[0001] The present invention relates generally to the completion of subterranean wells having
lateral bores extending from parent bores. More particularly, the invention relates
to an apparatus and method for reentering the parent bores after the lateral bores
have been cased.
[0002] It is well known in the art of drilling subterranean wells to form a parent bore
into the earth and then to form one or more bores extending laterally therefrom. Generally,
the parent bore is first cased and cemented, and then a tool known as a whipstock
is positioned in the parent bore casing. The whipstock is specially configured to
deflect milling bits and drill bits in a desired direction for forming a lateral bore.
A mill, otherwise referred to as a cutting tool, is lowered into the parent bore suspended
from drill pipe and is radially outwardly deflected by the whipstock to mill a window
in the parent bore casing and cement. Directional drilling techniques may then be
employed to direct further drilling of the lateral bore as desired.
[0003] The lateral bore is then cased by inserting a tubular liner from the parent bore,
through the window previously cut in the parent bore casing and cement, and into the
lateral bore. In a typical lateral bore casing operation, the liner extends somewhat
upwardly into the parent bore casing and through the window when the casing operation
is finished. In this way, an overlap is achieved wherein the lateral bore liner is
received in the parent bore casing above the window.
[0004] The lateral bore liner is then cemented in place by forcing cement between the liner
and the lateral bore. The cement is typically also forced between the liner and the
window, and between the liner and the parent bore casing where they overlap. The cement
provides a seal between the liner, the parent bore casing, the window, and the lateral
bore.
[0005] It will be readily appreciated that because the liner overlaps the parent bore casing
above the window, extends radially outward through the window, and is cemented in
place, that access to the parent bore below the liner is prevented at this point.
In order to gain access to the parent bore below the liner, an opening must be provided
through the liner. However, since the liner is extending radially outward and downward
from the parent bore, cutting an opening into the sloping inner surface of the liner
is a difficult proposition at best. Furthermore, it is desirable to obtain "full-bore
access" to the parent wellbore below the liner so that the same-sized tools can be
diverted into either the lateral wellbore, the parent wellbore below the liner, or
any other equivalent bore lateral wellbore extending from the parent wellbore.
[0006] Several apparatus and methods for cutting the opening through the liner to gain access
to the lower portion of the parent bore have been devised. Each of these, however,
have one or more disadvantages which make their use inconvenient or uneconomical.
Some of these disadvantages include inaccurate positioning and orienting of the opening
to be cut, complexity in setting and releasing portions of the apparatus, and danger
of leaving portions of the apparatus in the well necessitating a subsequent fishing
operation. Furthermore, none of the prior art teaches apparatus or a method of obtaining
full-bore access to (1) the parent wellbore below the intersection of the parent and
lateral wellbores and (2) all equivalent-bore lateral wellbores extending from the
parent wellbore.
[0007] US 5,353,876 describes methods and apparatus for sealing and reopening the juncture
between a vertical well and one or more horizontal wells.
[0008] From the foregoing, it can be seen that it would be quite desirable to provide apparatus
for gaining access to the lower portion of the parent wellbore which is convenient
and economical to use, which provides accurate positioning and orienting of the opening
to be cut, which is not complex to set and release, and which reduces the danger of
leaving portions of the apparatus in the well. Furthermore, it is desirable to establish
full-bore access to the parent wellbore below the intersection of the parent and the
lateral wellbores. It is accordingly an object of the present invention to provide
such apparatus and associated methods of completing a subterranean well.
[0009] In carrying out the principles of the present invention, in accordance with an embodiment
thereof, apparatus is provided which is a milling guide having an anchoring structure
disposed thereon, utilization of which does not require complicated positioning methods
to axially and rotationally align the milling guide with a tubular structure through
which an opening is to be formed, and which is easily retrievable from a subterranean
well. Methods of using the apparatus are also provided by the present invention.
[0010] In one aspect of the invention apparatus is provided for forming an opening from
a first wellbore to a second wellbore through a protective liner lining a first wellbore,
the first wellbore intersecting the second wellbore, the protective liner having first,
second and third portions, the first portion of the liner extending at least partially
axially within the second wellbore, the second portion of the liner extending laterally
across the second wellbore, and the third portion of the liner extending laterally
outward from the second wellbore, the apparatus comprising: an axially elongated milling
guide, having a guide profile formed thereon, the milling guide being capable of insertion
at least partially into the liner second portion; and a gripping structure, operatively
disposable within the liner first portion, and being capable of grippingly engaging
the liner first portion, the milling guide being axially attached to the gripping
structure, such that the milling guide is axially positionable relative to the liner
by gripping engagement of the gripping structure with the liner.
[0011] The milling guide may also extend at least partially into the liner third portion.
[0012] The guide profile may extend axially across one of the opposite ends of the milling
guide, thereby forming a fluid passage axially across said one of the opposite ends.
[0013] The milling guide may be rotationally alignable with the liner second portion by
gripping engagement of the gripping structure with the liner.
[0014] The milling guide may have a latch profile formed thereon, the milling guide being
suspendable from the latch profile during retrieval of the milling guide from the
liner.
[0015] In one embodiment, one of the opposite ends of the milling guide is receivable in
the liner third portion and is capable of restricting lateral displacement of the
milling guide relative to the liner third portion.
[0016] In another embodiment, one of the opposite ends being of the milling guide is receivable
in the liner second portion and is capable of restricting lateral displacement of
the milling guide relative to the liner second portion.
[0017] One of the opposite ends of the milling guide may have an axially extending fluid
passage externally formed thereon.
[0018] The apparatus may further comprise a cutting tool axially reciprocably disposed along
the guide profile, the cutting tool being guidable by the guide profile to contact
the liner second portion.
[0019] In another aspect of the invention a milling guide is provided for forming an opening
from a first wellbore to a second wellbore through a protective liner lining the first
wellbore, the first wellbore intersecting the second wellbore, the first wellbore
protective liner extending at least partially axially within the second wellbore,
and the first wellbore protective liner having an intersecting portion thereof which
extends laterally across the second wellbore proximate the intersecting portion of
the first wellbore, the milling guide comprising: an axially elongated body portion,
the body portion being receivable at least partially within the first wellbore protective
liner; a generally axially and laterally extending guide profile formed on the body
portion; characterized in that the apparatus further comprises: an anchor portion,
the anchor portion being operatively engageable with the first wellbore protective
liner; and first and second opposite ends, the first opposite end having the anchor
portion operatively disposed thereon.
[0020] The milling guide may be capable of receiving therein a cutting structure, the cutting
structure including a generally tubular shaft extending axially upward through the
milling guide first opposite end: axially downward displacement of the shaft through
the first opposite end may cause laterally outward displacement of the cutting structure
relative to the first wellbore protective liner.
[0021] The second opposite end may be receivable in the first wellbore protective liner
and may be capable of limiting lateral displacement of the milling guide relative
to the first wellbore protective liner.
[0022] The anchor may be grippingly engageable with the protective liner to thereby axially
and rotationally align the guide profile with the protective liner.
[0023] In another aspect, the invention provides a method of forming an opening through
a tubular structure extending laterally across a wellbore to thereby provide access
to the wellbore. The method includes the steps of conveying an axially elongated milling
guide axially into the tubular structure, the milling guide having a guide profile
formed thereon, and the guide profile being capable of laterally outwardly displacing
a cutting tool axially slidingly disposed thereon; the method being characterized
in that the milling guide has an anchoring structure operatively disposed thereon,
and the method further comprises the steps of: setting the anchoring structure within
the tubular structure axially spaced apart from the wellbore; and axially slidingly
displacing a cutting tool relative to the guide profile, thereby bringing the cutting
tool into contact with the tubular structure.
[0024] The step of setting the anchoring structure may further comprise axially aligning
the guide profile with the tubular structure. The step of setting the anchoring structure
may further comprise rotationally aligning the guide profile with the tubular structure.
[0025] The milling guide may have an axially extending passage externally formed thereon.
The guide profile may extend axially and externally across an end of the milling guide.
[0026] The use of the apparatus and method according to the invention permits convenient
and economical forming of an opening through a tubular structure in a subterranean
well. The apparatus is not complex to position and retrieve from the subterranean
well, and reduces the danger of leaving portions of the apparatus in the well.
[0027] Reference is now made to the accompanying drawings in which:
FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view through a subterranean well showing a parent wellbore
and a lateral wellbore, and an overlap therebetween;
FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view through the subterranean well of FIG. 1 illustrating
a first method of providing access to a lower portion of the parent wellbore wherein
cement has been deposited across an intersection of the lateral and parent wellbores,
the method embodying principles of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view through the subterranean well of FIG. 1 illustrating
the first method wherein an initial bore is drilled into the cement deposited across
the intersection;
FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view through the subterranean well of FIG. 1 illustrating
the first method wherein a deviated bore is drilled toward a whipstock positioned
in the lower portion of the parent wellbore;
FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view through the subterranean well of FIG. 1 illustrating
the first method wherein the deviated bore has been milled through a liner and into
the whipstock;
FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view through the subterranean well of FIG. 1 illustrating
the first method wherein the cement is being removed from the intersection;
FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view through the subterranean well of FIG. 1 illustrating
the first method wherein an opening is formed completely through the whipstock;
FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view through the subterranean well of FIG. I illustrating
the first method wherein the opening is enlarged and access is provided to the parent
wellbore below the intersection;
FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional view through a subterranean well illustrating a second
method of providing access to a lower portion of a parent wellbore, the method embodying
principles of the present invention;
FIG. 9A is a cross-sectional view of a rotational anchoring device embodying the principles
of the present invention;
FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view through a subterranean well illustrating a first
apparatus and a third method of providing access to a lower portion of a parent wellbore,
the apparatus and method embodying principles of the present invention;
FIG. 11 is an enlarged cross-sectional view through the first apparatus, showing an
alternate configuration of the apparatus;
FIG. 12 is a cross-sectional view through a subterranean well illustrating a second
apparatus and a fourth method of providing access to a lower portion of a parent wellbore,
the apparatus and method embodying principles of the present invention;
FIG. 13 is a cross-sectional view through the subterranean well of FIG. 12 showing
the second apparatus and the fourth method wherein an opening is formed through an
intersection of a lateral wellbore liner and a parent wellbore casing;
FIG. 14 is a cross-sectional view through a subterranean well illustrating a fifth
method of providing access to a lower portion of a parent wellbore, the method embodying
principles of the present invention;
FIG. 15 is a cross-sectional view through the subterranean well of FIG. 14 showing
the fifth method wherein an opening is formed through an intersection of a lateral
wellbore liner and a parent wellbore casing;
FIG. 16 is a cross-sectional view through a subterranean well illustrating a third
apparatus and a sixth method of providing access to a lower portion of a parent wellbore,
the apparatus and method embodying principles of the present invention;
FIG. 17 is an enlarged end view of the third apparatus, as viewed from line 17-17
of FIG. 16;
FIG. 18 is a cross-sectional view through the subterranean well of FIG. 16, showing
the third apparatus and the sixth method wherein an opening is formed through an intersection
of a lateral wellbore liner and a parent wellbore casing;
FIG. 19 is a partially elevational and partially cross-sectional view of a fourth
apparatus embodying principles of the present invention;
FIG. 20 is a partially elevational and partially cross-sectional view of a fifth apparatus
embodying principles of the present invention;
FIG. 21 is a cross-sectional view through a subterranean well illustrating a sixth
apparatus and a seventh method of providing access to a lower portion of a parent
wellbore wherein an opening is being formed through a liner, the apparatus and method
embodying principles of the present invention;
FIG. 22 is a cross-sectional view through the subterranean well of FIG. 21 showing
the sixth apparatus and the seventh method wherein the opening is being extended through
a whipstock;
FIG. 23 is a cross-sectional view through the subterranean well of FIG. 21 showing
the sixth apparatus and the seventh method wherein the opening is being radially enlarged;
FIG. 24 is a cross-sectional view through the subterranean well of FIG. 21 showing
the sixth apparatus and the seventh method wherein the opening is radially enlarged
through the whipstock and access to the lower portion of the parent wellbore is being
provided;
FIG. 25 is a cross-sectional view through a subterranean well illustrating a seventh
apparatus and an eighth method of providing access to a lower portion of a parent
wellbore wherein an opening is being formed through a liner, the apparatus and method
embodying principles of the present invention;
FIG. 26 is a cross-sectional view through a subterranean well illustrating an eighth
apparatus and a ninth method of providing access to a lower portion of a parent wellbore
wherein an opening is being formed through a liner, the apparatus and method embodying
principles of the present invention;
FIG. 27 is a cross-sectional view through a subterranean well illustrating a ninth
apparatus and a tenth method of providing access to a lower portion of a parent wellbore
wherein an opening is being formed through a liner, the apparatus and method embodying
principles of the present invention;
FIG. 28 is a cross-sectional view through a subterranean well illustrating a tenth
apparatus and an eleventh method of providing access to a lower portion of a parent
wellbore wherein an opening is being formed through a liner, the apparatus and method
embodying principles of the present invention; and
FIG. 29 is a cross-sectional view through a subterranean well illustrating an eleventh
apparatus and a twelfth method of providing access to a lower portion of a parent
wellbore wherein an opening is being formed through a liner, the apparatus and method
embodying principles of the present invention.
