BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Field of the Invention
[0001] The present invention relates to a yarn finish composition, a process for treating
yarn therewith and yarn so treated. More particularly, the present invention relates
to an oil-in-water finish composition for application to polyester, preferably polyethylene
terephthalate, yarn as a spin finish and/or overfinish. When used as a spin finish,
the composition is essentially non-fuming. The general term yarn is used herein to
include a variety of filamentary forms, for example filaments, fiber, thread, yarn
in the form of cord, or other similar forms. Preferred use is in the construction
of pneumatic tires or other reinforced rubber goods.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PRIOR ART
[0002] The prior art is replete with oil-in-water finish compositions or emulsions proposed
for use with synthetic yarn during or subsequent to its formation. Many of the prior
art finish emulsions flash off or fume during high temperature processing such as
steam jet texturing or steam jet drawing. Others fail to have emulsion stability for
a satisfactory period of time, as evidenced by creaming of the emulsion, i.e., separation
of the oil and water. Application of a separated emulsion to yarn, especially via
a kiss roll, causes uneven application of the emulsion oils which results in nonuniform
yarn.
[0003] These problems are overcome by the stable finish composition of the present invention
which has a non-fuming propensity both during production of the yarn and in subsequent
processing. The finish components on the yarn are resistant to heat treatment at temperatures
as high as 250°C. See for example, U.S. Patent 3 687 721 to Dardoufas.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0004] The present invention provides an oil-in-water yarn finish composition, a process
for treating yarn therewith and yarn so treated. The present invention also provides
a method for improving the emulsion stability of an oil-in-water yarn finish composition.
[0005] It is preferred that the composition be an emulsion of water and about 15 to 40,
most preferably 30, percent by weight of a nonaqueous portion which comprises:
(a) about 0.25 to 10, more preferably 1 to 5, weight percent of an emulsion stabilizer
selected from the group consisting of a salt of dialkyl sulfosuccinate neat wherein
each alkyl group comprises 8 to 18 carbon atoms, more preferably 8 to 13 carbon atoms,
and most preferably 8 carbon atoms; a salt of dialkyl sulfosuccinate in solution or
mixture wherein each alkyl group comprises 9 to 18 carbon atoms, more preferably 9
to 13 carbon atoms, most preferably 9 carbon atoms; and a mixture of a salt of dioctyl
sulfosuccinate and a salt of an aromatic carboxylic acid; and
(b) the balance comprising:
about 55 to 60, most preferably 57, weight percent of a lubricant comprising transesterified
high lauric oil and high oleic oil;
about 15 to 28, more preferably 18 to 25, weight percent of polyoxyalkylene castor
oil;
about 4 to 15, more preferably 5.5 to 12.5, weight percent selected from the group
consisting of triglycerol
monooleate, triglycerol dioleate and mixtures thereof; about 7 to 12, more preferably
8 to 10, weight percent selected from the group consisting of decaglycerol tetraoleate,
decaglycerol pentaoleate and mixtures thereof; and
about 1 to 5, most preferably 3, weight percent of a suitable antioxidant, preferably
4,4' butylidene-bis(6-tert-butyl-m-cresol), known commercially under the trademark
SANTOWHITE® Powder and available from Monsanto Company, St. Louis, Mo.
[0006] The emulsion stabilizer may contain small quantities of water (discussed below) and
thus, the nonaqueous portion may not be completely nonaqueous; however, the amount
of water is deemed insignificant.
[0007] With respect to the lubricant, by a "high" lauric oil is meant one which contains
at least about 40 percent lauric groups, and by a "high" oleic oil is meant one which
includes at least about 60 percent oleic groups. Transesterification of the high lauric
oil and the high oleic oil may be accomplished by any known manner. The method of
manufacture is well known in the industry, such as is disclosed in "Bailey's Industrial
Oil and Fat Products" Third Edition, pages 958-964 (1964), hereby incorporated by
reference. By a transesterified high lauric oil and high oleic oil is intended both
the product of a transesterification of the high lauric oil and the high oleic oil
and also the same or a similar product produced by means other than transesterification.
