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(11) | EP 0 023 754 A1 |
| (12) | EUROPEAN PATENT APPLICATION |
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| (54) | Electrostatic recording apparatus and method |
| (57) An electrostatic recording apparatus wherein a latent electrostatic image is recorded
on a dielectric coated sheet (1) by a stylus array (19) spaced apart from the sheet
to form an ionization gap. The dielectric sheet (1) containing a conductive layer
is passed over a fixed recording head (9) containing the array of styli (19). The
fixed recording head (9) is provided with a source of fluid which maintains positive
pressure in a cavity (15) within the recording head (9), which cavity has outlets
(17) facing the dielectric sheet (1) passing over the head. The gap between the dielectric
sheet and the recording head is maintained substantially constant by the fluid pressure
emanating from the head. |
[0001] This invention relates to an electrostatic recording apparatus and method. More particularly, the invention relates to an electrostatic recording apparatus for recording information on a dielectric web comprising an electrostatic recording head including a stylus having a tip in a fixed position; means for directing a web in proximity to said recording head, said web comprising a dielectric surface facing said recording head and a conductive layer; and means for selectively applying a voltage between said stylus and the conductive layer in said web; said voltage being of sufficient magnitude to create ionization of gas between the stylus and the web.
[0002] Electrostatic recording devices utilizing dielectric webs in an array of electrodes, generally termed the recording styli, are well known. The principal of operation of main concern with respect to this invention is the creation of a latent electrostatic image on the dielectric web by means of raising individual styli in the recording head to a sufficient electrical potential so as to ionize the air in the gap between the head and the dielectric web. Since the distance between the web and the recording styli is the most critical factor as to the amount of potential required for the ionization to take place, the maintenance of a constant distance remains a primary objective in the prior art.
[0003] The large majority of the prior art relating to the problem of bringing a recording head into proximity with a dielectric substrate relates to mechanical methods, sometimes augmented with electrical control so as to adjust the stylus. In some instances, the wear of the stylus is compensated by the movement of the web to be charged. Mechanical means to sense the distance between the stylus and the dielectric substrate are taught. Such prior art is represented by U.S. Patents 2,850,350; U.S. 3,816,839; and U.S. 3,846,802. In all of this prior art, the problem of maintaining mechanical devices replaces the primary problem of the distance between the web and the dielectric surface.
[0004] In a different attempt to achieve a constant distance between the recording head and a dielectric web, there is taught the use of an air bearing or fluid cushion in U.S. Patent 4,124,854. According to this patent, the recording head is provided with a chamber having outlets adjacent the recording styli. Compressed air is fed to the chamber and permits the head to float upon the compressed air released through the outlets. The dielectric web is maintained at a constant location by passing it over a fixed support. By utilizing an electrically conductive support, a ground element for the electrical circuit is also provided. While this approach greatly simplifies the solution to the problem, there remains the problem of the lateral consistency of the distance between the dielectric web and the multiple styli head across the entire width of the head and dielectric sheet.
[0005] The present invention is intended to provide a means of accurately controlling the distance between a recording head and a dielectric web, and accordingly provides an electrostatic recording apparatus which is characterised by means for maintaining substantially constant the distance between said head and said web, said means, including meansfor producing a gas fLow between said head and web to create a gas cushion for supporting said web.
[0006] The electrostatic recording apparatus of the invention greatly simplifies the-electrostatic recording of latent images on a dielectric coated sheet.
[0007] An electrostatic recording apparatus and method in accordance with the invention will now be described, by way of example, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:-
Figure 1 is a cross-sectional view of a dielectric web utilized in the apparatus and method of this invention;
Figure 2 is a cross-sectional view of the recording head of this invention and a dielectric web as it passes the recording head at a predetermined distance;
Figure 3 is an alternative means for bringing the dielectric web into proximity with the recording head in accordance with this invention; and
Figures 4 and 5 are graphs of distance against time, showing the distance between a web and a recording head in the apparatus of the invention as the web passes over the head.
[0008] Figure 1 is a cross-sectional view of the dielectric web utilized in the device and process of this invention. The dielectric web designated generally as 1, comprises three basic components. A substrate 3 provides mechanical strength for the web to be processed through the necessary machinery in any electrostatic recording process proposed. Substrate 3 is advantageously a high strength organic polymer because of its availability and ease of manufacture. However, substrate 3 can be of any suitable material including electrically conductive or electrically insulating substrates. Typical materials include film-forming polymers such as the polyolefins, polyesters, polystyrenes, polycarbonates, and polyethylene terephthalate which is preferred because of its availability and structural stability.
[0009] Over substrate 3 there is applied a thin conductive layer 5 which provides the electrode in the electrical circuit opposite the recording stylus. Such layer is typically in the range of from about 1 to about 5 microns in thickness and can utilize any electrically conductive material. Such materials include most metals and their conductive oxides, electrically conductive organic polymers such as polysulfones, polymer resins and metal foils. Since the electrode is generally grounded, one usually constructs web 1 by extending conductive layer 5 beyond the boundries; of the other layers in the web so that it can easily be contacted with conductive material included in the electrical circuit of the recording apparatus.
