH)max ≥ 206.9 kJ/m3 (26 MGOe), Br=4πMr ≥ 1.03 T (10.3 kG) and Hcj ≥ 1.8 T (18 kG) and (BH)max(MGOe) + Hcj(kOe)≥70.

    [0026] In another example, in accordance with the present invention, additive element Co partially substituted Fe, increasing the saturation magnetization Ms and the Curie temperature Tc of the Nd2Fe14B crystalline main phase and improving the temperature coefficient of remanence αBr and the temperature coefficient of coercivity αHcj. One of the Nd-Fe-B sintered magnets in accordance with the present invention has the Tc ranging from 310 °C to 340 °C.

    [0027] In a further example, in accordance with the present invention, the fraction of the main phase can be varied by adjusting the total content of the rare-earth element R (28 wt%∼32 wt%). In the cross section of the magnet that is perpendicular to the orientation direction (i.e., the normal direction of the surface is the orientation direction), , the ratio of the area of the main phase to the total area of the cross section ranges from 91% to 97%, particularly from 94% to 96%.

    [0028] In the present invention, the optimized process for manufacturing high performance Nd-Fe-B sintered magnet comprises alloy melting, alloy crushing, powder mixing, pressing, block sintering, and post-sinter treating with heat. For example, a manufacture process comprises:

    a. Alloy Melting



    [0029] Strip casting technique is applied to produce alloy slates with thickness ranging from 0.1 to 0.5 mm. The oxygen content of the alloy slate ranges from 40 ppm to 160 ppm.

    b. Alloy crushing to make powders



    [0030] Hydrogen decrepitation (HD) technique is applied to crush the alloy flakes into coarse powder. The hydrogen content of the coarse powder ranges from 500 ppm to 1600 ppm. The coarse powder is subsequently jet milled to fine powder of mean particle size ranging from 2.0 to 4.0 µm with an inert gas or N2 jet. Almost all of the fine particles are monocrystalline.

    c. Powder mixing



    [0031] The fine powder that is jet-milled at different times is uniformly mixed under an oxygen-free protective atmosphere. 200 to 500 ppm of lubricant as compared to the total weight of the mixed fine power are added during mixing to increase the fluidity of the fine powder and increase the degree of orientation during powder pressing.

    d. Pressing



    [0032] The evenly mixed fine powder is pressed into precursor block within an air-tight chamber filled with protective gas. An aligning magnetic field of 795.6-2387.3 kA/m (10-30 kOe) is applied simultaneously for orientation. The resulting precursor blocks are kept in a container with gas protection.

    e. Block sintering:



    [0033] The resulting precursor blocks are sintered at a temperature ranging from 1045°C to 1085 °C in a vacuum sintering furnace in vacuum or under a protective atmosphere for a period of time ranging from 4 to 8 hours, and then Ar gas is filled into the furnace to cool the temperature inside of the furnace down to be lower than 100 °C.

    f. Post-sinter treating with heat



    [0034] Post-sinter heat treatment is in a vacuum furnace under vacuum or a protective atmosphere with two temperings: . first, tempering at a temperature ranging from 850 °C to 950 °C under vacuum or a protective atmosphere for a period of time ranging from 3 to 5 hours. Then Ar gas is filled into the furnace to cool the temperature inside of the furnace down to be lower than 100 °C; then, tempering at a temperature ranging from 450 °C to 650 °C under vacuum or a protective atmosphere for a period of time ranging from 3 to 5 hours. Then Ar gas is filled into the furnace to cool the temperature inside of the furnace down to be lower than 80 °C.

    [0035] The resulting Nd-Fe-B sintered magnet has one or more of the characteristic parameters listed below , after the process above:
    1. a. The average crystalline grain size of the main phase ranges from 5.0 µm to 10.0 µm. The rare-earth rich phase is relatively uniformly distributed along the grain boundary to achieve high Hcj. Smaller grain size would make the manufacture process more difficult, and larger grain size would make it more difficult to obtain high Hcj.
    2. b. The degree of orientation of the grain of Nd-Fe-B sintered magnet main phase is high and the misalignment factor of the magnet

      is less than 0.15, wherein

      denotes the remanence perpendicular to the orientation direction; and Br denotes the remanence parallel to the orientation direction. The smaller the value of

      is, the better the degree of orientation of the grain of the magnet's main phase..
    3. c. The oxygen content of the Nd-Fe-B sintered magnet ranges from 500 ppm to 1500 ppm.
      Although the process above is in vacuum or protective gases such as N2, inert gas or the mixture of them, the fine powder inevitably absorbs O2, forming rare-earth oxides (detectable by X-ray refraction). The formation of rare-earth oxides would decrease the Hcj of magnets and waste rare-earth metals.
    4. d. The hydrogen content of the Nd-Fe-B sintered magnet is not more than 10 ppm. Excessive hydrogen content would lead to adversary effects, such as cracks in the magnet.
    5. e. The density of the Nd-Fe-B sintered magnets is high, ranging from 7.60 g/cm3 to 7.80 g/cm3.
    6. f. The Nd-Fe-B sintered magnet has optimized microstructure and thus excellent corrosion resistance. The absolute value of weight loss for Ø10 mm × 10 mm cylindrical specimen is no more than 5 mg/cm3 after being exposed to the environment of 130 °C, 95% relative humidity, and 2.6 atmospheric pressure (atm) for 240 hours.
    7. g. The temperature coefficient of remanence within the temperature range of 20 °C∼180 °C is αBr =-0.122 %/°C∼-0.090 %/°C. With the smaller absolute value of αBr, the remanence decreases at a slower pace with increasing temperature.
    8. h. The temperature coefficient of intrinsic coercivity within the temperature range of 20 °C∼ 180 °C is β Hcj =-0.50 %/°C∼-0.20 %/°C. With the smaller absolute value of □Hcj, the intrinsic coercivity decreases at a slower pace with increasing temperature.
    9. i. The absolute value of the irreversible open-circuit flux loss of the Ø10 mm×8 mm cylindrical specimen (the permeance coefficient Pc=-B/H=2) is no more than 5% after exposure at a temperature within the range of 20 °C∼200 °C for 120 minutes. The axial direction of the cylindrical specimen is the orientation direction. In general, the temperature corresponding to the absolute value of the irreversible open-circuit flux loss ≤5% is considered to evaluate the thermal stability of the magnet: the, this temperature is quoted as maximum working temperature. higher such corresponding temperature is, the better the thermal stability of the magnet.


