A STRUCTURE OF FILLINGS FOR OPENINGS

Description

Technical field

[0001] The invention belongs to the area of construction, ensuring security, civil defence, forensics, suppression of terrorism, protection systems (including industries specialising in handling of explosive gases, liquids, solids, aerosols and other dispersed mixtures). More specifically, the invention is about a structure of fillings forming an explosion-proof solution for openings, including window, door, flap, barrier wall or other filling for openings, of a building or a part thereof, including blocking and absorbing the effects of explosion.

Prior art

[0002] Disclosed fire- and explosion-proof window structure solution (RU2597570, Mirzeabasov, T.A., published on September 10th, 2016) comprises a frame, a glass installation device, sealed glass units, layers of thermal insulation between the frame and the sealed units to create thermal insulation gaps strengthening the window structure. A drawback of the solution is that only the structure is fortified against the effects of shockwave from fire and explosion; therefore, the window frame and glass units become unreasonably resource-consuming because they have to receive the instantaneous dynamic impact of an explosion (i.e. residual shock wave of explosion) in its maximum value. The explosion pressure impacting the glass surface is transferred concentrated on the attachment of the frame and glass, and thus, in the event of significant explosion pressure, the structure breaks.

[0003] Disclosed solution (US4625659, Heinrich Saelzer, published on December 2nd, 1986) involves a bullet- and explosion-proof structure comprising two board-shaped panels surrounded with three frames. The three frames are installed in a surface surrounding the filling for opening where the outer frame is spatially separated from the surface of the filling to create a gap between the frame and the surface of the filling. To prevent the entry of a shell into the building, the adjacent sides of frames are covered with security elements made of bullet-proof material. In the event of an explosion, the security elements expand to cover the critical surfaces of the frames. A drawback of the solution is that the pressure of a bullet and/or an explosion in its maximum capacity is received by rigid frames; therefore, the frames, bullet barriers and their attachments to the building, as well as the whole structure of the window or door become unreasonably resource-consuming.

[0004] There is disclosed a solution (US6319571, Anglin, Jr. Richard L, published on November 20th, 2001) where a lateral shift of windows and window elements takes place in the event of an explosion. The pressure forces of explosion move to the edges of the window and the window itself is presumed to remain intact. The solution includes a window frame supporting a panel of glass or synthetic material; the frame is attached to a base or receiver of the pressure by several fixing supports. The overpressure due to explosion causes a lateral shift of the frame from the receiving base, by which the overpressure of the explosion is moved to the edges of the shifted frame and the impact of the explosion is reduced. The fixers may be ribbons of woven material, a rope, metal or non-metal cables, nylon monofilaments. One method for obtaining an explosion-proof window panel is attachment of fabric or mesh into the material of the window panel or attachment of filaments to the fabric or mesh or frame. If the window panel shifts to the side, the filaments form a downward curvature and prevent the movement of the window panel exceeding the length of the filament. As the overpressure decreases, the window panel moves downward due to gravity. The drawbacks of the solution are that when the inner window frame moves inward due to explosion, the structure applies additional tensile stress to the fastenings, due to the opening of the inner window frame, the explosion pressure, effects and residues enter the rooms through the openings created along the extent of its fastenings (fixing details), causing significant overpressure and damages due to the effect of explosion residues, including high temperature, mechanical damages and injuries, health damages or death.

[0005] There is disclosed a solution (http://www.wojan.com/3%C2%BC-project-out-casement-blast-114/), where an elastic seal with D-shaped cross-section is used for explosion-proof filling for opening of a building (e.g. a window). A drawback of such a solution is a relatively too small absorption capacity of explosion energy and insufficient density in the conditions of the impulse and dynamic stress of explosion. Also, the disclosed solution does not work for the vacuum pressure following the shock wave of explosion (i.e. negative pressure) and thermobaric explosions, including explosions of vacuum bomb (including industrial or other flammable mixtures, air-dust mixture (e.g. fine dust of wood or another flammable substance), air-steam, air-flammable liquid drops, aerosols (including nano-particle aerosols)). Maximum impact of the shock wave of explosion to the part of the filling for opening between the frames creates bending stress and concentrated internal stress in the corners, causing the filling to break.

[0006] There is disclosed an explosion-proof device (KR20090124580, KN WALLDEX CO LTD, published on December 3rd, 2009). The explosion-proof window comprises explosion-proof glass, a seal, a glass installation device, an internal frame, an external frame and an anchor bolt shock-absorbing device. The shock-absorbing device comprises the first shock-absorption bracket, a shock-absorber, the second shock-absorption bracket, supporting screws. The first shock-absorption bracket is connected to the internal frame, which is the first to receive the stress from an external explosion. The shock-absorber is in contact with one side of the first shock-absorption bracket, which is the second to receive the explosion stress from the first shock absorption bracket. The second shock absorption bracket is connected to the outer frame by a clip. The second shock absorption bracket also receives the explosion stress from the shock absorber and moves in the event of explosion stress due absorption of impact. Drawbacks of the solution are:

• the window frame is supported only at the location of the supporting elements and in the event of significant explosion stress, the structure breaks or is thrown into the building with the broken parts of the elements of support;
• compared to the amount of explosion energy, the explosion stress absorber on the support elements has a significantly lower reception capacity and only insufficiently softens the movement of the window frame in the event of maximum pressure effect of explosion (i.e. shock wave);
• in the event of right-angle completion of the rectangular surface of the glass panels of window, the forces of explosion energy concentrate into the corners of the glass panels of window, and the resistance of the filling to explosion is at maximum only equal to those concentrated forces;
• the structure of window is dimensioned rather rigidly in order to receive the maximum explosion stress and impacts, which makes it necessary to build it in a resource-consuming way;
• also, this disclosed solution does not work for the interior doors, windows and barrier walls of a building or a part thereof if the explosion occurs inside the building, and/or in the event of negative stress (vacuum).

[0007] The purpose of development of the present solution is:

• to prevent the breakage of the part between the frames of filling for openings;
• to ensure the air-tightness of the structure of the filling for openings;
• to reduce the effects of powerful explosion (including shock wave pressure, effects of the impact of residual explosions when colliding with the filling for openings);
• to reduce the high impact of energy exposure to the building and the filling for openings;
• increased resistance of the filling structure for openings if there is an explosion inside the building and in the event of negative stress;
• to protect the interior of the building from intense light, heat and electrical-magnetic exposure.