[0028] Representatively illustrated in FIG. 1 is a method 10 which embodies principles of
the present invention. In the following detailed descriptions of the embodiments of
the present invention representatively illustrated in the accompanying figures, directional
terms, such as "upper", "lower", "upward", "downward", etc., are used in relation
to the illustrated embodiments as they are depicted in the accompanying figures, the
upward direction being toward the top of the corresponding figure, and the downward
direction being toward the bottom of the corresponding figure. It is to be understood
that the embodiments may be utilized in vertical, horizontal, inverted, or inclined
orientations without deviating from the principles of the present invention. It is
also to be understood that the embodiments are schematically represented in the accompanying
figures.
[0029] The term "axial" is used to define a direction along either a particular wellbore,
a tool used in a wellbore, or a tubular found in a wellbore. The term "lateral wellbore"
is accepted in the industry and used herein as meaning a wellbore diverging from the
parent or primary wellbore. The terms "radial" and "lateral" (without application
to the term "lateral wellbore") are used to define a direction normal or perpendicular
to an axial direction. The terms "rotational alignment," "rotationally aligned," "rotational
orientation," and "rotationally oriented" are used to designate or describe the position
of a feature or tool relative to a known downhole direction, such as the high side
of the wellbore or a particular azimuthal direction.
[0030] It is to be understood that milling bits and mills are typically used to cut steel
or other metallic material, such as that found in casing or downhole tools. Generally,
milling bits and mills are used to cut axially and/or radially. Furthermore, drilling
bits and drills are commonly used to drill, cut, or remove cement and/or the earth's
formation from a wellbore. Drilling bits are typically used to cut on the face of
the drill in an axial direction. However, milling bits and mills can be used to cut
the earth's formation and cement, while drilling bits can be used to cut steel and
other metallic material.
[0031] It is to be understood that the terms "milling bit", "mill", "drilling bit", and
"drill" are all types of cutting tools and are used herein interchangeably. It is
also to be understood that the terms (verbs) "mill", "drill", "milled", "drilled",
"milling" and "drilling" all refer to a cutting action and can be used interchangeably.
It is to be understood that a "pilot mill" or a "pilot drill" is typically a cutting
tool that is used to cut, mill, drill, or remove an initial bore within, or portion
of, the earth's formation, cement, a tubular, a downhole tool; the initial bore, or
portion, that is removed can then be used to guide a subsequent milling or drilling
operation.
[0032] Furthermore, while a particular method or apparatus set forth herein may refer to,
or be described as using or including, either a mill, milling bit, drill, drilling
bit, or a particular type of mill or drill, it is to be understood that one skilled
in the art can vary the particular cutting tool without deviating from the principles
of the present invention. Furthermore, while a particular method or apparatus set
forth herein may refer to, or be described as using or including, a single cutting
tool or multiple cutting tools, it is to be understood that one skilled in the art
can vary the number of cutting tools used in a particular method or apparatus without
deviating from the principles of the present invention. For instance, a pilot mill
or pilot drill might be used in conjunction with additional cutting tools in a single
assembly to complete a milling operation in a single trip. It is further contemplated
that a single cutting tool may be used to accomplish the entire milling operation,
or multiple trips into the wellbore using different combinations of cutting tools
may be necessary to accomplish the milling operation.
[0033] FIG. 1 shows a first-drilled, or "parent", wellbore 12 which is generally vertically
formed in the earth. The parent wellbore 12 is lined with generally tubular and vertically
disposed casing 14. Cement 16 fills an annular area radially between the casing 14
and the earth.
[0034] The parent wellbore 12 has a window 18 formed through the casing 14 and the cement
16. The window 18 is the result of an operation in which a whipstock 20 having an
upper laterally inclined face 22 is positioned above a packer 24 set in the casing
14. The whipstock 20 is oriented so that the upper face 22 is downwardly inclined
in a desired direction for drilling a lateral wellbore 26. An appropriate milling
bit (not shown) is lowered into the parent wellbore 12 and biased against the upper
face 22, thereby forcing the milling bit to deflect in the desired direction to form
the window 18 through the casing 14 and the cement 16.
[0035] The whipstock 20 may have a relatively easily milled central core 40 radially outwardly
surrounded by a relatively hard to mill outer tubular case 42. The packer 24 grippingly
engages the casing 14 and may have a generally tubular body 44 with a relatively easily
milled or retrievable plug member 46 sealingly disposed therein. The packer 24 may
be oriented within the casing 14 by, for example, use of a conventional gyroscope
and may include a means of engaging the whipstock 20, so that, after the packer 24
has been oriented and set in the casing 14, the whipstock 20 may be oriented by engaging
the whipstock with the packer 24.
[0036] The lateral wellbore 26 is formed by passing one or more drill bits (not shown) through
the window 18 and drilling into the earth. When the desired depth, length, etc. of
the lateral wellbore 26 is achieved, a generally tubular liner 28 is inserted into
the casing 14, lowered through the parent wellbore 12, deflected radially outward
through the window 18 by the whipstock 20, and positioned appropriately within the
lateral wellbore 26. The liner 28 is secured against displacement relative to the
casing 14 by a conventional liner hanger 32. The liner hanger 32 is attached to the
liner 28 and grippingly engages the casing 14. The liner 28 is then sealed to the
casing 14, lateral wellbore 26, and parent wellbore 12 by forcing cement 30 therebetween.
[0037] It may be readily seen that an upper portion 34 of the liner 28 radially inwardly
overlaps the casing 14 above the window 18. In this manner fluid, tools, tubing, and
other equipment (not shown) may be conveyed downward from the earth's surface, through
an upper portion 36 of the parent wellbore 12, into the upper portion 34 of the liner
28, and thence through the window 18 and into the lateral wellbore 26. The lateral
wellbore 26 portion of the subterranean well may, thus, be completed (i.e., perforated,
stimulated, gravel packed, etc.).
[0038] It will be readily apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that, as shown in
FIG. 1, the liner 28, whipstock 20, and packer 24 effectively isolate the upper portion
36 from a lower portion 38 of the parent wellbore 12. Where it is desired to gain
reentry to the lower portion 38 of the parent wellbore 12 from the upper portion 36,
an opening must be formed through the liner 28 at liner portion 52, whipstock 20,
and packer 24. In this respect, the present invention allows for complete reentry
or access into the parent wellbore 12 below the intersection of the lateral wellbore
26 and the parent wellbore 12. This "reentry path" provides an access or path for
the passage of tools as well as the flow of fluids between the upper portion 36 and
the lower portion 38 of the parent wellbore 12. This reentry path (as shown in FIG.
8), which extends from the upper portion 36 of the parent wellbore 12, down through
the opening in the liner 28 of the lateral wellbore 26, through the whipstock 20,
and through the packer 24, has an inner diameter that approaches the drift diameter
of the liner of the lateral wellbore located above the intersection of the parent
and lateral wellbores. It is important for this reentry path to have an inner diameter
that is large enough to allow the passage of tools into the parent wellbore below
the intersection, including, but not limited to, monitoring, pressure control, reworking,
and stimulating tools. Thus, upon completion of the reentry path at the intersection
of the parent wellbore and a lateral wellbore, the parent wellbore and that lateral
wellbore have "equivalent" inner diameters for full-bore access of downhole tools.
[0039] It is further contemplated that more than one lateral wellbore (not shown) can be
directed from a portion of the parent wellbore having a particular diameter casing,
each lateral wellbore being cased by an internal liner having the same inner diameter.
The lateral wellbores are generally, successively completed starting from the downhole
side of the portion of the parent wellbore. After a particular lateral wellbore is
completed, as described above, then a new lateral wellbore can be extended from the
parent wellbore at a location above the previously-completed wellbore. Once each lateral
wellbore extending from the parent wellbore is completed, the operator would have
full-bore access for the passage of the same-sized downhole tools to any equivalent-bore
lateral wellbore or the parent wellbore.
[0040] If the packer 24 does not include a plug member 46 and the whipstock 20 does not
include a central core 40, to establish a reentry path an opening must only be formed
through the liner 28 and any cement, or other material used in setting the liner,
that may be deposited in the parent wellbore.
[0041] Referring additionally now to FIG. 2, a conventional plug 48 is set in the liner
28 below the whipstock 20. Cement 50 is then deposited above the plug 48 by, for example,
forcing the cement through coiled tubing or drill pipe (not shown). It is not necessary
for the cement 50 to completely fill the upper portion 34 of the liner 28, but it
is desirable for the cement to extend axially upward from the whipstock 20 into the
upper portion 34, for reasons that will become apparent upon consideration of the
further description of the method 10 hereinbelow.
[0042] Note that a portion 52 of the liner 28 overlies the upper face 22 of the whipstock
20. It is desirable for the cement 50 to extend at least past the portion 52 of the
liner 28. The cement 50 provides lateral support for forming an opening through the
portion 52 in a manner that will be more fully described hereinbelow. Thus, techniques
of depositing the cement 50 across the portion 52 of the liner 28 other than that
representatively illustrated in FIG. 2 may be utilized without departing from the
principles of the present invention.
[0043] Referring additionally now to FIG. 3, an initial bore 54 is shown being formed axially
downward into the cement 50 in the upper portion 34 of the liner 28. The initial bore
54 is formed by a drill bit, or casing/cement mill, 56 which is powered by a conventional
mud motor 58. The motor 58 is suspended from coiled tubing or drill pipe 60 which
extends to the earth's surface. It is to be understood that other means may be utilized
to form the initial bore 54, such as a drill bit or jet drill suspended from drill
pipe, and other additional equipment, such as stabilizers, may be utilized without
departing from the principles of the present invention.
[0044] Preferably, the initial bore 54 is centered in the upper portion 34 of the liner
28 and the initial bore is straight. In this manner, the initial bore 54 may be used
as a convenient reference for later milling therethrough. However, it is to be understood
that the initial bore 54 may be offset within the upper portion 34 and may be otherwise
directed without departing from the principles of the present invention.
[0045] Referring additionally now to FIG. 4, it may be seen that a curved bore 62 is formed
axially downward from the initial bore 54 by a conventional bent motor housing 64
which is operatively connected between the coiled tubing 60 and the mill 56. The curved
bore 62 is directed by the bent motor housing 64 toward the liner portion 52. In this
manner, the mill 56 is made to contact the liner portion 52, the bent motor housing
64 creating a side load to force the mill 56 into contact with the liner portion 52,
and the cement 50 providing lateral support for the mill 56, which enables the mill
56 to effectively penetrate the liner portion 52 with reduced downward "skidding"
along the liner portion 52 inner surface.
[0046] Techniques for drilling curved holes in cement utilizing bent motor housings on coiled
tubing are discussed in a Society of Petroleum Engineers paper no. 30486 (1995).
[0047] The cement 50 acts to stabilize the mill 56 by reducing displacement of the mill
laterally to its axial direction of travel. For this purpose, the mill 56 may also
be provided with conventional full gauge flanks (not shown) or a full gauge stabilizer
(not shown) each of which aid in preventing the mill from cutting laterally in the
bores 54, 62. A similar application of a full bore stabilizer used proximate a mill
is shown in FIG. 9 and described in the accompanying text.
[0048] Referring additionally now to FIG. 5, it may be seen that the curved bore 62 now
penetrates the liner portion 52. The mill 56 has cut through the liner portion 52
and into the inner core 40 of the whipstock 20. Thus, at this point fluid communication
is established between the upper portion 36 of the parent wellbore 12 and the whipstock
20 via an opening 66 formed through the liner portion 52 by the mill 56. It will be
readily appreciated that if the whipstock 20 does not include an inner core 40, fluid
communication will also be established between the upper portion 36 and the packer
24, and that if the packer 24 does not include the plug member 46, fluid communication
will also be established between the upper portion 36 and the lower portion 38 of
the parent wellbore 12.
[0049] The curved bore 62 is next extended downwardly through the inner core 40 by utilizing
the mill 56 (in this situation, preferably the mill 56 is a round nose mill) on a
straight, instead of bent, housing, similar to that shown in FIG. 3 and described
hereinabove. The mill 56 enters the opening 66 in the liner portion 52, is directed
to the bottom of the curved bore 62, and mills completely downwardly through the inner
core 40. The inner core 40 is relatively easily cut by the mill 56, but the outer
case 42 of the whipstock 20 is harder for the mill to cut.
[0050] Preferably, the mill 56 is configured in this operation so that it is permitted to
cut only slightly laterally as well as axially, so that if the mill contacts the case
42 it can deviate laterally and remain in the inner core 40, but it is otherwise constrained
to cut substantially axially. For this reason, preferably the mill 56 includes full
gauge flanks and/or is utilized with a full gauge stabilizer or fluted full gauge
pads proximate thereto (not shown in FIG. 5, see full gauge pads 88 and full gauge
stabilizer 90 shown in FIG. 9).