A lubricant may include from about 10 to about 90 percent high lauric oil and from
about 10 to about 90 percent high oleic oil. Examples of high oleic oils would include
glycerol trioleate, olive oil, peanut oil, selectively hydrogenated soybean oil and
combinations thereof. Examples of high lauric oils would include coconut oil, palm
kernel oil and combinations thereof. The lubricant preferably comprises transesterified
coconut oil and glycerol trioleate, the product comprising approximately 50 percent
glycerol trioleate and approximately 50 percent coconut oil.
[0008] The polyoxyalkylene castor oil is preferably polyoxyethylene castor oil wherein there
preferably are 16 to 33, more preferably 25 to 30, most preferably 25 or 26, moles
of ethylene oxide per mole of castor oil. The alkylene oxide used, however, could
be propylene oxide or the butylene oxides as well as ethylene oxide.
[0009] For the emulsion stabilizer, the preferred salt of dialkyl sulfosuccinate neat is
sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate. The preferred mixture of a salt of dioctyl sulfosuccinate
and a salt of an aromatic carboxylic acid is a mixture of sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate
and sodium benzoate; the aromatic carboxylic acid could also be, for example, naphthalic
acid. The preferred salt of dialkyl sulfosuccinate in solution or mixture is a solution
of sodium dinonyl sulfosuccinate, propanol and water. Although the examples to follow
are limited to inclusion of the sodium salts of dialkyl esters of sulfosuccinic acid
or the sodium salt of an aromatic carboxylic acid, the salts useful in this invention
are the ammonium and alkali metal salts, particularly sodium and potassium, with the
sodium salts being most preferred.
[0010] It is preferred that the finish composition further comprise an adhesion promoting
amount, preferably 5 to 50 weight percent, most preferably 10 to 20 weight percent,
of a silane having the structural formula
wherein n = 2 to 5. In this instance, the balance of the composition forms 40 to 94.75,
more preferably 70 to 89.75 weight percent of the composition.
[0011] In the most preferred composition, the emulsion stabilizer is a solution of sodium
dinonyl sulfosuccinate, the silane is gamma-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane and the
balance of the nonaqueous portion of the composition comprises: 57 weight percent
transesterified coconut oil and glycerol trioleate; 25 weight percent polyoxyethylene
castor oil having 25 or 26 moles of ethylene oxide per mole of castor oil; 5.5 weight
percent of a mixture of triglycerol monooleate and triglycerol dioleate; 9.5 weight
percent of decaglycerol tetraoleate; and 3 weight percent of 4,4'-butylidene-bis(6-tert-butyl-m-cresol).
[0012] The finish composition is readily prepared in one of two ways. The lubricant, emulsifiers
and antioxidant, i.e., the balance of the nonaqueous portion, may be mixed together
and the blend cleared with a small amount of water. The emulsion stabilizer can then
be added to the resultant composition, and the remaining water is added subsequent
thereto. Alternatively, the emulsion stabilizer can be added with the balance of the
nonaqueous portion, preferably last, prior to the addition of any water (other than
the small amount which may be present in the emulsion stabilizer). In either case,
the lubricant and emulsifiers may suitably be heated to dissolve the antioxidant,
but this is not necessary. The preferred method of preparing the composition of the
present invention is as follows: the lubricant is heated to from about 98 to 122
0C (210 to 250°F), and the antioxidant (SANTOWHITE® Powder) is added slowly under agitation;
the emulsifiers are then added as the blend cools to about 48.9°C (120°F), and a low
amount of water is added (if necessary) to obtain a crystal clear blend at room temperature.
Typically, the amount of water necessary to clear the blend is from about 5.0 to about
12.5, preferably about 10, weight percent. The emulsion stabilizer is preferably added
at room temperature to the blend. To prepare the aqueous emulsion for use, it is preferred
that the blend, including the emulsion stabilizer, and the necessary amount of water
be added to one another at room temperature. The water is agitated, and the necessary
amount of blend is quickly added. The agitation should be such that aeration does
not occur. The mass should be stirred for at least 15 minutes to ensure adequate dispersion
of the blend. Biocides or other additives may be added immediately after the blend
is introduced. The silane and any other adhesion promoter utilized is added subsequent
to the biocide (if a biocide is included in the emulsion). Dyes used as tinting agents
for identification purposes should be added to the water and stirred until complete
dispersion or dissolution of the dye is obtained prior to the introduction of the
blend. The pH of the emulsion can be adjusted to the required degree dependent upon
the p
H of subsequent treatment systems, e.g., a subsequent latex dip system, to be used.