    [0036] The embodiments of the present invention are further described below.

    [0037] In the present invention, the method of manufacturing a Nd-Fe-B sintered magnet is optimized. The process comprises alloy melting, alloy crushing, powder mixing, pressing, block sintering, and post-sinter treating with heat. For example,

    [0038] The alloy melting uses strip casting technique. The thickness of the resulting alloy slates ranges from 0.1 to 0.5 mm. The oxygen content of the alloy slates ranges from 40ppm to 160ppm.

    [0039] The alloy crushing makes the resulting alloy slates from the vacuum strip casting furnace into coarse powder by hydrogen decrepitation (HD) process. The hydrogen content of the powder after the hydrogen decrepitation process ranges from 500 to 1600 ppm. The coarse powder is further jet milled into fine powder of mean particle size ranging from 2.0 to 4.0 µm with nitrogen gas, inert gas or mixture of nitrogen and inert gas.

    [0040] In order to homogenize particle size and composition distribution, the fine powder in different time periods of jet milling is sufficiently mixed. And 0.02-0.05 wt% of lubricant compared with the total weight of the mixed fine powder is added to the fine powder to increase the fluidity and the degree of orientation in pressing process. The lubricant can be organic compounds such as poloyol, or poly propylene glycol. The fine powder is mixed in a container filled with protection gas of nitrogen, inert gas or mixture of nitrogen and inert gas, wherein the capacity of container ranges from 50 to 2000 kg and the container is kept moving three-dimensionally for a period of time ranging from 1 to 5 hours.

    [0041] Subsequently, the mixed fine powder is pressed in an enclosed press under the protection of nitrogen, inert gas or mixture of nitrogen and inert gas. An orientation magnetic field is applied in pressing at a field magnitude ranging from 795.6 to 2387.3 kA/m (10 to 30 kOe). The C-axil of the monocrystal grain of the fine powder with good lubricity consistently lines along the orientation direction of the magnetic field. And the fine power is pressed into precursor blocks. Then the precursor blocks are stored in a container filled with protection gas of nitrogen, inert gas or mixture of nitrogen and inert gas.

    [0042] The pressed precursor blocks are sent into a vacuum sintering furnace and sintered at a temperature ranging from 1045 to 1085°C for a period of time ranging from 4 to 8 hours in vacuum or under the protective gas, then Ar gas is filled in the furnace to cool the temperature inside of the furnace to be below 100°C.

    [0043] The precursor blocks after sintering magnets are tempered twice in vacuum or under protective gas: First, tempering at a temperature ranging from 850 to 950°C for a period of time ranging from 3 to 5 hours, and then filling Ar gas into the furnace to cool the temperature inside of the furnace to be below 100°C; Second, tempering at a temperature ranging from 450 to 650°C for a period of time ranging from 3 to 5 hours and filling Ar gas into the furnace to cool the temperature inside of the furnace to be below 80°C.

    [0044] The protective gas during the sintering and tempering processes can be nitrogen, inert gas or mixture of nitrogen and inert gas.

    [0045] A Nd-Fe-B sintered magnet according to the present invention consists essentially of rare-earth element R, additive element T, iron Fe and boron B, having a main phase of Nd2Fe14B crystalline structure and a rare-earth rich phase. Rare earth element R is one or more elements selected from Y, Sc, and fifteen elements of lanthanide series. Additive element T is one or more elements selected from Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Ge, Al, Zr, Nb, Mo, and Sn. For example, R is one or more elements selected from Nd, Pr, Dy, Tb, and Ho , and T is one or more elements selected from Al, Cu, Co, Ga, Ti, V, Zr, Nb, Mo, and Sn.

    [0046] For example, a Nd-Fe-B sintered magnet according to the present invention can have a composition of 18 ∼ 26 wt% Nd +Pr, 2 ∼ 13.5 wt% Dy +Tb, 0 ∼ 0.6 wt% Al, 0 ∼ 0.2 wt% Cu, 0 - 3 wt% Co, 0 ∼ 0.2 wt% Ga, 0.93 ∼ 1.0 wt% B with iron Fe and impurity being the balance.

    [0047] Cylinders of dimensions Ø10.0 mm×10.0 mm are wire cut from sintered magnet blocks with the height direction as the orientation direction. After saturate magnetization along the orientation direction, the demagnetization curves of cylinders are measured by hysteresis loop tracer to obtain permanent magnet parameters. At the temperature of 20°C, a sintered magnet according to the present invention has remanence Br ≥ 1.03 T (10.3 kG), intrinsic coercivity Hcj ≥ 1432.4 kA/m (18 kOe), maximum energy product (BH)max ≥ 206.9 kJ/m3 (26 MGOe). In particular, the numeric sum of Hcj (in kOe) and (BH)max (in MGOe) ≥ 70. For example, the numeric sum of Hcj (in kOe) and (BH)max (in MGOe) ≥70, ≥71, ≥72, ≥73, ≥74, ≥75, ≥76, ≥77, ≥78, ≥79, or ≥80. Moreover, the numeric sum of Hcj (kOe) and (BH)max (MGOe) is in the range of 70 - 93, 70 - 90, 70 - 85, 75 - 93, 75 - 90, or 75 ∼ 85.