[0051] It is to be understood that the curved bore 62 may be otherwise extended through
the inner core 40 without departing from the principles of the present invention,
for example, the bent motor housing 64 may be utilized to direct the curved bore 62
toward an axially centralized position within the inner core 40 before drilling through
the inner core, drill pipe may be used to drive another type of cutting device through
the inner core 40, or the inner core 40 may be milled through after the cement 50
is removed from the liner 28 as described more fully hereinbelow.
[0052] Referring additionally now to FIG. 6, the cement 50 is removed from the liner 28
by utilizing a drill bit, cement mill, or other cement cutting device 68 suspended
from drill pipe 70 which extends to the earth's surface. Alternatively, a cement cutting
drill bit may be suspended from coiled tubing, or other means utilized to remove the
cement 50, without departing from the principles of the present invention. Removal
of the cement 50 permits enhanced access to the opening 66 previously formed through
the liner portion 52.
[0053] The drill bit 68 is also utilized to remove the plug 48 so that the lateral wellbore
26 may be accessed. The drill bit is shown penetrating the plug 48 in FIG. 6, but
it is to be understood that other equipment and techniques may be used to remove the
plug 48 without departing from the principles of the present invention, for example,
the plug 48 may instead be retrieved using conventional methods. A full gauge cleanout
mill 72 follows the drill bit and cleans the liner 28 of cement. Other equipment,
such as stabilizers, may be provided as well.
[0054] Referring additionally now to FIG. 7, a guide nose 74 is shown entering the extended
curved bore 62 and passing axially into the inner core 40 of the whipstock 20. The
guide nose 74 passes downwardly through the opening 66 in the liner portion 52, following
the curved bore 62 and its extended portion 63.
[0055] A mill 76 is attached to the guide nose 74, so that, as the guide nose passes axially
through the bores 62, 63, the mill 76 is directed by the guide nose to progressively
enter and enlarge the opening 66, curved bore 62, and extended bore 63. The mill 76
radially enlarges the opening 66 and bores 62, 63 as it passes therethrough, the mill
being driven by drill pipe 78 or by a motor conveyed on coiled tubing, etc. Preferably,
the mill 76 is configured to cut the liner portion 52 and the inner core 40 without
cutting into the whipstock case 42. For this purpose, some lateral deflection of the
mill 76 may be permitted as the mill passes axially through the liner portion 52 and
the inner core 40.
[0056] The guide nose 74 may be telescopingly received within the mill 76, so that if the
guide nose contacts the plug member 46, it may retract upwardly into the mill 76 and
possibly into the drill pipe 78. Preferably, the guide nose 74 is releasably maintained
in its extended position as shown in FIG. 7 by a securement device, such as a shear
pin (not shown). The shear pin may then shear and permit retraction of the guide nose
74 if the guide nose strikes an object, such as the plug member 46. Other equipment,
such as stabilizers, may also be used in this operation without departing from the
principles of the present invention.
[0057] Referring additionally now to FIG. 8, the opening 66 is further enlarged and the
inner core 40 of the whipstock 20 is substantially completely removed by milling therethrough
with successively larger conventional mills, slot reamers, watermelon mills, etc.
(not shown). Additionally, the plug member 46 is removed from the packer 24 by milling
therethrough or other suitable methods, such as retrieving. The methods utilized to
enlarge the opening 66 and remove the inner core 40 and plug member 46 may be similar
to those described in FIGS. 22-24, or other methods may be used without departing
from the principles of the present invention.
[0058] It may now be seen that fluid communication is established between the upper portion
36 and lower portion 38 of the parent wellbore 12. It is also now permitted to pass
tools, pipe, other equipment, etc. through opening 66, through the whipstock 20, and
through the packer 24, thereby providing access to the lower portion 38 for further
operations therein.
[0059] Representatively illustrated in FIG. 9 is another method 80 of providing access to
a lower portion 38a of a parent wellbore 12a. Elements shown in FIG. 9 which are similar
to elements previously described are indicated with the same reference numerals, with
an added suffix "a". Method 80 is somewhat similar to method 10 described hereinabove,
the lateral wellbore 26a being formed via the window 18a, the liner 28a being cemented
therein such that the upper portion 34a of the liner inwardly overlaps the casing
14a, and cement 50a being deposited across the liner portion 52a adjacent the whipstock
20a.
[0060] In the method 80, however, a bore 82 is formed axially through the cement 50a by
a pilot mill 84 operatively coupled to a straight shaft 86. Preferably, the bore 82
thus formed extends straight through the cement 50a, through the liner portion 52a,
and into the inner core 40a of the whipstock 20a. Fluted full gauge pads 88 are coupled
to the pilot mill 84 to prevent lateral movement of the pilot mill. In addition, a
full gauge stabilizer 90 is disposed in the upper liner portion 34a to assist in guiding
the pilot mill 84 straight through the cement 50a, liner portion 52a, and inner core
40a. Although not shown in FIG. 9, preferably the stabilizer 90 enters the upper liner
portion 34a before the pilot mill 84 enters the cement 50a, so that the pilot mill
84 is axially centralized. However, it is to be understood that it is not necessary
for the bore 82 to be centralized within the upper liner portion 34a, or for the bore
to be centralized within the inner core 40a. Other orientations of the bore 82 may
be utilized without departing from the principles of the present invention.
[0061] The pilot mill 84, full gauge pads 88, shaft 86, and stabilizer 90 are suspended
from coiled tubing 94. But it is to be understood that other conveying means, such
as drill pipe may be used to transport the pilot mill 84, etc. in the parent wellbore
12a without departing from the principles of the present invention.
[0062] After the pilot mill 84 has pierced the liner portion 52a, the cement 50a and plug
48a may be removed as shown in FIG. 6 for the method 10, and described in the accompanying
written description. When the pilot mill 84 cuts through the liner portion 52a, an
opening 92 is formed axially through the liner portion. The opening 92 may thereafter
be enlarged, and the inner core 40a and plug member 46a may be removed in a similar
manner as shown in FIGS. 22-24 and described in the accompanying written description,
or other methods may be utilized without departing from the principles of the present
invention.
[0063] With the opening 92 enlarged, and the inner core 40a and plug member 46a removed,
fluid communication is established between the upper portion 36a and lower portion
38a of the parent wellbore 12a. It is also now permitted to pass tools, pipe, other
equipment, etc. through opening 92, through the whipstock 20a, and through the packer
24a, thereby providing access to the lower portion 38a for further operations therein.
[0064] Referring additionally now to FIG. 9A, a rotational anchoring device 81 is representatively
illustrated, the rotational anchoring device embodying principles of the present invention.
The rotational anchoring device 81 is usable in the above-described methods 10 and
80, and in other operations within a subterranean well wherein it is desirable to
restrict rotational displacement while permitting axial displacement.
[0065] The device 81 includes an elongated generally tubular body portion 83 with an axial
bore 85 extending therethrough. The bore 85 permits circulation fluids, such as mud,
and passage of equipment axially through the device 81. At opposite ends of the body
portion 83, internally and externally threaded end connections 87 and 89, respectively,
permit interconnection of the device 81 within a string of drill pipe, a tubing string,
a bottom hole assembly, etc. It is to be understood that the device 81 may be otherwise
interconnected, and that the device may be otherwise utilized, in a subterranean well
without departing from the principles of the present invention.
[0066] As representatively illustrated in FIG. 9A, the body portion 83 has a hexogonally
shaped outer side surface 91. A rotationally restrictive portion 93 of the device
81 is axially slidingly disposed on the body portion 83. The rotationally restrictive
portion 93 has an inner side surface 95 which is complementarily shaped relative to
the outer side surface 91, such that the rotationally restrictive portion 93 is not
permitted to rotate relative to the body portion 83.
[0067] It is to be understood that the body portion 83 and rotationally restrictive portion
93 may be otherwise configured to prevent relative rotation therebetween while permitting
relative axial displacement therebetween without departing from the principles of
the present invention. For example, a radially inwardly extending key may be provided
on the inner side surface 95, the key mating with an appropriately shaped axially
extending keyway formed on the outer side surface 91, the inner and outer side surfaces
95, 91 may have complimentarily shaped axially extending splines formed thereon, etc.
[0068] The rotationally restrictive portion 93 includes a series of circumferentially spaced
apart and radially outwardly extendable members 97, only two of which are visible
in FIG. 9A. In operation, the members 97 grippingly engage an inner side surface of
a tubular structure in which the device 81 is axially received, such as the casing
14 or 14a, or the liner 28 or 28a. Such gripping engagement of the members 97 restricts
rotation of the rotationally restrictive portion 93 relative to the tubular structure
in which the device is received, and, thus, restricts rotation of the device 81 relative
to the tubular structure.
[0069] It is contemplated that the members 97 may be conventional slips, in which case the
members are operative to bite into the tubular structure in which the device 81 is
received when the slips are set. Furthermore, if the members 97 are slips, the rotationally
restrictive portion 93 may be similar to a conventional anchor and the slips may be
set hydraulically, by manipulation from the earth's surface,, etc., according to conventional
practice for setting anchors, plugs, and packers.
[0070] It is also contemplated that the members 97 may be conventional drag blocks, such
as those well known to persons skilled in the art and utilized in conjunction with
conventional packers. In that case, the members 97 may be radially outwardly biased
by springs, or other biasing members, to contact the tubular structure in which the
device 81 is received.
[0071] It is further contemplated that the members 97 may grippingly engage the tubular
structure in which the device 81 is received in only one rotational direction. In
other words, the rotationally restrictive portion 93 may serve as a one-way rotational
clutch, only being rotationally restrictive in one direction relative to the tubular
structure in which the device is received. Such one-way rotational restriction may
be accomplished by, for example, configuring the members 97 so that they radially
outwardly extend only when the device 81 is rotated in a preselected direction relative
to the tubular structure in which the device received, providing directionally configured
teeth on outer side surfaces of the members 97, the teeth only biting into the tubular
structure when the device 81 is rotated in a preselected direction relative to the
tubular structure, etc. Alternatively, a camming action between outward extending
members 97 and body member 93 can provide reactive force against the tubular structure
to restrict rotation in one rotational direction.
[0072] The device 81 may be utilized in the method 10 by, for example, installing the device
axially between the coiled tubing 60 or drill pipe and the bent motor housing 64 shown
in FIG. 4. In that case, the rotationally restrictive portion 93 may be disposed within
the liner 28 or casing 14 above the cement 50. The members 97 may, thus, grippingly
engage the liner 28 or casing 14 to restrict rotation of the bent motor housing 64
relative to the liner or casing. Such rotational restriction is desirable, particularly
when the bit 56 bites into the liner portion 52, which typically produces a substantial
reactive torque in the coiled tubing 60 or drill pipe.
[0073] Where substantial reactive torques are produced in coiled tubing, such as coiled
tubing 60, the coiled tubing is not as able to resist the torque as is drill pipe.
Thus, applicants prefer that the device 81 be utilized where coiled tubing is used
to convey the bent motor housing 64 and bit 56 in the subterranean well in method
10. However, it is to be understood that the device 81 may be utilized advantageously
in other steps of the method 10, and in methods other than method 10, without departing
from the principles of the present invention.
[0074] For example, the device 81 may be utilized in the method 80 by installing the device
axially between the coiled tubing 94 and the stabilizer 90 or in lieu of the stabilizer
90 (see FIG. 9). When the pilot drill 84 cuts into the liner portion 52a, reactive
torque produced thereby may be absorbed by the gripping engagement of the members
97 with the liner 28a or casing 14a. Thus, it will be readily appreciated by one of
ordinary skill in the art that the device 81 permits axial displacement of the coiled
tubing 94 relative to the casing 14a and liner 28a, while restricting rotation of
the coiled tubing relative to the casing and liner. Similarly, when the device 81
is utilized in the method 10 as hereinabove described, the device 81 permits relative
axial displacement between the coiled tubing 60 and the casing 14 and liner 28, while
restricting rotation of the coiled tubing relative to the casing and liner.
[0075] Turning now to FIG. 10, a milling guide 96 and an associated method 98 of providing
access to the lower portion 38b of the parent wellbore 12b are representatively illustrated.
Elements shown in FIG. 10 which are similar to elements previously described are indicated
with the same reference numerals, with an added suffix "b".
[0076] The milling guide 96 is generally tubular and elongated, and is axially disposed
substantially within the upper portion 34b of the liner 28b. The milling guide 96
includes a radially enlarged upper portion 100 and a radially reduced lower portion
102. The milling guide lower portion 102 is received in the liner upper portion 34b
and the milling guide upper portion 100 engages the liner hanger 32b to thereby position
the milling guide 96 within the liner 28b.
