Field of the Invention
[0001] This invention relates generally to fine denier two component corespun yarn for forming
fabric useful in the production of fire resistant safety apparel and to the method
of forming the corespun yarn, and more particularly to such a corespun yarn which
includes a core of high temperature resistant fibers and a core wrapper of low temperature
resistant fibers surrounding and covering the core.
Background of the Invention
[0002] It is generally known to form heat resistant fabrics of various types of yarns. For
example, hazardous industrial work uniforms, firefighter uniforms, and military protective
uniforms have been formed of fabrics fabricated of yarns formed of non-synthetic
fibers, such as cotton or wool. These fabrics are then topically treated with conventional
halogen-based and/or phosphorous-based fire retarding chemicals. However, uniforms
formed of this type of fabric have a limited wear life, and are heavier in weight
than non-flame retardant uniform fabrics, the chemical treatment typically adding
about 15% to 20% to the weight of the fabric. When this type of fabric is burned,
it forms brittle chars which break away with movement of the fabric.
[0003] Also, it is known to form fire resistant safety apparel of fabrics fabricated of
yarns formed entirely of nonburning or high temperature resistant fibers or blends
of nonburning fibers, such as Nomex, Kevlar or PBI. These fabrics do exhibit thermal
stability but are very expensive to produce, and do not have the comfort, moisture
absorbancy, and dyeability characteristics of fabrics formed of natural fiber yarns.
[0004] U.S. Patent Nos. 4,381,639; 4,500,593; and 4,670,327 disclose yarns for forming heat
resistant fabrics which include a core of continuous glass filaments covered by a
layer of heat-resisting aramid fibers. However, the yarns and fabrics disclosed in
these patents are very expensive to produce because of the high cost of the fibers
required to produce these yarns and fabrics. Also, the yarns and fabrics disclosed
in these patents have the surface characteristics of the aramid fibers so that these
fabrics do not have the desirable surface characteristics of dyeability and comfort
of fabrics formed of conventional natural fibers, such as cotton, wool or the like.
[0005] U.S. Patent No. 4,331,729 discloses a heat resistant fabric formed of a yarn including
a core of carbon filaments and a cover of aramid fibers. The yarn and heat resistant
fabric disclosed in this patent also includes the same type of disadvantages as pointed
out in the above discussion of prior art patents.
[0006] We have already proposed a three component corespun yarn for forming fabric useful
in the production of fire resistant safety apparel. The three component corespun yarn
includes a core of high temperature resistant fibers, a core wrapper of low temperature
resistant fibers, and an outer sheath of low temperature resistant fibers. This three
component corespun yarn is spun on a DREF friction spinning apparatus and the finest
yarn counts obtained using this apparatus have been 14/1 cotton count (equivalent
to 380 denier). While this three component corespun yarn provides excellent fire resistance,
dyeability and comfort to fabrics formed therefrom, there are times when it is desirable
to produce fine textured fabrics of corespun yarns having finer yarn counts.
Summary of the Invention
[0007] With the foregoing in mind, it is an object of the present invention to provide a
fine denier two component corespun yarn for forming a fine textured fabric useful
in the production of fire resistant safety apparel having the appearance, feel, dyeability,
and comfort characteristics of conventional types of fabrics formed of conventional
natural fibers and not including fire resistant characteristics.
[0008] The fine denier two component corespun yarn of the present invention includes a core
of high temperature resistant fibers, and a core wrapper or outer sheath of low temperature
resistant fibers surrounding and covering the core. The high temperature resistant
fibers forming the core are aramid fibers, such as Kevlar or Nomex, or polybenzimidazole
fibers, such as PBI, or heat stabilized/oxidized polyacrylonitrile fibers, such as
Panox® by RK Textiles, Ltd., and Lastan® by Asahi Chemical Co. The low temperature
resistant fibers of the core wrapper may be either natural or synthetic, such as cotton,
wool, polyester, modacrylic, or blends of these fibers. Fine denier corespun yarns
of the present invention have been produced in cotton count sizes of 22/1 (242 denier),
20/1 (266 denier), and 18/1 (295 denier).