[0010] Conductive layer 5 is covered by dielectric layer 7 upon which are placed the electrostatic charges caused by ionization of the air between layer 7 and the recording stylus. Dielectric layer 7 is typically an organic polymer of sufficient dielectric strength and thickness to hold an electrostatic charge at least for a period of time needed to either develop and transfer an image therefrom or to otherwise detect the latent image created by the charge deposition. Although dependent upon the dielectric strength of the material utilized in layer 7, the layer is preferably maintained rather thin such as in the range of from about 5 microns to 15 microns and typically in the region of about 10 microns. Materials useful in construction of layer 7 are inorganic dielectric coatings such as aluminum oxide, non-conducting polymers such as polytetrafluoromethylene, polycarbonates, polyesters, polyolefins, acrylics and polymer compositions .containing additives to improve the mechanical properties of the layer.
[0011] In some instances, substrate 3, which is typically in the range of about 100 microns in thickness, is transparent to electromagnetic radiation. In this event, the web can be employed in a system which utilizes illumination of the dielectric web adjacent the recording stylus through the substrate 3 and conductive layer 5. In some instances, such illumination may aid in the initiation of the stylus discharge.
[0012] In Figure 2 there is shown a cross-sectional view of recording head, generally shown as 9, and an associated means for supplying the head with a fluid, generally designated 11. As indicated in Figure 2, web 1 passes adjacent recording head 9 and is tensioned by rollers 13 and 13'. Within head 9 there is provided a fluid chamber 15 having outlets 17. By properly spacing outlets 17, web 1 rides upon a cushion of fluid emanating from outlets 17 and is held at a constant distance from recording head 9 by a balance of the tension force on web 1 and the pressure of fluid from outlets 17.
[0013] While Figure 2 is a cross-sectional view, one can easily envision an extended recording head running the width of web 1 having a multiplicity of recording styli having adjacent thereto sufficient outlets 17 to provide a flow of fluid to maintain a constant gap across the width of the sheet. As.indicated in Figure 2, stylus 19 is associated with power source 21 which provides an electrical potential sufficient to raise the potential on the stylus above the grounded conductive layer 5 in web 1 so as to create ionization of the air and the charges on web 1.
[0014] As indicated in Figure 2, head 9 is desirably rounded in the area of the recording stylus and outlets to air chamber 15. A flexible web moving over the surface of head 9 is a self-acting foil bearing. In combination with the fluid emitted from the outlets 17, there is provided, in accordance with this invention, a combination air bearing and foil bearing.
[0015] Among the advantages of the device of this invention are the simplicity of construction and the achievement of consistent spacing across the width of the web. In the present device, the recording head is stationary at a fixed point. As is indicated in Figure 2, there is no support for the dielectric web as the web passes recording head 9. Thus, there is no mechanical adjustment required for the control of the space between web 1 and head 9. Further, the variation in thickness of web 1 across the width is j- automatically compensated by the fact that web 1 is flexible and can be moved either toward or away from head 9 along its width at any time. The ability of web 1 to flex permits the maintenance of the pressure of the fluid emitted by head 9 at a constant value across the width of web 1. As web 1 becomes thicker in one area, it can move away from the head in that portion wherein the thickness has increased while the remainder of the web remains in place. A support behind web 1 at the closest point to head 9 would not permit lateral flexibility of web 1 and any thickness variation across the width of web 1 would result in an averaging of the distance between web 1 and head 9 in order to keep the pressure constant.
[0016] In Figure 3, there is shown another embodiment of this invention. In this embodiment, a continuous web 23 having the same cross-section as indicated in Figure 1 is supported by rollers 25 and 25'. Fluid pressure emitted through head 27 maintains the web at a constant distance from the head in the same manner as is shown in Figure 2. The fluid pressure exerted is typically in the range of about 0.035 to about 1.40 Kg.cm* , preferably between about 0.056 and 0.140 Kg.cm-2. The drive mechanism for continuous web 23 is not shown in this embodiment but such drive mechanisms are well known and may include rollers 25 and 25'. As in Figure 2, the conductive layer 5 of web 1 is grounded in the electrical circuit which includes the stylus head 27.
[0017] In a device utilizing a continuous web, such as is shown in Figure 3, the latent electrostatic image is transferred to a second substrate or, alternatively, the latent image on continuous web 23 is developed with powder material and the visible image is transferred to another substrate. Web 23 is then cleaned and the latent image erased when the latent image is no longer needed. In such process utilizing a continuous web, the latent image can be employed to develop multiple images by successive development and transfer depending upon the length of time the latent image resides upon web 23 without significant decay. The transfer of either the latent image or developed image can be performed in typical prior art fashion. The latent image on web 23 can be erased by typical prior art methods, such as by charging the web by means of an A.C. corona discharge device biased to zero potential.
