BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Field of the Invention
[0001] The present invention relates to a process for cutting or perforating sheets of plastic
film material, especially as part of a process for making flexible plastic film packaging
materials. More particularly, the invention relates to a process for making plastic
film packaging bags and in a preferred embodiment, to a process for making continuous
strips of interconnected, but separable, plastic film packaging bags including the
step of perforating the plastic film material with a perforating blade having improved
service durability. The present invention is especially useful in making packaging
bags composed of low pressure-low density polyethylene film.
Description of the Prior Art
[0002] Processes and equipment for making plastic film wrapping sheets and bags in continuous
strips, and providing tear-off lines for one at a time removal of the individual wrapping
units, have been well-known in the prior art and commercially available. A known process
for forming continuous and interconnected but. separable plastic film packaging bags
includes the steps of extruding a tube of plastic film material, such as polyethylene,
by a tubular blown film extrusion process and advancing the tube through a bag-making
machine wherein the advancing tubular film material is heat-sealed across its width
at spaced longitudinal intervals and perforated across its width at the same intervals
to allow later separation into individual bags. The resulting plastic bags have a
variety of packaging uses, such as for garments, trash, produce, meat, and the like.
In most cases, the bag-making machine (such as those available from Gloucester Engineering
Co.) is provided with shuttling means to momentarily stop the tube advance for the
sealing and perforating operations; however, apparatus is also known which travels
along with the advancing tube to seal and perforate same without the necessity of
momentarily stopping the tube advance. The resulting continuous strip of interconnected
and separable plastic bags may be rolled for dispensing later or the bags may be separated
and stacked by methods and apparatus known in the art. Single-ply plastic film wrapping
sheets, in continuous strips of interconnected and separable sheets or separated sheets,
may be made by a similar process by starting with a single layer of plastic film or
sheet material.
[0003] The perforating is usually performed by forcing a serrated-type blade through the
plastic film tube. Such perforating blades are commercially available in various configurations
and are typically composed of a flat steel body having teeth along one edge thereof.
The configuration of the teeth depends, in part, on the type and size of bag being
made and the plastic film material of which it is formed. Those skilled in the art
are well aware of the considerations governing the selection of a perforating blade
for such applications. As ah example, in a process for making low density polyethylene
produce bags in a Gloucester Engineering Model 418 bag machine, a 10-inch long perforating
blade composed of No. 1095 carbon steel and having 40 teeth along one edge thereof,
may be employed. Each tooth is chamfered on one side as a result of a sharpening operation
to thereby provide a cutting edge.
[0004] Such plastic film packaging bags and sheets have been made of various types of thermoplastic
film materials, including low- and high-density polyethylene, polypropylene and the
like. However, low density polyethylene is perhaps the most important of the thermoplastic
packaging films, accounting for a significant portion of the total usage of such films
in packaging, Low density polyethylene possesses a unique combination of properties
essential for broad end use utility and wide commercial acceptance in the packaging
field. These properties include film optical quality, mechanical strength properties
(such as puncture resistance, tensile strength, impact strength, stiffness and tear
resistance),, vapor transmission and gas permeability characteristics and performance
in film converting and packaging equipment.
[0005] In processes for preparing, for example, low density polyethylene bags, employing
polyethylene made by the conventional high pressure process, the expected service
life of a perforating blade may be on the order of 2 to 4 weeks. However, it has been
found that when preparing low density polyethylene bags by the same type of process,
where the polyethylene is made by the so-called low pressure process, the service
life of the perforating blade was reduced to a matter of hours. In such a case it
may be necessary to close down an entire commercial line to change perforating blades
at frequent intervals or the resulting product may become unsuitable due to poor quality
perforations. Either situation provides a totally unacceptable commerical process.
[0006] Since low pressure-low density polyethylene film is tougher than the corresponding
high pressure material, it was postulated that the cutting edges of the reduced- life
perforating blade were wearing. However, in one instance, after a blade was no longer
acceptable for perforating low pressure-low density polyethylene film, it was found
that it was nevertheless still useful in perforating conventional high pressure-low
density polyethylene for an additional period of time of about 3 weeks. It was also
found that cutting edges coated on both sides with a hard material did not significantly
extend the useful service life of a perforating blade in a process for making low
pressure-low density polyethylene film bags.
[0007] The prior art teaches various types and shapes of cutting devices in various applications.
