[0001] Fabric conditioners are widely used to soften fabrics after washing in anionic detergents.
As used herein the term refers to cationic organic compounds such as amine salts or
quaternary nitrogen compounds, all of which have two long chain (e.g. C₁₅₋₂₂) alkyl
and/or alkenyl groups, and especially two C₁₆₋₁₈ alkyl and/or alkenyl groups (e.g.
tallowyl, oleyl, palmityl and/or stearyl groups).
[0002] Among the types of fabric conditioners which have been used are included quaternary
ammonium salts and, in particular, distearyl dimethyl ammonium chloride, amido imidazoline
salts, quaternised amido imidazolines, amido amine salts quaternised amido amines
and ethoxylated amido amines. The amido imidazoline salts and quaternised amido imidazolines
may be derived from amido amines by cyclisation. For convenience therefore, amido
amine salts, amido imidazoline salts and their quaternised and/or alkoxylated derivatives
are referred to collectively herein as "amido amine derivatives". Although they are
only very sparingly soluble in water, fabric softeners can be fairly easily dispersed
to form dilute aqueous dispersions with concentrations of up to about 20%. However
a major problem encountered in the handling and formulation of fabric conditioners
is the high viscosity of even the more dilute of such aqueous dispersions.
[0003] This is a particular problem for the manufacturer who supplies cationic fabric conditioners
in bulk to the formulator, since it is difficult to obtain concentrated dispersions
of fabric conditioners in a readily pourable and stable form. The manufacturer is
thus concerned to reduce the viscosity of the bulk products, and at the same time
to maintain and, if possible increase the relative concentration, in order to reduce
the cost and inconvenience of transporting and storing large volumes of water.
[0004] The problem for the formulator is more complicated. There is an obvious need for
a compromise between increased cost per unit volume and greater difficulty in pouring,
on the one hand and increased effectiveness, per unit volume, on the other as the
concentration is increased. However, consideration must also be given to the prejudice
of the consumer who believes that more viscous products are necessarily more concentrated
and therefore more effective, and may purchase a more viscous, but more dilute product
despite its being less cost effective and harder to pour.
[0005] Control of viscosity, both in concentrated products, and on dilution, is therefore
of crucial importance in making and formulating fabric conditioners.
[0006] The formulator normally sells compositions containing 3 to 7% fabric conditioner
which represents the maximum concentration at which the formulation is sufficiently
pourable, although higher concentrations e.g. up to about 15% can be achieved by adding
trace amounts, usually of the order 100 to 1,500ppm, of calcium ion, e.g. as calcium
chloride, which tends to reduce the viscosity. Concentrations greater than about 20%
can only be achieved by using water soluble organic solvents. Manufacturers who need
to achieve concentrations of greater than 50%, preferably 75 to 90%, for efficient
distribution to the formulators, have therefore had to make substantially anhydrous
concentrates in organic solvents such as lower alcohols. In practice the solvent most
commonly used is isopropanol, which is expensive, flammable, odourous and may produce
undesirable effects in the final formulation, such as variation of dispersion viscocity
on ageing. Isopropanol has, however, generally been considered essential to obtain
a pourable and concentrated composition.
[0007] The concentrate containing the water miscible solvents can be dispersed by stirring
in hot water and blended with colouring, perfumes and traces of soluble calcium salts
such as calcium chloride, in order to obtain a pourable formulation acceptable to
the consumer. Nonionic surfactants or fatty alcohols are sometimes added to improve
the dispersibility of the composition.
[0008] The difficulty of handling concentrates, the need to use hot water and the disadvantages
of solvent, have all led manufacturers for many years to look for alternative ways
of preparing concentrates, but hitherto without success. It is possible to alleviate
some of the problems by using an unsaturated or partly unsaturated feedstock such
as oleyl or soft tallow to provide the long chain alkyl/alkenyl group of the fabric
conditioner and products have been prepared using feedstocks of a high iodine value
(ie high degree of unsaturation).
[0009] Unfortunately it has been found that the higher the iodine value of the feedstock,
the poorer is the fabric softening effect, and the more prone is the product to oxidation
leading to discolouration and malodour.
[0010] Our pending British patent Application No. 8719083 describes a novel physical state
of aqueous cationic fabric conditioners which enables them to be obtained as mobile
creams of high concentration. We discovered that when electrolytes were included in
certain critical concentrations in aqueous dispersion of cationic fabric conditioners
a characteristic spherulitic structure was obtained, which typically underwent spontaneous
creaming. The cream was a mobile concentrated aqueous dispersion with good fabric
softening properties, which was rapidly dispersible in cold water by stirring or shaking.