[0008] The closest prior art solution to the invention is WO 2014/183610 A1 (XIE XIAOBIN, published on November 20, 2014) which discloses a transparent anti-impact door and window structure having impact-cushioning function.

Summary of the invention

[0009] The filling structure for openings corresponding to the invention comprises:

• a panel of sheet material comprising an internal set of sheet material and an external set of sheet material, whereas the panel of sheet material has a double-sided cross-section curved in opposite direction, and the parts of the sheet material are covered with protective measures against heat, light and electromagnetic exposure;
• a frame set comprising three frames: an outer frame, an inner frame and the frame of sheet material panel, whereas the frames are installed inside each other;
• a shock-dampening and absorption system comprising an absorption installation and shock-absorbers with three functions: preliminary shock-absorbers of explosion stress, post-shock-absorbers and final pressure shock-absorbers, whereas the gaps between shock-absorbers are filled with elastic filler seals.

List of figures

[0010] 

Fig 1 shows a section of the invention structure in the event of an explosion outside the building;

Fig 2 shows a section of the invention structure in the event of a potential explosion outside or inside the building;

Fig 3 shows the magnified sheet material panel section of the invention structure;

Fig 4 shows the longitudinal section of the filling structure for openings;

Fig 5 shows a view of the filling structure for openings from outside the building, i.e. from the direction of influence of a shock wave;

Embodiments of the invention

[0011] With the filling structure for openings, the kinetic energy Ek of a shock wave from an explosion is converted throughout the surface of the filling into a potential energy of the building E_p and absorbed therein, i.e. the kinetic energy of the shock wave E_k is absorbed into the building, i.e. E_k = E_p. Thereby, a significant part of the effects of the explosion are reflected, managed, bounced in ricochet and/or at an angle away from the building by special elements of the filling structure for openings. The filling structure for openings has been executed with such a functionality that non-elastic bouncing of a shock wave is organised to a significant extent ε>1) by the sheet material panel section of the filling structure for openings and a frame set by which the kinetic energy of the shock wave E_k is absorbed in the building into its potential energy E_p. Upon the reception of a shock wave (i.e. bouncing), shock-dampening and absorption, the weight of the sheet material panel section of the filling structure for openings (m_lp) and the weight of the frame set (m_rk) is increased plastically-elastically smoothly and in a significant extent (over 100 times) compared to the weight of the shock wave (m_ll) impacting the surface of the filling for openings, i.e. m_lp + m_rk > 100 m_ll.

[0012] The filling structure for openings 1 (i.e. explosion-proof filling structure for openings of a building's casing, e.g. a window, door, flap) comprises a panel of sheet material 2, a frame set 3, a systematic set of shock-dampening and absorption devices i.e. a shock-dampening and absorption system 8 where the effects of an explosion, including the pressure caused by the kinetic energy of a shock wave, is partially reflected, bounced and received by sheet material panel 2 which transfers the stress of the shock wave to frame set 3 and the shock-dampening and absorption system 8 and through those, elastically-rigidly (i.e. semi-rigidly) to load-bearing structure 4a of building 4, and the kinetic residual energy of the explosion is absorbed to the load-bearing structure 4a via the absorption installation 4b (i.e. semi-rigid armour, i.e. semi-rigid ties and tensile armour 4bb (i.e. frame armour located in the load-bearing structure 4a in the filling structure for openings 1)).

[0013] The interaction functionality of the parts of the filling structure for openings 1 is constructed so that the effects of explosion received by the surface of sheet material panel 2 (including the stress of residual explosion resulting from the kinetic energy of a shock wave) are classified into five stages of explosion effects which differ from one another by duration, operation and the extent and dynamics of the effect of the pressure: the stages of bouncing, pulse-stress, dynamic stress, quasi-static stress (i.e. semi-static) and negative stress. Reflection, bouncing, prevention, management, shock-dampening and absorption of explosion stress and other effects of explosion and securing the filling structure for openings 1 while moving from one stage of explosion effects to another is carried out as a symbiosis of elastic and plastic bounces, and smoothly uniting and integrating the cooperation of the system of the parts of the filling structure for openings 1 in shock-dampening and absorption into the load-bearing structure 4a of building 4.

[0014] Sheet material panel 2 is made of a set of inner sheet material (e.g. glass, polycarbonate) 10 and a set of outer sheet material (e.g. glass, polycarbonate) 11 with a double-sided cross-section curved in opposite direction and a surface with curved edges and corners by which a transfer of explosion stress is ensured to the inner frame 6 of the filling structure for openings 1 by the double-sided structure with curved cross-section in opposite direction and curved edges and corners (i.e. sheet material panel 2).

[0015] Sets 10 and 11 of sheet material panel 2 are made of composite electromagnetic, heat and light exposure insulation layer and layers forming structural strength (including layers transferring the pressure of the shock wave of explosion to the pre-tensioned frame 7 of the sheet material panel, i.e. explosion pressure is transferred by curved sheet material as pressure tensions to the pre-tensioned frame 7 of the sheet material panel 2 where thus additional tensile stress reaction is created).

[0016] Between sheet material panel 2 (with weight m₂) and the pre-tensioned frame 7 of the sheet material panel (with weight m₇), an elastic and air-tight pressure-tensioned seal/shock-absorber 9a has been installed, by which the kinetic energy is harmonised and elastically transferred to the pre-tensioned frame 7 of the sheet material panel. Between the pre-tensioned frame 7 (with weight m₇) and the inner frame 6 (with weight m₆) of a sheet material panel, an elastic shock-absorber/seal 9b operating as a spring has been installed by which, in turn, the kinetic energy of a shock wave is transferred to the inner frame 6, reducing the movement speed of the shock wave by increasing the total weight of frames 6 and 7 and shock-absorber/seals 9a and 9b by elastic forces Fa and Fb. Into the inner frame 6, by the elastic shock-absorber 9c operating as a spring, an inertia weight element 6a (with weight m_6a) has been installed by which the movement speed of the shock wave is further reduced in the impulse-stress stage by significantly increasing the total weight of sheet material panel 2 and frames 6 and 7 and the inertia weight element 6a (i.e. m₂ + m₆ + m_6a + m₇) and the elastic force F_c of shock absorber 9c.