For example, U.S. Patent No. 4,064,776 discloses a method and apparatus for making
tear-resistant, separable end-connected plastic film bags utilizing a perforating
blade which is serrated in'shape and which is provided along its length with deep
recesses beyond the cutting edge to define connecting tabs between the perforations
across the width of the advancing film material. The blade is also heated to effect
annealing of the perforation edges.
[0008] U.S . Patent No. 4,161,382 discloses an apparatus for making containers from thermoplastic
sheet material, including a cutting blade having at least one cutting edge extending
vertically at an oblique angle to the surfaces to be cut, wherein slots in the sheet
are formed when the blade is moved vertically into the sheet material.
[0009] It is also known in the prior art that the durability of various types of cutting
blades can be increased by providing a coating of an extremely hard material such
as tungsten carbide on one side of the cutting edge. The prior art discloses that
this may be due in part to the fact that since the tungsten carbide coating is significantly
harder than the substrate onto which it is coated, more and more of the tungsten carbide
coating is exposed as the softer substrate is worn away during use, thereby presenting
a sharper cutting edge for longer periods of time. This self-sharpening effect of
one-sided coating has been recognized for use in cutting devices such as household
knives, paper cutting and trimming knives and other types of beveled disk knives.
[0010] U.S. Patent No. 3,975,891 discloses a rotary mower blade made of outer layers of
metal having an inner layer of extremely hard material and shaped such that attrition
in use of the outer metal layers exposes the inner extremely hard material to maintain
a sharp cutting edge. It is disclosed that a fine cutting edge is formed and maintained
as a result of the wearing of the blade, instead of the blade becoming more dull by
such wear.
[0011] Other one-sided coated cutting instruments are disclosed in the prior art. For example,
U.S. Patent No. 3,618,654 discloses a blade for cutting plastic material such as tire
stock, having a body of steel with a flat backing surface and a channel in one edge
thereof which contains a ring of tungsten carbide to be ground flush with the steel
body on one side and projecting outwardly so that it is exposed. on both sides and
terminates in a cutting edge. U.S. Patent No. 2,634,499 discloses a similar cutting
edge, comprised of a piece of tungsten carbide bonded to a substrate and designed
for cutting materials such as asphalt roofing and other abrasive compositions.
[0012] U.S. Patent No. 3,988,955 discloses a band saw blade comprising a steel body having
a plurality of teeth spaced along one edge thereof. The tip of each tooth is coated
with a hard carbide material and then impulse hardened. The coating overlaps both
sides of the cutting edge.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0013] In its broadest aspects, the present invention comprises an improved process for
cutting or perforating a plastic film sheet material employing a cutting or perforating
blade which exhibits improved service life durability, the blade being composed of
a metal substrate having a coating of a hard material on only one side thereof. More
specifically, and in a preferred embodiment, a process for making a continuous strip
of interconnected and separable plastic film bags is provided which includes the steps-of
providing, such as by tubular blown film extrusion, a tube of plastic film material
and sealing and perforating the tube across its.width at spaced longitudinal intervals,
wherein the perforating is accomplished with a blade coated on one side only with
a hard material such as tungsten carbide. The process is especially useful in the
manufacture of continuous strips of interconnected but separable bags of low pressure-low
density polyethylene film, employing a serrated metal perforating blade which is beveled
or chamfered on one side only and whose flat side only is coated with a hard substance
such as tungsten carbide. In such a process, these blades exhibit a significantly
improved service life as compared to uncoated similar blades or similar blades coated
on both sides.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0014]
Figure 1 is a schematic illustration of a vertical stroke heat-sealing and perforating
apparatus which may be used in a process for making continuous strips of interconnected
but separable plastic film bags.
Figure 2 is an enlarged plan view of the teeth area of a serrated and slotted metal
perforating blade.
Figure 3 is an enlarged plan view of the teeth area of a serrated, unslotted metal
perforating blade.
Figure 4 is an enlarged side view of one of the teeth of the perforating blade of
Figure 3.
Figure 5 shows the blade tooth of Figure 4 with a coating on the flat side thereof
in accordance with the invention.
Figure 6 is an enlarged view of the tip area of the blade of Figure 5.
Figure 7 is a view illustrating the tip of Figure 6 after some wear has occurred in
use.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
[0015] Although the process of the present invention has particular utility in a process
for cutting or perforating film sheets of low pressure-low density polyethylene, it
is expected to be useful in cutting or perforating many different types of plastic
materials, including conventional high pressure-low density polyethylene, high density
polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride and the like. In addition, the invention
is expected to be useful in cutting or perforating paper or paper-like sheets.