[0011] Creams having a similar structure and composition to those obtained by allowing a
dilute system to cream can also be prepared directly by mixing an electrolyte solution
with the concentrate, until the desired cream concentration is achieved. However the
properties of products so prepared are usually inferior to those obtained by actual
creaming of a diluted solution. In general we have found that creams according to
our aforesaid British Patent Application could be identified by a characteristics
spherulitic appearance under the optical microscope. However the mobility of many
of the creams was less than ideal and some fabric conditioners do not readily form
creams of commercially useful concentration.
[0012] In particular when perfumes are added to fabric conditioner creams, unacceptable
high viscosities are often observed.
[0013] We have now discovered that small amounts e.g. typically 0.1 to 2% of surfactants,
especially non-ionic amphoteric surfactant, substantially reduce the viscosity of
fabric conditioners. This makes it possible to achieve higher concentrations with
acceptable mobility. This discovery is surprising. Surfactants have previously been
included in non-cream fabric conditioner formulations, but have normally been used
in proportions of 3% - 5% by weight of the composition or more than 1:20 of the weight
of fabric conditioner to improve the stability and/or dispersibility of the concentrates.
Such high concentrations of surfactant have not hitherto been observed to improve
mobility to any significant extent and usually increase the viscosity.
[0014] The concentrations of surfactant used according to our invention are substantially
less than would be expected to have any useful effect on dispersibility. We have discovered
that when surfactants are added progressively to fabric conditioners in concentrations
of less than 2% based on the weight of the composition or less than 1:3 based on the
weight of fabric conditioner the mobility typically rises to a maximum value with
increasing surfactant concentration and then falls until, at the conventionally used
concentrations of 3% or over, the mobility is generally less than that of the unmodified
fabric conditioner.
[0015] The concentration of surfactant required for optimum mobility depends on the particular
choice of fabric conditioner and of surfactant.
[0016] Our invention therefore provides a fabric conditioning cream composition substantially
as described in our aforesaid British Patent specification, comprising water, a cationic
fabric conditioner having two C₁₅₋₂₂ alkyl and/or alkenyl groups and sufficient of
an nonionic, amphoteric or semipolar surfactant to lower the viscosity of the composition.
[0017] Preferably the proportion of surfactant is less than 2% based on the total weight
of the composition, more preferably less than 1.5% especially less than 1% e.g. less
than 0.5%. The amount of surfactant is preferably less than 1:20 based on the weight
of cationic fabric conditioner especially less than 1:30 most preferably less than
1:35.
[0018] Preferably the concentration of surfactant is greater than 0.01% based on the total
weight of the composition, especially greater than 0.05%, e.g. greater than 0.1% usually
greaten the 0.2% most preferably greater than 0.5%. Preferably the proportion of surfactant
by weight of fabric conditioner is greater than 1:200 especially greater than 1:150
more preferably greater than 1:100 typically greater than 1:80 greater than 1:50 more
especially greater than 1:40.
[0019] The invention is practically applicable to lowering the viscosity of creamed fabric
softeners of the type described in our aforesaid British Patent Application, which
contain electrolytes, such as calcium, chloride, in concentrations greater than 0.3%
and usually 1 to 15% by weight of the composition.
[0020] We prefer to use as surfactants, according to our invention non-ionic surfactants
such as alcohol alkoxylates or polyalkoxylated carboxylic acids, polyalkoxylated amines,
polyalkoxylated glycol or glycerol esters, polyalkoxylated sorbitan esters or alkanoamides.
[0021] In each case the alkylene oxide groups are preferably ethylene oxides, or less preferably,
propylene oxide, or a mixture of ethylene oxide propylene oxide. Other surfactants
that may be used include amine oxides, imidazolines, amido amines and quaternary ammonium
salts or benzalkonium salts having in each case one long chain (e.g. C₈₋₂₀) alkyl
group, any other alkyl groups being less than C₅, preferably methyl. Alternatively
the surfactant may be a betaine or sulphobetaine.
[0022] We prefer to use a fabric conditioner quaternised imidazoline fabric conditioners
having two long chain, e.g. C 15-20, alkyl and/or alkenyl groups such as ditallowyl
or distearyl imidazolinium methosulphate. Unquaternised imidazolinium salts, having
two C15-20 alkyl groups are also useful as are mono or di-alkylated diamidoammonium
salts having two C1-4 alkyl groups and two C15-20 alkyl groups. Examples include bis
(tallowamindoetyl) ammonium, or bis (stearylamidoethyl) ammonium, mono or di-methosulphates.
