[0001] This invention relates to a horn and is particularly, though not exclusively, concerned
with a diaphragm horn, e.g. an electro-magnetically operated diaphragm horn for use
in a motor vehicle. The invention may also be applied to a horn having another type
of sound-making mechanism, for example a reed and compressor type horn.
[0002] The applicants have surprisingly found that the tonal qualities of a horn can be
materially improved by using a horn body which has been treated in a particular way.
[0003] In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, there is provided a horn
body formed of a non-alloy steel having nitrogen dispersed through substantially the
whole of the section thereof, the nitrogen being in solid solution in a ferritic matrix.
[0004] In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a horn
body formed of a non-alloy steel having an epsilon iron nitride layer thereon.
[0005] In accordance with the still further aspect of the present invention, there is provided
a horn comprising a hollow body and a sound-making mechanism in the hollow body, wherein
the hollow body is as defined in any one of the last preceding three paragraphs.
[0006] An embodiment of the present invention will now be described, by way of example,
with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:-
Figure 1 is an axial section through an electromagnetic horn in accordance with the
present invention,
Figure 2 is a typical schematic section through part of the horn body of Fig. 1 showing
the structure of the body,
Figure 3 is a graph in which sound pressure level is plotted against frequency for
a conventional horn and a horn according to the present invention.
[0007] Referring now to Fig. 1, the horn illustrated therein is an electro-magnetically
operated diaphragm horn for use in a motor vehicle. The precise construction of the
electro- magnetic horn will not be described in any great detail herein except to
state that it basically comprises a dished metal body 10 having a sound-making mechanism
therein, the sound-making mechanism including a coil. 11, an armature 12 secured to
a diaphragm 13, and a make-and-break mechanism 14. As will be well appreciated by
a person skilled in the art, energisation of the coil 11 is effected through the make-and-break
mechanism 14 so as to cause the armature 12 and diaphragm 13 to vibrate. Vibration
of the diaphragm 13 cause the horn to sound.
[0008] In this embodiment, however, the body 10 is formed of mild steel (which is a non-alloy
steel) having a carbon content of 0.1 to 0.2%. The body 10 is press formed form a
sheet of mild steel having a thickness of 1.6mm. The mild steel of the body has been
treated in a manner to be described hereinafter. As a result of this treatment, the
body 10 is provided with a core 15 having nitrogen diffused into the whole of the
volume thereof, and a surface layer.16 on each side of the core 15. Thus, the dished
body is provided externally and internally with the surface layer 16. The nitrogen
in the core 15 is in solid solution in a ferritic matrix. Each surface layer 16 is
of epsilon iron nitride and is constituted by two portions 16a and 16b. Portion 16a
is porous, about 10 micrometres thick, and lies on the opposite side of the core 15
to the respective portion 16b.
[0009] The portion 16b is relatively non porous and has thickness of about 8 micrometres.
Thus, the total thickness of each epsilon nitride surface layer 16 is about 18 micrometres.
[0010] The body 10 is provided with the structure as described above with reference to Fig.
2 by pressforming it from the non-alloy mild steel described above and then heat treating
the body in a furnace at 570°C for two hours in an atmosphere consisting of ammonia
and an endothermic gas mixture (carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen and hydrogen).
During heat treatment, the residual level of ammonia was maintained at about 42% and
5 volume changes per hour were effected. The body after heat treatment was immediately
oil quenched to ensure that the nitrogen which had diffused into the body remained
in solid solution in : the ferritic matrix within the core 15. As a result of the
oil quenching, oil was retained within the pores in the ; portion 16a of each epsilon
nitride surface layer 16 to give good bearing properties to the surface.
[0011] In order to test the effect produced, two electro-magnetic horns were tested, one
of the horns was provided with a body which had merely been formed from mild steel
by pressing, whilst the other horn was provided with a body which had been press formed
out of the same mild steel but subsequently heat treated in the manner described hereinabove.
In the test, the sound pressure levels at various audio frequencies were measured
and the results are shown in Fig. 3. Curve A relates to the horn having the unheat-treated
body whilst curve B relates to the horn having the heat-treated body according to
the present invention. As can be seen fron Fig. 3, additional harmonics or frequency
components are obtained from the horn of the present invention. Subjectively, it was
found that the horn which produced curve B had much more pleasant tonal characteristics
than the horn which produced curve A.
[0012] As a further advantage, it was found that the body 10 had very good anti-corrosion
properties and so did not need to be surface treated to prevent it from rusting. Furthermore,
because of the tribological properties of the epsilon nitride layer on the body 10,
it was possible to dispense with the usual paper gasket which is normally provided
between the diaphragm 13 and the body. Thus, it will be seen from Fig. 1 that the
diaphragm 13 is in direct ie surface-to-surface contact with an integral flange 17
of the body 10 and that these two components are secured together by means of a spun-over
clamping ring 18. In this embodiment the clamping ring 18 was formed of aluminium
(a material softer than that of the diaphragm) although it could have been formed
of steel which had been coated with a suitably soft material such as plastics. With
such a construction, it was also found possible to dispense with the usual paper gasket
between the diaphragm 13 and the spun over clamping ring so that there is surface-to-surface
contact between the diaphragm and the ring.
[0013] Whilst in the above-described embodiment, the non-alloy steel body 10 having a low
carbon content was heat treated in an atmosphere of ammonia and an endothermic gas
mixture, it is to be appreciated that any form of treatment which is capable of diffusing
nitrogen substantially through the whole of the section of the body, and/or which
is capable of producing an epsilon nitride surface layer, can be employed in the treatment
of the body 10.
[0014] Whilst the mechanism which enables the tonal qualities of the horn to be improved
is not fully understood, it is believed that the tonal qualities are improved mainly
because of the presence of nitrogen in solid solution throughout substantially the
whole of the terrific matrix. Being dissolved interstitially, the nitrogen will considerably
distort the alpha-iron lattice which will then collect and help to immobilise dislocation
atmosphere, which then require an increased stress or strain energy to set them in
motion again. The resultant heat treated body has a higher yield point than the unheat
treated body and this, it appears, affects the resonating characterisitics of the
body 10 under the influence of the vibrating diaphragm.
1. A horn body formed of a non-alloy steel characterized in that nitrogen is dispersed
through substantially the whole of the section of the horn body, the nitrogen being
in solid solution in a ferritic matrix.
2. A horn body formed of a non-alloy steel characterized by having an epsilon iron
nitride layer (16) thereon.
3. A horn body as claimed in claim 1, characterized by having an epsilon iron nitride
layer (16) thereon.
4. A horn body as claimed in any preceding claim, which is of dished form having an
integral flange (17) to which a diaphragm is secured in use, the dished body being
arranged to receive a coil, an armature and a make-and-break mechanism in use.
5. A horn comprising a hollow horn body and a sound-making mechanism in the hollow
horn body, characterized in that the horn body 10 is as claimed in any one of claims
1 to 3.
6. A horn as claimed in claim 5, characterized in that a surface layer portion (16a)
of the horn body (10) is porous and contains oil.
7. A horn as claimed in claim 5 or 6, wherein the horn body (10) is of dished form
having an integral flange (17), the sound-making mechanism includes a diaphragm (13)
which is secured to the flange (17), characterized in that the diaphragm (13) is in
surface-to-surface contact with the flange (17).
8. A horn as claimed in claim 7, wherein a clamping ring (18) is provided for securing
the diaphragm (13) to the flange (17), and wherein the clamping ring (18) has a diaphragm-engaging
surface formed of a softer material than that of the diaphragm (13), characterized
in that there is a surface-to-surface contact between the clamping ring (18) and the
diaphragm (13).