    [0048] According to the present invention, the maximum energy product (BH)max (MGOe) of a sintered Nd-Fe-B magnet can be ≥206.9, ≥222.8, ≥206.9, ≥238.7, ≥254.6, ≥286.5, ≥302.4, ≥318.3, ≥334.2 or ≥350.1 kJ/m3 or in MGOe, ≥26, ≥28, ≥30, ≥32, ≥34, ≥36, ≥38, ≥40, ≥42, or ≥44. The intrinsic coercivity Hcj (kOe) of a sintered Nd-Fe-B magnet can be ≥1432.4, ≥1591.5, ≥1750.7, ≥1909.8, ≥2069, ≥2228.1, ≥2387.3, ≥2546.5, ≥2705.6, ≥2864.8, ≥3023.9, ≥3183.1, ≥3342.2, ≥3501.4, ≥3660.5, ≥3819.7 or ≥3978.8 kA/m or in kOe, ≥18, ≥ 20, ≥22, ≥24, ≥26, ≥28, ≥30, ≥32, ≥34, ≥36, ≥38, ≥40, ≥42, ≥44, ≥46, ≥48, or ≥50. The remanence Br (kGs) of a sintered magnet can be ≥1.03, ≥1.07, ≥1.11, ≥1.15, ≥1.18, ≥1.22, ≥1.25, ≥1.28, ≥1.32 or ≥1.35 T or in kG, ≥10.3, ≥10.7, ≥ 11.1, ≥11.5, ≥11.8, ≥12.2, ≥12.5, ≥12.8, ≥13.2, or ≥13.5.

    [0049] For example, according to the present invention, a Nd-Fe-B based sintered magnet consists essentially of rare-earth element R, additive element T, iron Fe and boron B, having a main phase of Nd2Fe14 B-type crystalline structure and a rare-earth rich phase. The magnet is characterized that the main phase area percentage of the entire cross-section area ranges from 91% to 97% on the cross section perpendicular to the alignment direction (The normal direction of the cross section is the orientation direction). For example, this main phase area percentage is in a range of 92% ∼ 96%, or 92% ∼ 95%, or 93% ∼ 96%.

    [0050] Cylinders of dimensions Ø10.0 mm×10.0 mm are wire cut from sintered magnet blocks with the height direction perpendicular to the orientation direction. After saturate magnetization perpendicular to the orientation direction, the demagnetization curves of the cylinders are measured by hysteresis loop tracer perpendicular to the orientation direction. In this way, the remanence perpendicular to the orientation direction Br is obtained. Comparing Br to the remanence parallel to the orientation direction Br, the degree of orientation of the grains of the magnet's main phase can be evaluated. According to the present invention, a sintered magnet demonstrates Br/Br<0.15 at the temperature of 20°C. For example, Br/Br<0.12, < 0.10, or < 0.08.

    [0051] A sintered magnet can be analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) to confirm that the main phase of the Nd-Fe-B sintered magnet has Nd2Fe14B crystalline structure. At the temperature of 20°C, the lattice parameters of a sintered magnet of the present invention are a = 0.8760∼0.8800nm and c=1.2000∼1.2230nm.

    [0052] The density of a cylinderic sintered magnet with dimensions of Ø10.0 mm×10.0 mm is measured by drainage method. The density of a sintered magnet according to the present invention ranges from 7.60 to 7.80g/cm3 at the temperature of 20°C.

    [0053] The microstructure of the sintered magnet can be observed with a metalographical microscope and analyzed metallographically. The observed cross section is the cross section where the the normal direction of the surface is the magnetizing (orientation) direction, i.e., perpendicular to the magnetizing (orientation) direction. The average grain size of the main phase is measured in accordance with metallography in Chinese National Standard GB/T 6394-2002. Average grain size of the main phase is measured by using unimodal distribution of line length. In this way, the average grain size of the main phase in a sintered magnet of the present invention ranges from 5.0 to 10.0µm.

    [0054] The percentage of the main phase of the sintered Nd-Fe-B magnet on a cross section can be determined by metallographical microscopy observation and by a method of quantitative metallography analysis system (QMA). The observation cross section of the sample is the cross section where the normal direction is the sintered magnet's magnetizing (orientation) direction. By selecting a field of view under a certain magnification, the area of the whole selected field (AT) and the area of the main phase (A) within this field are measured respectively. Then the area percentage of the main phase to be tested Aa is calculated as A/AT. The professional software Image-Pro Plus (IPP) of MediaCybernetics can be used to analyze the result of the observation. Based on this method, the percentage of the main phase in the Nd-Fe-B sintered magnet of the present invention is 91% ∼ 97% compared to the total area of the cross section perpendicular to the orientation direction of the magnet (the normal direction of the surface is the orientation direction). In particular, the percentage ranges from 94 to 96% compared to the total area of the cross section.

    [0055] The oxygen and hydrogen contents are analyzed by an Eltra ONH2000 analyzer. The oxygen content of a sintered Nd-Fe-B magnet according to the present invention ranges from 500 to 1500ppm.

    [0056] And the hydrogen content is ≤ 10ppm. The oxygen content refers to all of oxygen existing in a sintered magnet, including oxygen in compounds and elementary substance . Similarly, the hydrogen content refers to all of hydrogen existing in a sintered magnet including oxygen in both compounds and elementary substance.