[0077] As shown in FIG. 10, the milling guide upper portion 100 may have a radially inwardly
sloping lower surface 104 formed thereon which engages a complementarily shaped radially
outwardly sloping upper surface 106 formed on the liner hanger 32b. Such cooperative
engagement between the surfaces 104, 106 operates to fix the axial position of the
milling guide 96 relative to the liner 28b for purposes which will become apparent
upon consideration of the further description hereinbelow. However, it is to be understood
that other axial positioning methods may be employed without departing from the principles
of the present invention, for example, the liner hanger 32b may be internally threaded
and the milling guide upper portion 100 may be complementarily externally threaded
for cooperative threaded engagement therebetween, or the liner hanger 32b may have
an internal latching profile formed thereon and the milling guide upper portion 100
may be provided with complementarily shaped latch members or lugs for cooperative
engagement therewith.
[0078] An internal bore 108 extends axially through the milling guide 96 and serves to direct
a mill 110 therethrough. For this purpose, the milling guide 96 is preferably made
of a tough and wear resistant material, such as hardened steel, in the area surrounding
the internal bore 108. The mill 110 preferably has full gauge pads (not shown in FIG.
10) formed thereon or separately attached thereto, or may have a full gauge stabilizer
(not shown in FIG. 10) attached thereto, in order to resist lateral displacement of
the mill 110 within the internal bore 108 and within the components in which the mill
will drill. In this respect, the mill 110 is similar to the pilot mill 84, including
full gauge pads 88 and stabilizer 90, shown in FIG. 9.
[0079] The milling guide 96 also includes a lower downwardly facing sloping surface 112
formed thereon. In this manner, the mill 110 may continue to contact, and thereby
continue to be directed by, the internal bore 108 as the mill 110 begins to penetrate
the liner portion 52b overlying the whipstock 20b. The sloping surface 112 is complementarily
shaped with respect to the liner portion 52b, so that when the upper portion 100 of
the milling guide 96 engages the liner hanger 32b, the sloping surface 112 is closely
spaced apart from the liner portion 52b.
[0080] It is to be understood that it is not necessary for the sloping surface 112 to be
continuous across the milling guide lower portion 102, nor is it necessary for the
sloping surface to be inclined axially, in a milling guide constructed in accordance
with the principles of the present invention. However, it is preferred that the milling
guide 96 provide lateral support to the mill 110 at least until the mill penetrates
the liner portion 52b.
[0081] The mill 110 may be driven by a downhole motor 114, such as a mud motor, and the
mill and motor may be conveyed into the milling guide 96 suspended from coiled tubing
116 extending to the earth's surface. It is to be understood that other conveying
and driving methods may be employed without departing from the principles of the present
invention, for example, the mill 110 may be suspended from drill pipe and rotated
thereby.
[0082] If mud is circulated through the coiled tubing 116 (or optional drill pipe, etc.)
while the mill 110 is milling, cuttings produced thereby may be circulated back to
the earth's surface with the mud. Such return circulation of the mud may be provided
for by forming an additional opening through the milling guide 96, providing axially
extending slots on the internal bore 108, providing radially extending slots on one
or both of the surfaces 104, 106, or otherwise providing a sufficient flow path for
the return circulation.
[0083] In a preferred embodiment of the method 98, the return circulation flows in the annulus
between the internal bore 108 and the coiled tubing 116 or drill pipe and the downhole
motor 114. Where drill pipe is utilized instead of coiled tubing 116, the drill pipe
may have spiral grooves cut onto its outer surface to accommodate the return circulation
flow. Where the downhole motor 114 is utilized, it may be centralized with, for example,
fins or a fluted stabilizing ring disposed thereon, to permit return circulation flow
in the annulus between it and the internal bore 108. Accordingly, the coiled tubing
116 or drill pipe and the downhole motor 114 are sufficiently radially reduced relative
to the internal bore 108 to permit adequate return circulation flow in the annulus
therebetween.
[0084] Preferably, such return circulation is not provided in the annulus between the milling
guide 96 and the liner upper portion 34b since the cuttings may tend to accumulate
there, possibly making the milling guide 96 difficult to remove from the liner upper
portion 34b. To prevent return circulation between the milling guide 96 and the liner
upper portion 34b, a seal 118 may be provided therebetween. Alternatively, the seal
118 may sealingly engage the surfaces 104, 106 to thereby prevent return circulation
flow therebetween.
[0085] In the method 98, the milling guide 96 is lowered into the liner upper portion 34b
until the milling guide upper portion 100 operatively engages the liner hanger 32b,
the desired length of the milling guide lower portion 102 and the desired shape of
the sloping surface 112 having been predetermined by, for example, utilizing conventional
logging tools (not shown) to measure the distance between the liner hanger 32b and
the liner portion 52b, and to measure the relative inclination between the liner upper
portion 34b and the liner portion 52b. Rotational orientation of the sloping surface
112 relative to the liner portion 52b may be provided by conventional logging tools,
such as survey tools, gyroscopes, accelerometers, or inclinometers. The milling guide
96 may be conveyed into the parent wellbore 12b on pipe, wireline, slickline, coiled
tubing, or other conveyance.
[0086] When the milling guide 96 is properly disposed axially within the liner upper portion
34b and is properly axially and rotationally aligned relative to the liner portion
52b, the mill 110 is conveyed into the parent wellbore 12b. Pipe, coiled tubing, or
other conveyances may be utilized to transport the mill 110 within the parent wellbore
12b. The mill 110 is then received axially within the internal bore 108 of the milling
guide 96.
[0087] The mill 110 is lowered within the internal bore 108 and the motor 114 is operated
to drive the mill, or, optionally, pipe is utilized to drive the mill. The mill 110
is further lowered until it contacts and begins penetrating the liner portion 52b.
Preferably, the mill 110 penetrates the liner portion 52b in an area overlying the
whipstock inner core 40b and eventually penetrates the inner core.
[0088] When the mill 110 has penetrated into the inner core 40b, the mill may be further
lowered until it mills completely through the inner core 40b similar to pilot mill
74 shown in FIG. 7, or it may be raised and withdrawn from the whipstock 20 after
only partially penetrating the inner core 40b similar to pilot mill 84 shown in FIG.
9. In either case, an opening (similar to opening 66 and 92, but not shown in FIG.
10) formed through the liner portion 52b and into the whipstock 20b may later be radially
enlarged and extended axially through the whipstock 20b and packer 24b as more fully
described hereinabove for the methods 10 and 80. Such radial enlargement is preferably
performed after the milling guide 96 is removed from the liner upper portion 34b.
[0089] After the mill 110 has penetrated the inner core 40b, it may be raised and withdrawn
from the parent wellbore 12b. The milling guide 96 may then also be raised and withdrawn
from the parent wellbore 12b. Alternatively, the mill 110 and/or coiled tubing 116
or other conveyance may engage the milling guide 96 so that the milling guide is retrieved
from the parent wellbore 12b at the same time as the mill. Such engagement may be
conveniently accomplished by various methods, such as by providing an internal latching
profile on the milling guide 96, providing an internal downwardly facing shoulder
on the milling guide, providing an external gripping member, such as a slip or collet
mechanism, on the coiled tubing 116, etc.
[0090] The milling guide 96 may also have a conventional anchor (not shown) secured thereto
for preventing axial and rotational displacement of the milling guide relative to
the liner upper portion 34b while the mill 110 is being driven. In that case, the
method 98 will include setting the anchor prior to driving the mill 110 and releasing
the anchor prior to retrieving the milling guide 96. A suitable anchor for such purposes
may be similar to those shown in FIGS. 19 and 20. The anchor may be carried proximate
the upper portion 100 or the lower portion 102 and may internally grippingly engage
the casing 14b, the liner hanger 32b, and/or the liner 28b. Other methods of positioning
the milling guide 96 relative to the liner upper portion 34b may be utilized without
departing from the principles of the present invention. It is also contemplated that
the anchor provides limited radial support, which is primarily a function of the relative
stiffness, shape and thickness of the guide, and that additional radial support can
be provided by the appropriate placement of radially extending, fixed or deployable,
lugs or support members along the milling guide.
[0091] Referring additionally now to FIG. 11, a method 120 of rotationally aligning a milling
guide 122 relative to a liner upper portion 34c is representatively illustrated. Elements
shown in FIG. 11 which are similar to elements previously described are indicated
with the same reference numerals, with an added suffix "c".
[0092] Milling guide 122 is substantially similar to the milling guide 96 previously described
and shown in FIG. 10. However, the milling guide 122 includes a radially enlarged
upper portion 124 which has a downwardly facing and radially extending side 126 formed
thereon. The downwardly facing side 126 has one or more keys 128 formed thereon which
are positioned to cooperatively engage corresponding complementarily shaped keyways
130.
[0093] The keyways 130 are formed on an upwardly facing and radially extending side 132
on a liner hanger 134. The liner hanger 134 may be otherwise similar to the liner
hanger 32b previously described.
[0094] Preferably, cooperative engagement of the keys 128 with the keyways 130 operates
to determine the rotational orientation of the milling guide 122 relative to the liner
hanger 134. For this purpose, the keys 128 and keyways 130 are preferably unevenly
spaced circumferentially about the surfaces 126 and 132, respectively. Note that,
in FIG. 11, three keys 128 are shown spaced apart at 90 degrees, 90 degrees, and 180
degrees relative to one another, so that the keys may engage the similarly spaced
apart keyways 130 only when the milling guide 122 is rotationally aligned with respect
to the liner hanger 134 as shown. A single key 128 and keyway 130 may also be utilized
for this purpose. Indeed, any convenient number of keys 128 and keyways 130 may be
utilized without departing from the principles of the present invention.
[0095] It is to be understood that the milling guide 122 may be otherwise rotationally aligned
with respect to the liner hanger 134 without departing from the principles of the
present invention. For example, the milling guide 122 may be provided with external
axially extending splines formed on its lower portion 102c which may cooperatively
engage corresponding complementarily shaped internal splines formed on the liner hanger
134. Alternatively, other cooperatively engaged shapes, such as a mule shoe arrangement,
can operate to determine the rotational and axial alignment of the milling guide 122
relative to the liner hanger 134.
[0096] Referring now to FIGS. 12 and 13, a method 134 of providing access to the lower portion
38d of the parent wellbore 12d is representatively illustrated. Elements shown in
FIGS. 12 and 13 which are similar to elements previously described are indicated with
the same reference numerals, with an added suffix "d".
[0097] The method 134 utilizes a uniquely configured milling guide 136, a pilot mill 138
received therein, and an anchor 140. The anchor 140 is set in the liner 28d downward
from the liner portion 52d and is utilized to axially and rotationally position the
milling guide 136 relative to the liner portion 52d in a manner which will be more
fully described hereinbelow. The milling guide 136 includes a generally axially extending
profile 142 formed thereon which serves to guide the pilot mill 138 toward the liner
portion 52d.
[0098] Preferably, the profile 142 has a generally circular lateral cross-section, but other
shapes may be utilized for the profile 142 without departing from the principles of
the present invention, for example, the profile may have a hexagonal or spirally fluted
cross-section to more readily permit fluid circulation in the annulus between the
pilot mill 138 and the profile 142. As shown in FIGS. 12 and 13, the profile 142 appears
to be linear and the milling guide 136 appears to be curved, these appearances being
due to convenience of illustration thereof within limited drawing dimensions. However,
it is to be understood that the milling guide 136 may be linear and the profile 142
may be curved without departing from the principles of the present invention.
[0099] An upper shaft 144 extends axially upward through the milling guide 136 as shown
in FIG. 12 and is suspended from coiled tubing 146 or drill pipe. FIG. 12 shows the
milling guide 136, pilot mill 138, shaft 144, and anchor 140 as they are positioned
just after the milling guide 136 has been disposed within the liner 28d and oriented
to permit milling through the liner portion 52d. The milling guide 136 is so conveyed
downwardly into the liner 28d suspended from the coiled tubing 146 or drill pipe due
to a radially inwardly extending and downwardly facing shoulder 148 internally formed
on the milling guide 136 which axially contacts a complementarily shaped radially
outwardly extending and upwardly facing shoulder 150 externally formed on the pilot
mill 138. Cooperative engagement between the shoulders 148, 150 permits the milling
guide 136 to be transported within the parent wellbore 12d and lateral wellbore 26d
along with the pilot mill 138.
[0100] The shaft 144 is releasably secured to the milling guide 136 by shear pins 152 extending
radially inward through the milling guide 136 and into the shaft 144. The shear pins
152 provide connection for axial and rotational orientation of milling guide 152 and
anchor 140, if anchor 140 was not previously located and axially and rotationally
oriented. Then, the shear pins 152 permit the shaft 144 and pilot mill 138 to be axially
reciprocated within the milling guide 136 after a sufficient force has been applied
to the shaft 144, which force is resisted by the milling guide 136. Such force may
be applied by lowering the milling guide 136 until it axially contacts the anchor
140 as shown in FIG. 12 and slacking off or otherwise applying force to the coiled
tubing 146 or drill pipe attached to the shaft 144.
[0101] It is to be understood that it is not necessary for the shaft 144 to be releasably
attached to the milling guide 136, and that other devices may be utilized for releasably
attaching the shaft to the milling guide without departing from the principles of
the present invention. Note that, if the shear pins 152 or other releasable attaching
device is appropriately configured, the shoulders 148 and 150 are not necessary for
transporting the milling guide 136 into the liner 28d with the pilot mill 138. In
that alternate configuration, the pilot mill 138 may be able to pass axially upward
through the milling guide 136 after the shear pins 152 are sheared, thereby permitting
the pilot mill 138 to be retrieved to the earth's surface without also retrieving
the milling guide 136.