[0017] The sizes of seals/shock-absorbers 9a, 9b and 9c, frames 6 and 7 and inertia weight element 6a and the elastic forces F_a, F_b and F_c of seals/shock-absorbers 9a, 9b and 9c have been composed so that the total weight of sheet material panel 2 and frame set 3 moving due to the impact of shock wave is smoothly (i.e. consistently, without jumps) and significantly (at least over two times) increased, resulting in a significantly reduced movement speed of sheet material panel 2 and frames 7 and 6 in the impulse-stress stage of explosion.

[0018] The frame set 3 of the filling structure for openings 1 comprises three frames installed inside each other - outer frame 5, inner frame 6 and the pre-tensioned frame 7 of sheet material panel, which are interconnected by the shock-dampening and absorption system 8 and a set of installations with a combination of elastic and air-tight seals 9 (including 9a, 9b and 9c).

[0019] In frame set 3, the shock wave impulse of an explosion, the pressure of the dynamic, quasi-static and negative stage are blocked, shock-dampened and absorbed by the shock-dampening and absorption system 8 with different stages of elasticity and the set of installations 9 with a combination of elastic and air-tight seals. The residual stress of an explosion is absorbed by plastically rigid (i.e. semi-rigid) ties i.e. armour i.e. absorption installation 4b and tensile armour 4bb (i.e. frame armour 4bb located in the load-bearing structure 4a of filling for openings 1) into the rather rigid (i.e. semi-rigid) load-bearing structure 4a of building 4.

[0020] The shock-dampening and absorption system 8 comprises three shock-absorber sets with different performance characteristics - preliminary shock-absorbers of explosion stress 12, post-shock-absorbers 13 and final pressure shock-absorbers 14.

[0021] Preliminary shock-absorbers 12 are created of a systemic set of installations of elastic and shock-dampening seals, a combination of the weights of the frames in the frame set and the inertia weight, working by the principle of shock-absorption.

[0022] The preliminary shock-absorbers 12 elastically receive the maximum short-time impulse-stress due to the pressure caused by the kinetic energy Ek of a shock wave from a powerful explosion impacting sheet material panel 2, pre-tensioned frame 7 of the sheet material and the inner frame 6 of the filling structure for openings, and the effective stress is harmonised, its amount is reduced and it is subsequently elastically transferred to post-shock-absorbers 13. By preliminary shock absorbers 12, sheet material panel 2, pre-tensioned frame 7 of the sheet material and the inner frame 6 of the filling structure for openings of the filling structure for openings 1 are allowed to move elastically, which reduces the speed (the speed of the shock wave is reduced in average by 20 to 60%) and the stress (the stress is reduced in average by 60 to 80%) of the shock wave impacting the surface of the filling structure for openings 1 and by which the amount of the possible speed and distance of dynamic movement of the inner frame 6 of the filling structure for openings is significantly reduced (20 to 80% in average).

[0023] Post-shock-absorbers 13 are created from shock-absorbers with rather high elasticity, length and shock-absorbing power (i.e. compared to preliminary shock-absorbers 12), e.g. a bellow-shaped device dampening and absorbing kinetic energy (including e.g. a device of elastic alloy steel which deforms elastically and its strength of resistance to pressure, i.e. elastic force, increases under compression); springs of alloy steel; pneumatic or hydraulic cylinders; another material elastically deforming to a significant extent the compression strength (i.e. resistance to external pressure) of which increases elastically depending on the effective force and the deformation of the shock-absorber).

[0024] Post-shock-absorbers 13 (i.e. compared to preliminary shock-absorbers 12, post-shock-absorbers have a more than 3 times longer movement range and are over 2 times more rigid shock-absorbers) receive and eliminate by their elastic force smoothly elastically and plastically the stress caused by the dynamic pressure of explosion and the placement (i.e. movement) of the filling structure for openings 1 due to the pressure of the shock wave. Post-shock-absorbers 13 receive and elastically transfer the impact of a shock wave from an explosion to the outer frame of the filling structure for openings 1 and from there on to the load-bearing structure 4a of building 4 for a much longer duration (post-shock-absorbers work in average 10 to 40% of the effective time of a shock wave and do that in the third effective stage of the shock wave i.e. in the stage of dynamic pressure) compared to preliminary shock absorbers 12 (preliminary shock absorbers 12 work in average 0 to 20% of the effective time of a shock wave and do that in the second effective stage of the shock wave, i.e. in the impulse-pressure stage).

[0025] Final pressure shock-absorbers 14 receive the movement impulse of moving sheet material panel 2 and frames 6 and 7 and the total weight of the inertia weight element 6a of the internal frame 6 of the frame set, dampening it and transferring its impact to outer frame 5. Final pressure shock-absorbers have been constructed to perform in the negative (i.e. fifth effective stage of shock wave) and quasi-static pressure stage (i.e. fourth effective stage of shock wave) of an explosion, i.e. upon semi-static pressure with the extent of 5 to 10% of the maximum overpressure caused by the explosion and their operating time is 20 to 80% of the effective time of the shock wave in its last effective stage.

[0026] Compared to post-shock-absorbers 12, final pressure shock-absorbers 14 are in average made of 10 to 60% shorter and more rigid shock-absorbers, the elastic force of which is at least 1.5 times bigger than that of preliminary and post-shock-absorbers 12 and 13 (e.g. springs of alloy steel or pneumatic or hydraulic cylinders, or another significantly elastically deforming material with compression strength increasing elastically depending on the effective force).

[0027] The gap between shock-absorbers 12, 13 and the final pressure shock-absorbers 14 (elastic, operating on spring principle) is filled with elastic filler seals 15 which can be, for instance, elastic material with closed pores (e.g. polyurethane foam), with a deformability enabling shock-absorbers 12, 13 and 14 to deform due to explosion stress, and by which their protection from external influence (e.g. mechanical damages, harmful effect of UV-radiation, influence of weather, etc.) and long-term operability are ensured.

[0028] The elastic filler seals 15 of post- and final pressure shock-absorber 13, 14 are glued in air-tight manner by an elastic and air-tight layer of glue 16 to frames 5, 6 and shock-absorbing system 8 of the filling structure for openings 1.