A less preferred way of preparing the aqueous emulsion for use is to warm the blend
to 37.8°C (l00°F), thoroughly mix the blend, heat the necessary amount of water to
48.9°C (120°F), and continue in the manner described above.
[0013] The improvement in a process for the production of synthetic polymer yarn comprises
treating the yarn with a sufficient amount of the oil-in-water yarn finish composition
described above to achieve a total oil on yarn of 0.1 to 2.0 weight percent. The finish
composition may be used as a spin finish during spinning of the yarn and/or as an
overfinish subsequent to drawing. The spinning and drawing processes may be either
coupled or uncoupled, preferably the former. When used as a spin finish, the treating
amount of finish composition is sufficient to achieve a total oil on yarn of 0.05
to 0.8 weight percent. When used as an overfinish, the treating amount of finish composition
is sufficient to achieve a total oil on yarn of 0.05 to 1.2 weight percent.
[0014] The method for improving the emulsion stability of an oil-in-water yarn finish composition,
the nonaqueous portion of which comprises the balance of the nonaqueous portion of
the above-described finish composition, is to add 0.25 to 10 percent, based on the
weight of the final nonaqueous portion of the composition, of an emulsion stabilizer
as previously described.
[0015] Emulsion stability is determined by measuring the percent light transmittance of
a particular oil-in-water finish composition as compared to water (100 percent light
transmittance) - the smaller the oil particle size, the greater the light transmittance,
which results in better emulsion stability. The instrument utilized is the Beckman
DK-2A (Beckman Instruments), a U
V-visible spectrophotometer read at 735 nanometers.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
[0016] The yarns of this invention can be processed by any spin-draw process or spinning
and separately drawing process available to the art and the patent and technical literature,
using any suitable polyamide or polyester. The preferred polyesters are the linear
terephthalate polyesters, i.e., polyesters of a glycol containing from 2 to 20 carbon
atoms and a dicarboxylic acid component containing at least about 75 percent terephthalic
acid. The remainder, if any, of the dicarboxylic acid component may be any suitable
dicarboxylic acid such as sebacic acid, adipic acid, isophthalic acid, sulfonyl-4,4'-dibenzoic
acid, or 2,8-di-benzofuran-dicarboxylic acid. The glycols may contain more than two
carbon atoms in the chain, e.g., diethylene glycol, butylene glycol, decamethylene
glycol, and bis-l,4-(hydroxymethyl)cyclohexane. Examples of linear terephthalate polyesters
which may be employed include poly(ethylene terephthalate), poly(butylene terephthalate),
poly(ethylene terephthalate/5-chloro- isophthalate) (85/15), poly(ethylene terephthalate/5-[sodium
sulfo]isophthalate) (97/3), poly(cyclohexane-1,4-dimethylene terephthalate), and poly(cyclohexane-I,4-dimethylene
terephthalate/hexahydroterephthalate) (75/25).
[0017] Uneven application of yarn overfinish during production of polyethylene terephthalate
multifilament yarn led to an investigation of the emulsion stability of the oil in
water emulsion forming the base of the overfinish. The percent light transmittance
for a variety of oil in water emulsions wherein the oil portion was added to the water
at room temperature was measured. Results are presented in Table 1. As the silane
is soluble in water, the data presented are indicative of relative stabilities of
identical emulsions which would contain the silane. Note that Sample 1 is the control.
The percent light transmittance was measured approximately 24 hours after the emulsion
was made. Samples 4, 10, 12, 13, 14 and 15 are considered part of the present invention.
With the exception of the Sample 1 control, all other samples are deemed comparative.
[0018] Footnotes to Table 1.
lConsisting of 57 percent coconut oil transesterified with glycerol trioleate, 25 percent
POE(25) castor oil, 5.5 percent mixture of triglycerol monooleate and triglycerol dioleate, 9.5 percent decaglycerol
tetraoleate, and 3 percent 4,4' butylidene-bis(6-tert-butyl-m-cresol).
2MONA Industries' trade name for solution consisting of 45 percent sodium diisobutyl sulfosuccinate and 55 percent water.
3MONA Industries' trade name for solution consisting of 80 percent sodium dihexyl sulfosuccinate,
5 percent isopropanol, and 15 percent water.