    [0057] A vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) is used to measure the temperature dependence of magnetization (M) in an applied magnetic field of less than 31.8 kA/m (400 Oe) to determine the Curie temperature Tc of the magnet's main phase. The M-T data are collected on a magnet of about 50 mg. The results show that the Curie temperature of the main phase in a sintered Nd-Fe-B magnet of the present invention ranges from 310 to 340°C.

    [0058] A sample cube of the sintered magnet of 1.5mm edge length is applied with an external magnetic field of maximum strength 10345 kA/m (130 kOe), The magnetization curves are measured by a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) VSM with magnetic fields applied parallel and perpendicular to the orientation direction respectively. The measured data are corrected by an open circuit demagnetization factor. Then the crystalline anisotropy field Ha is estimated from the cross point of the two M-H curves or the cross point of the extension lines of the M-H curves along the directions parallel and perpendicular to the alignment direction. The results show that the anisotropy field Ha of the main phase in a sintered Nd-Fe-B magnet of the present invention ranges from 6366.2 to 11140.8 kA/m (80 to 130 kOe) at the temperature of 20 °C.

    [0059] The temperature coefficients of remanence (αBr) and coercivity (βHcj) are measured as follows: Samples of sintered magnet are cut into cylinders of 10.0 mm in diameter ×10.0 mm in height, which is the orientation direction. At a selected temperature, the cylinders are saturately magnetized, and then the demagnetization curve along the orientation along the orientation direction is measured. The demagnetization curve at temperature To=20°C is measured first to obtain the remanence Br(T0) and coercivity Hcj(T0). Then, the the demagnetization curve at temperature T=180°C is measured to obtain remanence Br(T) and coercivity Hcj(T). Then the temperature coefficients of remanence (αBr) and coercivity (βHcj) can be calculated by the following equations:





    [0060] According to equations above, within the temperature range of 20°C and 180°C, the temperature coefficient of remanence (αBr) in a sintered Nd-Fe-B magnet of the present invention ranges from -0.125%/°C to -0.090%/°C. And the temperature coefficient of coercivity (βHcj) in a sintered Nd-Fe-B magnet of the present invention ranges from - 0.50%/°C to -0.20%/°C.

    [0061] The method for measuring the irreversible loss: The sintered Nd-Fe-B magnet is cut into cylinders of dimensions Ø10.0 mm×8.8 mm. The axial direction of the cylinders is the orientation direction. These cylinders have permeance coefficients Pc=-B/H of 2 (wherein B= H+4πM, H is the applied magnetic field, M is the magnetization). The permeance coefficient of an independent magnet can be calculated by the equation

    wherein LM is the height of the orientation direction, AM is the cross-section area of the cross section where the normal direction is the magnetizing direction, and S is ½ of the surface area of cylinder magnet. After magnetization, the magnetic flux of the magnet at temperature of 20°C (Φ20) is measured by Helmholtz coil and fluxmeter. Then the magnet is kept at temperature of 200°C for 120 minutes with the temperature's control precision of ±1°C. And then the temperature is cooled to room temperature. Again the magnetic flux is measured by Helmholtz coil and fluxmeter, as ΦT. The irreversible flux loss from temperature of 20°C to temperature of 200°C is (Φ20020)/Φ20 × 100%. Under the above conditions, the absolute value of irreversible flux loss of a sintered Nd-Fe-B magnet in a temperature range of 20°C- 200°C according to the present invention is less than or equal to 5%.

    [0062] The weight loss of a sintered Nd-Fe-B magnet WL(mg/cm2) is defined as (W1-W0)/S0 wherein W0 is the weight of the sample before the test, and W1 is the weight of the sample after the test, and S0 is the surface area of the sample before the test. The detailed testing conditions include: cylinder samples of 10.0 mm in diameter ×10.0 mm in height, which is the orientation direction is exposed to 130°C, 95% relative humidity , and 2.6 atm for 240 hours. The weight loss WL of a sintered Nd-Fe-B magnets in the present invention is less than or equal to 5 mg/cm2.

    Example 1



    [0063] Appropriate amounts of the raw material, alloys of Pr-Nd, Dy-Fe, and Tb-Fe, and metal Nd, Pr, Al, or Cu, and F were used in accordance with the composition of the magnet of the target: Nd (18.00wt%), Pr (7.00wt%), Dy (1.40wt%),Tb (4.00wt%), Co (1.40wt%), Al(0.10wt%), Cu (0.13wt%), Ga (0.20wt%), B (0.95wt%), and Fe as balance (including trace amount of impurities) (66.82wt %) (consider a certain amount of rare earth evaporates) .. The resulting materials were melted and cast into slates by a strip casting (SC) process. The SC alloy slates were 0.1∼0.5 mm in thickness. The strips were loaded into an oxygen-treatment furnace and decreptated into coarse powder by hydrogen decreptation (HD) process. The hydrogen content of the coarse powder after HD was 600 ppm. Then the coarse powder was crushed into fine powders with mean particle size of 2.8 µm with a jet mill. Nitrogen was used as crushing gas. In order to make particle size and composition distribution homogenously, the fine powder of during different periods of time of jet milling was mixed sufficiently. An amount of 350ppm of polyol lubricant compared to the total weight of the mixed fine power was added to increase the mobility and improve the degree of the orientation during pressing. The fine powder was mixed in a container with capacity of 50 kg. The container moved three-dimensionally under the protection of nitrogen gas for one hour.