[0102] The anchor 140 may be set in the liner 28d below the liner portion 52d by conventional
methods, such as setting by wireline or on tubing, or the anchor may be run into the
parent wellbore 12d and lateral wellbore 26d along with the milling guide 136. If
the anchor 140 is run in with the milling guide 136, it is attached to the milling
guide and may be set in the liner 28d at the same time as the milling guide 136 is
axially positioned and rotationally aligned relative to the liner portion 52d. Furthermore,
if the anchor 140 is run in with the milling guide 136, the anchor may be set by manipulation
of the milling guide/anchor assembly from the earth's surface, or the anchor may be
hydraulically set by application of fluid pressure through the coiled tubing 146 or
drill pipe, which fluid pressure may be transferred through the milling guide to the
anchor by, for example, providing an axially extending fluid conduit through the milling
guide 136. It is to be understood that other methods and devices for setting the anchor
140 may be utilized without departing from the principles of the present invention.
[0103] In the method 134 as representatively illustrated in FIG. 12, the anchor 140 is set
in the liner 28d prior to the milling guide 136 being transported into the liner.
For rotational orientation of the milling guide 136 relative to the liner portion
52d, the anchor 140 includes a laterally sloping upper surface 154 formed thereon.
When the milling guide 136 is lowered into axial contact with the anchor 140, a complementarily
shaped laterally sloping lower surface 156 formed on the milling guide cooperatively
engages the sloping upper surface 154 to thereby fix the rotational orientation of
the milling guide within the liner 28d. Accordingly, the anchor 140 is rotationally
aligned with respect to the liner 28d when it is set therein by, for example, use
of a conventional gyroscope, or the rotational orientation of the anchor 140 may be
determined after it is set. If the rotational orientation of the anchor 140 is to
be determined after it is set in the liner 28d, the sloping surface 156 on the milling
guide 136 may be rotationally adjustable relative to the profile 142, so that the
profile is properly rotationally aligned with the liner portion 52d when the sloping
surfaces 154, 156 are cooperatively engaged.
[0104] It is to be understood that other devices and methods may be utilized to rotationally
align the milling guide 136 with respect to the anchor 140 without departing from
the principles of the present invention. For example, the anchor 140 may be provided
with splines or a keyway formed internally thereon and the milling guide 136 may correspondingly
be provided with splines or a key formed externally thereon. It will be readily apparent
to one of ordinary skill in the art that various cooperatively engaging configurations
of the milling guide 136 and anchor 140 may be provided for rotational orientation
therebetween.
[0105] The anchor 140 may also be a bridge plug or a packer and may be millable and/or retrievable.
Accordingly, fluid communication may or may not be provided axially through the anchor
140 or in the annulus between the anchor and the liner 28d. Preferably, fluid communication
is provided axially through the anchor 140, so that cuttings and other debris does
not accumulate above the anchor and about the milling guide 136.
[0106] The pilot mill 138 preferably has full gauge flanks 158 or full gauge fluted pads
(not shown) attached thereto to prevent lateral displacement of the pilot mill within
the profile 142 and within the inner core 40d upon penetration of the liner portion
52d. The pilot mill 138 is guided axially downward and laterally toward the liner
portion 52d as the shaft 144 is displaced axially downward. For this reason, cooperative
axially slidable engagement between the pilot mill 138 and the profile 142 permits
the pilot mill to be accurately axially, radially, and rotationally directed toward
the whipstock inner core 40d. When the pilot mill 138 contacts the liner portion 52d,
the engagement between the pilot mill 138 and the profile 142 substantially controls
the lateral or radial position of the pilot mill relative to the liner portion 52d.
[0107] The milling guide 136 has a series of circumferentially spaced apart and radially
outwardly extending flutes 160 formed thereon which serve to substantially centralize
the milling guide radially within the liner 28d. In this manner, the milling guide
136 may be accurately positioned and stabilized within the liner 28d. Note that the
milling guide 136 can be rotationally secured within the liner 28d above, below, or
above and below the profile 142, thereby enhancing accuracy in rotationally and axially
positioning the milling guide 136 within the liner 28d, and stabilizing the milling
guide while the pilot mill 138 is milling into the liner portion 52d and inner core
40d. It is to be understood, however, that the milling guide 136 may be otherwise
secured within the liner 28d without departing from the principles of the present
invention.
[0108] Referring specifically now to FIG. 13, the method 134 is representatively illustrated
in a configuration in which the pilot mill 138 has milled completely through the inner
core 40d of the whipstock 20d. The shear pins 152 have been sheared, permitting axial
displacement of the shaft 144 relative to the milling guide 136. The profile 142 has
directed the pilot mill 138 axially downward and laterally toward the liner portion
52d. The pilot mill 138 has been driven by a mud motor 162 attached to the coiled
tubing 146 or, for example, by drill pipe extending to the earth's surface, to mill
axially downward through the liner portion 52d and inner core 40d, thereby forming
an internal bore 164 therethrough.
[0109] The coiled tubing 146 may be provided with a radially outwardly extending external
projection 162 thereon, so that the axially downward displacement of the pilot mill
138 relative to the milling guide 136 is stopped when the pilot mill mills completely
through the inner core 40d. The projection 162 axially contacts the milling guide
136 when the pilot mill 138 extends a predetermined distance outwardly from the milling
guide.
[0110] After the pilot mill 138 has milled completely through the inner core 40d, the coiled
tubing 146 or drill pipe may be displaced axially upward to thereby remove the pilot
mill 138 from the inner core 40d and liner portion 52d, and to retract the pilot mill
and shaft 144 within the milling guide 136. If shoulders 148 and 150 are not provided
on the milling guide 136 and pilot mill 138, respectively, the pilot mill 138, shaft
144, mud motor 162, and coiled tubing 146 may then be retrieved to the earth's surface.
If, however, the shoulders 148, 150 are provided as shown in FIGS. 12 and 13, the
milling guide 136 will be retrieved to the earth's surface along with the pilot mill
138, the shoulders axially contacting each other and thereby preventing axial displacement
of the pilot mill 138 upward relative to the milling guide.
[0111] Alternatively, deployable shoulders or retrieving lugs (not shown), which are known
in the art, may be used to selectively retrieve the milling guide 136 during operations.
For example, upon retrieval, the milling guide 136 may get stuck and it would be desirable
to leave the milling guide 136 downhole and retrieve the pilot mill to allow fishing
tools to be used to retrieve the milling guide on a subsequent trip.
[0112] If the anchor 140 is not secured to the milling guide 136, as shown in FIGS. 12 and
13, the anchor will not be retrieved to the earth's surface along with the milling
guide. In that case, the anchor 140 may be separately retrieved by conventional methods.
If, however, the anchor 140 is secured to the milling guide 136, it may be retrieved
along with the milling guide by, for example, application of a sufficient axially
upward force from the milling guide to release the anchor.
[0113] After the pilot mill 138 has been removed from the internal bore 164 and the pilot
mill and milling guide 136 have been removed from the subterranean well, the internal
bore 164 may be enlarged as described hereinabove for the method 10 shown in FIGS.
7 and 8. For example a guide nose and mill may be utilized to substantially enlarge
the internal bore 164, and a reamer may be utilized to appropriately finish and/or
size the internal bore. The plug member 46d may be milled through or otherwise removed
by, for example, retrieving it to the earth's surface.
[0114] Turning now to FIGS. 14 and 15, a method 166 of providing access to the lower portion
38e of the parent wellbore 12e is representatively illustrated, the method 166 utilizing
a uniquely configured sidewall cutting apparatus 168. Elements shown in FIGS. 14 and
15 which are similar to elements previously described are indicated with the same
reference numerals, with an added suffix "e".
[0115] In the method 166, the sidewall cutting apparatus 168 is positioned such that a radially
extending opening 170 formed on the apparatus 168 is axially and rotationally aligned
with the liner portion 52e overlying the whipstock 20e. Such axial and rotational
alignment of the apparatus 168 may be accomplished by various conventional devices
and processes, for example, by utilizing logging tools such as gamma ray detectors,
gyroscopes, inclinometers, etc.
[0116] The apparatus 168 is suspended from a mud motor 172 for purposes which will become
apparent upon consideration of the further description of the method 166 hereinbelow.
The mud motor 172 is, in turn, suspended from drill pipe 174 extending to the earth's
surface. It is to be understood that other methods of conveying the apparatus 168,
such as coiled tubing, and other methods of providing a power source to the apparatus,
such as by electrical cable to a downhole electric submersible motor, may be utilized
without departing from the principles of the present invention.
[0117] As representatively illustrated in FIG. 14, the apparatus 168 is disposed within
the liner 28e and extends partially into the liner upper portion 34e. The mud motor
172 is also shown disposed within the liner upper portion 34e and appears to be curved
or bent in FIG. 14. It is to be understood that preferably the mud motor 172 is not
curved or bent, the representatively illustrated curved or bent shape being due to
convenience of illustration within the drawing dimensions. It is also to be understood
that it is not necessary for the mud motor 172 to be disposed within the liner upper
portion 34e in the method 166 according to the principles of the present invention.
[0118] At a lower end of the apparatus 168, a bull plug 176 is connected to the apparatus
to close off the lower end. Other tools and/or equipment may be connected to the apparatus
168 in place of, or in addition to, the bull plug 176. For example, the mud motor
172 may be utilized to power other tools, such as a mill (not shown), below the apparatus
168.
[0119] The apparatus 168 is a uniquely modified adaptation of a telemetry-controllable adjustable
blade diameter stabilizer, known as TRACS™ and marketed by Halliburton Energy Services,
Incorporated of Carrollton, Texas. In conventional operation, the TRACS™ stabilizer
utilizes mud flow therethrough and pressure therein to control the radial extension
and retraction of stabilizer blades during milling operations. Mud pulse telemetry
techniques, well known in the art, are used to control the radial outward extension
of the stabilizer blades to thereby determine the blades' effective diameter within
a wellbore. Full retraction of the blades may be accomplished by decreasing the mud
pressure therein. It is to be understood that other devices for radially extending
and retracting components within the lateral wellbore 26e may be utilized without
departing from the principles of the present invention.
[0120] Referring specifically now to FIG. 15, the method 166 is representatively illustrated
wherein the apparatus 168 is configured to cut radially outwardly through the liner
portion 52e. A specially configured mill 178 is made to extend radially outward through
the opening 170 on the apparatus 168 by utilizing the telemetry-controlled operation
of the TRACS™. For this purpose, mud is circulated downward form the earth's surface,
through the mud motor 172, and through the apparatus 168. Mud pulses applied to the
mud flow at the earth's surface in conventional fashion are used to control the radial
outward extension of the mill 178.
[0121] The telemetry-controlled mechanism 180 normally used to extend and retract stabilizer
blades, is used in the apparatus 168 to extend and retract the mill 178 through the
opening 170.
[0122] The telemetry-controlled mechanism 180 provides two-way communication such that the
completion of commands downhole are verified at the surface. A pair of bearing assemblies
182 permit rotation of the mill 178 within the telemetry-controlled mechanism 180.
[0123] The mill 178 may be configured as desired to produce an opening in the liner portion
52e having a corresponding desired shape. The representatively illustrated mill 178
has a generally cylindrical configuration and will, thus, produce a generally rectangular
shaped opening through the liner portion 52e. Other configurations of the mill 178
may also be utilized, for example, the mill 178 may be provided with a spherical configuration,
in which case a corresponding circular shaped opening will be produced through the
liner portion 52e.
[0124] An upper flexible shaft 184 interconnects the mill 178 to the mud motor 172. In this
manner, the mud motor 172 drives the mill 178 to rotate when mud is circulated through
the mud motor. The upper flexible shaft 184 permits driving the mill 178 while the
mill is at various radially extended or retracted positions with respect to the remainder
of the apparatus 168. A lower flexible shaft 186 may also be provided for interconnection
of the mill 178 with other tools and equipment, such as a downward facing mill, attached
to the downward end of the apparatus 168 if desired. It is contemplated that the flexible
shafts 184 and 186 may be comprised of articulated or jointed members, or individual
members, such members being constructed of elastomeric, metallic, or composite material
to allow simultaneous transmission of torque and lateral displacement.
[0125] Thus, the mill 178 is driven by the mud motor 172 and radially outwardly extended
by the mechanism 180, such that the mill forms an opening through the liner portion
52e proximate the inner core 40e. The mill 178 may also be axially or rotationally
displaced relative to the liner portion 52e in order to enlarge and/or shape the opening
formed therethrough. Such displacement may be achieved by, for example, rotating,
raising, or lowering the drill pipe 174 at the earth's surface.
[0126] In an alternate construction of the apparatus 168, the mill 178 may be a cutting
tool as used on a milling machine in a typical machine shop operation. In that case,
the cutting tool may be rotated by the mud motor 172 and a screw drive geared to the
mud motor rotation may cause axial advancement of the cutting tool in an axial direction.