4Dioctyl sulfosuccinate, sodium salt.
5American Cyanamid's trade name for solution consisting of 70 percent sodium dioctyl
sulfosuccinate, 16 percent propylene glycol, and 14 percent water.
6American Cyanamid's trade name for solution consisting of 70 percent sodium dioctyl
sulfosuccinate and 30 percent petroleum distillate.
7Consisting of 75 percent sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate, 10 percent isopropanol, and
15 percent water.
BMONA Industries' trade name for solution consisting of 70 percent sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate,
11 percent ethanol and 19 percent water.
9MONA Industries' trade name for solution consisting of 84 percent sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate
and 16 percent propylene glycol.
10MONA Industries' trade name for 85 percent sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate and 15 percent
sodium benzoate in powdered form.
11MONA Industries' trade name for solution consisting of 65 percent sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate
and 35 percent aromatic solvent.
l2Dinonyl sulfosuccinate, sodium salt.
13GAF's trade name for solution consisting of 75 percent sodium dinonyl sulfosuccinate,
10 percent isopropanol, and 15 percent water.
14MONA Industries' trade name for solution consisting of 70 percent sodium ditridecyl sulfosuccinate,
18 percent hexylene glycol and 12 percent water.
15MONA Industries' trade name for solution consisting of 80 percent sodium ditridecyl sulfosuccinate
and 20 percent hexylene glycol.
EXAMPLE 1
[0019] A melt of polyethylene terephthalate was supplied at a rate of 70 pounds (31.8 kg)
per hour per end and at a temperature of about 290°C to the apparatus shown in Figures
1 and 2 of U.S. Patent 4 251 481 to Hamlyn, hereby incorporated by reference. The
molten polymer was fed by extruder 11 to spin pump 12 which fed spin block 13 containing
a conventional spin pot as shown in Figure 1 of U.S. Patent No. 4 072 457 to Cooksey
et al., hereby incorporated by reference. A split spinnerette designed for the simultaneous
extrusion of two multifilament ends of 192 filaments each was utilized.
[0020] The two ends 14 and 15 of multifilament, continuous filament yarn passed downwardly
from the spinnerette into a substantially stationary column of air contained in a
heated sleeve 16, about 15 inches (38.1 cms) in height, the temperature of the sleeve
itself being maintained at about 400°C. Yarn leaving heated sleeve 16 was passed directly
into the top of the quench chamber of quenching apparatus 17. Quenching apparatus
17 was as shown in Figure 1C of U.S. Patent No. 3 999 910 to
Pendlebury et al., hereby incorporated by reference. Quenching air at about 18.3°C
(65°F) and 60 percent relative humidity was supplied to cross flow quench the filaments
as they descended through the quench chamber. The ends 14 and 15 of yarn were lubricated
by finish applicator 18 and then separated and converged by guides 19. The spin finish
comprised 40 parts mineral oil having a viscosity of 38-40 SUS and a boiling range
between 266 and 327°C; 15 parts refined coconut oil; 15 parts isohexadecyl stearate;
5 parts polyoxyethylene (20) tallow amine; 13 parts polyoxyethylene (4) lauryl ether;
10 parts sodium salt of alkylarylsulfonate; and 2 parts NEKAL WS-25 (see Table 1,
footnote 13). A sufficient amount (approximately 0.45 percent wet pickup) of the finish
composition was applied to the yarn to achieve about 0.
2 percent, based on the weight of the yarn, on the yarn. See U.S. Patent 3 672 977
to Dardoufas, hereby incorporated by reference. The ends were then transported via
interfloor tube and aspirator 20 to the spin draw panel 21 where they were fed to
wrap around a pretension roll 23 and accompanying separator roll 23a and then to feed
roll 24 and accompanying separator roll 24a. Both sets of rolls were at a temperature
of less than 50°C. From feed roll 24, the ends were then passed through conventional
steam impinging draw point localizing jet 25, supplying steam at a temperature of
450°C and at a pressure of 80 psig (552 k
Pa), and then to a pair of draw rolls 26 and 26a, one of which was maintained at about
130°C. The draw ratio was about 6.0 to 1. The ends passed from draw roll 26 to a pair
of relax rolls 27 and 27a, the relax rolls 27 and 27a being heated to about 140°C.