[0016] As is known by those skilled in the art, low density polyethylene typically has a
density of about 0.94 g/cc or lower while high density polyethylene has a density
of above about 0.94 g/cc. Conventional low density polyethylene has in the past been
made commercially by the high pressure (i.e., at pressures of 15,000 psi and higher)
homopolymerization of ethylene in stirred and elongated tubular reactors in the absence
of solvents using free radical initiators. Recently, a low pressure process for preparing
low density polyethylene has been developed which has significant advantages as compared
to the conventional high pressure process. One such low-pressure process is disclosed
in commonly-assigned, copending U.S. Applications Serial No. 12,720, filed February
16, 1979 and Serial No. 892,322, filed March 31, 1978 (a foreign-filed application
corresponding thereto has been published as European Patent Publication No. 4647)..
[0017] The above-identified copending application discloses a low pressure gas phase process
for producing low density ethylene copolymers having a wide density range of about
0.91 to about 0.94 g/cc and a melt flow ratio of from about 22 to about 36 and which
have a relatively low residual catalyst content and a relatively high bulk density.
The process comprises copolymerizing ethylene with one or more C
3 to C
8 alpha-olefins in the presence of a high activity magnesium-titanium complex catalyst
prepared under specific activation conditions with an organo aluminum compound and
impregnated in a porous inert carrier material. The copolymers thus prepared are copolymers
of predominantly (at least about 90 mole percent) ethylene and a minor portion (not
more than 10 mole percent) of one or more C
3 to C
8 alpha olefins which should not contain any branching on any of their carbon atoms
which is closer than the fourth carbon atom- Examples of such alpha-olefins are propylene,
butene-1, hexene-1, 4-methyl pentene-1 and octene-1.
[0018] The catalyst may be prepared by first preparing a precursor composition from a titanium
compound (e.g., TiCl
Q), a magnesium compound (e.g., MgCl
2) and an electron donor compound (e.g., tetrahydrofuran) by, for example, dissolving
the titanium and magnesium compounds in the electron donor compound and isolating
the precursor by crystallization. A porous inert carrier (such as silica) is then
impregnated with the ; precursor such as by dissolving the precursor in the electron
donor compound, admixing the support with the dissolved precursor followed by drying
to remove the solvent. The resulting impregnated support may be activated by treatment
with an activator compound (e.g., triethyl aluminum).
[0019] The polymerization process may be conducted by contacting the monomers, in the gas
phase, such as in a fluidized bed, with the activated catalyst at a temperature of
about 30 to 105°C and a low pressure of up to about 1000 psi (e.g., from about 150
to 350 psi). The resulting low density ethylene copolymers may be formed into thin
film having improved puncture resistance, high ultimate elongation, low thermal shrinkage
and outstanding tensile impact strength, by extrusion through an extrusion die having
a gap of greater than about 50 mils. One such process is disclosed in commonly-assigned,
copending U.S. Applications Serial No. 12,795, filed February 16, 1979 and Serial
No. 892,324, filed March 31, 1978 (a foreign-filed application corresponding, thereto
has been published as European Patent Publication No. 6110). The film thus prepared
may contain conventional additives and may have a thickness of about 0.1 mil to about
20 mils and may be formed into a tube by the tubular blown film extrusion process.
[0020] Although the present invention is applicable to any process for cutting or perforating
plastic film sheet material, for purposes of convenience the invention will be described
herein by reference to a process for making continuous strips of interconnected but
separable plastic film packaging bags. It should be understood that it is not intended
to limit the invention thereby; rather, it should be expressly understood that the
invention is limited only by the scope of the claims appended hereto.
[0021] In addition, for ease of description only, the present invention will be described
by reference to a process for making such bags composed of the presently-preferred
material, low pressure-low density polyethylene, although it is to be understood that
the invention is or is expected to be applicable to other materials such as conventional
high pressure-low density homopolymers and copolymers of ethylene, high density homopolymers
and copolymers of ethylene, homopolymers and copolymers of propylene, homopolymers
and copolymers of vinyl chloride, paper and the like. For purposes of definition,
by "low pressure-low density polyethylene" is meant ethylene polymers having a density
of about 0.91 to about 0.94 such as the ethylene-C
3 to Ca alpha olefin copolymers described above.