The TRACS™ type tool may be used in this case, together with wedge devices to adjust
a depth of cut of the cutting tool for each pass of the cutting tool, with multiple
passes potentially required to cut a given wall thickness of a known material. A controlled
profile of the opening from the lateral wellbore 26e to the parent wellbore 12e through
the liner portion 52e may thus be formed.
[0127] In a preferred manner of operation, after the opening formed through the liner portion
52e has been formed as desired, mud flow through the apparatus 168 is regulated to
cause the mechanism 180 to retract the mill 178 inwardly through the opening 170.
Such retraction may be achieved by ceasing the flow of mud through the apparatus 168.
Ceasing the flow of mud through the mud motor 172 will also cause the mud motor to
cease driving the mill 178. The mud motor 172 and apparatus 168 may then be raised
and retrieved from the parent and lateral wellbores 12e, 26e.
[0128] After the opening has been formed through the liner portion 52e and the apparatus
168 has been removed from the liner 28e, the opening is extended through the whipstock
inner core 40e and radially enlarged as described hereinabove for method 10 shown
in FIGS. 7 and 8, and for method 134 shown in FIG. 13. For example, a pilot mill or
round nose mill may be used to extend the opening axially downward through the inner
core 40e, a guide nose and mill may be utilized to substantially enlarge the opening,
and a reamer may be utilized to appropriately finish and/or size the opening. Specifically,
the milling guide 136 shown in FIG. 13 may be used to align a pilot mill (such as
pilot mill 138) with the opening and direct the pilot mill to mill through the inner
core 40e. The plug member 46e may then be milled through or otherwise removed by,
for example, retrieving it to the earth's surface.
[0129] Referring now to FIGS. 16, 17, and 18, a method 188 of providing access to the lower
portion 38f of the parent wellbore 12f is representatively illustrated. Elements shown
in FIGS. 16, 17, and 18 which are similar to elements previously described are indicated
with the same reference numerals, with an added suffix "f".
[0130] The method 188 utilizes a uniquely configured milling guide 190 having an anchor
portion 192 disposed proximate an upper end 194 of the milling guide. The anchor portion
192 is set in the liner 28f downward from the liner hanger 32f and is utilized to
axially and rotationally position the milling guide 190 relative to the liner portion
52f in a manner which will be more fully described hereinbelow. The milling guide
190 includes a generally axially extending mill guide surface 196 formed thereon which
serves to guide a mill or pilot mill 198 toward the liner portion 52f.
[0131] Preferably, the guide surface 196 has a generally circular lateral cross-section,
but other shapes may be utilized for the surface 196 without departing from the principles
of the present invention, for example, the surface may have a hexagonal or spirally
fluted cross-section to more readily permit fluid circulation in the annulus between
the pilot mill 198 and the guide surface 196.
[0132] As shown in FIGS. 16 and 18, the guide surface 196 appears to be linear and the milling
guide 190 appears to be curved, these appearances being due to convenience of illustration
thereof within limited drawing dimensions. However, it is to be understood that the
milling guide 190 may be linear and the guide surface 196 may be curved without departing
from the principles of the present invention.
[0133] Although the anchor portion 192 is shown as an integral component of the milling
guide 190, it is to be understood that the anchor portion may be separately attached
to the milling guide 190 without departing from the principles of the present invention.
The anchor portion 192 as representatively illustrated includes upper and lower slips
202 and a circumferentially extending debris barrier 204. The slips 202 grippingly
engage the liner 28f in a conventional manner when the anchor portion 192 is set to
prevent axial and rotational displacement of the milling guide 190 relative to the
liner portion 52f. It is to be understood that a single slip may be utilized in place
of the multiple slips 202 without departing from the principles of the present invention,
however, the multiple slips 202 are preferred in the method 188 due to their typical
ease of milling for removal, if such removal is required.
[0134] The debris barrier 204 may be conventional packer seal elements which sealingly engage
the liner 28f in a conventional manner when the anchor portion 192 is set, however,
it is to be understood that such sealing engagement is not necessary since, in the
preferred embodiment of the method 188, the debris barrier 204 is utilized to prevent
cuttings and other debris from accumulating about the slips 202 and making the milling
guide 190 difficult to retrieve. Accordingly, it is also not necessary for the debris
barrier 204 to radially outwardly extend when the anchor portion 192 is set in the
liner 28f.
[0135] FIG. 16 shows the milling guide 190, including the anchor portion 192, as it is positioned
just after the milling guide 190 has been disposed within the liner 28f and oriented
to permit milling through the liner portion 52f. The milling guide 190 is conveyed
downwardly into the liner 28f suspended from a wireline, slickline, tubing, or other
conventional technique (not shown). An internal latching profile 200 formed on the
milling guide 190 at its upper end 194 permits engagement therewith by a conventional
latching tool (not shown) for conveying the milling guide into the liner 28f, and
for retrieving the milling guide from the parent wellbore 12f.
[0136] The anchor portion 192 may be set in the liner 28f below the liner hanger 32f by
conventional techniques, such as setting by wireline or on tubing, etc. Additionally,
if the milling guide 190 is conveyed by tubing or drill pipe, the anchor portion 192
may be set by manipulation of the milling guide 190 from the earth's surface, or the
anchor portion may be hydraulically set by application of fluid pressure through the
tubing or drill pipe. It is to be understood that other techniques and devices for
setting the anchor portion 192 may be utilized without departing from the principles
of the present invention.
[0137] In the method 188 as representatively illustrated in FIGS. 16-18, the anchor portion
192 is set in the liner 28f, but it is to be understood that the anchor portion may
alternatively be set in the parent wellbore casing 14f above the liner hanger 32f
without departing from the principles of the present invention. For rotational orientation
of the milling guide 190 relative to the liner portion 52f, the anchor portion 192
is correspondingly rotationally aligned relative to the liner portion 52f. Accordingly,
the anchor portion 192 is rotationally aligned with respect to the liner 28f when
it is set therein by, for example, use of a conventional gyroscope. Thus, when the
anchor portion 192 is set in the liner 28f, the rotational and axial orientation of
the milling guide 190 is thereby fixed relative to the liner portion 52f.
[0138] Referring specifically now to FIG. 17, a view is representatively illustrated of
a lower end 206 of the milling guide 190, the view being taken from line 17-17 of
FIG. 16. In FIG. 17 it may be seen that an outer side surface 208 of the milling guide
190 includes a series of circumferentially spaced apart and axially extending flutes
210 formed thereon. As shown in FIG. 17 there are four flutes 210 provided which are
generally circular shaped, but other numbers of flutes and other shapes, such as rectangular,
may be utilized for the flutes without departing from the principles of the present
invention.
[0139] FIG. 17 shows an alternative configuration of the milling guide 190 wherein the guide
surface 196 extends axially downward the lower end 206, thereby forming a scallop
shaped recess on the lower end. The guide surface 196 may, thus, advantageously provide
a path for cuttings, debris, etc., particularly but not exclusively those produced
while the liner portion 52f is being milled through, to prevent accumulation of such
cuttings and debris about the lower end 206. Such accumulation of cuttings and debris
about the lower end 206 could subsequently prevent convenient retrieval of the milling
guide 190 from the liner 28f. Additionally, the guide surface 196 as shown in FIG.
17 may also advantageously provide clearance for any burrs or anomalies produced on
the inner surface of the liner portion 52f when it is milled through, such clearance
subsequently permitting ease of retrieval of the milling guide 190 from the liner
28f upwardly across such burrs or anomalies.
[0140] Referring specifically now to FIG. 18, the method 188 is representatively illustrated
in a configuration in which the pilot mill 198 has milled through the liner portion
52f and into the inner core 40f of the whipstock 20f. The guide surface 196 has directed
the pilot mill 198 axially downward and laterally toward the liner portion 52f. The
pilot mill 198 has been driven by a mud motor (not shown, see FIG. 13) attached to
coiled tubing 212 from which the pilot mill is suspended or, for example, by drill
pipe extending to the earth's surface, to mill axially downward through the liner
portion 52f and into the inner core 40f, thereby forming an internal bore 214 therein.
[0141] If mud is circulated through the coiled tubing 212 (or optional drill pipe, etc.)
while the pilot mill 198 is milling, cuttings produced thereby may be circulated back
to the earth's surface with the mud. Such return circulation of the mud may be provided
for by forming an additional opening through the milling guide 190, providing axially
extending slots on the guide surface 196, or otherwise providing a sufficient flow
path for the return circulation.
[0142] In a preferred embodiment of the method 188, the return circulation flows in the
annulus between the guide surface 196 and the coiled tubing 212 or drill pipe and/or
the mud motor. Where drill pipe is utilized instead of coiled tubing 212, the drill
pipe may have spiral grooves cut onto its outer surface to accommodate the return
circulation flow. Where the mud motor is utilized, it may be centralized with, for
example, fins or a fluted stabilizing ring disposed thereon, to permit return circulation
flow in the annulus between it and the guide surface 196. Accordingly, the coiled
tubing 212 or drill pipe and/or the mud motor are sufficiently radially reduced relative
to the guide surface 196 to permit adequate return circulation flow in the annulus
therebetween.
[0143] The pilot mill 198 preferably has full gauge flanks 216 or full gauge fluted pads
(not shown) attached thereto to prevent lateral displacement of the pilot mill within
the milling guide 190 and within the inner core 40f upon penetration of the liner
portion 52f. The pilot mill 198 is guided axially downward and laterally toward the
liner portion 52f as the coiled tubing 212 or drill pipe is displaced axially downward.
For this reason, cooperative axially slidable engagement between the pilot mill 198
and the guide surface 196 permits the pilot mill to be accurately rotationally and
radially directed toward the whipstock inner core 40f. When the pilot mill 198 contacts
the liner portion 52f, the engagement between the pilot mill 198 and the guide surface
196 substantially prevents both lateral and rotational displacement of the pilot mill
relative to the liner portion 52f.
[0144] The coiled tubing 212 may be provided with a radially outwardly extending external
projection (not shown, see FIG. 3) thereon, so that the axially downward displacement
of the pilot mill 198 relative to the milling guide 190 is stopped when the pilot
mill mills completely through the inner core 40f. The projection may axially contact
the milling guide 190 when the pilot mill 198 extends a predetermined distance outwardly
from the milling guide.
[0145] After the pilot mill 198 has milled completely through the inner core 40f, the coiled
tubing 212 or drill pipe may be displaced axially upward to thereby remove the pilot
mill 198 from the inner core 40f and liner portion 52f, and to withdraw the pilot
mill and coiled tubing 212 from within the milling guide 190. The pilot mill 198,
mud motor, and coiled tubing 212 may then be retrieved to the earth's surface.
[0146] After the pilot mill 198 has been removed from the milling guide 190, the internal
bore 214 may be enlarged as described hereinabove for the method 10 shown in FIGS.
7 and 8. For example, a guide nose and mill may be utilized to substantially enlarge
the internal bore 214, and a reamer may be utilized to appropriately finish and/or
size the internal bore. If the guide surface 196 is sufficiently large, certain of
the enlargement steps may be performed with the milling guide 190 in its position
as shown in FIG. 18, the milling guide thereby guiding other cutting tools toward
the bore 214.
[0147] The milling guide 190 is, however, preferably retrieved from the liner 28f before
the above described bore enlargement steps are performed. Retrieval of the milling
guide 190 is achieved by, for example, latching a conventional tool (not shown) into
the latching profile 200 and applying a sufficient upwardly directed force thereto
in order to unset the anchor portion 192. The slips 202 being thereby retracted and
no longer grippingly engaging the liner 28f, the milling guide 190 may be displaced
upwardly through the parent wellbore 12f to the earth's surface.
[0148] The plug member 46f may be milled through or otherwise removed by, for example, retrieving
it to the earth's surface. Such retrieval of the plug member 46f is preferably performed
after the milling guide 190 is retrieved.
[0149] Retrieval of the pilot mill 198 separately of retrieval of the milling guide 190
produces various benefits. For example, the pilot mill 198 and mud motor may be replaced
or redressed without the need of retrieving the milling guide 190. As another example,
the milling guide 190 without the coiled tubing 212 or pilot mill 198 received therein
presents a more easily "fished" configuration. As yet another example, jars (not shown)
may be used when fishing or otherwise retrieving the milling guide 190, whereas jars
are not conveniently utilized on the coiled tubing 212 or drill pipe during the above
described bore milling and enlarging operations, due at least in part to uncertainty
induced by jars as to where the pilot mill 198 is positioned. These and other benefits
of the above described method 188 and milling guide 190 will be apparent to those
persons of ordinary skill in the art.
