BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0001] This invention relates to microwave devices, and, more particularly, to a multiport
microwave launcher that controllably projects microwaves from multiple ports.
[0002] High-power microwave signals are generated by a microwave source such as a monopole
radiator of the magnetron type. The microwave energy is coupled from the source into
a waveguide and possibly into free space as a microwave beam, using a device termed
a microwave launcher. The generation of a single microwave signal from a single microwave
source is well known.
[0003] Some applications require the capability to generate and select between multiple
microwaves signals. For example, it may be necessary to spatially scan the microwave
signals in a controllable manner. The first microwave signal is directed in a first
direction, the second microwave signal is directed in a second direction, and so on.
Rapid but controllable switching between the multiple microwave signals is necessary
in some circumstances.
[0004] One possible approach to producing a scanned microwave beam is to provide a single
magnetron and to steer the waveguide output by mechanically pointing the magnetron
and its output waveguide in the desired direction. This approach is far too slow for
typical scanning requirements. Another operable approach to providing scannable microwave
signals is to use multiple magnetrons fixedly pointed in the required directions,
one for each microwave signal, and to switch operation between the multiple magnetrons
as needed. Because each magnetron, taken together with its associated support equipment,
is rather heavy, this approach leads to a high overall system weight. In another approach,
electro-magnetic microwave switches, based upon a ferrite circulator principle, have
been developed to permit the output of a single magnetron travelling through a waveguide
to be switched between two exit ports of the waveguide. The output of each of the
two exit ports can be used as an input to a further electro-magnetic switch, permitting
a total of four switched microwave signals using a single magnetron and three electro-magnetic
switches. This technique results in significantly reduced system weight as compared
with the use of multiple magnetrons because only a single magnetron is required, and
is useful for many applications. However, the switching time is typically on the order
of 5-10 milliseconds and is therefore too slow for applications requiring the ability
to scan between output directions in less than one millisecond, and typically in the
range of a few microseconds or so. The required signal drive currents for the electro-magnets
is large, limiting the pulse-to-pulse microwave output rate.
[0005] There is a need for an improved microwave launcher system wherein multiple output
signals are generated in a scannable manner. Reduced drive power consumption and increased
port-to-port switching speeds, as compared with available systems, are also needed.
The present invention fulfills this need, and further provides related advantages.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0006] The present invention provides a high-power microwave launcher system with multiple
microwave output signals. The microwave launcher uses a single microwave source and
a single microwave cavity structure for coupling and switching the microwave energy
between multiple ports. The maximum switching speed between the multiple ports is
on the order of less than one millisecond, and typically in the microsecond range,
far faster than possible with other multi-directional microwave launchers. The externally
supplied drive switching power consumption of the microwave launcher system is relatively
low. The weight, complexity, size, and cost of the microwave launcher are reduced
as compared with other approaches, due to the use of a single microwave source and
a single coupling and switching device.
[0007] In accordance with the invention, a microwave launcher comprises a hollow microwave
cavity having an entry port and at least two exit ports, and a single microwave source
having a source output in communication with the entry port of the microwave cavity.
There is a controllable, electrically activated microwave barrier at each of the at
least two exit ports. Each microwave barrier includes an electrical signal input whose
activation controls the microwave barrier. A switching circuit includes a voltage
source for the electrical signal input of each of the microwave barriers.
[0008] The microwave cavity is preferably in the form of a planar plus sign with four coplanar
arms oriented at 90 degrees to each other, and with an exit port on each arm of the
plus sign. The entry port is at the center of the plus sign and oriented perpendicular
to the plane of the arms. The output of the microwave source is supplied to the entry
port and controllably extracted at the individual exit ports.
[0009] The microwave barrier at each exit port is preferably in the form of a container,
a volume of gas within the container, and an electrode contacting the volume of gas
within the container. The container may be cylindrical, prismatic, planar, or other
operable shape. When a voltage is applied to the electrode, the gas is ionized to
form an electrically conducting plasma. The plasma acts in the manner of an electrically
conducting wall that reflects microwave energy to prevent the entry of microwave energy
into the exit port associated with the microwave barrier.