[0009] The core of high temperature resistant fibers constitutes about 20% to 25% of the
total weight of the corespun yarn, and the core wrapper of low temperature resistant
fibers constitutes about 80% to 75% of the total weight of the corespun yarn. It is
preferred that the high temperature resistant fibers of the core constitute about
20% of the total weight while the core wrapper of low temperature resistant fibers
constitute about 80% of the total weight.
[0010] The corespun yarn is preferably formed on a MURATA air jet spinning apparatus (MJS)
in which the high temperature resistant fibers of the core and the low temperature
resistant fibers of the core wrapper are fed together through the entrance end of
a feed trumpet. The fibers then pass through a drafting section, through oppositely
directed air jet nozzles, and then wound onto a take-up package. The air jet nozzles
cause the core wrapper of low temperature resistant fibers to surround and cover the
core so that the yarn and the fabric produced therefrom have the surface characteristics
of the low temperature resistant fibers forming the core wrapper while the yarn has
very little, if any, twist, torque and liveliness.
[0011] When fabrics formed of the fine denier corespun yarn of the present invention are
exposed to flame and high heat, the core sheath of low temperature resistant staple
fibers surrounding and covering the core are charred and burned but remain in position
around the fiberglass core to provide a thermal insulation barrier. The core of high
temperature resistant fibers remains intact after the core wrapper of organic low
temperature resistant fibers has burned away and the core forms a lattice upon which
the char remains to block flow of oxygen and other gases while the survival of the
supporting lattice provides a structure which maintains the integrity of the fabric
after the core wrapper of organic low temperature resistant fibers have been burned
and charred.
[0012] Since the corespun yarn of the present invention contains a small percentage by weight
of the expensive high temperature resistant fibers, preferably about 20%, the corespun
yarn of the present invention can be produced at a much more economical cost than
fire resistant fabrics formed of yarns including large percentages by weight of expensive
high temperature resistant fibers. For example, the high temperature resistant fibers
of the core cost about 9 to 10 dollars per pound while the cotton fibers of the core
wrapper cost about 60 to 80 cents per pound. Thus, by using about 80% cotton fibers,
a substantial savings is realized in the cost of producing the corespun yarn of the
present invention.
[0013] When fabrics formed of the corespun yarn of the present invention are exposed to
high heat and flame, the core wrapper fibers are charred but remain in position around
the high temperature resistant core to provide a thermal insulation barrier. This
provides an insulating air layer between the skin and the fabric. This characteristic
is important in a fire situation in which a firefighter wearing a shirt or a hood
made from this fabric would continue to be thermally protected by the insulating air
layer between his clothing and skin, which remains intact even though the core wrapper
fibers will become charred.
[0014] Fabrics woven or knit from the corespun yarns of the present invention may be dyed,
printed and topically treated with conventional flame retardant chemicals in a manner
similar to the flame retardant treatment applied to fabrics produced of 100% cotton
fibers. However, the weight added to the fabric by the flame retardant treatment is
substantially reduced, to about 10% to 12%, because the core of high temperature resistant
fibers does not absorb the flame retardant chemicals. The fabric formed of the corespun
yarn of the present invention does not melt, drip, or exhibit afterflame or afterglow
when burned. The charred outer portion of the fabric maintains the flexibility and
integrity of the unburned portion of the fabric.
Brief Description of the Drawings
[0015] Other objects and advantages will appear as the description proceeds when taken in
connection with the accompanying drawings, in which --
Figure 1 is a greatly enlarged view of a fragment of the corespun yarn of the present
invention with portions of the core wrapper being removed at one end portion thereof;
Figure 2 is a fragmentary schematic isometric view of a portion of a Murata air jet
spinning apparatus of the type utilized in forming the fine denier corespun yarn of
the present invention; and
Figure 3 is a greatly enlarged isometric view of a fragmentary portion of a fabric
knit of the corespun yarn of Figure 1.