[0150] Turning now to FIGS. 19 and 20, another method 218 of providing access to a lower
portion of a parent wellbore is representatively illustrated, FIGS. 19 and 20 showing
alternate configurations of bottom hole assemblies 220 and 222, respectively which
may be utilized in the method 218. As with the previously described methods, method
218 may be performed within a subterranean well having a lateral wellbore, such as
lateral wellbore 26 shown in FIG. 1, and a parent wellbore, such as parent wellbore
12 of FIG. 1, wherein a lower portion of the parent wellbore, such as lower portion
38, is isolated from an upper portion or the parent wellbore, such as upper portion
36, by a liner, such as liner 28, which extends laterally from the parent wellbore,
a portion of the liner, such as liner portion 52, overlying the parent wellbore lower
portion. Furthermore, as with the previously described methods, access may be provided
to the parent wellbore lower portion by forming an opening through the liner portion
overlying the parent wellbore lower portion.
[0151] The method 218 and the bottom hole assemblies 220, 222 are specially adapted for
use in circumstances in which operations are performed from a floating rig or other
structure near the earth's surface in which the distance between the structure and
the subterranean well may vary during performance of the operations. For example,
where a floating rig is utilized, typically the floating rig moves somewhat up and
down as swells or waves rise and fall about the rig. Although the floating rig may
be equipped with equipment known as heave motion compensators, such equipment is not
always capable of completely eliminating relative displacement between the mill and
the subterranean well.
[0152] In such circumstances wherein there is relative displacement between the structure
from which operations are to be performed and the subterranean well, it is well known
that drilling techniques, such as a technique known to those skilled in the art as
"time-drilling" may be very difficult to perform. In time-drilling, a drilling, milling,
or other cutting tool is placed in contact with a surface into which the cutting tool
is to penetrate, and the cutting tool is driven by a rotary table and drill pipe,
mud motor suspended on drill pipe or coiled tubing, or other technique, and is maintained
in contact with the surface for a predetermined period of time. When the predetermined
period of time has elapsed, the cutting tool is advanced into contact with the surface
again, the cutting tool having previously cut away a portion of the surface with which
the cutting tool was in contact. Therefore, it may be seen that relative displacement
between the cutting tool and the surface to be penetrated is very important in operations
such as time-drilling.
[0153] The method 218 and bottom hole assemblies 220, 222 advantageously utilize the configuration
of the particular subterranean well to permit convenient performance of operations
such as time-drilling from structures such as floating rigs which are known to displace
relative to the subterranean well. In the following detailed description of the method
218 and bottom hole assemblies 220, 222, reference will be made to the subterranean
well and elements thereof as representatively illustrated in FIG. 1 as an example
of a subterranean well wherein the method 218 may be performed. It is to be understood,
however, that the method 218 may be performed in other subterranean wells having different
configurations, without departing from the principles of the present invention.
[0154] The bottom hole assemblies 220, 222 each include a radially outwardly extending projection
224 connected to drill pipe 226, coiled tubing, or other conveyance, a conventional
mechanism known to those skilled in the art as a hydraulic advance 228, and may also
include a mud motor 230. The bottom hole assemblies 220, 222 further include a cutting
tool, such as a pilot mill 232, an anchor 234, and a milling guide 236. Note that
in bottom hole assembly 220 the anchor 234 is positioned above the milling guide 236,
and in bottom hole assembly 222 the anchor is positioned below the milling guide.
[0155] The projection 224 is representatively illustrated as being positioned on the drill
pipe 226. In this manner, the disposition of the bottom hole assembly 220 or 222 may
be fixed relative to the liner 28 as will be more fully described hereinbelow. It
is to be understood, however, that the projection 224 may be otherwise positioned,
for example, the projection may be positioned on the hydraulic advance 228, without
departing from the principles of the present invention.
[0156] The projection 224 axially engages the liner hanger 32 when the bottom hole assembly
220 or 222 is lowered into the liner 28. The liner hanger 32, thus, acts as a no-go
to prevent further axially downward displacement of the bottom hole assembly 220 or
222 relative to the liner 28. Weight may then be applied via the drill pipe 226 to
maintain the projection 224 in axial engagement with the liner hanger 32. Therefore,
it will be readily apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that, when the bottom
hole assembly 220 or 222 is lowered and received into the liner 28 and the projection
224 axially engages the liner hanger 32, the axial disposition of the bottom hole
assembly 220 or 222 relative to the liner 28 is effectively fixed.
[0157] It is contemplated that the projection 224 may be permitted to rotate about the drill
pipe 226, in which case bearings, bushings, etc. may be provided radially between
the projection and the drill pipe, and the drill pipe may thereby be permitted to
drive the pilot mill 232, in which case the mud motor 230 may not be utilized in the
bottom hole assembly 220 or 222. Where the projection 224 is rotationally fixed relative
to the drill pipe 226, and it is not desired for the projection 224 to rotate relative
to the liner hanger 32, the mud motor 230 permits the pilot mill 232 to be driven
by mud circulation therethrough. In a preferred embodiment of the method 218, the
projection 224 is permitted to rotate about the drill pipe 226, but is initially rotationally
fixed to the drill pipe by utilizing a releasable attachment, such as a shear pin
(not shown) installed radially into the projection and drill pipe, so that the milling
guide 236 may be axially and rotationally aligned with the liner portion 52 prior
to setting the anchor 234, and relative rotation between the drill pipe and the projection
may then be permitted by releasing the attachment, such as by shearing the shear pin.
[0158] The bottom hole assembly 220 or 222 may be rotationally oriented so that the milling
guide 236 is rotationally aligned with the liner portion 52. Such rotational alignment
may be achieved by conventional techniques, such as by utilizing a gyroscope, or the
projection 224 and liner hanger 32 may have cooperating and complementarily shaped
surfaces formed thereon which, when operatively engaged with each other, fix the rotational
orientation of the bottom hole assembly 220 or 222 relative to the liner 28. Such
complementarily shaped surfaces may be similar to those surfaces 126 and 132 shown
in FIG. 11 and described hereinabove, or may be otherwise formed without departing
from the principles of the present invention.
[0159] Where the projection 224 cooperatively engages the liner hanger 32 to thereby fix
the rotational alignment of the milling guide 236 relative to the liner portion 52,
it would be desirable for the liner hanger 32 to be rotationally oriented with respect
to the liner portion 52, and for the projection 224 to be rotationally oriented with
respect to the milling guide 236. For rotational orientation of the projection 224
with respect to the milling guide 236, each of the projection 224, drill pipe 226,
hydraulic advance 228, mud motor 230, and pilot mill 232 may be at least initially
fixed by conventional techniques to prevent relative axial rotation therebetween.
The rotational orientation of the milling guide 236 may be initially fixed relative
to the pilot mill 232 by utilizing a shear pin 238 installed through an upper end
240 of the milling guide and into the pilot mill. It is to be understood that other
techniques of fixing the relative rotational orientation of the elements of the bottom
hole assemblies 220, 222 may be utilized without departing from the principles of
the present invention.
[0160] The hydraulic advance 228 is representatively illustrated as being interconnected
axially between the drill pipe 226 and the mud motor 230. If, as more fully described
hereinabove, the mud motor 230 is not utilized in the bottom hole assembly 220 or
222, the hydraulic advance 228 may be connected directly to the pilot mill 232. It
is also contemplated that the mud motor 230, if utilized, may be interconnected axially
between the drill pipe 226 and the hydraulic advance 228. These alternate dispositions
of the elements of the bottom hole assemblies 220, 222, as well as others, may be
made without departing from the principles of the present invention.
[0161] The hydraulic advance 228 is of the type, well known in the art, which is capable
of being selectively axially elongated by application of fluid pressure thereto. Thus,
mud circulation thereto may be utilized to operate the hydraulic advance 228 as desired
to axially displace the pilot mill 232 relative to the projection 224. In this manner,
time-drilling may be conveniently performed, the hydraulic advance 228 axially displacing
the pilot mill 232 to successively cut and penetrate the liner portion 52 as desired
at chosen time intervals. The projection 224 operating to fix the axial position of
the bottom hole assembly 220 or 222 relative to the liner 28, such axial displacement
of the pilot mill 232 by the hydraulic advance 228 may be achieved independent of
any movement of the floating rig or other structure relative to the subterranean well.
Preferably, jars, bumper subs, or other telescoping joints are provided on the drill
pipe 226 above the bottom hole assembly 220 or 222, to permit relative displacement
between the bottom hole assembly and the floating rig.
[0162] The anchor 234 may be of conventional construction and may be operatively connected
to the upper end 240, as shown in FIG. 19, or to a lower end 242 of the milling guide
236, as shown in FIG. 20. Alternatively, the anchor 234 may be integrally constructed
with the milling guide 236, similar to the integral construction of the anchor portion
192 of the milling guide 190 shown in FIG. 16, or may be otherwise operatively interconnected
to the milling guide 236 without departing from the principles of the present invention.
When set in the liner 28, the anchor 234 secures the milling guide 236 axially and
rotationally within the liner. If, as more fully described hereinabove, the projection
224 is not rotationally oriented relative to the liner hanger 32, the milling guide
236 may be otherwise rotationally oriented by, for example, utilizing a conventional
gyroscope, prior to setting the anchor 234 in the liner 28. Note that, although the
anchor 234 is fixed relative to the milling guide 236, the pilot mill 232, mud motor
230, drill pipe 226, and/or hydraulic advance 228 may be axially slidingly received
therein.
[0163] The pilot mill 232 is received within the upper end 240 of the milling guide 236.
As representatively illustrated, the pilot mill 232 is releasably secured to the upper
end 240 by a shear pin 238 and is prevented from axially upwardly displacing relative
to the milling guide 236 by axial engagement therewith, similar to the axial engagement
between the shoulders 148, 150 of the pilot mill 138 and milling guide 136 shown in
FIG. 12 and more fully described hereinabove. Alternatively, the upper end 240 may
be configured so that the pilot mill 232 may pass axially upward therethrough by,
for example, providing the upper end having a radially enlarged bore as compared to
that representatively illustrated in FIGS. 19 and 20, without departing from the principles
of the present invention. When the projection 224 is in operative engagement with
the liner hanger 32 as above-described and the anchor 234 is set in the liner 28 as
above-described, the pilot mill 232 may be axially downwardly displaced relative to
the milling guide 236 by utilizing the hydraulic advance 228 to shear the shear pin
238 and extend the pilot mill axially downward through the milling guide.
[0164] The milling guide 236 is similar to the milling guide 136 shown in FIG. 12 and described
hereinabove, and is similar to the milling guide 190 shown in FIG. 16 and described
hereinabove. The milling guide 236 is generally axially elongated and has a guide
profile 244 formed thereon which cooperatively engages the pilot mill 232 to direct
it to be laterally displaced with respect to the milling guide when it axially downwardly
displaces relative to the guide profile. Accordingly, when the pilot mill 232 axially
displaces downwardly relative to the milling guide 236, the guide profile 244 cooperatively
engages the pilot mill and laterally displaces the pilot mill outward from the milling
guide.
[0165] When the milling guide 236 is rotationally aligned with the liner portion 52 as more
fully described hereinabove, the guide profile 244 faces the liner portion 52. Thus,
when the pilot mill 232 is directed laterally outward by the guide profile 244, the
pilot mill will contact the liner portion 52. Prior to the pilot mill 232 contacting
the liner portion 52, mud is circulated through the mud motor 230 to drive the pilot
mill, so that when the pilot mill contacts the liner portion, the pilot mill is able
to cut into and penetrate the liner portion. The guide profile 244 provides lateral
and circumferential support for the pilot mill 232 as it cuts and penetrates into
the liner portion 52.
[0166] After the pilot mill 232 has penetrated into the liner portion 52, the pilot mill
may mill axially through the whipstock inner core 40 to form an opening therethrough
as in the method 134 shown in FIG. 13. Thereafter, the opening may be enlarged as
more fully described hereinabove. Preferably, the pilot mill 232 is withdrawn axially
upward from the opening, the anchor 234 is unset, and the bottom hole assembly 220
or 222 is retrieved from the subterranean well prior to enlargement of the opening.
Where the upper end 240 has the above-described alternate configuration, wherein the
pilot mill 232 is permitted to pass axially upward therethrough, the pilot mill, hydraulic
advance 228, projection 224, drill pipe 226, and mud motor 230 may be retrieved from
the subterranean well separately from the milling guide 236 and anchor 234.
[0167] Alternatively, deployable shoulders or retrieving lugs (not shown), which are known
in the art, may be used to selectively retrieve the milling guide 236 during operations.
For example, upon retrieval, the milling guide 236 may get stuck and it would be desirable
to leave the milling guide 236 downhole and retrieve the pilot mill 232 to allow fishing
tools to be used to retrieve the milling guide on a subsequent trip.
[0168] Referring now to FIGS. 21-24 a method 246 of providing access to the lower portion
38g of the parent wellbore 12g is representatively illustrated. Elements shown in
FIGS. 21-24 which are similar to elements previously described are indicated with
the same reference numerals, with an added suffix "g".