[0022] As indicated above, plastic film bag-making machinery and processes are commercially
known and available. A typical process includes the steps of forming a plastic film
tube by the tubular blown film extrusion process and advancing the plastic film tube
in flattened form through a bag-making machine where the tube is heat-sealed across
its width at spaced longitudinal intervals and perforated at similar intervals with
a perforating knife to provide means for later separating the individual plastic film
bags from the resulting continuous strip. Depending upon the type and size of the
plastic film bags being manufactured, any known and commercially-available equipment
can be employed. For example, to make garment-type bags which have a width of approximately
27 inches, Gloucester Engineering Company bag-making machines identified by Model
Numbers 417 or 419 may be employed. For smaller produce-type plastic film bags, Gloucester
Model Number 418 or 425 may be used. All of these machines utilize a pair of rolls
which shuttle back and forth to momentarily halt the advance of the plastic film tube
through the bag-making machine and enable the heat-sealing-and perforating operations
to occur.
[0023] Most commercially-available bag-making machines employ perforating blades having
a length of 10 inches, and 3 or more blades may be required across the width of the
bag-making line. In those machines such as the garment bag-making type, which have
a width of about 30 inches, only a single flattened tube of about the same width is
fed through the machine: However, it is possible to feed one large tube into the bag-making
machine and produce more than one line of bags simultaneously by conventional techniques.
For example, a single large tube may be fed into a single machine to produce separate
rolls of interconnected but separable bags, wherein the large tube is subjected to
perforating and heat-sealing operations and then is slit-sealed longitudinally to
provide several distinct rolls of bags. When it is desired to separate and stack such
bags, starting from a single large plastic film tube, the operations are reversed;
i.e. the large tube is first longitudinally slit-sealed followed by perforating and
heat-sealing each of the resulting tubes. Conventional means, such as nip rolls driven
at a speed greater than the tube advance speed in the machine, may be provided adjacent
the exit of the bag-making machine to effect separation of the interconnected strips
into individual bags.
[0024] Regardless of the type of bag-making machine employed, the process of the present
invention includes the step of perforating a plastic film with a perforating knife
of improved durability. The perforating operation is normally conducted by vertically
stroking the perforating blad into and through the plastic film tube. Figure 1 of
the attached drawings schematically illustrates a vertical stroke heat-sealing and
perforating apparatus of a commercially available bag-making machine. Referring to
Figure 1, a tubular film 10 is shown advancing right to left in the drawing over supporting
means 11. Conventional means (not shown) may be provided for momentarily stopping
the advance of the plastic film tube, at which time the heat-sealing and perforating
operations can occur. These operations are normally performed simultaneously by vertically
stroking a heat-sealing means 12 and perforating blade 13 downwardly as shown in Figure
1. A heat-seal is formed across the width of the flattened tube to provide a sealed
bottom portion of a plastic bag. Simultaneously, the perforating blade 13 punctures
the tubular film 10 by being forced through the film into slot 14. Stripper bars 15
are also stroked downwardly at the same time to hold film 10 in place during the perforation
and to facilitate removal of the perforating blade from the tubular film during its
upward stroke, as is conventional.
[0025] These sealing and perforating operations, in commercial processes, may be repeated
at a rate of from about 10 to 170 times per minute. The cycle speed required of the
perforating blade, of course, depends upon how rapidly the plastic film tube is advancing
through.the bag-making machine. rhis, in turn, depends upon the size of the bags being
made. It is apparent that for a given speed of advance, the rate of perforation is
substantially less for long bags such as garment bags in comparison to produce bags
where the perforations are much closer. Generally, in processes for making plastic
film packaging bags, the plastic film tube may be advanced through the bag-making
machine at a rate of about 10 to about 400 feet per minute or higher. Normally, the
higher rates are for the longer bags such as garment bags. The typical rate of advance
in a process for producing produce-type bags having a length of about 16 to 20 inches
is about 150 to about 160 feet per minute, at which speed and for 16 inch-long produce
bags, a perforating blade cycle of about 147 times per minute would be expected. Of
course, the cycling time of the perforating blade may vary greatly depending upon
how rapidly one wishes to advance the plastic film tube through the machine and upon
the length of the bag being manufactured. Those skilled in the art are well aware
of the controlling factors. Despite the particular speed of advance, as the cycling
speed of the perforating blade increases, the wearing of the blade becomes more rapid
and hence this additional factor must be balanced in determining the desired or optimum
operating conditions. Those skilled in the art may determine the various conditions
of operation given the desired results.
