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(11) | EP 0 228 732 B1 |
| (12) | EUROPEAN PATENT SPECIFICATION |
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Improvements relating to the production of glucose syrups and purified starches from wheat and other cereal starches containing pentosans Herstellung von Glucosesirup und reinen Stärken aus Weizen und anderem Getreidemehl, welche Pentosane enthalten Préparation de sirops de glucose et d'amidon purifié à partir de blé et d'autres céréales contenant des pertosanes |
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| Note: Within nine months from the publication of the mention of the grant of the European patent, any person may give notice to the European Patent Office of opposition to the European patent granted. Notice of opposition shall be filed in a written reasoned statement. It shall not be deemed to have been filed until the opposition fee has been paid. (Art. 99(1) European Patent Convention). |
[0001] The invention relates to the preparation of glucose syrups from unpurified wheat and other cereal starches containing pentosans and to the separation of such starches from other cereal constituents, for example gluten.
[0002] Cellulose and starch are the most abundant sources of carbohydrates. Because starch is much more readily acessible to the human digestive system than -cellulose it has a long history as a food-stuff. It is also an important industrial raw material.
[0003] In principle starch can be depolymerized under the catalytic effect of acids but this route leads to a rather incomplete depolymerization and the formation of rather large amounts of by-products. Enzymatic hydrolysis of starch has therefore been receiving increasing attention.
[0004] Natural starch is known to contain two types of macromolecule composed of glucose units. One type of molecule, called amylose, is linear and consists exclusively of alpha,1-4 linked glucose units. Starch contains about 25% of amylose. The second type of molecule, amylopectin, is highly branched and contains aipha.1-4 as well as alpha,1-6 linked glucose units. The overall content of alpha,1-6 linkages is generally less than 5%.
[0005] In modern industrial starch degradation two types of enzyme are in common use. The enzyme alpha-amylase is used for the liquefaction (or thinning) of starch into dextrins having an average degree of polymerization of about 7-10, and the enzyme amyloglucosidase is used for the final saccharification, resulting in a syrup of high glucose content (92-96%).
[0006] Cereals such as wheat and barley contain gums which increase the viscosity and reduce the filterability of aqueous extracts of the cereals including glucose syrups made in the manner just described and purified starches themselves. Such gums consist mainly of glucans, but also contain some pentosans. The structure of pentosans is more complicated than the usually presented structure with long chains of 1,4- beta-D-xylopyranose and single 1,2- or 1,3-alpha-L-arabinofuranose side groups (in the ratio of 1 arabinose to 2 xylose units); see Figure 1 of the accompanying drawings, taken from H. Neukom, L. Providoli, H. Gremli and P.A. Jui, Cereal Chem., 44, 238 (1967).
[0007] The properties of pentosans vary with the presence or absence of peptides, ferulic acid and arabinogalactan. About 2/3 of total pentosans are insoluble because of their high molecular weight and some interlinkages with proteins and other constituents. They have a very high water retention power and give very bulky spent filtration cakes. When arabinofuranose side groups of soluble pentosans are hydrolysed, an association and precipitation of non-substituted xylans is observed.
[0008] The averave pentosan content of various cereals is as follows (see "Handbuch der Lebensmittelche- mie", Vol. 5, p. 32, 1967, Springer Verlag):
[0009] In order to improve the filterability of glucose syrups obtained from unpurified wheat starch, treatment of the syrup with xylanase has been tried. Xylanase is an enzyme which hydrolyses xylans which occur in pentosans.
[0010] In Starch 36, 135 (1984), a beta-glucanase product of fungal origin is described which possesses pentosanase activity. This enzyme is recommended for the treatment of waste water from the wheat starch industry.
[0011] British Patent Specification No. 2,150,933 describes a pentosanase obtained by fermentation of Ta- laromvces (i.e. Penicillium) emersonii. This enzyme is stated to be capable of catalysing the degradation of xylan and to be useful, interalia, for reducing the viscosity of starch slurries to improve starch recovery.
[0012] According to the present invention, glucose syrups of improved filterability and/or lower viscosity are produced from impure cereal starch containing pentosans by a process which comprises subjecting the said impure starch to the action of Disporotrichum xylanase to hydrolyse pentosans and to a hydrolysis to convert starch into glucose.
[0013] Thus the preparation of a glucose syrup from unpurified wheat starch may be improved by hydrolysing the starch with an enzyme mixture which contains, in addition to alpha-amylase and/or amyloglucosidase, also Disporotrichum xylanase.