    [0064] Subsequently, the resulting fine powder was pressed in an enclosed press under the protection of nitrogen gas. A magnetic field of 1432.4 kA/m (18 kOe) was applied in magnetization direction. Then the resulting precursor blocks were stored in a container under the protection of nitrogen gas.

    [0065] The precursor blocks were taken out of the storage container and sintered in a vacuum sintering furnace for 5 hours at 1045°C, and Ar gas was filled to cool the temperature inside of the furnace to be below 80°C to obtain the sintered precursor block magnet.

    [0066] The sintered precursor block magnets were tempered at 900°C for 3 hours and Ar gas was filled to cool the temperature inside of the furnace to be below 80°C, and then the temperature was raised to 620°C and kept for 3 hours and Ar gas was filled to cool the temperature inside of the furnace to be below 80°C.

    [0067] The sintered magnet had a composition of Nd (18.00 wt%), Pr (7.00 wt%), Dy (1.40 wt%), Tb (4.00 wt%), Co (1.40 wt%), Al (0.10 wt%), Cu (0.13 wt%), Ga (0.20 wt%), and B (0.95 wt%), and Fe (including trace amount of impurities) (66.82 wt%)..

    [0068] The XRD result showed that the main phase of the sintered Nd-Fe-B magnet had Nd2Fe14B crystalline structure. At the temperature of 20°C, the lattice parameters of the sintered magnet were a=0.8791nm, c=1.2178nm.

    [0069] The density of the cylinder sample with dimensions of 10.0 mm in diameter ×10.0 mm in height was measured by drainage method. The density of the sintered magnet in present invention was 7.66g/cm3.

    [0070] A vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) was used to measure the temperature dependence of magnetization (M) in an applied magnetic field of 23.87 kA/m (300 Oe) to determine the Curie temperature Tc of the sintered Nd-Fe-B megnet. The M-T data were collected on a magnet sample of 50 mg. The results showed that the Curie temperature of the main phase of the sintered Nd-Fe-B magnet of the present invention was 332°C.

    [0071] A sintered Nd-Fe-B magnet sample was cut into cube of 1.5 mm edge length .. The magnetization curves were measured by a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) VSM with an external magnetic field of 0-5570.4 kA/m (0-70 kOe) applied parallel and perpendicular to the orientation direction respectively. The measured data were corrected by the open circuit demagnetization factor. Then the crystalline anisotropy field Ha was estimated from the cross point of extension lines of the M-H curves along the directions parallel and perpendicular to the orientation direction. The results showed that the anisotropy field Ha of the main phase of the sintered magnet of the present invention was 8753.5 kA/m (110 kOe) at the temperature of 20 °C.

    [0072] The oxygen and hydrogen contents were analyzed by Eltra ONH2000 analyzer. The oxygen content of the sintered Nd-Fe-B magnet according to the present invention was 1000ppm. And the hydrogen content was 5ppm.

    [0073] A cylindrical sample of 10 mm in diameter ×10 mm in height, which was the orientation direction, was measured for demagnetization curves after saturate magnetization along the orientation direction, the demagnetization curve is measured by hysteresis loop tracer along the orientation direction at the temperature of 20°C. The results were Br = 1.3 T (13.0 kG), Hcj= 2514.7 kA/m (31.6 kOe), (BH)max= 325.5 kJ/m3 (40.9 MGOe) and (BH)max(MGOe)+Hcj(kOe) =72.5.

    [0074] A cylindrical sample of 10 mm in diameter ×10 mm in height, which was perpendicular to the orientation direction, was measured for demagnetization curve after saturate magnetization perpendicular to the orientation direction by hysteresis loop tracer along the direction perpendicular to the orientation direction at the temperature of 20°C to obtain remanence perpendicular to the orientation direction Br = 0.08 T (0.80 kG) This Br is divided by Br=1.3 T (13 kG) obtained above to give a result of Br/Br as 0.06 in the sintered magnet of the present invention.

    [0075] The microstructure of the sintered magnet was observed with a metalographical microscope and analyzed metallographically. The observed cross section was perpendicular to the orientation direction (the normal direction is the orientation direction). The average grain size of the main phase was measured in accordance with metallography Chinese National Standard GB/T 6394-2002. Average grain size of the main phase in a sintered Nd-Fe-B magnet of the present invention, as measured by using unimodal distribution of line length, was 5.0 µm.

    [0076] The area percentage of the main phase of the sintered Nd-Fe-B magnet on a cross section perpendicular to the orientation direction (the normal direction is the orientation direction) was determined by a metallographical microscopy observation and by a method of quantitative metallography analysis system (QMA) together with the professional software Image-Pro Plus (IPP) of MediaCybernetics. By selecting three different fields of view under the magnification of 500 ×, the area of the whole selected field (AT) of 0.6mm×0.5mm and the area of the main phase (A) within these fields of view were measured respectively, and then the average value was used as the final observation result. Fig.1 shows the metallograpic image of the cross section of the magnet sample before black-and-white binarization treatment. Fig.2 shows the metallographic image of the cross section of the magnet sample after black-and-white binarization treatment. The observation results of the three fields of view show that the area percentages of the main phase were 94.6%, 94.9% and 94.6%, respectively. The average value of the three results shows that the area percentage of the main phase in this example was 94.7%.

    [0077] A cylindrical sample of 10 mm in diameter ×10 mm in height, which was the orientation direction was measured for demagnetization curve after saturate magnetization along the orientation direction. At T0=20°C, Br(T0)= 1.3 T (13 kG) and Hcj(T0)= 2541.7 kA/m (31.6 kOe) were obtained.