[0026] As the perforating blade exhibits wear and becomes dull, the plastic film may not
perforate cleanly, which is undesirable since uneven elongated film areas surrounding
the perforation lines can lead to bag failure by premature tearing. The severity of
this problem is influenced by the film gauge with the thinner gauge films presenting
more problems than thicker films. The thickness of the plastic film bags may vary
considerably depending upon the desired end use and particular plastic film employed.
As an example, for low pressure-low density polyethylene, produce-type bags generally
may have a film thickness of 0.0003 to 0.001 inch and garment-type bags may have a
thickness of 0.0003 to 0.001 inch. It is obviously desirable to use a perforating
blade having as long a life as possible since it is commercially unacceptable to shut
down an entire bag-making line to replace blades at frequent intervals. It is also
commercially disadvantageous to resharpen bag perforating blades if resharpen- ing
does not significantly extend their useful service life. The problem of the short
life of conventional perforating blades, even those which have been resharpened, experienced
in processes for making low pressure-low density polyethylene bags, is alleviated
by using the perforating blade of the present invention.
[0027] A portion of a serrated perforating blade of the type which may be employed in the
practice of the present invention is shown in Figure 2. As shown in Figure 2 a serrated
blade 16 is composed of a main body portion 17 and. a plurality of teeth 18 projecting
outwardly therefrom along one edge thereof. Recesses or slots 19 are provided between
adjacent teeth. Although the slots are shown as being rectangular in shape in Figure
2, they may take any form.
[0028] The edges of each tooth 18 are beveled such as by sharpening to provide chamfered
faces 23 and 24 and cutting edges 20 and 21 (formed by the intersection of faces 23
and 24 and the flat side of each tooth 18).
[0029] Another type of perforating blade is shown in Figure 3. Specifically, Figure 3 illustrates
a portion of the teeth area of an unslotted blade 25 which comprises a main body portion
26 provided along one edge thereof with a plurality of teeth 27. Each tooth 27 may
be sharpened to provide chamfered faces 28 and 29 and cutting edges 30 and 31 formed
by the intersection of the chamfered faces and the flat side of each tooth. This is
shown in greater detail in Figure 4 which illustrates, in exaggerated form, the tip
area of each tooth of the blade of Figure 3.
[0030] The particular shape of the perforating blade employed in the practice of the present
invention is not critical. It may be slotted or unslotted and the number of teeth
or slots in the blade may vary depending upon the particular material being treated,
the sizes of the bag and perforations, the speed at which the plastic film material
is moving through the apparatus, etc. Those skilled in the art are aware of the various
blade configurations that can be employed for these purposes. Generally, any conventional
type and configuration of perforating blade can be used in the practice of the present
invention. It is preferred, however, for perforating low pressure-low density polyethylene,
that the blade be unslotted of the type illustrated in Figure 3. As stated above,
many commercial bag-making machines are designed to accept one or more blades each
ten inches in length. For unslotted blades of such length, best results for perforating
low pressure-low density polyethylene have been obtained with blades having 40 teeth,
although good results have also been obtained with blades having 27 or 50 teeth.
[0031] Slotted blades may also be employed in the present invention. Generally, any-slotted
blade of conventional configuration may be employed, such as those represented by
Figure 2. It is not necessary that each tooth be separated by a slot from each adjacent
tooth which is the conventional configuration. The dimensions of the slotted blades
may vary-depending on the nature of the material being perforated, the size of the
bag being formed, the size of perforation desired, etc. As a general rule, when perforating
low pressure-low density polyethylene, which is tough and tear-resistant, the width
of each slot should not exceed about 0.030 inch. For conventional high pressure-low
density polyethylene, the slot width may be on the order of 0.060 to 0.070 inch although
when making garment bags of this material for example, slot widths up to about 0.125
inch may be tolerated. With either the slotted or unslotted blade, the thickness thereof
may be determined based on the strength of the metal constituting the blade, its expected
level of use, the size of perforation required, etc. A conventional perforating blade
may be formed from a blank by machining and the teeth area is typically of a lesser
thickness than the main body portion. Generally, for blades formed of No. 1095 carbon
steel, the thickness of the main body portion may be on the order of about 0.050 inch
while the teeth may have a thickness on the order of about 0.010 to 0.015 inch. As
is apparent to those skilled in the art, the dimensions of a perforating blade are
not particularly critical and all of the'foregoing dimensions may be varied depending
on the circumstances.
