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(11) | EP 0 776 395 B1 |
| (12) | EUROPEAN PATENT SPECIFICATION |
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| (54) |
WATER REMOVAL ELEMENT IN A PAPER MACHINE AND METHOD OF MANUFACTURING SUCH AN ELEMENT ENTWÄSSERUNGSELEMENT IN EINER PAPIERMASCHINE UND VERFAHREN ZUR HERSTELLUNG EINES SOLCHEN ELEMENTS ELEMENT D'ELIMINATION DE L'EAU POUR MACHINE A PAPIER, ET SON PROCEDE DE FABRICATION |
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| Note: Within nine months from the publication of the mention of the grant of the European patent, any person may give notice to the European Patent Office of opposition to the European patent granted. Notice of opposition shall be filed in a written reasoned statement. It shall not be deemed to have been filed until the opposition fee has been paid. (Art. 99(1) European Patent Convention). |
[0001] The invention relates to a fixed water removal element according to the preamble of claim 1 in a paper or board machine, said element being adapted to squeegee the wire or press felt of the machine from the side opposite to the sheet side of the wire/felt.
[0003] water removal elements are subjected to high wearing stresses. As web speeds in modern paper machines are today in the range 1000 - 1500 m/min, a wire or felt travelling over the surface of the water removal element hurls past the element at a substantial velocity. The wear is increased by the fillers used in papermaking such as clay, talc and chalk, and by unwanted impurities of the papermaking process. Fixed water removal elements are located at the wet end of the paper machine along its wire section and press section. Passing over the water removal element in the wire section is a wire woven from polymer monofilament, whereby the wire permits drainage of water from the paper sheet of high moisture content at this stage. The water removal elements squeegee water off the wire or impose a vacuum or pressure shocks on the wire. In the press section water is removed from the felt by suction.
[0004] Different types of water removal elements are required in varying applications. The simplest of such elements are planar slices extending over the width of the web aligned so as to support and squeegee the wire. If the trailing edge of the slice relative to the machine direction is chamfered, a slice is obtained capable of imposing a pressure shock on the moving web. Suction boxes are used to remove water from the wire by a vacuum, and the box cover resting against the wire may comprise slice-like elements or a drilled surface. Besides these, sliding shoes can be adapted about the wire so as to opposedly support and press the wire(s). Such sliding shoes may also be employed to deflect the web and subject it to pressure shocks. The sliding surface of such shoe elements must be manufactured to close tolerances with a design which is most durable under the wear imposed by the moving wire or felt and which simultaneously is very gentle to the wire or felt. Ceramic materials have been found optimally compatible with these requirements.
[0005] Conventionally, ceramic water removal elements are fabricated by assembling a long slice comprising adjoining ceramic pieces. The length of the slice is determined by the web width of the machine. The slice may be prepared from pieces machined to exact dimension that are mounted onto a precision pedestal, whereby a relatively smooth surface of the slice results. However, a better end result is achieved by means of a structure in which the ceramic pieces are adjacently glued to each other and the ready-assembled slice is ground to correct shape, whereby no height differences remain between the pieces. The most common materials for the pieces are aluminium oxide, silicon carbides and zirconium oxide.
[0006] However, a slice structure assembled from ceramic pieces has several shortcomings. Even if the water removal element is assembled from pieces, the pieces become relatively massive and thus rather vulnerable to thermal shocks. Temperature variations in a piece pressed against a web moving at a high speed may be substantially rapid at, e.g., loss of water film lubrication between the piece and the web. Such thermal shocks cause local fractures of the pieces and erosion of the piece surfaces which increases the wear rate of the wire massively. A slice assembled from pieces may become deformed due to wear or displacement of the pieces. Shape defects of the slices cause disturbances in water removal and can ruin the sheet being manufactured.
[0007] Yet, the greatest problems plaguing water removal elements made from ceramic pieces are associated with the inferior chemical and thermal resistance of adhesives used for joining the pieces. The adhesive applied to the joint has insufficient resistance to the wide temperature variations and strong chemicals occurring in a paper machine. The heaviest thermal loads occur when the wire travels without lubrication, that is, the machine is running dry. In this case the heat of friction can elevate the surface temperature of the ceramic piece in a few minutes by 120 - 200 °C. Since the thermal expansion coefficients of the ceramic material, the adhesive and the glass-fiber reinforced plastic body are different and the temperature profile of the slice is not homogeneous, substantial thermal stresses will develop in the slice that may detach the ceramic pieces from each other or totally separate them from the slice body.