    [0078] At T=180°C, Br(T)= 1.04 T (10.4 kG) and Hcj(T)= 760 kA/m (9.55 kOe) were obtained. Therefore, within the temperature range of 20°C - 180°C, temperature coefficient of remanence (αBr) in the sintered magnet of the present invention was -0.125%/°C. The corresponding temperature coefficient of coercivity (βHcj) was -0.436%/°C.

    [0079] A cylindrical sample of 10 mm in diameter ×8.8 mm in height, which was the orientation direction, was taken whose permeance coefficient Pc=-B/H=2. After magnetization of the sample, the magnetic flux of the magnet at room temperature of 20°C (Φ20) was measured by Helmholtz coil and fluxmeter. Then the magnet sample was kept at 200°C±1°C for 120 minutes and cooled to room temperature. Again the magnetic flux was measured by Helmholtz coil and fluxmeter (Φ200.) The irreversible flux loss is (Φ20020)/Φ20. In the present example, the irreversible flux lost at 200°C was -2.1%.

    [0080] A cylindrical sample of 10 mm in diameter ×10 mm in height was placed at 130°C, 95% relative humidity, and 2.6atm for 240 hours, the weight loss of the sintered magnet in the present example was -3.3mg/cm2.

    Examples 2-17



    [0081] Examples 2-17 used the same manufacture method and process route as those in Example 1, but differed from each other only in compositions of the magnets and process parameters. Therefore specific description is not mentioned here. The measurement of all kinds of performance was based on the same method and instrument as those in Example 1. The detailed process parameters of each example and the performance parameters of the resulting magnets are summarized in Table 2.














    Claims

    1. A sintered Nd-Fe-B magnet consisting essentially of: rare earth element R, additive element T, iron Fe, and boron B, wherein said magnet comprises a rare-earth rich phase and a main phase of Nd2Fe14B crystalline structure, and wherein the numeric sum of maximum energy product (BH)max in MGOe and intrinsic coercivity Hcj in kOe is no less than 70, i.e., (BH)max(MGOe)+Hcj(kOe)≥70,
    wherein said magnet comprises 28 to 32 wt% rare earth element R, 0-4 wt% additive element T, 0.93-1.0 wt% boron B, with the balance of iron Fe, and impurities, wherein R comprises 18 -26 wt% Nd and Pr, 2.0 - 13.5 wt% Dy and Tb, and wherein T comprises 0.1 -0.6 wt% Al, 0-0.2 wt% Cu, 0-3 wt% Co, 0-0.2 wt% Ga, and wherein Fe and impurities are the balance, the lattice constant a of said main phase Nd2Fe14B crystalline structure ranges from 0.8760 to 8.8800 nm, and the lattice constant c of said main phase Nd2Fe14B crystalline structure ranges from 1.2000 to 1.2230 nm,
    the average crystalline grain size of said main phase ranges from 5.0 to 10.0 µm, wherein oxygen content of said magnet ranges from 1000 to 1500 ppm.
     
    2. A method of manufacturing sintered Nd-Fe-B magnet according to claim 1, comprising alloy melting, alloy crushing, powder mixing, pressing, sintering, and post-sinter treating with heat.
     
    3. A method of manufacturing sintered Nd-Fe-B magnet according to claim 2, wherein:

    said alloy melting comprises strip casting process, wherein the thickness of the resulting alloy slate ranges from 0.1 to 0.5 mm, and wherein the oxygen content of said the resulting alloy slate ranges from 40 to 160 ppm; or

    said alloy crushing comprises hydrogen decrepitation, wherein the hydrogen content of the resulting coarse powder ranges from 500 to 1600 ppm, wherein said milling comprises jet milling the coarse powder with inert gas or nitrogen, and wherein the average grain size of the resulting fine powder ranges from 2.0 to 4.0 µm; or

    said powder mixing comprises mixing jet milling products of different times into homogeneous powder in a container under protection of gas, and adding 200 to 500 ppm lubricant of the total weight of the powder into the mixture; or

    said pressing comprises compacting mixed powder with air-tight press under gas protection into precursor blocks, applying an orientation magnetic field of 796 to 2387 kA/m (10 to 30 kOe) during said pressing, and keeping said precursor block in a container under gas protection; or

    said sintering comprises transferring said precursor block into a vacuum sintering furnace, sintering under vacuum or gas protect at a temperature ranging from 1045 °C to 1085 °C for a period of time ranging from 4 to 8 hours, and filling Ar gas to cool the temperature inside of the furnace to be lower than 100 °C; or

    wherein said post-sinter treating with heat comprises tempering twice under vacuum or gas protection, wherein said first tempering comprises keeping the vacuum furnace at a temperature ranging from 850°C to 950°C for a period of time ranging from 3 to 5 hours and filling Ar gas to cool the temperature inside of the furnace to be below 100°C, and wherein said second tempering comprises keeping the vacuum furnace at a temperature ranging from 450°C to 650°C for a period of time ranging from 3 to 5 hours and filling Ar gas to cool the temperature inside of the furnace to be below 80°C.


     
    4. A method of manufacturing sintered Nd-Fe-B magnet according to claim 3, wherein, the capacity of said container for powder mixing ranges from 50 to 2000 kg, and wherein said mixing further comprises moving said container in three dimensions for a period of time ranging from 1 to 5 hours.
     
    5. A method of manufacturing sintered Nd-Fe-B magnet according to anyone of claims 3 to 4, wherein said gas in the gas protection is nitrogen, inert gas, or a mixture of nitrogen and inert gas.
     