[0032] The choice between a slotted and unslotted blade may depend on the degree of control
desired or necessary in the bag-making machine. When using a slotted blade, such as
in apparatus of the type shown in Figure 1, perforations are obtained as a result
of forcing the blade through the plastic film at least as far as into the slot whose
width predetermines the distance between perforations. When using an unslotted blade
however, the depth of the perforation stroke must be carefully controlled to provide
the desired or necessary distance between perforations. Despite the fact that finer
control is therefore necessary with the unslotted blades, they offer an advantage
over slotted blades in that there is more cutting edge along the length of the blade
since there are no slots and therefore one may extend the useful life of an unslotted
blade by suitable adjustments in the perforating stroke as the cutting edge dulls
from wear (i.e., the stroke is controlled to force more of the teeth through the plastic
film). Depending upon the need, the foregoing countervailing considerations may be
weighed by those skilled in the art in the selection of a perforating blade configuration.
[0033] The materials of which the perforating blade may be made are not particularly critical.
An advantage of the present invention is that a relatively softer blade material may
be employed since it is the hard metal coating which forms the cutting edge. In fact,
as the cutting edges of the blade undergo wear, the softer blade material is worn
away preferentially, thereby exposing the harder metal coating on one side of the
blade. In effect, the blade becomes self-sharpening in use.
[0034] The blade substrate material is typically metal and any conventional cutting blade
metal having a hardness of at least about 40 Rockwell may be employed, as is apparent
to those skilled in the art. An example of a suitable material is the carbon steel
known as No. 1095. Spring steel is also expected to be useful. The preferred material
is No. 1095 carbon steel.
[0035] The coating which is on one side only of the perforating blade of the invention is
a hard metal material. Generally, this hard metallic coating should have a Rockwell
hardness of at least about 50, preferably at least about 70. Examples of hard metallic
materials which are, or which are expected to be, suitable for use as the blade coating
in the present invention include the metal carbides such as tungsten carbide; and
nickel alloys, such as the nickel alloy commercially available from Electro-Coatings,
Inc. under the tradename Ny-Carb (which comprises a nickel-phosphorus matrix containing
about 30 weight % of silicon carbide particles- 1 to 3 microns in size- embedded therein).
Tungsten carbide is the preferred hard metallic coating material since it generally
has a hardness of over 70 Rockwell.
[0036] The term "tungsten carbide" as used herein is meant to include both tungsten carbide
per se as well as tungsten carbide containing small amounts of other hard metals such
as cobalt. As an example, tungsten carbide coatings are commercially available from
Union Carbide Corporation which comprise cobalt in a mixture of tungsten carbides;
for example, under the tradenames LW-30 (13 weight % Co - balance tungsten carbides);
LW-lN30 (13 weight % Co - balance tungsten carbides); LW-1N40 (15 weight % Co - balance
tungsten carbides); and LW-1N20 (11 weight % Co - balance tungsten carbides). The
LW-30, LW-1N30 and LW-1N20 coatings have hardness values of 74-75, 72-73 and 71-72
Rockwell, respectively. The LW-1N30 is preferred.
[0037] The hard metal coating may be formed on the perforating blade by any convenient method.
In a preferred embodiment (i.e., a chamfered, unslotted blade), the coating is formed
on the flat side of the blade after sharpening as shown in Figures 5-7 of the drawings.
Figure 4 is a side view of one of the teeth of the blade of Figure 3, having a hard
metal coating on its flat side. Specifically, referring to Figure 5, a blade tooth
27 is shown which has a chamfered face 28 formed by edges 32 and 33 and cutting edge
30. A coating 35 (shown in exaggerated form) is provided on the flat side of the tooth
27, thereby forming a new, hard cutting edge 36.
[0038] The tip area of the blade tooth of Figure 5, before and after some wear, is schematically
illustrated in Figures 6 and 7, which are exaggerated for detail, and where the same
reference numerals indicate the same parts as in the other drawings. As best shown
in Figure 7, as the perforating blade is used, due to the more rapid wear of the softer
blade main body at 38 as compared to that of the relatively harder metal coating at
37, the blade in effect is self-sharpening.
[0039] The hard metal .coating may be formed on the perforating blade by any suitable process.
As an example, and in a preferred embodiment, a tungsten carbide coating may be formed
by a commercially-available process of Union Carbide Corporation known as flame-plating.
In this process, the coating material (tungsten carbide, with or without additives)
is fired from a detonation gun at the part being coated at supersonic speeds and at
very high temperatures. The process is more fully described in U.S. Patent No. 2,714,563,
the disclosure of which is expressly incorporated herein by reference. Since the coating
particles strike the part being coated by this process with such high speed, it may
be necessary, and it is therefore preferred, to support the perforating blade teeth
from the side opposite the side being coated, in order to prevent deformation of the
teeth. The necessity for providing such support depends on the thickness and rigidity
of the blade and the specific conditions of the flame plating operation.