[0029] Frames 5, 6 of the filling structure for openings 1 are installed inside each other, on elastic rollers 17 (made of e.g. polycarbonate or steel material) enabling their movement. The gap of rollers 17 is filled with viscous and tightening lubricant 18 ensuring smooth movement and longevity of the rollers.

[0030] The surface of the shock-dampening and absorption system 8, elastic filler seal 15 and frames 5, 6 of the filling structure for openings 1 is covered with an elastically deformable material 19 (e.g. of polyester fabric plasticised with a layer of fire retardant polyvinyl and covered with a layer of acryl).

[0031] Outer frame 5 of the filling structure for openings 1 is installed on the load-bearing structure 4a of building 4 on an air-tight levelling and glue layer 16 in a stationary manner and then anchored by elastically rigid (i.e. semi-rigid) anchors i.e. by absorbing installation 4b load-bearing structure 4a, absorbing the residual explosion stress (i.e. residual deformation of the outer frame) by such a constructive solution into the semi-rigid load-bearing structure 4a.

[0032] The semi-rigidity of the load-bearing structure 4a is achieved by double-sided armouring of the load-bearing structure 4a, where the armouring 4b is carried out in the inner surface layer of load-bearing structure 4a, inner surface layer 4aa and outer surface layer 4ab.

[0033] The residual stress of the outer frame 5 of the filling for openings 1 and the elastic residual deformation are harmonised and transferred and absorbed in the load-bearing structure 4a, by installing a tensile armour 4bb in addition to armour 4b (i.e. frame armour 4bb of the load-bearing structure 4a of filling for openings 1), which is installed around frame 5 of the filling for openings 1 into the load-bearing structure 4a and is rigidly connected to armouring 4b of the load-bearing structure 4a.

[0034] If glass 20 of the glass set is used as the material for the pressure layer in the sheet material panel 2 (if one of the functions of the filling structure for openings 1 is letting light through the opening), sets 10, 11 of sheet material panel 2 (in such an event, glass sets 10a, 11a) are, in turn, made of at least two and at least double-sided and laminated and fortified-glass composite, i.e. glass set 10a, 11a. Pressurised inert gas 21 (e.g. argon or krypton) has been installed between glass sets 10a, 11a by which a cross-section curved in opposite direction with each other is formed. By the cross-section curved in opposite direction of glass sets 10a, 11a, explosion-stress transfer is carried out to the inner frame 6 of frame set 3 of the filling structure for openings 1 by the curved shape of the material, where the surface of outer glass set 11a is put under pressure and then the pressure is transferred to the pre-tensioned frame 7 of the sheet material, which is put under additional tension by glass sets 10a and 11a. The tensile strength and rigidity of the material of the pre-tensioned frame of the sheet material panel are executed in order to receive the tensile forces created by the pressure forces due to the expansion of glass sets 10a and 11a in their full extent, and considering the possible reserve.

[0035] By the pressurised inert gas located between glass sets 10a, 11a, the explosion stress is partly transferred to the inner glass set 10a, due to which two or more glass sets 10a and 11a are commissioned to receive the explosion stress and to transfer the force caused by the stress to inner frame 6 of the filling for openings 1.

[0036] The explosion stress is transferred to inner frame 6 of the filling structure for openings 1 (mainly in the stage of impulse-stress and dynamic stress of explosion) by the curved shape of the outer glass set 10a. The curved shape of glass sets 10a, 11a curved in opposite directions is achieved by filling the sheet material panel 2 with inert gas 21 under overpressure (i.e. compared to the natural pressure of the external environment of building 4c), or by creating a curved shape for glass sets 10a, 11a already in the factory. The size of the curvature of the outer glass set 11a of sheet material panel 2 is executed depending on the possible amount of explosion stress (i.e. shock wave stress), i.e. the bigger the potential stress, the bigger the curvature.

[0037] With the help of the double-sided curvature of sheet material 2 in opposite directions, among other things, the spreading of the significantly loud sound (bang) through the filling structure for openings 1 is also insulated.

[0038] A strip 22 with holes, i.e. a sieve-like surface, has been installed between glass sets 10a, 11a (it is made of e.g. a ceramic material, a metal alloy or plastic) comprising absorbent material 23 which collects the possible moisture between glass sets 10a, 11a in the event of variations in temperatures in the external environment of building 4c during the exploitation. Glass sets 10a, 11a are interconnected in air-tight manner by a sealant and glue 24 (e.g. a polysulphide and/or butyl mass and an air-tight glue layer 16) and installed into the pre-tensioned frame 7 of the sheet material panel, which in turn is installed into the inner frame 6 of the filling structure for openings 1.

[0039] The thicknesses of glass sets 10a, 11a of sheet material sets 10 and 11 (including weights) in the sheet material panel 2 are significantly different, by which resonance is avoided and significant transfer of sound noise through the sheet material panel 2 is blocked by dampening of its waves (i.e. sound).

[0040] Glass sets 10a, 11a of sheet material panel 2 consist of layers and are made of glasses 20, which is fortified and has micro-layered safety films 25 glued between the layers (i.e. Polyvinyl butyral - PVB micro-layered safety film). The number of glasses 20 and the safety films 25 between those (at leas two glasses 20 and one micro-layered safety film 25 between those) depends on the potential compression strength of the shock wave of an explosion, and the strength of the potential mechanical impact of the residual explosion.

[0041] The edges and corners of glasses 20 of glass set 10a, 11a are made with curved surface, by which concentration of inner tension at the edges of glass 20 is avoided.

[0042] The inner glass set 10a and outer glass set 11a of sheet material panel 2 are covered from inside of sheet material panel 2 with a transparent selective layer 26, i.e. an emissive cover. By the emissive cover of selective layer 26 on the inner surface of glass set 10a, thermal radiation is reflected back to the inner space 4d of building 4 during exploitation under normal circumstances. In the event of an explosion in the external environment 4c of building 4, thermal radiation is reflected back to the external environment 4c of building 4 via the selective layer 26 in the inner surface of the external glass set 11a.