    6. A method of manufacturing sintered Nd-Fe-B magnet according to claim 5, wherein said inert gas is argon.
     


    Ansprüche

    1. Gesinterter Nd-Fe-B-Magnet, der im Wesentlichen besteht aus: einem Seltenerdelement R, einem Additiv-Element T, Eisen F und Bor B, wobei der Magnet eine seltenerdreiche Phase und eine Hauptphase einer kristallinen Nd2Fe14B-Struktur aufweist, und wobei die numerische Summe eines maximalen Energieprodukts (BH)max in MGOe und eine intrinsische magnetische Koerzitivfeldstärke Hcj in kOe nicht kleiner ist als 70, d. h. (BH)max(MGOe)+Hcj(kOe)≥70,
    wobei der Magnet das Seltenerdelement R mit 28 bis 32 Gewichts-%, das Additivelement T mit 0 - 4 Gewichts-%, Bor B mit 0,93 - 1,0 Gewichts-% aufweist, wobei Eisen Fe und Verunreinigungen den Rest bilden, wobei R Nd und Pr mit 18 - 26 Gewichts-%, Dy und Tb mit 2,0 - 13,5 Gewichts-% aufweist, und wobei T Al mit 0,1 - 0,6 Gewichts-%, Cu mit 0 - 0,2 Gewichts-%, Co mi 0 - 3 Gewichts-%, Ga mit 0 - 0, 2 Gewichts-% aufweist, und wobei Fe und Verunreinigungen den Rest bilden, wobei die Gitterkonstante a der Hauptphase der kristallinen Nd2Fe14B-Struktur von 0,8760 bis 8,8800 nm reicht, und die Gitterkonstante c der Hauptphase der kristallinen Nd2Fe14B-Struktur von 1,2000 bis 1,2230 nm reicht,
    die durchschnittliche Kristallkorngröße der Hauptphase von 5,0 bis 10,0 µm reicht, wobei der Sauerstoffgehalt des Magneten von 1000 bis 1500 ppm reicht.
     
    2. Verfahren zum Herstellen eines gesinterten Nd-Fe-B-Magneten nach Anspruch 1, aufweisend die Schritte Schmelzen einer Legierung, Zerkleinern einer Legierung, Mischen eines Pulvers, Pressen, Sintern und nach dem Sintern erfolgendes Behandeln mit Wärme.
     
    3. Verfahren zum Herstellen eines gesinterten Nd-Fe-B-Magneten nach Anspruch 2, wobei:

    das Schmelzen der Legierung einen Stranggießvorgang beinhaltet, wobei die Dicke der Bramme der resultierenden Legierung von 0,1 bis 0,5 mm reicht, und wobei der Sauerstoffgehalt der Bramme der resultierenden Legierung von 40 bis 160 ppm reicht; oder

    das Zerkleinern der Legierung eine Wasserstoffverknisterung beinhaltet, wobei der Wasserstoffgehalt des resultierenden Grobpulvers von 500 bis 1600 ppm reicht, wobei das Zermahlen ein Strahlvermahlen des Grobpulvers mit inerten Gas oder Stickstoff aufweist, und wobei die durchschnittliche Korngröße des resultierenden Feinpulvers von 2,0 bis 4,0 µm reicht; oder

    das Vermischen des Pulvers ein Vermischen von Strahlvermahlungsprodukten zu unterschiedlichen Zeitpunkten in ein homogenes Pulver in einem Behälter unter Gasschutz und ein Hinzufügen von 200 bis 500 ppm Schmiermittel des Gesamtgewichts des Pulvers in das Gemisch beinhaltet; oder

    der Pressvorgang ein Verdichten eines Pulvergemischs mit einer luftdichten Presse unter Gasschutz in Vorläuferblocks beinhaltet, wobei, während des Pressens, ein magnetisches Orientierungsfeld von 796 bis 2387 kA/m (10 bis 30 kOe) angelegt wird, und der Vorläuferblock in einem Behälter unter Gasschutz gehalten wird; oder

    der Sintervorgang ein Übertragen des Vorläuferblocks in einen Vakuumsinterofen, Sinter, ein Sintern unter Vakuum- oder Gasschutz bei einer Temperatur, die von 1045 °C bis 1085 °C reicht, für eine Zeitspanne von 4 bis 8 Stunden, und ein Befüllen mit Ar-Gas beinhaltet, um die Temperatur im Inneren des Ofens auf unter 100 °C abzukühlen; oder

    wobei die nach dem Sintern erfolgende Behandlung mit Wärme ein zweimaliges Tempern unter Vakuum- oder Schutzgas beinhaltet, wobei der erste Tempervorgang ein Halten des Vakuumofens bei einer Temperatur, die von 850 °C bis 950 °C reicht, für eine Zeitspanne, die von 3 bis 5 Stunden reicht, und ein Befüllen mit Ar-Gas beinhaltet, um die Temperatur im Inneren des Ofens auf unter 100 °C abzukühlen, und wobei der zweite Tempervorgang ein Halten des Vakuumofens bei einer Temperatur, die von 450 °C bis 650 °C reicht, für eine Zeitspanne, die von 3 bis 5 Stunden reicht, und ein Befüllen mit Ar-Gas beinhaltet, um die Temperatur im Inneren des Ofens auf unter 100 °C abzukühlen.


     
    4. Verfahren zum Herstellen eines gesinterten Nd-Fe-B-Magneten nach Anspruch 3, wobei das Fassungsvermögen des Behälters zum Vermischen von Pulver von 50 bis 2000 kg reicht, und wobei das Vermischen ferner ein Bewegen des Behälters in drei Dimensionen für eine Zeitspanne beinhaltet, die von 1 bis 5 Stunden reicht.
     