Description of the Preferred Embodiment
[0016] The fine denier corespun yarn of the present invention, broadly indicated at 10 in
Figure 1, includes a core 11 of high temperature resistant fibers, and a core wrapper
12 of low temperature resistant fibers surrounding and covering the core 11. As illustrated
in Figure 1, the high temperature resistant fibers of the core 11 extend generally
in an axial direction and longitudinally of the corespun yarn 10 while the majority
of the low temperature resistant fibers of the core wrapper 12 extend in a spiral
direction around the core 11. A minor portion of the low temperature resistant fibers
of the core wrapper 12 are separated and form a binding wrapper spirally wrapped around
the majority of the fibers, as indicated at 13. Since the core wrapper 12 of low temperature
resistant staple fibers surrounds and covers the core 11, the outer surface of the
yarn has the appearance and general characteristics of the low temperature resistant
staple fibers forming the core sheath 12.
[0017] The high temperature resistant fibers of the core 11 are selected from the group
consisting essentially of aramid fibers, such as Kevlar and Nomex, and polybenzimidazole
fibers, such as PBI, or heat stabilized/oxidized polyacrylonitrile fibers, such as
Panox® by RK Textiles, Ltd., and Lastan® by Asahi Chemical Co., or a mixture or blend
of these fibers. The low temperature resistant fibers of the core wrapper 12 may be
either natural or synthetic, such as cotton, wool, polyester, modacrylic, rayon, or
blends of these fibers.
[0018] The core 11 of high temperature resistant fibers constitutes about 20% to 25% of
the total weight of the corespun yarn 10 and the core wrapper 12 of low temperature
resistant fibers constitutes about 80% to 75% of the total weight of the corespun
yarn 10. It is preferred that the high temperature resistant fibers of the core 11
constitute about 20% of the total weight and the core wrapper 12 of low temperature
resistant fibers constitute about 80% of the total weight. The core 11 may be formed
entirely of aramid fibers or may be formed of a blend of these fibers with polybenzimidazole
fibers. The core wrapper 12 surrounds and covers the core 11 so that the fibers forming
the core 11 are completely hidden from view in the fabric produced of this yarn.
[0019] As pointed out above, the corespun yarn 10 of the present invention is preferably
produced on a Murata air jet spinning apparatus of the type illustrated schematically
in Figure 2. The Murata air jet spinning apparatus is disclosed in numerous patents,
including U.S. Patent Nos. 4,718,225; 4,551,887; and 4,497,167. As schematically illustrated
in Figure 2, the air jet spinning apparatus includes an entrance trumpet 15 into which
the high temperature resistant core 11 is fed along with a sliver of low temperature
resistant staple fibers 12 to form a core wrapper surrounding and covering the core.
The fibers are then passed through a set of drafting rolls 16, a first fluid swirling
air jet nozzle 17, and a second fluid swirling air jet nozzle 18. The spun yarn is
then drawn from the second fluid swirling nozzle 18 by a delivery roll assembly 19
and is wound onto a take-up package, not shown. The first and second fluid swirling
nozzles or air jets 17, 18 are constructed to produce swirling fluid flows in opposite
directions, as schematically illustrated in Figure 2. The action of the oppositely
operating air jets 17, 18 causes a minor portion of the staple fibers to separate
and wind around the unseparated staple fibers and the wound staple fibers maintain
the core sheath 12 in close contact surrounding and covering the core 11.
[0020] The following nonlimiting example is set forth to demonstrate one of the types of
corespun yarns which have been produced in accordance with the present invention.
[0021] One end of .50 hank roving of high temperature resistant Kevlar fibers 11, providing
a weight necessary to achieve 20% in overall yarn weight, is fed into the entrance
end of the entrance trumpet 15. At the same time, one end of 100% carded cotton sliver,
providing a weight necessary to achieve 80% in overall yarn weight, is also fed into
the entrance end of the trumpet 15. The core 11 is fed onto the top of the cotton
sliver 12 so that the cotton fibers are spun around the core. The fine denier corespun
yarn achieved by this air jet spinning process is then knit in a plain jersey construction
fabric 20, as illustrated in Figure 3. The corespun yarn 10 forms successive courses
of stitch loops in the fabric 20.