[0043] Additionally, the surface of the outer glass 20a of the outer glass set 11a is covered with a light-reflecting layer 27, ensuring reflection of the significant thermal radiation and thus thermal energy back in a faded manner or to the side from the curved surface of the outer glass set 11a, by which entry of thermal energy into inner premises 4d and ignition of people and interior are avoided.

[0044] Depending on the functional security task, the surface of the outer glass 20a of the outer glass set 11a is covered with a fine, conductive mesh 28, ensuring the privacy of inner space 4d compared to the outer premises 4c (i.e. it is not possible to see from a distance outside what is happening in inner premises 4d); however, normal view from inner premises 4d to outer premises 4c is ensured.

[0045] To avoid entry of electromagnetic exposure, a fine mesh 28 of electricity conductive material (e.g. steel, copper, aluminium etc. electricity conductive materials) applied to the surface of outer glass 20a of glass set 11a is produced. The electricity conductive mesh 28 applied to the surface of the outer glass 201 is connected to earth 29 and the equipotential contour of building 4, including the absorption installation 4b of the load-bearing structure (i.e. armouring) 4a and tensile armouring 4bb.

[0046] In the event of building 4 that only has the protection and security function, the mesh 28 applied to the surface of the outer glass 20a of glass set 11a of the filling structure for openings 1 is covered (e.g. painted) with a light-reflecting and heat-resistant cover (e.g. a paint cover) with 30 albedo value over 90. By reflecting the light of glasses 20 of glass sets 10, 11 of the filling structure for openings 1 and the mesh 28 applied to it, which shields and earths electromagnetic radiation, in the event of explosion of a powerful bomb or another explosive its light radiation energy is reflected and dispersed away from building 4 (including the filling structure for openings 1), and the ignition or damage to any objects and people in the inner premises 4c due to intense and very powerful light radiation is avoided.

[0047] Between the inner frame 6 and outer frame 5 of the filling structure for openings 1 (on the outside of the frames), a flap-shaped elastic air-tight compression seal 31 is placed, so that in the event of positive pressure an elastic flap is pressed against the outer frame 5 of the filling structure for openings 1, and the tightness of the frame set increases significantly (i.e. compression due to explosion) and by which the tightness and air-tightness of the frame set is ensured.

[0048] The filling structure for openings 1 is attached to the load-bearing structure 4a (e.g. reinforced concrete, steel grid, stone wall or another strong and massive material forming the load-bearing structure 4a of a building or machine, i.e. the supporting frame) of building 4 with an air-tight and surface-levelling layer of glue 16a rigidly and in stationary manner to the level of the peripheral structure's (including e.g. a wall) thermal insulation 4e and shock-dampening layer 32. The shock-absorbing layer 32 of building 4 is e.g. a mineral compressible thermal insulation 4e by which also the impulse-pressure of explosion to the peripheral load-bearing structure 4a of building 4 is absorbed, and additionally the insulation against electromagnetic radiation (e.g. a steel mesh 28), which is connected to earth 29. The shock-absorbing layer 32 of building 4 is protected from the external environment with a protective hydrophobic insulation layer 4g.

[0049] The filling structure for openings 1 and its ingredients are created as heat-resistant, to endure the significantly elevated temperatures caused by explosion.

[0050] The filling structure for openings 1 in the exploitation terms of building 4 (including windows, flaps, doors, barrier wall modules or other fillings for openings of the peripheral structure of building 4 or a part thereof) are closed before the explosion in an air-tight manner by an automatic control system, having received a notification/signal of a potential explosion by the preliminary warning system.

[0051] The frame set 3 of the filling structure for openings 1 is installed on the load-bearing structure 4a of building 4 so that the sheet material package 2 is located before the load-bearing structure 4a, at the level of the thermal insulation 4e and the shock-dampening level 32 of the building.

[0052] The load-bearing structure 4a of the building is covered by a protective layer 4g insulating against the environmental impacts.

[0053] The invention has achieved the established goal, as the building's filling structure for openings is explosion-proof (i.e. it blocks, reflects, bounces, earths, dampens and absorbs the effects of an explosion) in the event of explosions of different types (i.e. the effect of the shock wave from a thermobaric and high-impact explosion in the stages of bouncing, pulse-stress, dynamic stress, quasi-static stress and negative stress) both in the external and internal environment of a building.

List of markings

[0054] 

1 -

Structure of fillings for openings

2 -

Sheet material panel

3 -

Frame set

4 -

Building

4a -

Load-bearing structure

4aa -

Internal surface layer of the load-bearing structure

4ab -

External surface layer of the load-bearing structure

4b -

Shock-absorbing installation

4bb -

Tensile armouring

4c -

External environment of the building

4d -

Internal environment of the building

4e -

Thermal insulation and shock-dampening layer of the building

4g -

Protective layer of the building against environmental impacts

5 -

Outer frame of frame set 3

6 -

Inner frame of frame set 3

6a -

Inertia weight element of the inner frame of the frame set

7 -

Pre-tensioned frame of the sheet material panel of the frame set

8 -

Shock-dampening and absorption system

9 -

A set of installations with a combination of elastic and air-tight seals

9a -

Elastic and air-tight pre-tensioned seal/shock-absorber

9b -

Elastic shock-absorber/seal operating as a spring

9c -

Shock-absorber operating as a spring

10 -

Inner set of sheet material

10a -

Inner glass set

11 -

Outer set of sheet material

11a -

Outer glass set

12 -

Preliminary shock-absorber

13 -

Post-shock-absorber

14 -

Final pressure shock-absorber

15 -

Elastic filler seal

16 -

Air-tight and elastic glue layer

16a -

Air-tight and building surface levelling glue layer

17 -

Roller

18 -

Viscous and tightening lubricant

19 -

Elastically deforming material

20 -

Glass of the glass set

20a -

Outer glass

20b -

Another light-permeable material

21 -

Inert gas

22 -

Strip with holes, with sieve-like cover, for glass sets

23 -

Absorbent material

24 -

Air-tight sealant and glue

25 -

Micro-layered safety film

26 -

Selective layer

27 -

Light-reflecting layer

28 -

Fine electricity conductive mesh

29 -

Earth

30 -

Light-reflecting and heat-resistant cover

31 -

Flap-type compression seal

32 -

Peripheral shock-dampening layer of building.

