(57) This invention is directed to the production of ceramic alloys consisting essentially
of partially stabilized ZrO2 and/or ZrO2-HfO2 solid solution and/or HfO2 exhibiting high toughness through the inclusion of about 0.5-8 mole %, as expressed
on the oxide basis, of YNb04 and/or YTaO4 and/or MNbO4 and/or MTaO,, wherein M represents Mg+2, Ca+2, Sc+3 and/or a rare earth metal ion selected from the group of La+3, Ce+4, Ce+3, Pr+3, Nd+3, Sm+3, Eu+3, Gd+3, Tb+3, DY+3, HO+3, Er+3, Tm+3, Yb+3, and Lu+3 substituted for Y, and the use of at least 5 volume percent of such ceramic alloys
to toughen hard refractory ceramics.
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