[0014] The xylanase can also be used in the recovery of starch from wheat or other flours obtained from cereals containing pentosans. In the wet milling of wheat, gluten is separated from other constituents (starch slurry) mechanically. The starch slurry separates into a tightly packed lower layer of purified starch and a supernatant-mucilaginous material. This mucilaginous fraction which contains small starch granules, hemicellulose and protein, has been called squeegee, tailings or sludge. The hemicellulose portion contains xylose (about 60%), arabinose (about 38%) and glucose (about 2%).
[0015] By passing wheat starch slurry through a continuous centrifuge, producers are able to separate the purer concentrate or "A" starch stream while the small grains together with swollen damaged grains and pentosan complexes form the impure or "B" starch stream. After previous treatment of the wheat starch slurry with Disporotrichum xylanase before passage through the continuous centrifuge, the yield of "A" quality starch is increased by hydrolysis of the pentosans and reduction of the viscosity of the tailings.
[0016] The xylanase used in the present invention is an endo-xylanase obtained from the Basidiomvcete Disporotrichum and specifically Disporotrichum dimorohosporum, described in a revision of the genus Spo- rotrichum by J.A. Stalpers, Studies in Mycology, 24, 1 (1984).
[0017] Preferably, a xylanase preparation is used derived from Disporotrichum dimorohosporum. Very satisfactory results are obtained when using a xylanase preparation derived from Disporotrichum dimorohosporum strain ATCC 24562, available from the American Type Culture Collection, which is identical with strain CBS 484.76, available from the Centraal Bureau voor Schimmelcultures, Baarn, Netherlands. These strains are preferred for the purpose of this invention.
[0018] Other xylanase preparations which may be used according to the present invention are those having substantially the same characteristics as the xylanase preparation which is obtainable from Disporotrichum dimorphosporum strain ATCC 24562 (or CBS 484.76). This includes preparations obtained from a transformed host microorganism containing the gene coding for the xylanase produced by said Disoorotrichum dimorphosphorum strain ATCC 24562 (or CBS 484.76).
[0019] By culturing on a medium containing cellulose, pectin, yeast extract and different salts, Disporotrichum dimorphosporum produces an endo-xylanase. Endo-xylanase hydrolyses the beta, 1-4-xylose bindings within the pentosan chains. From a technical point of view, an endo-type enzyme is generally preferable because it hydrolyses high molecular weight polysaccharides very rapidly. An exo-type enzyme requires more time and more enzymatic concentration in order to reach the same technological result.
[0020] In our co-pending patent application, EP-A 0 227 159 a method is disclosed for determining endo-xylanase activity. This application is herein incorporated by reference.
[0021] A concentrate of Disporotrichum xylanase suitable for use in the present invention may be obtained in the following manner. The fermentation is carried out in a sterile tank and medium in known manner. The culture medium contains cellulose, pectin, yeast extract and appropriate salts. It is inoculated with a pure culture of Disporotrichum dimorohosporum. The fermentation is effected at a constant temperature between 20°C and 37°C, preferably about 32°C, and the pH is maintained within the range of 3.0 to 6.0, preferably 4.0 to 4.5. The fermentation can be batchwise or continuous. The xylanase activity is followed during the process. It is not necessary to induce the production of the enzyme by addition of xylan- containing materials (e.g. corn cobs or flours), and the addition of such products mainly promotes the formation of an exoxylanase, which is less useful for the invention. When the required enzymatic activity has been reached the mash is harvested, filtered and concentrated by vacuum concentration or ultrafiltration. The concentrate can be sold as a liquid preparation or spray dried in a powder form. The endox- ylanase hydrolyses the beta 1-4-xylose linkages within the pentosan chains.
[0022] The properties of the non-purified enzymatic product have been studied viscosimetrically with a substrate containing ± 1 % xylans (see accompanying Figures 2 ad 3). The optimum pH is 4.7, but between pH 3.0 and 6.0 the relative activity is more than 50%. The optimum temperature is 55°C but more than 50% relative activity remains at 65°C. Purification of this Disporotrichum xylanase was studied by Comtat et al. (J. Comtat, K. Ruel, J.-P. Joseleau and F. Barnoud, Symposium on Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Cellulose, S.I.T.R.A., Helsinki, Finland, 351 (1975); J. Comtat and J.-P. Joseleau, Carbohydr. Res., 95, 101 (1981)).