[0008] Adhesives employed for bonding the ceramic pieces are not sufficiently resistant to the warm waters of the paper machine which are chiefly detached from the web being dried. The degrading effect of the waters is amplified by the residual chemicals of the papermaking process contained in the waters. Experimental tests on the strength of an adhesive-bonded joint indicated that already after 200 hours of aging the bond strength of almost all adhesives was lowered by tens of percent and in some adhesive grades even below half of their initial strength during this aging period. Because the strength impairment of the adhesive bond may result in the detachment of the ceramic pieces, such a drastic loss of bond strength is not acceptable. The ceramic pieces may also rise above the slice surface which results in a so-called keyboard effect. Then, the elevated pieces mark the web with detrimental streaks. Hence, a water removal element requiring no adhesive bonds in its manufacture would be desirable.
[0009] The WO 93/00473 describes a water removal element having a thin wear plate of stainless steel. The plate is coated by a ceramic coating and it is attached to a support structure by screws. The plate is thin, whereby it has to be fixed to the support structure at very short intervals in order to prevent deformation of the plate. Also, the nuts for the screws are welded into the plate. The drawback of this element is its complicated structure that is laborious to manufacture mainly because of above mentioned screw attachment.
[0010] It is an object of the present invention to achieve a cost-efficient and easy-to-manufacture water removal element having a continuous ceramic sliding surface.
[0011] The goal of the invention is accomplished by manufacturing the water removal element from a continuous section of metal having its one side covered with a ceramic coat applied by thermal spray-coating and its interior filled with a cast thermoset plastic compound.
[0012] More specifically, the water removal element according to the invention is characterized by what is stated in the characterizing part of claim 1.
[0013] Furthermore, the manufacturing method according to the invention is characterized by what is stated in the characterizing part of claim 7.
[0015] The invention is capable of entirely avoiding the use of an adhesive in the manufacture of a water removal element with a ceramic surface. The vulnerability of the element to damage is reduced as no piece can become detached therefrom under use. The thin, ceramic surface of the water removal element is most resistant to thermal shocks, this making it less sensitive to damage under rapid variations of the element temperature as compared with conventional ceramic elements. By means of spray-coating, a continuous surface is obtained, whereby the keyboard effect is avoided which plagues water removal elements assembled from ceramic pieces. The element has a relatively good inherent stiffness, because the metallic continuous section forms a shell structure with good resistance to stresses about the thermoset plastic compound core. Hence, the bodies of the water removal elements can have a relatively lightweight construction and dispose of the need for a separate plastic body for ceramic pieces. Due to the corrosion resistance requirement imposed on a water removal element, stainless steel or other corrosion-resistant material must be employed in its manufacture. The element structure according to the invention is capable of minimizing the use of required expensive, stainless material to a very small amount, whereby a cost-efficient construction results. Hence, the present type of water removal element may be used in applications where conventional embodiments made from ceramic pieces have been too costly. The porous coat made by thermal coating is sealed, whereby good wear resistance and advantageous friction properties are obtained.
[0016] In the following, the invention will be examined in more detail with reference to the attached drawings, in which:
Figure 1 is the cross section of a water removal element according to the invention after its first manufacturing step;
Figure 2 is the cross section of the element illustrated in Fig. 1 after its second manufacturing step; and
Figure 3 is the cross section of the element illustrated in Figs. 1 and 2 after its third manufacturing step;
[0017] Referring to the diagrams, a complete water removal element comprises a U-shaped continuous section 1 having, e.g., a ceramic coat 5 applied onto the base part 3 of the U-shaped continuous section so as to form a wear-resistant surface, and a thermoset plastic compound core 6 cast into the continuous section 1. A T-slot is machined into the thermoset plastic compound core 6, in the area between the legs of the U-shape, for mounting the water removal element.
[0018] In the embodiment illustrated herein, the continuous section of the water removal element body is made from stainless steel having its cross section comprising a base part 3 of the U-shaped continuous section forming a plane to which the legs 2 of the continuous section are joined extending orthogonally upward from the base part 3. The joining edge between the base part 3 and the legs 2 is provided with a chamfer 8, and the legs 2 end at inward bent flanges 4. The entire interior of the continuous section is filled by a thermoset plastic compound core 6.
