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(11) | EP 0 215 296 A1 |
| (12) | EUROPEAN PATENT APPLICATION |
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| (54) | Helium charged hydraulic accumulators |
| (57) A helium charged accumulator is disclosed for use in hydraulic fluid pressure systems.
The size of the accumulator is optimized for particular operating conditions of specific
applications of the hydraulic systems by means of a formula. The formula has, as its
terms, the volume of the hydraulic fluid required to power a given device, the compressibility
factor of the particular gas used and the temperature and pressure of the gas at the
beginning of, during, and at the end of the operation cycle of the accumulator. |
Field of the Invention
[0001] This invention relates to gas precharged accumulators for use in hydraulic pressure fluid systems. Such hydraulic fluid systems may be used to power various given devices. For example, high pressure hydraulic fluid systems may be used to retract aircraft landing gear or to start auxiliary power units in aircraft.
Statement of the Prior Art
[0002] In the prior art there are typically three types of accumulators. One type uses a piston and cylinder design, another type uses a metal bellows design and the other type uses a bladder or flexible diaphragm. The piston design tends to be generally more lignt weight and has a relatively simple design. In contrast, althougn the metal bellows design is more complex, it has tile advantage of being able to seal the gas within the chamber much better than the piston design. Although the diapnragm or bladder design provides an excellent seal, it does not have sufficient strength to accomodate the same high differential pressures as the other designs. Earlier models of 2841D
[0003] these designs typically used air as the gas medium under pressure. The air preferably had water and corrosives removed in order to improve performance and increase useful life. In high pressure applications (i.e., approximately 3,000 psi or greater) both designs typically use pressurized nitrogen gas. Nitrogen has the advantage over air in that nitrogen does not tend to corrode the material forming the chamber of the accumulator and being inert does not react with the accumulator material. It is for this reason that nitrogen has found wide acceptance in high pressure accumulator applications.
[0004] Nitrogen and ordinary air used as a precharge gas ordinarily give satisfactory performance under moderate pressure and moderate temperature applications; however, under high pressure and very low temperature applications, both nitrogen and air lose a significant amount of energy. This reduces the gas volume and pressure available to exert force. These reductions necessarily reduce the power that can be applied to the hydraulic fluid to actuate the device. Consequently, at low temperature and high pressure applications, the accumulator size must be increased to contain more gas in order to provide the required energy to the system. However, even at at a higher temperature and lower pressure than these, nitrogen and air still lose a significant amount of the energy available to power a device.
[0005] Consequently, the accumulators must be rather large in order to operate at such low temperatures and high pressures thus increasing their weight considerably. The weight and size of such accumulators clearly present significant disadvantages in aircraft applications.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0006]
Figure 1 shows a typical metal bellows accumulator charged with helium gas according to the disclosure of the present invention.
Figure 2 illustrates the accumulator states for various minimum and maximum operating temperatures as used in the accumulator volume equation.
Figure 3 is a comparison of accumulator volume for nitrogen as compared to helium at specified minimum and maximum operating temperatures for specified minimum operating pressure requirements.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0007] It is a principal object of the present invention to provide a precharged gas accumulator having a minimum volume of gas therein for given temperature and pressure ranges.
[0008] It is another object of the present invention to provide a method for determining the accumulator gas volume required for operation of the accumulator within a given temperature range and given pressure range.
[0009] It is yet another object of the invention to provide a gas accumulator of minimal size and weight for accumulator pressure applications in excess of 3,000 pounds per square inch.
[0010] Briefly, in accordance with the invention, there is provided an accumulator using helium as the precharging gas. Helium has not heretofore been used because it is very difficult to seal (due to its small molecular size); this is especially true with piston and diaphragm type accumulators. However, it has now been determined that metal bellows accumulators are able to seal the helium gas therein for a satisfactory period and number of. operating cycles. It has further been determined in accord with the invention that helium behaves more like an ideal gas than the other gases used in prior art accumulators. Thus, at relatively low temperatures and high pressures, helium gas has more energy available to power the system. Although helium has a decided advantage over other gases at such low temperatures and high pressures at which the other gases may liquefy, it has also been shown that even at higher temperatures and lower pressures than these the other gases exhibit some liquid-like characteristics (although they have not turned into liquids); but helium does not have any such liquid-like characteristics at these temperatures and pressures and thus has more energy available to power the hydraulic fliud system. This translates into a lower required volume of gas in the hydraulic fluid system, and therefore a smaller accumulator may be used. Consequently, this reduces the size and weight of the accumulator and makes the entire hydraulic fluid system more practical and advantageous in many aircraft applications for which it would not otherwise ordinarily be feasible. For example, a helium accumulator system may be substituted for gas cartridge systems currently used to eject weapons from aircraft.
