[0001] The present invention relates generally to the utilization of a thermal spray technique
for application of polymeric materials, and particularly to a method that facilitates
application of polyetheretherketone (PEEK) composite to a substrate.
[0002] Thermal spray techniques have been used for coating target materials or substrates
with a desired material or composition of materials. Generally, thermal spray technology
refers to a family of coating techniques based on the use of a high temperature heat
source used to melt a material and propel it at a substrate, thereby forming a coating
on the substrate. Powder, rod or wire can be used as raw materials that are melted
by, for example, electric arcs, combustible gases or a combination of both. The heat
melts the coating material which is then accelerated by a compressed gas towards the
substrate to be coated. As the coating material melts, it forms platelets that are
propelled towards the substrate where they adhere to the substrate and to each other.
The platelets build up and cool into a lamellar structure forming the coating.
[0003] One such thermal spray technique is referred to as a high velocity oxy fuel (HVOF)
process. This process utilizes continuous, sustained internal combustion of oxygen
and fuel that produce high pressure in a combustion chamber. Powder particles of a
desired coating material are exposed to the heat generated and then accelerated to
supersonic speed for deposition on a desired substrate. A variety of HVOF systems
are currently available on the market.
[0004] The HVOF process and other thermal spray techniques have also been available for
use with powdered polymeric materials. However, it has proved difficult to use certain
polymeric materials with thermal spray techniques, such as the HVOF, that utilize
relatively high heat. This is particularly true with certain polymers, such as PEEK.
[0005] PEEK, for example, has many applications as a coating material, but the utilization
of an HVOF process in applying a coating of PEEK material to a substrate has proved
difficult. PEEK can degrade in the presence of extreme heat or a high temperature
flame. However, if the PEEK powder is not heated sufficiently, unmelted particles
are propelled against the desired substrate resulting in poor adhesion and undesirably
high porosity.
[0006] The utilization of polymeric materials having good thermal stability at high temperature,
such as PEEK, can be accomplished by molding the PEEK material onto a desired substrate.
The application of PEEK coating through molding, however, is limited with respect
to the types of components that can be coated. Additionally, the molding technique
tends to be more costly, particularly when the molded coating and/or coated component
requires additional machining prior to use of the component. The application of materials
such as PEEK through an HVOF process would alleviate these problems.
[0007] The present invention features a method for applying a PEEK composite material to
a metallic substrate. The method includes the step of applying a metallic bond layer
on the metallic substrate. Further, the method includes depositing a layer of PEEK
composite material over the metallic bond layer by an HVOF process.
[0008] According to another aspect of the invention, a method is provided for applying a
polymeric material to a substrate to create a high load thrust bearing surface. The
method includes preparing a metal substrate, and applying a metallic bond layer to
the metal substrate. Additionally, a polymeric material, having a melting temperature
above 300°C is deposited over the metallic bond layer by spraying heated particles
of the polymeric material towards the metal substrate.
[0009] According to another aspect of the invention, a method is provided for applying a
PEEK composite material to a component surface. The method includes preparing a surface
of a component to receive a PEEK composite mixture. The PEEK composite mixture is
sprayed via an HVOF process over the surface to form a PEEK composite layer. The PEEK
composite layer is then annealed to create a durable coating.
[0010] The invention will hereafter be described, by way of example, with reference to the
accompanying drawings, wherein like reference numerals denote like elements, and in
which:
Figure 1 is a perspective view of a substrate that has received a molded PEEK coating
according to the prior art.
Figure 2 is a cross-sectional view taken generally along line 2-2 of Figure 1;
Figure 3 is a flow chart representing the general steps of a process for applying
PEEK through HVOF, according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention;
Figure 4 is a perspective view of a substrate having a coating of PEEK applied via
the HVOF process, according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention; and
Figure 5 is a cross-sectional view taken generally along line 5-5 of Figure 4.
[0011] The present invention relates to the utilization of a thermal spray technique to
apply a polymer material, having good thermal stability at high temperature, to a
substrate. Specifically, the method disclosed according to a preferred embodiment
of the present invention is particularly useful in the application of a polyetheretherketone
(PEEK) composite by a high velocity oxy fuel (HVOF) process to a metal substrate.
The process provides a durable PEEK composite coating having a low porosity, typically
less than 1% porosity. This type of coating is amenable to use on components that
act as bearing components.