[0040] The hard metal material may be coated onto the' blade substrate to a thickness of
from about 0.0005 to 0.0015 inch, preferably from about 0.0005 to 0.0007 inch. In
the case of tungsten carbide and a blade used to cut or perforate low pressure-low
density polyethylene, the tungsten carbide coating has a thickness on the order of
about 0.0005 to 0.001 inch.
[0041] In addition to perforating plastic film packaging materials as discussed above, the
present invention also contemplates other plastic film cutting operations, such as
punching and slitting wherein the cutting instrument is coated on one side only with
a hard metal coating of the types described above. In the case of punching; a circular
blade is generally-used which may be formed of any conventional blade-type material,
such as No. 1095 carbon steel. Such blades are generally unslotted and are provided
with teeth around the entire circumference of the blade. The teeth may be sharpened
by beveling the inside edges thereof. When punching holes in plastic film material,
such as low pressure-low density polyethylene, the useful service life of such punching
blades may be extended by coating the outside, flat surface thereof with a hard metal
material such as tungston carbide in the same manner as discussed above.
[0042] In addition to punching blades, slitting-type blades may be coated to extend their
useful service life when slitting materials such as low pressure-low density polyethylene
film. Slitting blades are used in many different applications such as forming flat
films from a film tube formed by a tubular blown film extrusion process. The tube
may be slit on one or both sides to provide the flat film. In one instance, it was
the practice to sharpen the slitting blades once a week when slitting conventional
high pressure-low density polyethylene. When low pressure-low density polyethylene
was employed in the process, it was found necessary to sharpen the slitting blades
twice a day. These blades were curved and were sharpened on one edge only to provide
a chamfered surface on that side. By coating the flat side.of these curved blades
with a hard metallic material such as tungsten carbide, using the flame-plating process
described above, it was found necessary to sharpen these blades only once a week even
when slitting low pressure-low density polyethylene film.
EXAMPLE 1
[0043] New 10-inch long 40-tooth unslotted blades of No. 1095 carbon steel were sharpened
to provide a chamfered face on one side of each tooth. The flat side of the teeth
of these blades was then coated with a LW-30 tungsten carbide to a thickness of 3
mils and a set of 5 blades was installed in a Gloucester Model 418 bag machine. The
machine was operated at a line speed of 170 feet per minute and a perforating speed
of 122 cycles per minute to produce produce-type bags of low pressure-low density
polyethylene having a thickness of 0.5 mil. These blades produced good perforations
even after 13 days of operation at which point 2 of the blades were removed and installed
in a so-called wet bag line employing a Gloucester Model 418 machine and a downstream
separator designed to separate and stack the bags. This line was operated at a speed
of 170 feet per minute and a perforating speed of 122 cycles per minute to produce
low pressure-low density polyethylene bags having a thickness of 0.5 mil. These 2
blades produced good perforations for an additional 14 days.
EXAMPLE 2 .
[0044] New 40-tooth unslotted perforating blades, 10 inches long and composed of No. 1095
carbon steel and having a hardness of 46-48 Rockwell in the teeth area, were installed
in a bag-making line using a Gloucester Engineering Model No. 418 bag-making machine.
The line was operated to make low pressure-low density polyethylene produce-type bags
having a thickness of 0.5 mil. The line speed was 170 feed per minute and the perforating
cycle was 122 cycles per minute. These blades became too dull to provide good perforations
after only 24 hours of use. The blades were removed from the machine and the tips
of some of the teeth were observed to have rolled back thereby dulling those teeth.
EXAMPLE 3
[0045] A Ny-Carb coating (30 weight % of 1-3 micron particle; of silicon carbide embedded
in a nickel-phosphorus matrix) was coated onto both sides of new 10-inch long, 40-tooth
slotted perforating.blades formed of No. 1095 carbon steel and having slots 0.030
inch wide between each tooth, by a conventional plating process. The Ny-Carb coating
had a hardness of 60 -68 Rockwell and a thickness of 3 mils. These blades were then
installed in the same type of Gloucester bag-making line as used in Example 1. The
line was operated
3t 253 feet per minute and at a perforating speed of 184 cycles per minute to produce
the same type of low pressure-low density polyethylene produce-type bags as in Example
1 having a thickness of 0.5 mil. Right at the start of operation, it was noticed that
the perforations were not of good quality and the blades after 21 hours became too
dull and were removed.