Claims

1. A structure of fillings for openings (1) comprising a sheet material panel (2), a frame set (3), seals, a shock-dampening and absorption system (8), insulation materials, characterized in:

- the panel of sheet material (2) comprises an internal set of sheet material (10) and an external set of sheet material (11), the panel of sheet material has a double-sided cross-section curved in opposite direction, and the parts of the sheet material are covered with protective measures against heat, light and electromagnetic exposure;

- the frame set (3) comprises three frames installed inside each other - outer frame (5), inner frame (6) and the pre-tensioned frame (7) of sheet material panel, and an inertia weight element (6a) installed in the inner frame (6), whereas the frames (5, 6, 7) are interconnected by a shock-dampening and absorption system (8) and a set of installations with a combination of elastic and air-tight seals (9), and the outer frame (5) is connected to the absorbing installation 4b located in the load-bearing structure 4a of the building (4);

- a shock-dampening and absorption system (8) comprises an absorption installation (4b) and shock-absorbers with three different functions: preliminary shock-absorbers of explosion stress (12), post-shock-absorbers (13) and final pressure shock-absorbers (14), whereas the gaps between shock-absorbers (12, 13, 14) are filled with elastic filler seals (15);

- the structure of fillings for openings (1) includes protective measures against heat, light and electromagnetic exposure, air-tight and elastic sealing installations.

2. A structure of fillings for openings (1) according to claim 1 characterized in that the frames (5, 6) of the structure of fillings for openings (1) are installed inside each other on rollers (17) enabling their movement, whereas the gap between the rollers is filled with viscous and tightening lubricant (18) and a flap-type compression seal (31) is installed between the inner frame (6) and the outer frame (5).

3. Structure of fillings for openings (1) according to claim 1 characterized in that the panel of sheet material (2) is an internal set of sheet material (10) comprising an inner glass set (10a) and an external sheet material set (11) comprising an external glass set (11a), pressurised inert gas (21) has been installed between glass sets (10a and 11a), glass sets are made of at least two and at least double-sided and laminated glass composite and the glass sets comprise insulation layers against electromagnetic exposure, thermal and light radiation.

4. Structure of fillings for openings (1) according to claim 3 characterized in that the glass sets (10a, 11a) are installed into a pre-tensioned frame of the sheet material of the frame set (7), which in turn is installed in the inner frame (6) of the frame set, a strip (22) filled with absorbent material (23) is installed between the glass sets (10a and 11a) and the glass sets are interconnected with air-tight sealant and glue (24), and the glass sets are covered from inside of the sheet material panel (3) by a selective layer (26).

5. Structure of fillings for openings (1) according to claim 1 characterized in that post-shock-absorbers (13) are created from shock-absorbers with rather high elasticity, length and shock-absorbing power and post-shock-absorbers (13) are over 3 times longer and over 2 times more rigid than preliminary shock-absorbers (12), compared to post-shock-absorbers, final pressure shock-absorbers (14) are made of 10 to 60% shorter and over 1.5 times more rigid shock-absorbers, and preliminary (12), post- (13) and final pressure shock-absorbers (14) are created as installations operating by the principle of an elastic spring.

6. Structure of fillings for openings (1) according to claims 1 and 5 characterized in that the filler seal (15) is of material with closed pores, and the surface of the filler seal (15) of the shock-dampening and absorption system (8) and the frames (5, 6) is covered with an elastically deformable material (19).

7. Structure of fillings for openings (1) according to claims 1 and 3 characterized in that the surface of the outer glass (20a) of the outer glass set (11a) is covered with a light-reflecting layer (27).

8. Structure of fillings for openings (1) according to claims 1 and 3 characterized in that the surface of the outer glass (20a) of the outer glass set (11a) is covered with a fine, electricity conductive mesh (28) and the mesh (28) is connected to earth (29) and is covered by a cover (30) with albedo value of over 90.

9. Structure of fillings for openings (1) according to claim 1 characterized in that the total weight of the structure of fillings for openings (1) has been smoothly increased by the weight of the inertia weight element (6a) of the internal frame of the frame set, sheet material package (2), frames (7, 6 and 5) and the load-bearing structure (4a).

10. Structure of fillings for openings (1) according to claim 1 characterized in that the edges and corners of the inner and outer sheet material set (10, 11) and glass sets (10a, 11a) have curved surfaces.

11. Structure of fillings for openings (1) according to claim 1 characterized in that :

- preliminary shock-absorbers (12) are designed to operate in the impulse-stress stage of the shock wave 0 to 20% of the impact time, and by which the speed of shock wave has been reduced by 20 to 60% and the amount of pressure by 60 to 80%;

- post-shock-absorbers (13) are designed to operate in the dynamic stress stage of the shock wave 10 to 40% of the impact time of the shock wave;

- final pressure shock-absorbers (14) are designed to operate in the quasi-static stress and negative stress stages of the shock wave 20 to 80% of the impact time of the shock wave.

Ansprüche

1. Struktur zum Befüllen für Öffnungen (1), enthält eine Platte aus Plattenmaterial (2), einen Rahmensatz (3), Dichtungen, ein Stoßdämpfungs- und Absorptionssystem (8), Dämmstoffe, durch gekennzeichnet:

- eine Platte aus Plattenmaterial (2) enthält einen inneren Satz aus Plattenmaterial (10) und einen äußeren Plattenmaterialsatz (11), die Platte aus Blattmaterial hat einen doppelseitigen Querschnitt, der in entgegengesetzter Richtung gekrümmt ist, und die Teile des Plattenmaterials sind mit Schutzmaßnahmen gegen Hitze, Licht und elektromagnetische Exposition geschützt;

- der Rahmensatz (3) enthält drei ineinander installierte Rahmen - Außenrahmen (5), Innenrahmen (6) und den vorgespannten Rahmen (7) der Platte aus Plattenmaterial und einem Trägheits-Gewichtselement (6a), das im Innenrahmen (6) installiert ist, während die Rahmen (5, 6, 7) durch ein Dämpfungs- und Absorptionssystem (8) miteinander verbunden sind, und eine Reihe von Installationen mit einer Kombination aus elastischen und luftdichten Dichtungen 9), und der äußere Rahmen (5) ist mit der absorbierenden Anlage (4b) verbunden, die sich in der tragenden Struktur (4a) des Objektes (4) befindet;

- ein Dämpfungs- und Absorptionssystem (8) enthält eine Absorptionsanlage (4b) und Dämpfer mit drei verschiedenen Funktionen: Vordämpfer der Explosionsspannung (12), Nachdämpfer (13) und Enddruckdämpfer (14), während die Lücken zwischen Dämpfern (12, 13, 14) mit elastischen Fülldichtungen (15) gefüllt sind;

- die Struktur zum Befüllen für Öffnungen (1) enthält Schutzmaßnahmen gegen Hitze, Licht und elektromagnetische Einwirkung sowie luftdichte und elastische Abdichtungsanlagen.