[0010] Switching of the output of the microwave launcher between the multiple exit ports
is accomplished by producing such a microwave barrier at each of the exit ports which
are not to pass the microwave energy at any moment and simultaneously not creating
such a microwave barrier at the exit port from which the microwave energy is to be
extracted. Thus, the switching circuit for a four-port launcher designed for one microwave
output at a time includes four output subcircuits, each of which applies a plasma-creating
voltage to the microwave barrier at each of the three exit ports not selected for
output, but not applying a plasma-creating voltage to the microwave barrier at the
exit port selected to produce the output. The switching circuit can scan between these
multiple ports quite rapidly, with the maximum switching speed limited by the tune
required to create and eliminate the microwave barrier at each exit port. Studies
have shown that the maximum switching speed is on the order of ten microseconds or
less, and in some cases just a few microseconds.
[0011] The present invention provides a multiport microwave launcher with a high switching
speed, but with low weight, drive power consumption, complexity, size, and cost. Other
features and advantages of the present invention will be apparent from the following
more detailed description of the preferred embodiment, taken in conjunction with the
accompanying drawings, which illustrate, by way of example, the principles of the
invention. The scope of the invention is not, however, limited to this preferred embodiment.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0012]
Figure 1 is an external perspective view of a four-exit-port microwave launcher;
Figure 2 is a schematic perspective cutaway view of the microwave launcher of Figure
1 with the magnetron removed so as not to obscure the internal structure;
Figure 3A is a sectional view of the microwave launcher of Figure 2, taken along lines
3-3 (perpendicular to the plane of the arms);
Figure 3B is a sectional view of another embodiment of the microwave launcher of Figure
2, in the same view as Figure 3A;
Figure 3C is a sectional view of another embodiment of the microwave launcher of Figure
2, in the same view as Figure 3A;
Figure 4 is a perspective schematic view of a cylindrical microwave barrier of Figure
3A utilizing two cylindrical elements, with the right cylinder shown in cutaway view
to illustrate its interior structure;
Figure 5 is a block diagram of a switching circuit used in the microwave launcher;
Figure 6 is a timing diagram for the switching circuit of Figure 5, when the switching
circuit is operated in a scanning mode; and
Figure 7 is a schematic perspective view of the microwave launcher like that of Figure
2, illustrating the effect of the activation of three of the microwave barriers and
non-activation of the fourth microwave barrier.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0013] Figure 1 illustrates a multiport microwave launcher 20. The microwave launcher 20
includes a hollow microwave cavity 22. In the preferred form, the microwave cavity
is in the form of a planar "plus" sign with four coplanar arms 24a, 24b, 24c, and
24d extending from a central hub 26 and equally spaced apart angularly from each other
by 90 degrees in a plane 28 defined by the four arms 24 of the microwave cavity 22.
There is a microwave entry port 30 at the hub 26 of the plus-shaped microwave cavity
22, oriented perpendicular to the plane 28. A microwave source has an output which
communicates with the entry port 30. The microwave source is illustrated as a magnetron
32, which is a well known device in the art. There are at least two exit ports, and
in the preferred form illustrated in Figure 1 four exit ports 34a, 34b, 34c, and 34d
corresponding to each of the four hollow arms 24a, 24b, 24c, and 24d. Arrows 36a,
36b, 36c, and 36d indicate the four respective propagated microwave beams from the
four exit ports 34a, 34b, 34c, and 34d. As will be discussed subsequently, only one
of these four propagated microwave beams 36 is controllably emitted from the microwave
launcher at a time in the preferred application, although the microwave launcher 20
permits different propagated beams to be extracted at the same time in other applications.
[0014] Figure 2 is an interior perspective view of the microwave launcher 20 of Figure 1.
The microwave cavity 22, including the arms 24 and hub 26, is hollow. A controllable,
electrically activated microwave barrier 38a, 38b, 38c, and 38d is positioned at the
entry to each of the exit ports 34a, 34b, 34c, and 34d, between the hub 26 and each
of the respective arms 24a, 24b, 24c, and 24d. The microwave barriers 38 are individually
and selectively activated. When any microwave barrier 38a, 38b, 38c, or 38d is activated,
microwaves are reflected from the activated microwave barrier, effectively closing
the respective exit port 34a, 34b, 34c, or 34d so that a substantial amount of microwave
energy cannot enter the respective exit port. Microwave energy supplied through the
entry port 30 does flow into any exit port whose respective microwave barrier is not
activated.