[0046] A second set of the same type of perforating blades was coated on both sides with
the same Ny-Carb coating by the same plating technique to a thickness of 3 mils, and
a hardness of 60-68 Rockwell and placed in the same bag-making line and then used
to make the same type of low pressure-low density polyethylene bags. This set of blades
lasted only 20 hours before becoming dull enough to warrant removal from the machine.
. EXAMPLE 4
[0047] Two sets of new 10-inch long, 50 -tooth perforating blades formed of No. 1095 carbon
steel were spray-coated on both sides with a conventional aerosol-type Teflon spray
and left to dry for six hours. The blades were coated again on both sides with the
same Teflon spray and left to dry overnight. The thickness of the Teflon coating was
0.5 mil. One set of blades was installed in a bag-making line using a Gloucester Model
No. 418 machine which was then operated at a line speed of 170 feet per minute and
at a perforating speed of 122 cycles per minute to make low pressure-low density polyethylene
bags having a thickness of 0.5 mil. The blades were removed after 26 hours when the
perforations became poor. The second set of teflon-coated blades, coated in the same
manner, lasted an additional 4 hours in the same line when operated under substantially
the same conditions.
EXAMPLE 5
[0048] A set of new, 10-inch long 50-tooth slotted (each slot being 0.035-0.040 inch wide)
perforating blades formed of No. 1095 carbon steel were dip-coated with Teflon 8-403
to a thickness of 0.2-0.3 mil followed by baking. The resulting blades were installed
in a bag-making line using a Gloucester Model No. 418 machine and the line was operated
at a speed of 170 feet per minute and a perforating speed of 122 cycles per minute
to produce low pressure-low density polyethylene bags. The blades were removed after
about 4 days due to poor perforations.
EXAMPLE 6
[0049] The set of blades of Example 2 were
'resharpened after removal and re-installed in the bag-making line which was again
operated under substantially the same conditions as in- Example 2. The resharpened
blades failed to give good perforations after only 8 to 24 hours.
[0050] It is apparent to those skilled in the art that various other changes and modifications
may be made in the present invention without departing from the spirit and scope thereof.
It is the intention not to be limited by the foregoing description, but rather only
by the scope of the claims appended hereto.
1. A process for cutting a plastic film which comprises contacting the plastic film
with a metal knife blade which has a coating, on only one side thereof, of a hard
metallic substance having a hardness of at least about 50 Rockwell, preferably about
70 Rockwell.
2. The process of Claim 1, wherein the edge of one side of said knife blade is beveled,
wherein the other side of said knife blade is flat and wherein said coating is on
said flat side only.
3. The process of Claim 1 or 2, wherein said metallic substance comprises tungsten
carbide.
4. The process according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein said plastic
film is composed of low pressure-low density polyethylene.
5. In a process for perforating a plastic film with a perforating blade having teeth
along one edge thereof which comprises forcing the teeth of said perforating blade
through said plastic film improvement comprising using a perforating blade one side
only of which is coated with a hard metallic substance having a hardness of at least
about 50 Rockwell, preferably of at least about 70 Rockwell.
6. The process of Claim 5, wherein the edges on one side of the teeth of said perforating
blade are beveled, wherein the other side of said teeth is flat and wherein said coating
is on said flat side only.
7. The process of Claim 6 or 7, wherein said metallic substance comprises tungsten
carbide.
8. The process according to any one of the Claims 5 to 7, wherein said plastic film
is composed of low pressure-low density polyethylene.
9. The process according to any one of the claims 5 to 8, wherein said blade has slots
between adjacent teeth.
10. In a process for making continuous strips of interl connected and separable packaging
bags composed of low pressure-low density polyethylene film which comprises forming
a tube of low pressure-low density polyethylene film and heat-sealing said tube across
its width at periodic longitudinally-spaced intervals and perforating said tube at
similar intervals with a metal perforating knife having a plurality of teeth along
one edge thereof, the improvement comprising using a perforating blade whose teeth
are coated on one side only with a hard metallic substance having a hardness of at
least about 50 Rockwell, preferably about 70 Rockwell.
11. The process of Claim 10, wherein the edges of one side of said teeth are beveled,
wherein the other side of said teeth is flat and wherein said coating is on said flat
side only.
12. The process of Claim 10 or 11, wherein said metallic substance comprises tungsten
carbide.