[0023] When the influence of enzymes with endo- and exo-xylanase activity on the filterability of glucose syrups made from unpurified wheat starch was investigated, it was found that Sumizym AC (Aspergillus niger cellulase from Shin Nihon), Drum pectinase (Aspergillus niger drum pectinase from Gist- brocades) and Disoorotrichum xylanase were very active. Results obtained with Sumizym AC are highly dependent on enzymatic concentration, but the results obtained with Disporotrichum xylanase are not. It appears that Sumizym AC is only effective by its exo-enzymatic activity and Disporotrichum xylanase only by its endo-enzymatic activity.
[0024] The total effect of Disporotrichum xylanase is apparently obtained at low concentration. Drum pectinase and Sumizym AC have about the same efficiency but Drum pectinase gives more glucose reversion.
[0025] Disporotrichum endo-xylanase and Penicilliumemersonii endo-xylanase were compared by addition of the same quantities of exo-xylanase activity from Aspergillus niger products. P. emersonii xylanase and exo-xylanase blends show a smaller effect than Disporotrichum xylanase and exo-xylanase blends.
Example I
Standard procedure for liauefaction. saccharification and filtration of type B wheat starch
[0027] As substrate, type B wheat starch from Roquette Freres, reference LAB 833, containing about 1.2-1.5% proteins and 3-4% pentosans, was used.
[0029] Wheat starch was liquefied at 30% D.S. (dry sdids) in well water (160 ppm CA++) in a liquefaction pilot plant according to the following process:
6 minutes at 105 -106°C
2 hours at 95°C
[0030] We have used 6 units of Maxamyl, a thermostable Bacillus licheniformis alpha-amylase from Gist-brocades, per gram of D.S. The pH was corrected to 6.4 with NaOH. It was not possible to liquefy at higher D.S. because the slurry was very viscous.
B. Saccharification process.
[0031] The pH of liquefied starch was corrected to 4.2. For the first experiments, 25000 AGI of Amigase GM (an Aspergillusniger amyloglucosidase from Gist-brocades) per kg D.S. was used. This extra dosage was chosen to avoid interference of starch retrogradation on the filtration tests. The last experiments were realized with the normal 17500 AGI/kg D.S.
[0034] AGI (one unit of amylo-glucosidase activity) as defined in European Patent No. 0 140 410 is the amount of enzyme that releases 1 µ md of dextrose from soluble starch (100% of dry matter) per minute at 60°C under optimum conditions of starch degradation.
C. Filtration tests and analvsis.
[0035] A Seitz laboratory filter maintained at 60°C by water circulation, equipped with a cloth filter and Dicalite 4258 S2 (Kieselguhr), was used. A precoat was made with 15 g of Dicalite 4258 S2 dispersed into 150 ml glucose syrup at 30% D.S. The saccharified starch was filtered under 1 bar pressure and the volume of filtrate per unit time was measured. A coefficient of filterability was obtained from the formula:
volume of filtrate after 15min - volume of filtrate after Imin 14
= volume of filtrate per min.
[0036] After filtration, the viscosity was measured in a capillary viscosimeter at 20°C and HPLC analysis was used for determination of sugars.
Example II
Improvement of the filtration of liauefied wheat starch bv the addition of Disporotrichum xvlanase.
[0037] Type B wheat starch containing 2-3% pentosans was liquefied by the traditional process used for corn starch syrup with 1 liquefaction of solid starch with alpha-amylase and 2° saccharification of the resulting liquefied starch with amyloglucosidase. This gave a syrup of high glucose content. Disoorotrichum xylanase was introduced at the saccharification stage in addition to the amyloglucosidase.
[0038] After three days of incubation at 60°C and a pH of 4.2-4.5, filtration tests were carried out under standard conditions. The results, which are given in Figure 4, show that the addition of Disporotrichum xylanase decreases the syrup viscosity, and thus improves the filterability.
Example III
The effect of Disporotrichum xvlanase and Sumizvm AC on the filtration of liquefied type B wheat starch
[0040] Results obtained with Sumizym AC are highly dependent on enzymatic concentration, but the results obtained with Disporotrichum xylanase are not.
Example IV
The effect of Disporotrichum xvlanase + Sumizym AC or Drum pectinase blends on the filtration of liauefied type B wheat starch
[0042] The total efficiency of Disporotrichum xylanase is obtained at low concentration. When used with this endo-xylanase, exo-xylanases from Drum pectinase and Sumizym AC have about the same efficiency but Drum pectinase gives more glucose reversion.