[0018] The following examples further specifically illustrate the present invention and are not intended to limit the invention in any way.
EXAMPLE I
[0019] A charging head is prepared as illustrated in Figure 2. Two rows of staggered orifices having a diameter of 127 microns are drilled through the head on each side of the stylus into an air chamber within the head. The distance between the two rows is 0.305 c m and the space between the orifices in each row is about 0.76 c m, center to center. The radius of the head is ground to about 6.85 c m. The head is mounted along the path of a conductive web having a thickness of about 25 microns comprising a film of polyethylene teraphthalate which has been coated on the side opposite the head with a thin conductive film of aluminum. The web is transported over the head in a manner illustrated in Figure 3 with a web speed of 8.9 c m per second.
[0020] The space maintained between the web and the head is measured with a Wayne Kerr capacitance transducer (DIMEQ TE 200) with a Mechanical Technology, Inc. probe (CPl). The distance as measured by the transducer and probe are calibrated with a.micrometer and found to be linear and accurate.
[0021] With a supply of air into the chamber of s the head at a pressure of 0.056 Kg.cm-2, the web is driven past the head whereby the air pressure maintains a space between the head and the web of about 11 microns with a variation of 2 microns. A graph constructed by a chart recorder connected to the transducer is presented in Figure 4. As is indicated by Figure 4, the distance between the head and the web is maintained in the range of about 11 microns with a variation of about 2 microns. The vibration frequency is about 40.5 cycles/sec.
EXAMPLE II
[0022] In Figure 5, there is presented a graph obtained as in the above example with the exception that the air pressure in the recording head is raised to 0.067 Kg.cm-2. The distance between the web and the recording head is about 17.2 microns with a variation of + .5 microns. The vibration frequency remains the same as above. A comparison of Figures 4 and 5 indicates that as the fluid pressure is increased, the vibration and the variation is reduced.
[0023] The above Examples illustrate the invention in conjunction with a smooth surfaced dielectric web or belt. This is in contrast with the earliest attempts to maintain the gap between the styli and the dielectric sheet through the use of rough surfaced dielectric sheets. In the earlier method, the recording styli contacted the upper points of the surface thereby creating a gap between the styli and the lower points on the surface at an average gap of the correct distance to create ionization. In such a system, the styli wore down with use and if one attempts the use of a rough surfaced continuous web, the web wears excessively. In addition, transfer of the developed image is difficult.
[0024] In accordance with this invention, smooth surfaced dielectric webs can be utilized since there is no contact required between the web and the recording styli. Transfer of the developed image from the smooth surfaced dielectric belt is not difficult and thus there is provided a method whereby a continuous belt is utilized as the dielectric web wherein the latent electrostatic image is developed and transferred to another substrate in a cyclic system. Cleaning the electric web is facilitated by the smooth surface. In a system wherein the smooth surfaced dielectric surface is the final image substrate, images of superior quality are obtainable, particularly with respect to resolution.
1. An electrostatic recording apparatus for recording information on a dielectric
web comprising an electrostatic recording head (9) including a stylus (19) having
a tip in a fixed position; means for directing a web (1) in proximity to said recording
head, said web comprising a dielectric surface (7) facing said recording head and
a conductive layer (5); and means (21) for selectively applying a voltage between
said stylus and the conductive layer in said web; said voltage being of sufficient
magnitude to create ionization of gas between the stylus (19) and the web (1), the
apparatus being characterised by means for maintaining substantially constant the
distance between said head and said web, said means including means (11, 15, 17) for
producing a gas flow between said head and web to create a gas cushion for supporting
said web.
2. The apparatus of Claim 1 wherein the means for directing said web comprises a pair
of rollers (13, 131, or 25, 251).
3. The apparatus of Claim 1 or Claim 2 wherein said web (1) is a continuous web.
4. The apparatus of Claim 1 or Claim 2 wherein said web (1) is discontinuous.
5. The apparatus of any one of Claims 1 to 4 wherein said means for producing a gas
flow comprises a source of compressed air (11) connected to a chamber (15) within
said recorder head (9), said chamber being provided with outlets (17) to direct the
air toward said web.
6. An electrostatic recording method which comprises providing a dielectric web (1)
having a dielectric surface (7) coated upon an electrically conductive layer (5);
providing an electrostatic recording head (9) comprising a stylus (19) and directing the web in proximity to the recording head, and providing an ionizing voltage to said stylus (19) while grounding said conductive layer (5); the method being characterised by supplying gas to outlet (17) in said head adjacent said stylus whereby said fluid is emitted through said outlets (17) and maintains substantially constant the gap-between the web (1) and the recording head (9).
7. The method of Claim 6 wherein the gas is air.
8. The method of Claim 7 wherein the air is supplied under a pressure in the range
of 0.035 to 1.40 Kg.cm-2.