[0019] A water removal element with the above-described structure is manufactured in the following manner. A ceramic coat 5 is applied onto the base part 3 of the continuous section 1 cut to a suitable length by means of thermal spray-coating. Next, the coat is sealed by impregnating the coat with a low-viscosity material having a high penetration capability into the coat. Subsequent to the sealing step, the interior of the continuous section is filled by casting it full of a thermoset plastic compound which is cured, whereby it adheres to the interior walls of the continuous section 1 thus stiffening the continuous section 1. To assure good adherence of the plastic compound 6, the interior walls of the continuous section 1 may be sand-blasted or cleaned by any other suitable method. After the curing of the plastic compound 6, a mounting slot 7 is machined into the cast compound for mounting the water removal element at the desired place in the paper machine by means of a support frame. Finally, the outer surface of the coat is precision ground to correct shape.
[0020] The water removal element according to the invention may be made from a variety of different materials. While the optimal material for the base part continuous section 1 is stainless steel, also aluminium, brass, duplex steel and other corrosion-resistant materials may be employed. The ceramic coat can be made from the following materials or mixtures thereof: Al2O3, Cr2O3, ZrO3, TiB2, SiO2, TiO2, WC and Cr2C3. However, when applied by thermal spray-coating, these materials remain more porous and softer than ceramic pieces made by sintering. Such a porous coat may wear down paper machine wires by the cutting action of the edges of the pores and the abrading action imposed on the wire by the filler particles and impurities lodging in the pores. To avoid such undesirable effects and improve the wear resistance of the coat, the pores may be sealed with a suitable auxiliary material. Suitable materials are, e.g., organic resins and inorganic compounds. Of organic materials, the most suitable are low-viscosity epoxy resins which can be made to impregnate almost the entire porous volume of the coat. Moreover, such a sealing treatment improves the durability of the coat. Of inorganic materials can be used, e.g., phosphate compounds which are impregnated into the coat from aluminium hydroxide and phosphoric acid solutions. These compounds are then converted into crystalline form by a heat treatment. Also these compounds are capable of improving the wear resistance of the coat and their friction properties may further be enhanced by complementing the sealing treatment by auxiliary compounds with fluorinated resins. The selection of suitable sealing compounds is wide and at least phenolic resins, fluorinated resins, epoxy resins, phosphate compounds and methacrylate resins are well suited for use as sealing compounds.
[0021] Thermal spray-coating can be used for applying coats on metallic surfaces only. Since the body of a water removal element must be of a non-rusting material, it would become excessively expensive with respect to competing solutions when made on, e.g. a solid stainless steel beam. According to the invention, this problem is overcome by manufacturing the body from a thin-walled continuous section which is stiffened by filling it with a thermoset plastic compound. In this manner the element can be made both stiff, lightweight and cost-efficient. Several different types of thermoset plastics are suitable for use as the fill material of the continuous section including epoxy resins, methacrylate resins, polyester resins, vinyl ester resins, phenolic resins and mixtures thereof. To improve the stiffness of the fill material and lower its thermal expansion coefficient, the resin may be reinforced with, e.g., chopped glass fiber or ceramic particles.
[0022] The above-described type of water removal element is suited for use as a water removal element squeegeeing a wire or felt. Naturally, the invention may also be applied to other water removal elements of a paper machine that are in contact with a moving wire or felt. Then obviously the shape of the element must be modified to suit the application. As a person versed in the art can readily fabricate elements of different shape for varied applications on the basis of the foregoing exemplary description, detailed illustration of such modified shapes will be omitted herein. Also the shape of the continuous section can be widely varied and, for instance, the use of a continuous section with a closed perimeter is possible. Then, the outer surface of the section may be contoured so as to provide the mounting facility of the water removal element.
1. A water removal element in a paper or board machine, said element comprising a body
(1, 6) and a ceramic wear-resisting coat (5),
characterized in that
characterized in that
- said body (1, 6) comprises
- an elongated continuous section forming a bounded space into which a flowing material (6) can be cast, and at least one surface formed to accommodate the adherence of said wear-resisting coat (5),
- a thermoset plastic compound fill (6) cast to fill said bounded space at least partially, and
- said ceramic wear-resisting coat (5) is formed by a ceramic coat (5) applied onto a surface of the continuous section body (1) by thermal spray-coating.