[0015] The preferred microwave barrier 38 is a gas breakdown tube wherein the application
of a high voltage to a confined gas produces an electrically conductive plasma within
the tube. Figures 3A and 3B illustrate two preferred physical forms of the microwave
barrier 38. In each case, the microwave barrier 38 includes a container 40 made of
an electrically nonconductive material such as a ceramic, a volume of gas 42 within
the container 40, and electrodes 44 contacting the volume of gas 42. Electrical leads
45 extend from the electrodes. In Figures 2 and 3A, the container 40 of the gas breakdown
tube is in the form of an elongated hollow body, illustrated as a hollow cylinder
46, and there are two such hollow cylinders 46 that form each microwave barrier 38.
[0016] Figure 4 shows in greater detail the pair of cylinders 46 that constitute one of
the microwave barriers. Each cylinder 46 has two electrodes 48 and 50, with respective
electrical leads 52 and 54 extending therefrom. In the illustrated case, the electrodes
48, 50 are conveniently arranged in a spark-plug configuration, but other forms of
the electrodes may be used. In the spark-plug configuration, one of the electrodes
50 (the outer electrode in the illustration) is typically grounded, and the other
electrode 48 (the center electrode in the illustration) is controllably supplied with
a positive voltage when the microwave barrier is to be activated. Each cylinder 46
has a gas entry port 56 at one end thereof, through which gas is supplied to the interior
of the hollow cylinder. The other end 58 of the cylinder 46 may be closed or may include
a gas flow path to permit the contained gas to flow through the cylinder 46. The gas
within the cylinder may thus be in the form of either a dynamic or a static atmosphere.
[0017] The 42 is preferably a noble gas such as neon, helium, argon, or xenon or a mixture
thereof, provided at a reduced pressure, typically in the millitorr range, sufficient
to sustain a plasma. To activate the gas breakdown tube, a voltage on the order of
a few thousand volts is applied between the electrodes 48 and 50, resulting in the
production of sufficient ultraviolet light to ionize the gas. The ionized gas produces
a plasma within the cylinder 46. The plasma is electrically conductive, and therefore
acts as a reflective surface for microwaves. When a sufficient voltage is applied
between the leads 52 and 54, the pair of cylinders serves as the microwave barrier
for the respective exit port. When no voltage is applied, microwaves pass into the
exit port.
[0018] Figure 3B depicts another embodiment of the microwave barrier 38. In this case, each
microwave barrier 38 is in the form of a flat plate structure, wherein the container
is defined by two flat plates filling most of the interior cross section of each of
the exit ports 34, with electrodes 44 sealing the opposing ends of the plates together
to form the closed container 40. The space within the container 40 is filled with
the volume of gas 42, and leads 45 extend from the electrodes 44. The illustrated
plate-like microwave barrier functions in substantially the same manner as the cylindrical
microwave barrier of Figures 2, 3A, and 4.
[0019] The planar form of the microwave barrier as shown in Figure 3B is superior to the
cylindrical form from an efficiency standpoint. It presents to the microwave energy
a large, continuous reflective barrier surface of controllable, uniform plasma depth,
having a high microwave reflective efficiency. The cylindrical form of the microwave
barrier illustrated in Figures 2, 3A and 4 has the practical advantage that it is
more easily constructed and is less prone to gas leakage. For these reasons, the cylindrical
form of the microwave barrier has been preferred during the developmental stages of
the invention, although the planar form would likely be preferred for eventual applications.
Other forms of the microwave barrier, such as hollow prisms, may also be used as desired.
[0020] According to microwave theory, for optimum performance the microwave barrier serving
as the back wall for the exit port from which the microwave energy is extracted is
desirably spaced a distance of λ/4 from the entry port 30, where λ is the microwave
wavelength. The side walls for the exit port from which the microwave is extracted
are desirably spaced a distance greater than λ/4 from the entry port 30. These considerations
are somewhat in conflict where it is desired to have the capability to extract microwave
energy evenly from any of the exit ports.
[0021] Two solutions to this problem have been developed. In one, there is a single microwave
barrier in each arm 24 and the microwave barriers are all spaced from the entry port
a distance intermediate between the optimum back wall and side wall spacings. The
waveguide width is one-half the microwave length in the waveguide cavity, or (1/2)
1/2 times the free-space microwave wavelength.