    5. Verfahren zum Herstellen eines gesinterten Nd-Fe-B-Magneten nach einem der Ansprüche 3 bis 4, wobei das Gas in dem Gasschutz Stickstoff, inertes Gas oder ein Gemisch aus Stickstoff und inertem Gas ist.
     
    6. Verfahren zum Herstellen eines gesinterten Nd-Fe-B-Magneten nach Anspruch 5, wobei das inerte Gas Argon ist.
     


    Revendications

    1. Aimant Nd-Fe-B fritté, dont les composants principaux comprennent: des éléments de terres rares R, des éléments additionnels T, du fer Fe, et du bore B, dans lequel, ledit aimant comprend une phase enrichie en terres rares et une phase principale ayant une structure cristalline Nd2Fe14B, et dans lequel, la somme numérique du produit d'énergie magnétique maximal (BH)max, en unité de MGOe, et de la force coercitive intrinsèque Hcj, en unité de kOe, n'est pas inférieure à 70, i.e., (BH)max(MGOe) + Hcj(kOe)≥70,
    dans lequel, ledit aimant comprend 28-32% en poids des éléments de terres rares R, 0-4% en poids des éléments additionnels T, 0,93-1,0% en poids de bore B, avec le reste du fer Fe et des impuretés, dans lequel, R comprend 18-26% en poids de Nd et Pr, 2,0-13,5% en poids de Dy et Tb, et dans lequel, T comprend 0,1-0,6% en poids d'Al, 0-0,2% en poids de Cu, 0-3% en poids de Co, 0-0,2% en poids de Ga, et dans lequel, le reste est du Fe et des impuretés, la constante a de maille cristalline de ladite phase principale ayant une structure cristalline Nd2Fe14B varie de 0,8760 à 8,8800 nm, et la constante c de maille cristalline de ladite phase principale ayant une structure cristalline Nd2Fe14B varie de 1,2000 à 1,2230 nm,
    la taille moyenne des grains cristallins de ladite phase principale varie de 5,0 à 10,0 µm,
    dans lequel, la teneur en oxygène dudit aimant varie de1000 à 1500 ppm.
     
    2. Procédé de fabrication de l'Nd-Fe-B fritté selon la revendication 1, comprant des procédures de la fusion d'alliage, de l'écrasement d'alliage, du mélange de poudre, de la mise sous pression, du frittage, et du traitement thermique post-frittage.
     
    3. Le procédé de fabrication de l'Nd-Fe-B fritté selon la revendication 2, dans lequel:

    ladite fusion d'alliage comprend de la procédure de coulée en bande, dans lequel, l'épaisseur de la lame d'alliage résultante varie de 0,1 à 0,5 mm, et dans lequel, la teneur en oxygènede ladite lame d'alliage résultante varie de 40 à 160 ppm; ou

    ledit écrasement d'alliage comprend de la décrépitation d'hydrogène, dans lequel, la teneur en hydrogène de la poudre grossière résultante varie de 500 à 1600 ppm, dans lequel, ledit broyage comprend le broyage par jet de la poudre grossière avec gaz inerte ou azote, et dans lequel, la taille moyenne des grains de la poudre fine résultante varie 2,0 à 4,0 µm; ou

    ledit mélange de poudre comprend du mélange des produits de broyage par jet pour les fois différentes en poudre homogène dans un récipient sous protection de gaz, et de l'ajout de 200-500 ppm de lubrifiant du poids total de la poudre dans le mélange; ou

    ladite mise sous pression comprend du compactage de poudre mélangée par une presse étanche-l'air sous protection de gaz en blocs précurseurs, de l'application d'un champ magnétique d'orientation de 796-2387 kA/m (10-30 kOe) pendant ladite mise sous pression, et de la conservation dudit bloc précurseur dans un récipient sous protection de gaz; ou

    ledit frittage comprend dutransfert dudit bloc précurseur dans un four de frittage sous vide, du frittage sous vide ou sous la protection de gaz à une température comprise entre 1045°C et 1085°C pendant une période de temps comprise entre 4 et 8 heures, et duremplissage de gaz Ar pour refroidir la température à l'intérieur du four jusqu'à inférieure à 100°C; ou

    dans lequel, ledit traitement thermiquepost-frittage comprend le revenu pour deux fois sous vide ou sous la protection de gaz, dans lequel, ledit revenu pour la première fois comprend du maintien du four sous vide à une température compriseentre 850°C et 950°C pendant une période de temps comprise entre 3 et 5 heures, et du remplissage de gaz Ar pour refroidir la température à l'intérieur du four jusqu'à inférieure à 100°C, et dans lequel, ledit revenu pour la deuxième fois comprend du maintien du four sous vide à une température compriseentre 450°C et 650°C pendant une période de temps comprise entre 3 et 5 heures, et du remplissage de gaz Ar pour refroidir la température à l'intérieur du four jusqu'à inférieure à 80°C.


     
    4. Le procédé de fabrication de l'Nd-Fe-B fritté selon la revendication 3, dans lequel, la capacité dudit récipient pour la mélange de poudre varie de 50 à 2000 kg, et dans lequel, ledit mélange comprend en outre du déplacement dudit récipient en trois dimensions pendant une période de temps comprise entre 1 et 5 heures.
     
    5. Le procédé de fabrication de l'Nd-Fe-B fritté selon l'une quelconquedes revendication 3 et 4, dans lequel, ledit gaz dans la protection de gaz est de l'azote, un gaz inerte, ou un mélange d'azote et de gaz inerte.
     
    6. Le procédé de fabrication de l'Nd-Fe-B fritté selon la revendication 5, dans lequel, ledit gaz inerte est de l'argon.
     




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    Cited references

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    Patent documents cited in the description