The yarn ends then passed through a conventional air operated interlacing jet 28 and
were subsequently wound up.
[0021] To this drawn yarn was applied an overfinish made according to the preferred method
previously outlined and utilizing the Sample 13 components (Table 1). A biocide (6-acetoxy-2,4-dimethyl-m-dioxane)
was added to these components followed by the addition of an adhesion promoter, gamma-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane,
as disclosed in the pending patent application of Marshall et al. filed on even date
with this patent application. The biocide was added in an amount sufficient to form
0.1 percent of the final emulsion. The ratio of the silane to the other components
was 5.25 parts to 94.75 parts. The overfinish was applied in an amount sufficient
to achieve a total oil on yarn of about 1.0 to 1.2 percent and about 0.1 percent of
silane on the yarn. Application of the overfinish (via contact with a roll rotating
in a trough of overfinish) was even and smooth.
[0022] The yarn was subsequently twisted to make a 3-ply cord in known manner, and the cords
were treated with a conventional, non-ammoniated resorcinol-formaldehyde-latex dip
comprising vinyl pyrridine latex, resorcinol, formaldehyde, sodium hydroxide and water.
Subsequent thereto, the cords were dried [e.g., in a first oven at 148°C (300°F) for
80 seconds, followed by a second oven at 241°C (465°F) for 60 seconds, at +1% stretch]
and introduced to a rubber compound. This green rubber was cured in a mold, and strips
thereof tested in accordance with the strip adhesion test defined in U.S. Patent 3
940 544 to Marshall et al., hereby incorporated by reference, and modified to make
strips having 40 ends per inch (15.7 ends per cm) rather than 20 ends per inch (7.8
ends per cm). There were no adverse affects on adhesion.
EXAMPLE 2
[0023] The procedure of Example 1 was repeated utilizing the overfinish composition as the
spin finish to achieve a final oil on yarn of about 0.79 percent. There was no application
of an overfinish. There were no adverse affects on adhesion.
EXAMPLE 3
[0024] The procedure of Example 1 was repeated with the following changes. The overfinish
did not include an adhesion promoter, i.e., the gamma-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane
was omitted. After the yarn was twisted into 3-ply cord, the cord was treated with
a conventional, blocked diisocyanate dip comprising Hylene M
P [E. I. du
pont de Nemours, Incorporated's trade name for bisphenol adduct of methylene bis(4-phenyl
isocyanate)], Epon 812 (Shell Chemical Company's trade name for glycerin epichlorohydrin
resin), Aerosol OT (American Cyanamid's trade name for sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate),
gum tragacanth and water. The cords were dried in a first oven at 148°C (300°F) for
80 seconds, followed by a second oven at 227°C (440°F) for 40 seconds at +1% stretch.
The resorcinol-formaldehyde-latex dip was ammoniated, and subsequent to treatment
therewith, the cords were dried in a first oven at 148°C (300°F) for 80 seconds, followed
by a second oven at 216°C (420°F) for 60 seconds, at -1
% stretch. The yarn processed well and had acceptable product qualities, e.g. adhesion.
EXAMPLE 4
[0025] The procedure of Example 3 is repeated utilizing the overfinish composition as the
spin finish to achieve a final oil on yarn of about 0.8 percent. There is no application
of an overfinish. The yarn processes well and has acceptable product quantities.
1. An oil-in-water yarn finish composition, the nonaqueous portion of which comprises:
(a) about 0.25 to 10 weight percent of an emulsion stabilizer selected from the group
consisting of a salt of dialkyl sulfosuccinate neat wherein each alkyl group comprises
8 to 18 carbon atoms, a salt of dialkyl sulfosuccinate in solution or mixture wherein
each alkyl group comprises 9 to 18 carbon atoms, and a mixture of a salt of dioctyl
sulfosuccinate and a salt of an aromatic carboxylic acid; and
(b) the balance comprising:
about 55 to 60 weight percent of a lubricant comprising transesterified high lauric
oil and high oleic oil; about 15 to 28 weight percent of polyoxyalkylene castor oil;
about 4 to 15 weight percent selected from the group consisting of triglycerol monooleate,
triglycerol dioleate and mixtures thereof; about 7 to 12 weight percent selected from
the group consisting of decaglycerol tetraoleate, decaglycerol pentaoleate and mixtures
thereof; and about 1 to 5 weight percent of a suitable antioxidant.