[0011] In line with the present invention, an accumulator with minimum volume (and resulting weight and size advantages) for a particular application can be used. This is in accord with a devised relationship between certain parameters. These include displacement of hydraulic fluid needed to actuate a given device, the compressibility factor of the accumulator gas used, the minimum and maximum operating temperatures of the accumulator gas and the minimum and maximum operating pressures of the accumulator gas. Using this relationship, the accumulator size and weight can be optimized for a given application resulting in significant size and weight savings for the accumulator.
[0012] Other objects and advantages of the present invention will be apparent upon reading the following detailed description and upon reference to the drawings.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
[0013] Referring now to Figure 1, there is shown a metal bellows accumulator generally designated by the numeral 10. The accumulator 10 is adapted for use in hydraulic fluid systems used to power a given device. For example, in aircraft applications, such accumulators 10 may be used in hydraulic systems to retract landing gear or eject missiles and other weapons. The accumulator 10 has a housing 12. The housing 12 contains a chamber 14 which, in turn, contains precharged helium gas 16 under pressure. The helium gas 16 may be compressed to pressures in excess of 3,000 psi. The housing 12 also contains an inlet tube 18 to precharge the chamber 14 with the helium gas 16. The tube 18 is sealed after precharging the chamber 14. An inlet valve (not shown) may alternatively be provided in the inlet tube lb. The Inlet valve closes off the chamber after a desired quantity of helium gas 16 has been admitted into the chamber 14.
[0014] A metal bellows 2U is preferably positioned at one end of the chamber 14. The metal bellows 20 allows expansion of the helium gas 16 in the chamber 14 and also transmits the force exerted by the gas pressure to the hydraulic fluid 22. A guide 24 prevents cocking of bellows 20. The housing 12 is preferably provided with a hydraulic fluid port 26 which allows hydraulic fluid to be admitted into the housing and allows the fluid to make contact with the metal bellows 20. The port 26 is also preferably in one end of the metal bellows 20 as shown in Figure 1. The metal bellows 20 can thereby displace a desired volume of hydraulic fluid out of the housing 12 and into the hydraulic fluid lines (not shown) of the system in order to activate a device. A pressure gauge 28 may also be provided.
[0015] Figure 2 shows that accumulator 10 has different performance characteristics under different conditions of temperature. Specifically, at the lowest operating temperature shown, the accumulator 10 has the least amount of power available to displace the required quantity of hydraulic fluid. Thus, it is imperative that at the lowest operating temperature shown, the accumulator 10 has sufficient volume of gas under pressure tnerein to enable it to displace the required hydraulic fluid volume with sufficient force to power a given device. Figure 2 also shows that because p7 is greater than p3 (i.e. the final pressure at the highest temperature is greater than the final pressure at the lowest temperature), at the highest temperatures shown the accumulator 10 has the greatest amount of energy availaole to power a given device. In order to minimize the size of the accumulator 10, the volume of the chamber must be optimized to enable a desired volume of fluid of a required energy content to be displaced at both minimum and maximum temperatures of operation.
[0016] Since there is a considerable difference in the accumulator sizes required for an isentropic versus an isothermal expansion process, it was critical to establish the actual nature of the gas expansion process. Referring again to Figure 2, empirical data has shown that the gas expansion is approximately an isentropic process for rapid discharges of hydraulic fluid and that P2 = P4 = P6. As a result of this research, a formula was derived which can yield the minimum accumulator size required for a given application. The formula is:
where Va = accumulator volume = oil (hydraulic fluid) volume plus gas volume in the accumulator,
Vo = hydraulic oil (fluid) required to power a given device,
T2 = lowest accumulator gas temperature before oil discharge,
P2 = accumulator gas pressure at T2,
Z2 = Compressibility factor, a function of T2 and P2,
T3 = accumulator gas temperature after oil discharge,
P3 = accumulator gas pressure at T3,
Z3 = compressibility factor, a function of T3 and P3,
T6 = nighest accumulator gas temperature before oil discharge,
P6 = accumulator gas pressure at T6,
Z6 = compressibility factor, a function of T6 and P6.