Example V
The effect of Disoorotrichum xvlanase + Sumizym AC or Drum pectinase blends on the filtration of ligue-
fied type B wheat starch and on the glucose vied
[0044] This experiment confirms the high reversion effect on glucose yield of Drum pectinase. The test with Sumizym AC was carried out for comparison.
Example VI
The effects of Disporotrichum xvlanase and Penicillium emersonii beta-glucanase with the same addition of exo-xylanase activity
1. Process for producing a glucose syrup of improved filterability and/or lower viscosity
from impure cereal starch containing pentosans which comprises subjecting the said
impure starch to the action of Disporotrichum xylanase to hydrolyse pentosans and
to a hydrolysis to convert starch into glucose.
2. Process according to Claim 1 in which glucose syrup is produced by subjecting impure
wheat starch to the action of alpha-amylase and/or amyloglucosidase, and the said
xylanase.
3. Process according to claim 1 or 2 in which the said xylanase is derived from Disporotrichum
dimorphosporum ATCC 24562.
4. Process according to any one of claims 1 to 3 in which the said xylanase has substantially
the same characteristics as the xylanase which is obtainable from Disporotrichum dimorphosporum ATCC 24562.
5. Process according to any one of claims 1 to 4 in which the xylanase is used in
admixture with Aspergillus niger exo-xylanase.
6. Process for separating a cereal starch from other constituents of the cereal which
comprises subjecting a crude slurry of cereal starch to the action of Disporotrichum xylanase before the starch is separated mechanically from the other constituents
of the slurry.
1. Procédé pour produire un sirop de glucose ayant une aptitude améliorée à la filtration
et/ou une plus faible viscosité à partir d'amidon céréalier impur contenant des pentosanes,
qui comprend l'exposition de cet amidon impur à l'action de la xylanase de Disporotrichum pour hydrolyser les pentosanes et à une hydrolyse pour convertir l'amidon
en glucose.
2. Procédé suivant la revendication 1, dans lequel le sirop de glucose est produit
en exposant de l'amidon de blé impur à l'action de l'alpha-amylase et/ou de l'amyloglucosidase,
et de cette xylanase.
3. Procédé suivant la revendication 1 ou 2, dans lequel la xylanase dérive de Disporotrichum
dimorphosporum ATCC 24562.
4. Procédé suivant l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 3, dans lequel la xylanase
a sensiblement les mêmes caractéristiques que la xylanase qui peut être obtenue à
partir de Disporotrichum dimorphos- porum ATCC 24562.
5. Procédé suivant l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 4, dans lequel la xylanase
est utilisée en mélange avec de l'exo-xylanase d'Asperoiiius niger.
6. Procédé pour séparer un amidon céréalier d'autres constituants de la céréale, qui
comprend l'exposition d'une dispersion brute d'amidon céréalier à l'action de la xylanase
de Disporotrichum avant de séparer l'amidon mécaniquement des autres constituants
de la dispersion.
1. Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Glucosesirups mit verbesserter Filtrierbarkeit
und/oder niedriger Viskosität aus unreiner Getreidestärke, die Pentosane enthält,
dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß man die unreine Stärke der Einwirkung von Disporotrichum-Xylanase
unterwirft, um Pentosane zu hydrolysieren, und einer Hydrolyse unterwirft, um Stärke
in Glucose überzuführen.
2. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß Glucosesirup hergestellt
wird, indem man unreine Weizenstärke der Einwirkung von alpha-Amylase und/oder Amyloglucosidase
und der genannten Xylanase unterwirft.
3. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1 oder 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die genannte Xylanase
aus Disporotrichum dimorphosporum ATCC 24562 stammt.
4. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1 oder 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die genannte Xylanase
im wesentlichen die gleichen Eigenschaften hat wie die Xylanase, die aus Disporotrichum
dimorphosporum AT-CC 24562 erhältlich ist.
5. Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Xylanase
im Gemisch mit Aspergillus niger-Exo-Xylanase verwendet wird.
6. Verfahren zur Abtrennung einer Getreidestärke von anderen Bestandteilen des Getreides,
dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß man eine rohe Getreidestärkemilch der Einwirkung von Disporotrichum-Xylanase
unterwirft, ehe die Stärke mechanisch von den anderen Bestandteilen der Stärkemilch
abgetrennt wird.