2. The composition of claim 1 further comprising an adhesion promoting amount of a
silane having the structural formula
wherein n = 2 to 5.
3. The composition of claim 1 wherein the emulsion stabilizer is a salt of dialkyl
sulfosuccinate in solution or mixture wherein each alkyl group comprises 9 to 13 carbon
atoms.
4. The composition of claim 3 wherein the emulsion stabilizer is selected from the
group consisting of: a salt of dioctyl sulfosuccinate neat; a mixture of a salt of
dioctyl sulfosuccinate and a benzoate salt; and a solution comprising a salt of dinonyl
sulfosuccinate, propanol and water.
5. The composition of claim 4 wherein the emulsion stabilizer forms 1 to 5 weight
percent of the nonaqueous portion and the 95 to 99 weight percent balance comprises:
57 weight percent lubricant comprising
transesterified coconut oil and glycerol trioleate with about 10 to 90 percent coconut
oil and 10 to 90 percent glycerol trioleate;
18 to 25 weight percent polyoxyalkylene castor oil;
5.5 to 12.5 weight percent selected from the group consisting of decaglycerol tetraoleate,
decaglycerol pentaoleate, and mixtures thereof; and
3 weight percent antioxidant comprising 4,4'-butylidene-bis(6-tert-butyl-m-cresol).
6. The composition of claim 5 further comprising an adhesion promoting amount of a
silane having the structural formula
wherein n = 2 to 5.
7. A polyester yarn having incorporated therewith the composition of claim 6.
8. In a process for the production of synthetic polymer yarn, the improvement which
comprises:
treating the yarn with a sufficient amount of an oil-in-water yarn finish composition
to achieve a total oil on yarn of 0.1 to 2.0 weight percent, the nonaqueous portion
of the composition comprising:
(a) about 0.25 to 10 weight percent of an emulsion stabilizer selected from the group
consisting of a salt of dialkyl sulfosuccinate neat wherein each alkyl group comprises
8 to 18 carbon atoms, a salt of dialkyl sulfosuccinate in solution or mixture wherein
each alkyl group comprises 9 to 18 carbon atoms, and a mixture of a salt of dioctyl
sulfosuccinate and a salt of an aromatic carboxylic acid; and
(b) the balance comprising:
about 55 to 60 weight percent of a lubricant comprising transesterified high lauric
oil and a high oleic oil; about 15 to 28 weight percent of polyoxyalkylene castor
oil;
about 4 to 15 weight percent selected from the group consisting of triglycerol monooleate,
triglycerol dioleate and mixtures thereof;
about 7 to 12 weight percent selected from the group consisting of decaglycerol tetraoleate,
decaglycerol pentaoleate and mixtures thereof; and
about 1 to 5 weight percent of a suitable antioxidant.
9. The process of claim 8 wherein the composition further comprises an adhesion promoting
amount of a silane having the structural formula
wherein n = 2 to 5.
10. A method for improving the emulsion stability of an oil-in-water yarn finish composition,
the nonaqueous portion of which comprises:
about 55 to 60 weight percent of a lubricant comprising transesterified high lauric
oil and high oleic oil, said lubricant including about 10 to 90 percent high lauric
oil and about 10 to 90 percent high oleic oil;
about 15 to 28 weight percent of polyoxyethylene castor oil;
about 4 to 15 weight percent selected from the group consisting of triglycerol monooleate,
triglycerol dioleate and mixtures thereof;
about 7 to 12 weight percent selected from the group consisting of decaglycerol tetraoleate,
decaglycerol pentaoleate and mixtures thereof; and
about 1 to 5 weight percent of a suitable antioxidant; said method comprising:
adding about 0.25 to 10 percent, based on the weight of the final nonaqueous portion
of the composition, of an emulsion stabilizer selected from the group consisting of
a salt of dialkyl sulfosuccinate neat wherein each alkyl group comprises 8 to 18 carbon
atoms, a salt of dialkyl sulfosuccinate in solution or mixture wherein each alkyl
group comprises 9 to 18 carbon atoms, and a mixture of a salt of dioctyl sulfosuccinate
and a salt of an aromatic carboxylic acid.