[0022] This knit fabric 20 is particularly suitable for use in forming a protective hood
or undergarments for firefighters and may be dyed, subjected to a topical fire resistant
chemical treatment, and then subjected to a conventional durable press resin finish,
if desired. This knit fabric has the feel and surface characteristics of a similar
type of knit fabric formed of 100% cotton fibers while having the desirable fire resistant
characteristics not present in knit fabric formed entirely of cotton fibers.
[0023] When this fire resistant knit fabric is subjected to a National Fire Prevention Association
Test Method (NFPA 701), which involves a vertical burn of 12 second duration to a
Bunsen burner flame, the fabric exhibits char lengths of less than 1.5 inches with
no afterflame or afterglow. In accordance with Federal Test Method 5905, a vertical
burn of two 12 second exposures to a high heat flux butane flame shows 22% consumption
with 0 seconds afterflame, as compared with 45% consumption and 6 seconds afterglow
for a similar type of knit fabric of similar weight and construction formed entirely
of cotton fibers and having a fire resistant chemical treatment. Throughout all burn
tests, the areas of the fabric char remain flexible and intact, exhibiting no brittleness,
melting, or fabric shrinkage. While the core wrapper of cotton fibers is burned and
charred, the charred portions remain in position surrounding the core of high temperature
resistant Kevlar fibers to provide a thermal insulation barrier and the Kevlar core
provides a matrix or lattice which prevents destruction of the fabric. The insulation
barrier prevents penetration of the flame through the fabric to the skin of the wearer
of this hood.
[0024] In the fabric used for forming fire resistant safety apparel, as disclosed in the
present application, the corespun yarn 10 includes two components, namely, a core
11 of high temperature resistant fibers with the fibers extending primarily in an
axial or longitudinal direction of the yarn, and a core wrapper 12 of low temperature
resistant fibers surrounding and covering the core 11 and with the fibers extending
primarily in a spiraled direction around the core 11. The high temperature resistant
fibers of the core 11 are selected from the group consisting essentially of aramid
fibers, polybenzimidazole fibers and heat stabilized/oxidized polyacrylonitrile fibers
and the core 11 remains intact even when the fabric formed of this yarn is subjected
to a high temperature flame. The fibers of the core wrapper 12 surround and cover
the core 11. The fibers of the core wrapper 12 provide the desired surface characteristics
to the fabric formed of these corespun yarns. When a fabric formed of the present
corespun yarn is subjected to high temperature flame environment, the fibers of the
core wrapper 12 are burned and become charred but remain in position around the core
11 and maintain substantially the same flexibility and integrity as the unburned fabric.
[0025] In the drawings and specification there has been set forth the best mode presently
contemplated for the practice of the present invention, and although specific terms
are employed, they are used in a generic and descriptive sense only and not for purposes
of limitation, the scope of the invention being defined in the claims.
1. A fine denier corespun yarn (10) for forming fire resistant safety apparel characterized
by a core (11) of high temperature resistant fibers selected from the group consisting
essentially of aramid fibers, polybenzimidazole fibers, and heat stabilized/oxidized
polyacrylonitrile fibers, and a core wrapper (12) of low temperature resistant fibers
surrounding and covering said core (11).
2. A fine denier corespun yarn according to Claim 1, characterized in that said core
(11) of high temperature resistant fibers constitutes about 20% to 25% of the total
weight of said corespun yarn (10) and wherein said core wrapper (12) of low temperature
resistant fibers constitutes about 80% to 75% of the total weight of said corespun
yarn (10).
3. A fine denier corespun yarn according to Claim 2 characterized in said core (11)
of high temperature resistant fibers constitutes about 20% of the total weight of
said corespun yarn (10), and wherein said core wrapper (12) of low temperature resistant
fibers constitutes about 80% of the total weight of said corespun yarn (10).
4. A fine denier corespun yarn according to Claim 1, characterized in that said core
(11) comprises aramid fibers.
5. A fine denier corespun yarn according to Claim 1, characterized in that said core
wrapper (12) comprises cotton fibers.
6. A fine denier corespun yarn according to Claim 4, characterized in that said core
(11) comprises Kevlar fibers.