[0012] For example, the following describes an exemplary application of this process in
creating bearing surfaces by applying the PEEK composite coating to pads used in thrust
bearings. Such thrust bearings are used in a variety of applications, including applications
in various submergible components found in submergible pumping systems. Submergible
pumping system components are used in relatively harsh wellbore environments under
substantial load in pumping production fluids to the earth's surface. However, the
inventive process is not limited to this particularly amenable application.
[0013] The ability to utilize an HVOF process in applying PEEK composites to desired substrates
provides great flexibility, efficiency and cost savings in coating various components.
Traditionally, high-load thrust bearing pads have been coated with a PEEK composite
through well known molding methods. A typical prior art thrust bearing pad coated
with a molded PEEK composite layer is illustrated in Figures 1 and 2. The conventional
molding process is a multi-step process that is less efficient and more costly than
the present HVOF process for application of PEEK composite to a substrate.
[0014] In the prior art, a coated, thrust bearing pad 10 includes a metal substrate 12.
Metal substrate 12 typically is made from a steel plate. A first bond layer 14, comprising
copper, for example, is electroplated to metal substrate 12. A second bond layer 16,
comprising bronze, for example, is applied to the first bond layer 14 and metal substrate
12 by a sintering process. This process creates a relatively porous bronze layer having
voids into which molten PEEK material may flow. Thus, after application of first bond
layer 14 and second bond layer 16, a layer of PEEK composite material 18 may be deposited
by melting and pressing PEEK composite material onto the bronze second bond layer
16. Following application of PEEK composite coating 18, the coated steel plate is
machined into coatcd thrust bearing pad 10.
[0015] The present invention provides a more efficient, less cost intensive approach for
coating a substrate with a durable polymeric material, such as a PEEK composite material.
The present method may be readily understood with reference to the block diagram of
Figure 3.
[0016] As illustrated, initially a substrate layer must be prepared for receipt of a polymer
layer via a thermal spray process. In the preferred embodiment, the substrate is a
metallic material, preferably stainless steel but other metallic materials may be
appropriate depending on the specific application. The first step in the process is
preparation of the substrate material as illustrated by block 20 of Figure 3. During
this step, the substrate preferably is cleaned by removing dirt, moisture, oil and
other contaminants from the surface to be coated. To facilitate adherence, it is also
desirable to roughen the surface to be coated. If the substrate is stainless steel,
it is preferred that the surface be roughened by grit blasting the substrate with
aluminum oxide having a grit mesh size 28.
[0017] In another step of the inventive process, the polymeric material is prepared for
use in coating the substrate, as illustrated in block 22 of Figure 3. For the applications
of the present method, it is preferred that the polymeric material have a high melting
temperature, i.e., above 300°C. In the most preferred embodiment, a PEEK material
is used to prepare a composite material in powdered form. Although a variety of materials
may be mixed with the PEEK material, it has been determined that a preferred composite
comprises a mixture of PEEK with polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and carbon. These
materials enhance the low coefficient of friction and excellent wear properties of
PEEK.
[0018] An exemplary ratio of materials is approximately 70% PEEK mixed with approximately
20% PTFE and approximately 10% carbon. Additionally, the selection of appropriate
particle size can be critical to the HVOF process. It has been determined that optimal
particle sizes for the various components of the PEEK composite are approximately
70 microns for the PEEK; approximately 53 microns for the PTFE; and approximately
6 microns for the carbon particles. Although specific mixture percentages and particle
sizes have been provided, other mixture ratios, particle sizes, and mixture components
may be amenable to the process of the present invention.
[0019] After cleaning and grit blasting of the substrate material, a bonding layer may be
applied to the substrate, as illustrated in block 24 of Figure 3. The bonding layer
preferably is a metallic material having sufficient surface asperities to facilitate
the mechanical bonding of the PEEK composite layer to the substrate. Preferably, a
single layer of metallic material, such as nickel aluminum alloy, is applied. This
material has desired characteristics at high temperature and provides excellent bonding
to a stainless steel substrate. Other bonding layer materials may work better with
substrates formed of materials other than stainless steel.
[0020] In the preferred embodiment, the nickel aluminum alloy is arc sprayed against the
substrate. Arc spraying, as is generally known to those of ordinary skill in the art,
uses a high energy electric arc generated by bringing two electrically energized wires
into contact with each other. The arc energy melts the wires, and compressed air atomizes
the molten material and propels it onto the substrate, leaving a bonding layer. Preferably,
the bond layer has good thermal conductivity to help dissipate heat from the PEEK
layer, particularly when the PEEK material is used as a bearing surface. It has been
determined that an optimal thickness for the bond coat is in the range of approximately
0.014 to 0.018 inches.