[0017] Comparison of the accumulator size required when using nitrogen gas vs. helium gas as the charge medium shows a substantially smaller accumulator size when using helium gas therein. The savings in size when using helium gas are approximately 35 to 55 percent when the maximum operating pressure is 8000 psi and when the minimum operating pressure is approximately 4.00U to 5,000 psi. Figure 3 compares the accumulator volume for given ranges of minimum operating pressures and minimum and maximum operating temperatures. It is apparent that substantial savings in both size and weight can result from the use of helium accumulators in high pressure and low temperature ranges as are common in modern high performance aircraft applications. It must be noted, however, that at system pressures less than 3,000 psi, there is not a substantial advantage in using helium in place of nitrogen for the purpose of reducing the accumulator size and weight.
[0018] Although helium has been used in detecting leaks in certain high pressure systems, it has not previously been used as the operating gas in such systems due to its very small molecular size and resulting tendency to leak past any conventional type of seal (and so its use as a leak detector). Indeed, the high energy capabilities and advantages of helium in high pressure and wide (and low) temperature range applications was not addressed by the prior art and therefore prior art systems did not investigate production of a system capable of using helium. Thus, the present invention extends the applicability of relatively small and lightweight gas precharged accumulators into high pressure systems having system pressures in excess of 3,000 psi.
[0019] Thus, it is apparent that there has been provided, in accordance with the invention, a helium charged accumulator system that fully satisfies the objectives, aims, and advantages set forth above. While the invention has been described in conjunction with specific embodiments set forth above, it is evident that many alternatives, modifications, and variations will be apparent in light of the foregoing description. Accordingly, it is intended to embrace all such alternatives, modifications, and variations that fall within the spirit and scope of the appended claims.
[0020] The invention may be summarized as follows:
1. An accumulator for use in hydraulic systems, comprising:
a housing;
a chamber mounted within said housing;
helium gas sealingly contained under pressure in said chamber;
means for transmitting the force of said helium under pressure to hydraulic fluid in order to displace a desired volume of the hydraulic fluid in the system.
2. The accumulator of 1 wherein said means for transmitting comprises a metal bellows.
3. The accumulator of 1 wherein said housing has a hydraulic pressure port for allowing the hydraulic fluid ingress to and egress from said housing so that a desired volume of the hydraulic fluid may be displaced within the system from said housing by said means for transmitting the force of said helium gas.
4. An accumulator for use in high pressure hydraulic systems, comprising:
a housing;
a chamber mounted within said housing, said chamber being expandable in at least one dimension;
helium gas sealingly contained under pressure in said chamber
means for transmitting the force of the helium under pressure to hydraulic fluid in order to displace a desired volume of the hydraulic fluid in the system;
means for allowing precharging of said chamber with said helium.
5. The accumlator of 4 wherein said housing includes a hydraulic fluid pressure port to allow the fluid access to said means for transmitting so that said means for transmitting can displace a desired volume of the hydraulic fluid in the system.
6. The accumulator of 4 wherein said means for transmitting the force of said helium gas comprises a metal bellows mounted in said chamber.
7. An accumulator for use in high pressure hydraulic systems, comprising:
a housing;
a chamber mounted within said housing, said chamber sealingly containing helium gas under pressure;
an inlet tube connected to said chamber for precharging said chamber with said helium gas;
a metal bellows mounted within said housing, said bellows allowing expansion of said helium gas in said chamber for transmitting the force of said helium under pressure to the hydraulic fluid in order to displace a desired volume of hydraulic fluid in the system;
d. The accumulator of 7 wherein said bellows has a hydraulic fluid port for allowing the hydraulic fluid to contact said metal bellows in order to allow said metal bellows to displace a desired volume of the hydraulic fluid in the system;
9. An accumulator for use in high pressure hydraulic fluid systems, comprising:
a housing;
a chamber within said housing, said chamber sealingly containing a gas under pressure,
the size of said chamber being substantially in accord with the equation:
where Va = accumulator volume = oil (hydraulic fluid) volume plus gas volume in the accumulator,
V0 = hydraulic oil (fluid) required to power a given device,
T2 = lowest accumulator gas temperature before oil discharge,
P2 = accumulator gas pressure at T2,
Z2 = Compressibility factor, a function of T2 and P2,
T3 = accumulator gas temperature after oil discharge,
P3 = accumulator gas pressure at T3,
Z3 = compressidility factor, a function of T3 and P3,
T6 = highest accumulator gas temperature before oil discharge,
P6 = accumulator gas pressure at T6,
Z6 = compressibility factor, a function of T6 and P6..