[0022] Figure 3C illustrates another solution using an embodiment having the four microwave
barriers 38a, 38b, 38c, and 38d, as discussed previously, in this case depicted as
cylindrical gas breakdown tubes of the type discussed previously. The microwave barriers
38 are each spaced by the optimum back wall distance from the entry port. Additionally,
each arm 24 includes a respective second microwave barrier 39a, 39b, 39c, and 39d,
positioned further from the entry port 30 than the respective microwave barriers 38a,
38b, 38c, and 38d. The second microwave barriers 39 would each be spaced by the optimum
side wall distance from the entry port. The second microwave barrier is also depicted
as a cylindrical breakdown tube, although it could be of a flat plate or other configuration.
The second microwave barriers 39a, 39b, 39c, and 39d are shown as cylinders of different
diameter than the cylinders of the microwave barriers 38a, 38b, 38c, and 38d, in this
case a smaller diameter, illustrating the fact that the second microwave barriers
39 may be of different physical form than the microwave barriers 38. The second microwave
barrier need not be of the same physical configuration as the first microwave barrier.
[0023] Each second microwave barrier 39 provides a controllably activated microwave-reflective
surface at a greater distance from the entry port 30 than the microwave barrier 38.
Any one of the microwave barriers 38 and its associated second microwave barrier 39
would be typically operated in the alternative. For example, if the second microwave
barrier 39d is activated, the associated microwave barrier 38d would not be activated
and would be transparent to microwaves. In one example, if microwaves were to be extracted
from the exit port 34a, confinement of the microwaves within the hub 26 of the microwave
cavity 22 would be achieved by activating the second microwave barriers 39b and 39d
as the effective side wall barriers, and the microwave barrier 38c as the effective
back wall barrier. In this way, the effective back wall (38c) relative to the exit
port 34a would be at a lesser distance from the entry port 30 than the effective side
walls (39b and 39d). In some cases, such a geometry may lead to reduced losses and
improved efficiency, at the cost of greater complexity and weight of the microwave
launcher.
[0024] A switching circuit 60 such as that depicted in Figure 5 is provided as part of the
microwave launcher 20. The output of the switching circuit 60 is to the electrical
leads 45 (leads 52, 54 in Figure 4) of the microwave barriers 38. The switching circuit
60 includes a master controller 62 which receives an input trigger signal 64 generated
elsewhere, typically according to the requirements of the application in which the
microwaves signals are used. In a scanning application, a pulse in the input trigger
signal 64 indicates the shifting of the microwave output beam to the next direction.
The trigger signal is also supplied to the magnetron 32.
[0025] The master controller 62 generates a sequence of port trigger signals 65a, 65b, 65c,
and 65d (whose timing will be discussed subsequently in relation to Figure 6) to respective
trigger amplifiers 66a, 66b, 66c, and 66d, one for each of the respective microwave
barriers 38a, 38b, 38c, and 38d. The trigger amplifiers 66 are supplied from an input
bus power source 68. The voltage output of each trigger amplifier 66a, 66b, 66c, and
66c is boosted to the required voltage for ionizing the volume of gas 42 by a respective
transformer 70a, 70b, 70c, and 70d, which are protected by diodes from interaction
with the other transformers. The outputs of the transformers 70 are supplied to the
positive electrodes of those microwave barriers which are to be made reflective of
microwave energy and therefore not permit microwave energy to be passed into the respective
exit port. For example, if microwave energy is to be extracted from exit port 34a,
the voltages necessary to ionize the gases in the microwave barriers 38b, 38c, and
38d are applied by the switching circuit 62.
[0026] In a typical application, a rapid cycling of the microwave output through the four
exit ports is desired, with one microwave beam extracted at a time. Figure 6 is a
timing diagram for the switching circuit 60 for such an application. The input trigger
64, in this case a repetitive pulse train, is supplied to the master controller 62
and to the magnetron 32. The master controller 62 produces the port trigger signals
65a, 65b, 65c, and 65d. Each of the port trigger signals activates three of the four
microwave barriers, thereby permitting microwave energy to flow through the fourth
of the microwave barriers and out of the corresponding exit port. The port trigger
signals progress sequentially in the illustrated manner, producing a rotating series
of extracted microwave signals from the four exit ports. The input trigger 64 activates
the magnetron 32 at each pulse, producing a magnetron output 72 that passes through
the selected one of the exit ports. The magnetron output 72 is discontinued just before
the switching to the next port occurs.