2. Struktur zum Befüllen für Öffnungen (1) nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Rahmen (5, 6) der Struktur zum Befüllen für Öffnungen (1) ineinander auf Rollen (17) installiert sind, die ihre Bewegung ermöglichen, während der Spalt zwischen den Rollen mit viskosen und festziehenden Gleitmittel (18) gefüllt ist und zwischen dem Innenrahmen (6) und dem Außenrahmen (5) eine klappenartige Kompressionsdichtung (31) eingebaut ist.

3. Struktur zum Befüllen für Öffnungen (1) nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Platte aus Plattenmaterial (2) ein innerer Plattenmaterialsatz (10) ist, der einen inneren Glassatz (10a) und einen externen Plattenmaterialsatz (11) enthält, der einen externen Glassatz (11a) enthält, unter Druck stehendes Inertgas (21) wurde zwischen den Glassätzen (10a und 11a) installiert, die Glassätze bestehen aus mindestens zwei und mindestens doppelseitigen und laminierten Glasverbundwerkstoffen und die Glassätze enthälten Isolationsschichten gegen elektromagnetische Einwirkung, Wärme- und Lichtstrahlung.

4. Struktur zum Befüllen für Öffnungen (1) nach Anspruch 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Glassätze (10a, 11a) in einen vorgespannten Rahmen des Plattenmaterials des Rahmensatzes (7) eingebaut sind, der wiederum in den Innenrahmen (6) des Rahmensatzes installiert ist, einem Streifen (22), gefüllt mit saugfähigem Material (23) ist zwischen den Glassätzen (10a und 11a) installiert, und die Glassätze sind mit luftdichtem Dichtmittel und Klebstoff (24) miteinander verbunden, und die Glassätze sind von der Innenseite der Platte aus Plattenmaterial (3) durch eine selektive Schicht (26) abgedeckt.

5. Struktur zum Befüllen für Öffnungen (1) nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass Nachdämpfer (13) aus Dämpfern mit ziemlich hoher Elastizität, Länge und Dämpfungskraft hergestellt werden und Nachdämpfer (13) mehr als 3 mal länger und über 2 mal steifer sind als Vordämpfer (12) im Vergleich zu Nachdämpfern, die Enddruckdämpfer (14) bestehen aus 10 bis 60% kürzeren und über 1,5-mal steiferen Dämpfern, und vorgehende (12), Nach- (13) und Enddruckdämpfer (14) werden als Installationen geschaffen, die nach dem Prinzip eine elastischen Feder arbeiten.

6. Struktur zum Befüllen für Öffnungen (1) nach Anspruch 1 und 5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Füllstoffdichtung (15) aus einem Material mit geschlossenen Poren besteht und die Oberfläche der Füllstoffdichtung (15) des dämpfenden und absorbierenden Systems (8) und die Rahmen (5, 6) mit einem elastischen verformbares Material (19) bedeckt sind.

7. Struktur zum Befüllen für Öffnungen (1) nach Anspruch 1 und 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Oberfläche des Außenglases (20a) des äußeren Glassatzes (11a) mit einer lichtreflektierenden Schicht (27) bedeckt ist.

8. Struktur zum Befüllen für Öffnungen (1) nach Anspruch 1 und 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Oberfläche des Außenglases (20a) des äußeren Glassatzes (11a) mit einem feinen, elektrisch leitfähigen Netz (28) bedeckt ist und das Netz (28) geerdet (29) ist und mit einer Abdeckung (30) mit einem Albedo-Wert von über 90 bedeckt ist.

9. Struktur zum Befüllen für Öffnungen (1) nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das Gesamtgewicht der Struktur von Füllungen für Öffnungen (1) reibungsfrei um das Gewicht des Trägheits-Gewichtselements (6a) des Innenrahmens des Rahmensatzes, des Plattenmaterialpakets (2), den Rahmen (7, 6 und 5) und die tragende Struktur (4a) erhöht wurde.

10. Struktur zum Befüllen für Öffnungen (1) nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Kanten und Ecken des inneren und äußeren Plattenmaterialsatzes (10, 11) und der Glassätze (10a, 11a) gekrümmte Oberflächen aufweisen.

11. Struktur zum Befüllen für Öffnungen (1) nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass:

- Vordämpfer (12) so ausgelegt sind, dass sie in der Impulsspannungsstufe der Stoßwelle 0 bis 20% der Schlagzeit arbeiten und um die Geschwindigkeit der Stoßwelle um 20 bis 60% und die Druckmenge um 60 bis 80% reduziert wurde;

- Nachdämpfer (13) sind ausgelegt, um in der dynamischen Belastungsstufe der Druckwelle 10 bis 40% der Aufprallzeit der Druckwelle zu arbeiten;

- Enddruckstoßdämpfer (14) sind ausgelegt, um in den quasi-statischen Belastungs- und Unterspannungsstufen der Stoßwelle 20 bis 80% der Stoßzeit der Stoßwelle zu arbeiten.