Tetra alkyl ammonium fabric conditioners such as dimethyl ditallowyl ammonium chloride
are improved by addition of surfactants according to our invention, as are ditallowyl
or distearyl benzalkonium or pyridinium salts or alkoxylated (e.g. ethoxylated) amido
amines or imidazolines, such as bis (tallowamidoethyl) mono (1 to 8 mole) polyoxyethylammonium
salt or quaternised ammonium salts.
[0023] For all the foregoing fabric conditioners the counter ion is usually chloride, sulphate,
phosphate methosulphate, ethosulphate, or an organic ion such as formate, acetate,
citrate, tartrate, or lactate.
[0024] The C15-22 groups (usually predominantly C16 and/or C18 groups) are preferably straight
chain or less preferably branched chain alkyl groups, which may contain a proportion,
preferably minor, of alkenyl groups such as oleyl groups. For maximum softening we
prefer to use hard tallow or other alkyl groups having an iodine number less than
10, preferably less than 5. However for ease of manufacture the partially unsaturated
feedstocks are more usually selected.
[0025] Commercial fabric conditioning compositions require to be perfumed. However, many
perfumes have a major effect on the rheological properties of fabric conditioner creams,
causing very large increases in viscosity. Addition of traces of surfactant according
to our invention can substantially alleviate this problem.
[0026] It is also useful to add suspended solids, such as fumed silica or bentonite to fabric
conditioning creams. Typically for example, bentonite may be added in concentrations
of 0.01 to 3% by weight e.g. 0.05 to 2% especially 0.1 to 1%. Such additions adversely
affect the rheological properties of the cream. The presence of surfactant according
to our invention alleviates such adverse effects.
[0027] The invention is illustrated by the following examples:
Example 1
[0028] An initial concentrate consisting of a 90% by weight solution of ditallowyl imidazolinium
methosulphate in isopropanol was added to a solution of 5% by weight calcium chloride
in water at 60°C and stirred for 15 minutes to give a 15% by weight active dispersion.
[0029] After the dispersion had been allowed to stand for 7 days, a mobile cream was separated
from a clear aqueous phase.
[0030] The cream contained 42.3% by weight total solids (57.7% loss of weight on drying)
and 0.9% by weight isopropanol. Samples of the cream were each mixed with 1% by weight
various surfactants. The results were analysed using the Herschel-Bulkley model for
the initial and dynamic Yield Points and the Bingham Body Model for the Plastic Yield
and Plastic Viscosity, averaged over the range: 0 to 700 sec. ⁻¹ shear and are shown
in the Table 1. The results were obtained at 20°C using a cone with a horizontal angle
of 2° and base diameter of 4cm and a plate with a 56.6u gap.
Example 2
[0031] The method of example 1 was used to prepare creams for various fabric conditioners
each of which was mixed incrementally with small concentrations of each two surfactants.
[0032] The surfactants used were both ethoxylated synthetic C₁₂₋₁₅ alcohols. The Yield points
and viscosities were measured as described in example 1 and are reported in table
2.
Example 3
1. A fabric conditioning cream composition comprising water, a cationic fabric conditioner
having two C₁₅₋₂₂ alkyl and/or alkenyl groups and from 1 to 15% by weight of electrolyte
characterised in that the cream contains a quantity of nonionic, amphoteric or semi polar surfactant sufficient
to lower the viscosity of the composition.
2. A composition according to claim 1 wherein the surfactant is present in a proportion
of from 0.01 to 2% based on the weight of the composition.
3. A composition according to claim 2 wherein said surfactant is present in a proportion
of 0.1 to 1.5% by weight of the composition.
4. A composition according to any foregoing claim wherein the proportion of surfactant
is from 1:200 to 1:20 based on the weight of the cationic fabric conditioner.
5. A composition according to the claim 4 wherein the proportion of surfactant is from
1:80 to 1:30 based on the weight of cationic fabric conditioner.
6. A composition according to any forgoing claim wherein said surfactant is a poly alkoxylated
fatty alcohol, alkyl phenol, fatty acid or sorbitan ester.
7. A composition according to any of claims 1 to 5 when said surfactant is a betaine
or sulpho betaine.
8. A composition according to any foregoing claim wherein said fabric conditioner is
an imidazolinium salt or quaternised in imidazolinium salt.
9. A composition according to any foregoing claim containing an effective amount of
perfume.
10. A composition according to any foregoing claim containing from 0.01 to 3% by weight
of bentonite.