means for allowing expansion of said gas in said chamber in order to transmit the force of said gas under pressure to the hydraulic fluid to displace a desired volume of hydraulic fluid in the system from said housing.
10. The accumulator of 9 wherein said gas comprises helium.
11. The accumulator of 9 wherein said means for allowing expansion of said gas to transmit the force of said gas comprises a metal bellows mounted in said chamber.
12. The accumulator of 9 wherein said housing has a hydraulic pressure port for allowing the hydraulic fluid to contact said means for transmitting the force so that a desired volume of hydraulic fluid may be displaced in the system.
13. The accumulator of 9 further including an inlet valve connected to said chamber for precharging said chamber with said gas under pressure.
a housing;
a chamber mounted within said housing;
helium gas sealingly contained under pressure in said chamber, said helium gas being at a pressure in excess of approximately 3,000 psi throughout a range of operating temperatures and pressures;
means for transmitting the force of said helium under pressure to hydraulic fluid in order to displace a desired volume of the hydraulic fluid in the system throughout the range of temperatures and pressures.
a housing;
a chamber mounted within said housing, said chamber being expandaDle in at least one dimension;
helium gas sealingly contained under pressure in said chamber said chamber containing only helium gas, said helium gas under pressure being at a pressure in excess of approximately 3000 psi throughout an entire operative range of operating temperatures and pressures;
means for transmitting the force of the helium under pressure to hydraulic fluid in order to displace a desired volume of the hydraulic fluid in the system throughout the range of temperatures and pressures;
means for allowing precharging of said chamber with said helium.
a housing;
a chamber mounted within said housing, said chamber sealingly containing substantially only helium gas under pressure, said helium gas under pressure being at a pressure in excess of approximately 3,000 psi throughout an entire operative range of operating pressures and temperatures;
an inlet tube connected to said chamber for precharging said chamber with said helium gas;
a metal bellows mounted within said housing, said bellows allowing expansion of said helium gas in said chamber for transmitting the force of said helium under pressure to the hydraulic fluid in order to displace a desired volume of hydraulic fluid in the system[;j throughout the range of operating pressures and temperatures including minimum and maximum temperatures of approximately 80o F, and 1500/V.
d. The accumulator of claim 7 wherein said bellows has a hydraulic fluid port for allowing the hydraulic fluid to contact said metal bellows in order to allow said metal bellows to displace a desired volume of the nydraulic fluid in the system.
a housing;
a chamber within said housing, said chamber sealingly containing a gas under pressure,
said gas under pressure in excess of approximately 3000 psi throughout an entire operative
range of operating temperatures and pressures the size of said chamber being substantially
in accord with the equation:
where Va = accumulator volume = oil (hydraulic fluid) volume plus gas volume in the accumulator,
Vo = hydraulic oil (fluid) required to power a given device,
T2 = lowest accumulator gas temperature before oil discharge, .
P2 = accumulator gas pressure at T2,
Z2 = Compressibility factor, a function of T2 and P2,
T3 = accumulator gas temperature after oil discharge,
Pi = accumulator gas pressure at T3,
Z3 = compressibility factor, a function of T3 and P3,
T6 = highest accumulator gas temperature before oil discharge,
Pb = accumulator gas pressure at T6,
Z6 = compressibility factor, a function of T6 and P6.
means for allowing expansion of said gas in said chamber in order to transmit the force of said gas under pressure to the hydraulic fluid to displace a desired volume of hydraulic fluid in the system from said housing, throughout the range of operating temperatures and pressures.