Revendications

1. Structure de garnitures pour ouvertures (1) comprenant d'un panneau de matériau en feuille (2), d'un cadre défini (3), de joints, d'un système d'amortissement et d'absorption des chocs (8), des matériaux isolants, est caractérisée par :

- le panneau de matériau en feuille (2) comprenant d'un ensemble interne de matériaux en feuille (10) et d'un ensemble externe de matériaux en feuille (11), le panneau de matériau en feuille est doté d'une section transversale à double face incurvée dans le sens opposé et les parties du matériau en feuille sont recouvertes d'une mesure de protection contre la chaleur, la lumière et l'exposition électromagnétique;

- l'ensemble de cadres (3) est comprenant de trois cadres installés l'un à l'intérieur de l'autre : le cadre extérieur (5), le cadre intérieur (6) et le cadre précontraint (7) du panneau de matériau en feuille et un élément de masse d'inertie (6a) installé dans le cadre intérieur (6), tandis que les cadres (5, 6, 7) sont interconnectés par un système d'amortissement et d'absorption (8), et un ensemble d'installations ayant une combinaison de joints élastiques et étanches à l'air (9), le cadre extérieur (5) est relié à l'installation absorbante (4b) située dans la structure porteuse (4a) du bâtiment (4);

- un système d'amortissement et d'absorption des chocs (8) est comprenant d'une installation d'absorption (4b) et d'amortisseurs à trois fonctions différentes: amortisseurs préliminaires de contraintes d'explosion (12), post-amortisseurs (13) et amortisseurs de pression finale (14), tandis que les intervalles entre les amortisseurs (12, 13, 14) sont remplis par les joints de remplissage élastiques (15);

- structure de garnitures pour ouvertures (1) comprend des mesures de protection contre la chaleur, la lumière et l'exposition électromagnétique, ainsi que des installations étanches à l'air et élastiques.

2. Structure de garnitures pour ouvertures (1) selon la réclamation 1 est caractérisée par le fait que les cadres (5, 6) de la structure de garnitures pour ouvertures (1) sont installés l'un à l'intérieur de l'autre sur des rouleaux (17) ce qui permet leur mouvement, tandis que l'espace entre les rouleaux est rempli de lubrifiant visqueux et de serrage (18) et un joint de compression à clapet (31) est installé entre le cadre intérieur (6) et le cadre extérieur (5).

3. Structure de garnitures pour ouvertures (1) selon la réclamation 1 est caractérisée par le fait que le panneau du matériau en feuille (2) est un ensemble interne de matériaux en feuille (10) comprenant un ensemble de verre interne (10a) et un ensemble de matériaux en feuille externe (11) comprenant un ensemble de verre externe (11a), le gaz inerte comprimé (21) a été installé entre des ensembles de verre (10a et 11a), les ensembles de verre sont comprenants d'au moins deux verres et des deux côtés au moins et de composite de verre stratifié, ces ensembles de verre sont comprenants de couches isolantes contre l'exposition électromagnétique, le rayonnement thermique et lumineux.

4. Structure de garnitures pour ouvertures (1) selon la réclamation 3 est caractérisée par le fait que les ensembles de verre (10a, 11a) sont installés dans un cadre précontraint du matériau en feuille de l'ensemble de cadres (7), qui en retour est installé dans le cadre intérieur (6) de l'ensemble de cadres, une bande (22) remplie de matériau absorbant (23) est installée entre les ensembles de verre (10a et 11a) et les ensembles de verre sont interconnectés par un agent d'étanchéité et de la colle (24), et les ensembles de verre sont recouverts à partir de l'intérieur du panneau de matériaux en feuille (3) par une couche sélective (26).

5. Structure de garnitures pour ouvertures (1) selon la réclamation 1, est caractérisée par le fait que les post-amortisseurs (13) sont fabriqués à partir d'amortisseurs ayant une élasticité, une longueur et une puissance d'absorption des chocs assez élevées et les post-amortisseurs (13) sont 3 fois plus longs et 2 fois plus rigides que les amortisseurs préliminaires (12), par rapport aux post-amortisseurs, les amortisseurs à pression finale (14) sont fabriqués à partir des amortisseurs 10 à 60% plus courts et 1,5 fois plus rigides et les amortisseurs préliminaires (12), post- (13) et à pression finale (14) sont fabriqués comme des installations fonctionnant selon le principe d'un ressort élastique.

6. Structure de garnitures pour ouvertures (1) selon les réclamations 1 et 5 est caractérisée par le fait que le joint de remplissage (15) est comprenant d'un matériau ayant des pores fermés et la surface du joint de remplissage (15) du système d'amortissement et d'absorption des chocs (8) et des cadres (5, 6) est recouverte d'un matériau élastiquement déformable (19).

7. Structure de garnitures pour ouvertures (1) selon les réclamations 1 et 3 est caractérisée par le fait que la surface du verre extérieur (20a) de l'ensemble de verre extérieur (11a) est recouverte d'une couche réfléchissante de lumière (27),

8. Structure de garnitures pour ouvertures (1) selon les réclamations 1 et 3 est caractérisée par le fait que la surface du verre extérieur (20a) de l'ensemble de verres extérieur (11a) est recouverte d'une maille fine, conductrice d'électricité (28) et la maille (28) est reliée à la terre (29) et recouverte d'un revêtement (30) et d'une valeur albédo supérieure à 90.

9. Structure de garnitures pour ouvertures (1) selon la réclamation 1 est caractérisée par le fait que le poids total de la structure de garnitures pour ouvertures (1) a été légèrement augmenté par le poids de l'élément de masse d'inertie (6a) du cadre interne de l'ensemble de cadres, de l'emballage du matériau en feuille (2), des cadres (7, 6 et 5) et de la structure porteuse (4a).

10. Structure de garnitures pour ouvertures (1) selon la réclamation 1, est caractérisée par le fait que les bords et les angles de l'ensemble de matériaux en feuille intérieurs et extérieurs (10, 11) et les ensembles de verres (10a, 11a) présentent des surfaces incurvées.

11. Structure de garnitures pour ouvertures (1) selon la réclamation 1 est caractérisée par le fait que:

- les amortisseurs préliminaires (12) sont conçus pour fonctionner dans la phase de contrainte d'impulsion de l'onde de choc de 0 à 20% du temps d'impact, et par laquelle la vitesse de l'onde de choc a été réduite de 20 à 60% et la quantité de pression de 60 à 80%;

- les amortisseurs de post-choc (13) sont conçus pour fonctionner dans la phase de contrainte dynamique de l'onde de choc 10 à 40% du temps d'impact de l'onde de choc;

- les amortisseurs à pression finale (14) sont conçus pour fonctionner dans les phases de contrainte quasi-statique et de contrainte négative de l'onde de choc pendant 20 à 80% du temps d'impact de l'onde de choc.

Drawing