[0027] An important feature of the present approach is that, after the initial triggering
of each cycle, the microwave power within the microwave cavity maintains the triggered
microwave barriers in their activated state during the remainder of the cycle until
the magnetron is turned off, reducing the drive power required in the trigger pulse
portion 65' of the port trigger signals 65. As seen in Figure 6, the trigger pulse
65' in each port trigger signal is of short duration, and specifically much shorter
duration than the time during which the RF (radio frequency microwave) pulse is active.
The trigger pulse 65' serves to initiate plasma breakdown in each microwave barrier
which is activated, but the plasma breakdown within each microwave barrier is thereafter
sustained by some of the power from the microwave pulse. The microwave pulse is therefore
discontinued for a brief time before the next pulse 65' occurs for another portion
of the cycle, to permit the plasma within the active microwave barriers to decay,
thereby clearing the microwave barriers for the next portion of the cycle. The input
drive power supplied in the trigger pulses 65' is therefore relatively small, allowing
the size of the associated power supply to be kept small.
[0028] The timing approach of Figure 6 is preferred in the operation of the microwave launcher
20, to extract a single maximum-power microwave beam at a time from one of the exit
ports. However, the use of simultaneous combinations of extracted beams is permitted
as well, at the user's discretion. For example, the microwave beam could be extracted
from exit ports 34a and 34c, while preventing extraction from exit ports 34b and 34d
by operation of the respective microwave barriers 38b and 38d. When the microwave
launcher is used in the latter manner, it serves as a selectively controllable microwave
beam splitter, inasmuch as the combination of operable exit ports may be rapidly changed.
[0029] Figure 7 schematically illustrates the effective state of the microwave launcher
when the exit port 34a is selected for extraction of microwave energy, and the ports
34b, 34c, and 34d are blocked by activation of their respective microwave barriers
38b, 38c, and 38d. The pair of cylinders corresponding to the microwave barrier 38a
is physically present, but is transparent to microwaves and is therefore not illustrated
in Figure 7.
[0030] A four-port microwave launcher was built according to the principles discussed herein,
for a 75 kW (kilowatt) microwave signal at 915±10 MHz (megahertz). Each arm 24 was
4-7/8 inches high and 9-3/4 inches wide. Mechanical metallic microwave barriers were
used in the demonstration. The insertion loss within the microwave cavity was measured
as less than 1 dB, and the voltage standing wave ratio was about 2:1. The overall
size of the four-port microwave launcher was about 2.5 feet square by 7 inches high,
with a weight of about 50 pounds. By comparison, an electro-magnetic switch to perform
the same four-port switching function is about 6.5 feet by 5 feet by 7 inches in size
and weighs about 150 pounds.
[0031] Although a particular embodiment of the invention has been described in detail for
purposes of illustration, various modifications and enhancements may be made without
departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, the invention is
not to be limited except as by the appended claims.
1. A microwave launcher, comprising:
a hollow microwave cavity having an entry port and at least two exit ports;
a single microwave source having a source output in communication with the entry port
of the microwave cavity;
a controllable, electrically activated microwave barrier at each of the at least two
exit ports, each microwave barrier including an electrical signal input whose activation
controls the microwave barrier; and
a switching circuit including a voltage source for the electrical signal input of
each of the microwave barriers.
2. The microwave launcher of claim 1, wherein the microwave source is a magnetron.
3. The microwave launcher of claim 1, wherein the microwave cavity is in the form of
a plus sign with four exit ports located in the same plane and 90 degrees apart from
each other.
4. The microwave launcher of claim 3, wherein the entry port is located at the center
of the plus sign and perpendicular to the plane of the exit ports.
5. The microwave launcher of claim 1, wherein the microwave barrier comprises
a container,
a volume of gas within the container, and
an electrode contacting the volume of gas within the container.
6. The microwave launcher of claim 5, wherein the container is in the form of an elongated
hollow body.
7. The microwave launcher of claim 5, wherein the container is in the form of two flat
plates sealed at their edges.
8. The microwave launcher of claim 5, wherein the switching circuit comprises
a drive circuit for each exit port selected to launch microwaves therefrom, each drive
circuit including a connection to the electrode of each of the microwave barriers
of the exit ports not selected to launch microwaves therefrom.
9. The microwave launcher of claim 1, wherein the switching circuit includes
means for applying a voltage generated by the voltage source to the electrodes of
exactly three of the four gas breakdown elements at a time.