2. A water removal element as defined in claim 1, characterized in that said continuous section (1) constituting the casting mould has an open cross-sectional
shape, advantageously approximating a U-shape having its interior at least partially
filled with a thermoset plastic compound and having said ceramic coat (5) adhered
to its base part (3).
3. A water removal element as defined in any of claims 1 and 2, characterized by a slot (7) machined into the thermoset plastic compound fill (6) for mounting
the element to a support frame.
4. A water removal element as defined in any of claims 1 - 3, characterized by having the coat (5) made from one of the following compounds: Al2O3, Cr2O3, ZrO3, TiB2, SiO2, TiO2, WC and Cr2C3, or a mixture thereof.
5. A water removal element as defined in any of claims 1 - 4, characterized by having the coat (5) sealed by impregnation with, e.g., a compound selected from
the group of the following compounds: phenolic resins, fluorinated resins, epoxy resins,
phosphate compounds and methacrylate resins.
6. A water removal element as defined in any of claims 1 - 5, characterized by having the fill compound of the continuous section (1) selected from one of the
following groups of compounds: epoxy resins, methacrylate resins, polyester resins,
vinyl ester resins and phenolic resins.
7. A method of manufacturing a water removal element, characterized in that said method comprises at least the following steps:
- providing a body comprising an elongated continuous section forming a bounded space,
- a ceramic coat (5) is applied onto at least one surface of the continuous section (1) by thermal spray-coating, and
- the interior of the continuous section (1) is filled at least partially with a thermoset plastic compound fill (6).
8. A method as defined in claim 7, characterized in that the ceramic coat (5) is sealed by impregnating with a sealing compound.
9. A method as defined in claim 7 or 8, characterized in that a mounting slot (7) is machined into said thermoset plastic compound fill
(6) after the curing step of the plastic compound.
1. Entwässerungselement in einer Papier- oder Kartonmaschine, umfassend einen Körper
(1, 6) und eine keramische Verschleißfläche (5),
dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß
dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß
- der Körper (1, 6)
- ein längliches kontinuierliches Profilstück, das einen begrenzten Raum bildet, in welchen fliessendes Material (6) gegossen werden kann, und mindestens eine zur Anhaftung der Verschleißfläche (5) angeordnete Fläche, und
- eine hitzehärtbare Kunststoffmassenfüllung (6) zum zumindest teilweisen Auffüllen des begrenzten Raumes umfaßt, und
- die keramische Verschleißfläche (5) durch eine im Wärmesprüh-Streichverfahren auf eine Fläche des kontinuierlichen Profilstücks des Körpers (1) aufgetragene keramische Strichschicht (5) gebildet ist.
2. Entwässerungselement gemäß Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das die Gußform bildende kontinuierliche Profilstück (1) eine offene, vorzugsweise
einer U-Form angenäherte Querschnittsform aufweist, deren Inneres zumindest teilweise
mit einer hitzehärtbaren Kunststoffmasse ausgefüllt ist und an deren Basisteil (3)
die keramische Strichschicht (5) anhaftet.
3. Entwässerungselement gemäß einem der Ansprüche 1 und 2, gekennzeichnet durch eine in der hitzehärtbaren Kunststoffmassenfüllung (6) einbearbeitete Ausschlitzung
(7) zum Anbringen des Elementes an einen Stützkörper.
4. Entwässerungselement gemäß einem der Ansprüche 1 - 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Strichschicht (5) aus einer der folgenden Verbindungen besteht: Al2O3, Cr2O3, ZrO3, TiB2, SiO2, TiO2, WC und Cr2C3, oder aus einer Mischung derselben.
5. Entwässerungselement gemäß einem der Ansprüche 1 - 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Strichschicht (5) durch Impregnieren mit z.B. eines aus der Gruppe der folgenden
Stoffe ausgewählten Stoffes abgedichtet ist: Phenolharze, Fluorharze, Epoxydharze,
Phosphatverbindungen und Methacrylharze.
6. Entwässerunselement gemäß einem der Ansprüche 1 - 5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das Füllmittel des kontinuierlichen Profilstücks (1) aus einer der folgenden
Gruppen von Stoffen ausgewählt ist: Epoxydharze, Methacrylharze, Polyesterharze, Vinylesterharze
und Phenolharze.
7. Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Entwässerungselementes, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das Verfahren mindestens die folgenden Schritte umfaßt:
- Bereitstellen eines Körpers umfassend ein längliches kontinuierliches Profilstück, das einen begrenzten Raum bildet,
- Auftragen einer keramischen Strichschicht (5) auf mindestens eine Fläche des kontinuierlichen Profilstücks (1) durch Wärmesprüh-Streichverfahren, und
- zumindest teilweises Auffüllen des Inneren des kontinuierlichen Profilstücks (1) mit einer hitzehärtbaren Kunststoffmassenfüllung (6).
8. Verfahren gemäß Anspruch 7, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die keramische Strichschicht (5) durch Impregnieren mit einem Dichtungsmaterial
abgedichtet wird.
9. Verfahren gemäß Anspruch 7 oder 8, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß nach dem Erhärten der Kunststoffmasse eine Montierungsausschlitzung (7) in der
hitzehärtbaren Kunststoffmassenfüllung (6) einbearbeitet wird.
1. Elément destiné à éliminer l'eau dans une machine à papier ou à carton, ledit élément
comprenant un corps (1, 6) et un revêtement (5) de céramique résistant à la corrosion,
caractérisé en ce que :
caractérisé en ce que :
- ledit corps (1,6) comprend
- une section continue allongée formant un espace délimité dans lequel un matériau fluide (6) peut être coulé, et au moins une surface ayant une forme convenable pour permettre l'adhérence dudit revêtement (5) résistant à l'usure,
- un remplissage de composé plastique (6) thermodurci coulé de façon à remplir ledit espace délimité au moins partiellement, et
- ledit revêtement (5) de céramique résistant à la corrosion est formé par un revêtement (5) de céramique appliqué sur une surface du corps de section continue (1) par revêtement par pulvérisation thermique.
2. Elément destiné à éliminer l'eau suivant la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que
ladite section continue (1) constituant le moule de coulée présente une forme à section
droite ouverte, avantageusement proche d'une forme en U dont l'intérieur est au moins
partiellement rempli d'un composé plastique thermodurci et ayant ledit revêtement
(5) de céramique collé à sa partie de base (3).
3. Elément destiné à éliminer l'eau suivant l'une quelconque des revendications 1 et
2, caractérisé par une fente (7) usinée dans le composé plastique thermodurci de remplissage
(6) pour le montage de l'élément sur un cadre de support.
4. Elément destiné à éliminer l'eau suivant l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 3,
caractérisé en ce que le revêtement (5) est fabriqué à partir d'un des composés suivants
: Al2O3, Cr2O3, ZrO3, TiB2, SiO2, TiO2, WC et Cr2C3, ou d'un mélange de ceux-ci.
5. Elément destiné à éliminer l'eau suivant l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 4,
caractérisé en ce que le revêtement (5) est rendu étanche par imprégnation avec, par
exemple, un composé choisi dans le groupe des composés suivants ; résines phénoliques,
résines fluorées, résines époxy, composés de type phosphate et résines méthacryliques.
6. Elément destiné à éliminer l'eau suivant l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 5,
caractérisé en ce que le composé de remplissage de la section continue (1) est choisi
dans l'un des groupes suivants de composés : résines époxy, résines méthacryliques,
résines polyester, résines d'ester vinylique et résines phénoliques.
7. Procédé de fabrication d'un élément destiné à éliminer l'eau, caractérisé en ce que
ledit procédé comprend au moins les étapes suivantes :
- la fourniture d'un corps comprenant une section continue allongée formant un espace délimité,
- l'application d'un revêtement (5) de céramique sur au moins une surface de la section continue (1) par revêtement par pulvérisation thermique, et
- le remplissage de l'intérieur de la section continue (1) au moins partiellement avec un remplissage de composé plastique thermodurci (6).
8. Procédé suivant la revendication 7, caractérisé en ce que le revêtement (5) de céramique
est rendu étanche par imprégnation avec un composé d'étanchéité.
9. Procédé suivant les revendications 7 ou 8, caractérisé en ce qu'une fente de montage
(7) est usinée à l'intérieur dudit remplissage (6) de composé plastique thermodurci
après l'étape de durcissement du composé plastique.