[0021] Following preparation of the substrate, application of the bonding layer, and preparation
of the PEEK composite material, the PEEK composite material is applied to the substrate
over the bonding layer by a thermal spray, as illustrated by block 26 of Figure 3.
In the preferred embodiment, an HVOF process is utilized to apply the PEEK composite
mixture to the substrate and the bonding layer. An optimum window of spray parameters
has been established to ensure low porosity and great bond strength to permit the
PEEK composite layer to be used in load bearing environments.
[0022] Preferably, the HVOF process is carried out with the aid of a thermal spray gun,
such as the Miller Thermal Spray Gun, Model HV2000, available from Miller Thermal,
Inc. The Miller Thermal Spray Gun is equipped with an axial powder feed configuration
and is controlled by the Miller Thermal Computerized Console, Model 4600. The Miller
Thermal Spray Gun is equipped with a 12mm combustion chamber and the fuel gas, preferably
hydrogen, to oxygen ratio is 3.33. Additionally, a carrier gas, preferably nitrogen,
is flowed through the thermal spray gun at a flow rate of 30scfh to feed powder into
the combustion chamber.
[0023] The powderized PEEK composite mixture is fed to the thermal spray gun via an electronically
controlled, pressurized hopper unit, as is well known to those of ordinary skill in
the art. The PEEK composite material is then injected through the flame of the HVOF
thermal spray gun and heated to at least the melting point of the PEEK composite material,
e.g. approximately 340°C. The powder particles of the PEEK composite are partially
or fully melted and propelled towards the substrate and bonding layer. This creates
a stream of semi-molten or molten particles or platelets that hit the substrate to
form a continuous coating typically having a lamellar structure. A mechanical interlocking
process takes place between the particles and the rough substrate/bonding layer to
securely bond the continuous coating to the substrate.
[0024] In the preferred embodiment, the PEEK composite powder is fed at a rate of 11 grams
per minute and the thermal spray gun is moved at a traverse speed of 754 millimeters
per second with a standoff of 7 inches. (The standoff refers to the distance between
the substrate and the outlet tip of the thermal spray gun.) The PEEK composite coating
is built up in multiple passes to a thickness between approximately 0.019 inches and
0.021 inches. Typically, there is one preheat cycle and 30 passes, following which,
the coating is allowed to cool by a natural slow cool.
[0025] After application of the PEEK composite mixture to form a PEEK composite layer, it
may be advantageous to adopt a post-deposition annealing process, as illustrated by
block 28 of Figure 3. The post-deposition annealing process provides a more durable
coating. It facilitates the removal of thermal history and residual stresses. It also
increases the level of crystallinity of the PEEK composite coating.
[0026] A preferred post-deposition annealing process comprises heating the PEEK composite
layer to approximately 400°C and holding it at that temperature for approximately
30 minutes. The PEEK composite layer, along with the substrate and bonding layer,
then undergoes a controlled cooling to approximately 270°C at which temperature it
is held for approximately 10 minutes. Thereafter, the PEEK composite layer, substrate
and bonding layer undergo a controlled cooling to below 60°C.
[0027] The above-described method provides a PEEK composite coating that is easily applied
and has low porosity, typically on the order of less than one percent porosity. The
PEEK composite layer is particularly amenable to use as a bearing surface because
of its low coefficient of friction, excellent wear properties and low porosity achieved
with this process.
[0028] As a result, an exemplary product for which the inventive process is readily adapted
includes thrust pads for use as thrust bearings, such as those described above with
reference to Figures 1 and 2. A thrust pad 30 produced according to the method of
the present invention is illustrated in Figures 4 and 5. In this particular utilization
of the present inventive process, thrust pad 30 includes a substrate 32 that is formed
as an investment casting of PH17-4 stainless steel. Substrate 32 initially is prepared
as described above with reference to block 20 of Figure 3.
[0029] A single bonding layer 34, comprising a nickel aluminum alloy, is applied to substrate
32 by arc spraying, as described above with reference to block 24 of Figure 3. A PEEK
composite material is prepared and sprayed against substrate 32 and bond layer 34
as described above with reference to blocks 22 and 26 of Figure 3. As a result, a
multiplicity of molten or partially molten platelets 36 bond to substrate 32, bonding
layer 34 and each other to form a PEEK composite layer 38.
[0030] After formation of PEEK composite layer 38, the thrust pad 30, including PEEK composite
layer 38, preferably is subjected to the post-deposition annealing described above
with reference to block 28 of Figure 3. The formation of thrust pad 30 is efficient
and inexpensive relative to the molding process of the prior art. It also provides
a durable, PEEK composite bearing surface readily used in hostile environments, such
as those encountered in a downhole, wellbore environment.
[0031] It will be understood that the foregoing description is of a preferred exemplary
embodiment of this invention, and that the invention is not limited to the specific
form shown. For example, the method may be applied to a wide variety of components;
the precise mixture of constituents in the PEEK composite may be adjusted for desired
applications or effects; the HVOF parameters may be adjusted according to the PEEK
composite mixture, the particulate size, the type of HVOF thermal spray gun utilized
and the environment in which the process is implemented; and the bonding layer material
may be adjusted according the various other parameters, including the material used
in formation of the substrate. These and other modifications may be made in the design
and arrangement of the elements with departing from the scope of the invention as
expressed in the appended claims.
1. A method for applying a PEEK composite material to a metallic substrate (32), comprising:
applying a metallic bond layer (34) on a metallic substrate (32); and
depositing a layer (38) of PEEK composite material over the metallic bond layer (34)
by an HVOF process.
2. A method as recited in claim 1, wherein the step of applying includes arc spraying
a metallic material onto the metallic substrate (32).
3. A method as recited in claim 2, wherein the step of arc spraying includes arc spraying
a nickel aluminum alloy material onto the metallic substrate (32).
4. A method as recited in any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the step of depositing includes
applying a PEEK composite material having a mixture of PEEK, PTFE and carbon.
5. A method as recited in any one of claims 1 to 4, further comprising preparing a roughened
surface on the metallic substrate (32) prior to application of the metallic bond layer
(34).
6. A method as recited in any one of claims 1 to 5, further comprising annealing the
layer (38) of PEEK composite material after deposition over the metallic bond layer
(34).
7. A method as recited in claim 6, wherein the step of annealing comprises heating the
layer (38) of PEEK composite material to approximately 400°C for approximately 30
minutes, cooling the layer (38) to approximately 270°C for approximately 10 minutes,
and then cooling the layer (38) to below 60°C.
8. A method for applying a polymeric material to a substrate to create a bearing surface,
comprising:
preparing a metal substrate (32);
applying a metallic bond layer (34) to the metal substrate (32); and
depositing a polymeric material (36), having a melting temperature above 300°C, over
the metallic bond layer (34) by spraying heated particles of the polymeric material
(36) over the metallic bond layer (34).
9. A method as recited in claim 8, wherein the step of depositing is accomplished by
a HVOF process.
10. A method as recited in claim 8 or claim 9, wherein the step of applying includes arc
spraying the metallic bond layer (34) onto the metal substrate (32).
11. A method as recited in claim 10, wherein the step of arc spraying includes arc spraying
a nickel aluminum alloy material onto the metallic substrate (32).
12. A method as recited in any one of claims 8 to 11, wherein the step of depositing includes
depositing a PEEK composite material (36).
13. A method as recited in claim 12, wherein the step of depositing a PEEK composite material
(36) includes depositing a mixture of PEEK, PTFE and carbon.
14. A method as recited in any one of claims 8 to 13, further comprising annealing the
polymeric material following deposition over the metallic bond layer (34).
15. A method as recited in any one of claims 8 to 14, further comprising preparing a roughened
surface on the metal substrate (32) prior to application of the metallic bond layer
(34).
16. A method for applying a PEEK composite material (36) to a component surface, comprising:
preparing a surface of a component to receive a PEEK composite mixture (36);
spraying the PEEK composite mixture (36) over the surface by an HVOF process to form
a PEEK composite layer (38); and
annealing the PEEK composite layer (38) to create a durable peek composite coating.
17. A method as recited in claim 16, wherein the step of preparing includes preparing
the surface of a stainless steel component (32).
18. A method as recited in claim 16 or claim 17, wherein the step of spraying includes
spraying a PEEK composite powder (36) having an average PEEK particle size of approximately
70 microns.
19. A method as recited in any one of claims 16 to 18, wherein the step of spraying includes
attaining a PEEK composite layer (38) having a porosity less than one percent.
20. A method as recited in any one of claims 16 to 19, wherein the step of spraying includes
spraying a PEEK composite powder having approximately 70 percent PEEK, approximately
20 percent PTFE and approximately 10 percent carbon.