[0169] The method 246 utilizes a uniquely configured milling guide 248. The milling guide
248 has an axially extending guide profile 250 formed therein which is operative to
direct a cutting tool, such as a pilot mill 252, toward the liner portion 52g overlying
the whipstock 20g. The milling guide 248 also includes an internally radially reduced
upper portion 254 which has slips 202g and the debris barrier 204g externally disposed
thereon. The slips 202g are shown in FIG. 21 grippingly engaging the liner upper portion
34g, the milling guide 248 being received within the liner 28g. It is to be understood
that the milling guide 248 may also be provided wherein the upper portion 254 is not
internally radially reduced, in which case the pilot mill 252 may be retrieved from
the subterranean well separately from the milling guide.
[0170] An upper stabilizer 256 is axially slidingly received within the milling guide upper
portion 254, and a lower stabilizer 258 is slidingly received within the milling guide
profile 250. The upper stabilizer 256 is connected to drill pipe 260 or coiled tubing
extending to the earth's surface and is suspended therefrom. The lower stabilizer
258 is connected axially between the upper stabilizer 256 and the pilot mill 252.
As shown in FIG. 21, the lower stabilizer 258 is somewhat radially enlarged relative
to the internally radially reduced upper portion 254, thereby enabling the milling
guide 248 to be conveyed into the subterranean well suspended from the drill pipe
260. Alternatively, the lower stabilizer 258 may be somewhat radially reduced relative
to the milling guide upper portion 254, thereby permitting the lower stabilizer to
pass axially therethrough, in which case the milling guide may be conveyed into the
subterranean well suspended from the drill pipe 260 by, for example, releasably securing
the milling guide to the drill pipe or upper stabilizer utilizing shear pins (not
shown). As another alternative, the upper and lower stabilizers 256, 258, respectively,
may have a substantially same outer diameter, and the upper portion 254 and guide
profile 250 may have a substantially same inner diameter, so that the upper and lower
stabilizers are capable of axially reciprocating displacement within substantially
the same inner diameter of the milling guide 248.
[0171] A mud motor or other downhole motor 262 may also be provided for driving the pilot
mill 252, or the pilot mill may be driven by other techniques, such as by rotating
the drill pipe 260 at the earth's surface using a conventional rotary table.
[0172] In operation, the milling guide 248, upper and lower stabilizers 256, 258, respectively,
pilot mill 252, mud motor 262, and drill pipe 260 are run into the subterranean well
until the milling guide 248 is properly disposed within the liner upper portion 34g.
For proper disposition of the milling guide 248, the guide profile 250 is preferably
oriented to direct the pilot mill 252 toward the whipstock inner core 40g. The milling
guide 248 may include an axially sloping lower end surface 264, in which case the
lower end surface 264 is preferably rotationally aligned with the liner portion 52g.
For enhanced stabilization of the pilot mill 252 while it cuts and penetrates into
the liner portion 52g and liner core 40g, the lower end surface 264 is preferably
contacting or closely spaced apart from the liner portion 52g. Rotational orienting
of the milling guide 248 relative to the liner 28g may be accomplished by conventional
techniques well known to those of ordinary skill in the art, for example, a gyroscope
may be utilized.
[0173] When the milling guide 248 is properly positioned within the liner 28g, the slips
202g are set so that they radially outwardly grippingly engage the liner 28g. Such
setting of the slips 202g may be achieved by conventional techniques, such as by applying
fluid pressure internally to the drill pipe 260 as is typically done when setting
a conventional hydraulic packer, or by manipulation of the drill pipe at the earth's
surface. Where the slips 202 are set hydraulically, preferably a fluid conduit (not
shown) is provided between the drill pipe 260 and the upper portion 254.
[0174] After the slips 202g are set, the axial and rotational alignments of the milling
guide 248 and the liner portion 52g are effectively fixed. Mud may then be circulated
through the mud motor 262, or the drill pipe 260 may be rotated, etc., to drive the
pilot mill 252. The drill pipe 260 may then be lowered from the earth's surface, or
a hydraulic advance (such as hydraulic advance 228 shown in FIGS. 19 and 20) may be
operated, etc., to axially downwardly displace the pilot mill 252 relative to the
milling guide 248, the guide profile 250 directing the pilot mill to contact the liner
portion 52g. The milling guide 248 may be releasably axially secured to the drill
pipe 260, upper or lower stabilizer 256, 258, respectively, etc., by, for example,
shear pins (such as shear pins 152, see FIG. 12), in which circumstance the shear
pins are preferably sheared by axial displacement of the drill pipe relative to the
milling guide.
[0175] With the pilot mill 252 being driven and axially downwardly displaced relative to
the milling guide 248, the pilot mill eventually contacts, cuts, and axially penetrates
into the liner portion 52g. When the driven pilot mill 252 contacts and begins cutting
the liner portion 52g, the milling guide 248, and specifically the guide profile 250,
prevent lateral displacement of the pilot mill relative to the liner portion 52g.
Additionally, a radially outwardly extending lateral support 266 externally formed
on the milling guide 248 prevents lateral displacement of the milling guide relative
to the liner 28g. It is to be understood that a series of lateral supports, such as
lateral support 266, may be provided on the milling guide 248 to thereby prevent lateral
displacement of the milling guide relative to the liner 28g in various directions,
and that the lateral support 266 may be otherwise configured or placed on the milling
guide without departing from the principles of the present invention.
[0176] When the pilot mill 252 has cut and penetrated into the liner portion 52g, the pilot
mill may also cut and penetrate into the whipstock inner core 40g, forming an initial
axially extending opening 268 (see FIG. 22) therein. Preferably, the pilot mill 252
is then axially upwardly displaced relative to the liner portion 52g and withdrawn
therefrom by raising the drill pipe 260, or retracting the hydraulic advance if it
was provided. Alternatively, the pilot mill 252 may be axially downwardly displaced
a sufficient distance to cut completely through the inner core 40g, in which case
the opening 268 will extend axially through the inner core.
[0177] In the preferred illustrated method 246, the milling guide 248, pilot mill 252, upper
and lower stabilizers 256, 258, respectively, mud motor 262, and drill pipe 260 are
retrieved from the subterranean well after the pilot mill has only partially cut axially
through the inner core 40g by pulling upward sufficiently on the drill pipe 260 to
unset the slips 202g (or otherwise unsetting the slips), and removing the foregoing
from the well. If, as described hereinabove, an alternate configuration of the milling
guide 248 is provided in which the lower stabilizer 258 is radially reduced relative
to the milling guide upper portion 254, the pilot mill 252, upper and lower stabilizers
256, 258, respectively, mud motor 262, and drill pipe 260 are retrieved from the subterranean
well separately from the milling guide. The milling guide 248 is then retrieved from
the subterranean well by, for example, latching onto the milling guide with an appropriate
latching tool (not shown) conveyed into the subterranean well by, for example, a slickline,
and applying sufficient force to unset the slips 202g.
[0178] Alternatively, deployable shoulders or retrieving lugs (not shown), which are known
in the art, may be used to selectively retrieve the milling guide 248 during operations.
For example, upon retrieval, the milling guide 248 may get stuck and it would be desirable
to leave the milling guide 248 downhole and retrieve the pilot mill 252 to allow fishing
tools to be used to retrieve the milling guide on a subsequent trip.
[0179] Referring specifically now to FIG. 22, the method 246 is shown wherein a cutting
tool known to those skilled in the art as a round nose or ball end mill 270 is lowered
into the subterranean well, in order to axially downwardly cut through the inner core
40g. The ball end mill 270 is preferred in this operation since it is capable of laterally
cutting as well as axially cutting into the inner core 40g. Thus, the ball end mill
270 will tend to cut through the inner core 40g without cutting into the outer case
42g of the whipstock 20g, the ball end mill diverting laterally inward in the inner
core if it contacts the relatively harder to cut outer case. To facilitate such lateral
cutting capability, the ball end mill 270 has radially reduced flanks 272 formed thereon.
[0180] The ball end mill 270 is operatively connected to a cutting tool known to those skilled
in the art as a string or watermelon mill 274 which is operatively connected to drill
pipe 276 or coiled tubing extending to the earth's surface. The ball end mill 270
is lowered into the opening 268 and is driven and axially downwardly displaced to
cut through the inner core 40g, thereby forming an opening 278 (see FIG. 23) axially
through the inner core 40g. The watermelon mill 274 follows the ball end mill 270
through the openings 268, 278 to clean and smooth internal surfaces thereof. In a
preferred embodiment of the method 246, the ball end mill 270 and the pilot mill 252
have substantially the same outer diameter, in which case, the openings 268, 278 will
correspondingly have substantially the same inner diameter.
[0181] After the ball end mill 270 has cut axially through the inner core 40g, it is retrieved
from the well along with the watermelon mill 274 and the drill pipe 276. Note that,
preferably, the ball end mill 270 and watermelon mill 274 are somewhat radially reduced
relative to the pilot mill 252, thereby forming the opening 278 correspondingly radially
reduced relative to the opening 268, but it is to be understood that the ball end
mill and/or watermelon mill may be otherwise configured without departing from the
principles of the present invention.
[0182] Referring specifically now to FIG. 23, the method 246 is shown wherein a guide nose
280, reaming mill 282, string or watermelon mill 284, and drill pipe 286 are lowered
into the subterranean well. The guide nose 280 is operatively connected to the reaming
mill 282 in order to guide the reaming mill axially through the openings 268, 278
previously formed axially through the inner core 40g. The guide nose 280 and reaming
mill 282 may be substantially similar to the guide nose 74 and mill 76 representatively
illustrated in FIG. 7 and more fully described hereinabove. Specifically, the guide
nose 280 is preferably axially retractable within the reaming mill 282, so that if
the guide nose axially contacts the plug member 46g, the guide nose is capable of
retracting axially and permitting the reaming mill to pass completely axially through
the inner core 40g.
[0183] The reaming mill 282 is driven by, for example, rotating the drill pipe 286 in a
rotary table at the earth's surface, or circulating mud through a mud motor operatively
interconnected to the drill pipe. The guide nose 280, reaming mill 282, watermelon
mill 284, and drill pipe 286 are then lowered, the guide nose thereby being inserted
into the opening 268. The reaming mill 282 will then follow the guide nose 280 axially
through the openings 268, 278 to enlarge the openings and substantially remove remaining
portions of the inner core 40g.
[0184] The watermelon mill 284, in turn, follows the reaming mill 282 to clean and smooth
a resulting opening 288 (see FIG. 24) thereby formed completely axially through the
whipstock 20g. Note that the opening 268 as it passes axially through the liner portion
52g is also enlarged by the reamer 282 and watermelon mill 284. The drill pipe 286,
watermelon mill 284, reaming mill 282, and guide nose 280 are then retrieved from
the subterranean well.
[0185] Referring specifically now to FIG. 24, the method 246 is shown wherein a plug mill
290, two string or watermelon mills 292, and drill pipe 294 or coiled tubing are lowered
into the subterranean well in order to remove the plug member 46g disposed within
the packer 24g. It is to be understood that other techniques may be utilized to remove
the plug member 46g, for example, the plug member may be retrieved to the earth's
surface.
[0186] In the preferred method 246, the plug mill 290 is lowered into the opening 288 and
axially downwardly displaced therein. The plug mill 290 is driven by rotating the
drill pipe 294 at the earth's surface, or mud may be circulated through a mud motor
interconnected to the drill pipe, etc. The plug mill 290 is then brought into axial
contact with the plug member 46g to cut the plug member from the packer 24g. The watermelon
mills 292 interconnected axially between the plug mill 290 and the drill pipe 294
follow the plug mill through the opening 288, and clean and smooth the opening.
[0187] When the plug member 46g has been removed from the packer 24g, the plug mill 290,
watermelon mills 292, and drill pipe 294 are retrieved from the subterranean well.
It will now be fully appreciated that access to the parent wellbore lower portion
38g has thus been provided by the method 246.
[0188] Turning now to FIG. 25, a method 296 of providing access to the lower portion 38h
of the parent wellbore 12h is representatively illustrated. Elements shown in FIG.
25 which are similar to elements previously described are indicated with the same
reference numerals, with an added suffix "h".
[0189] The method 296 utilizes a uniquely configured apparatus 298 for forming an opening
through the liner portion 52h. For this purpose, the apparatus 298 includes a cutting
device 300 operatively connected to a firing head 302. The apparatus 298 is axially
and radially aligned relative to the liner portion 52h by an anchor 304 which is set
in the liner upper portion 34h, and which is suspended from, and conveyed into the
subterranean well along with the apparatus 298 by, drill pipe 306 or coiled tubing.
[0190] The device 300 is preferably of the type known as a Thermol Torch™ marketed by Halliburton
Energy Services, Incorporated of Alvarado, Texas. The Thermol Torch™ is capable of
cutting through metal, such as the liner portion 52h, or other materials upon being
initiated. For initiating the device 300, the firing head 302 contains a conventional
explosive, so that when the explosive is detonated, the device 300 will burn an opening
in the liner portion 52h overlying the whipstock 20h. It is to be understood that
the device 300 may be other than a Thermol Torch™ without departing from the principles
of the present invention, for example, the device 300 may be of the type well known
to those skilled in the art as a chemical cutter, or an explosive material.
[0191] The device 300 is contained within a generally tubular housing 308. The housing 308
protects the device 300 from damage thereto during conveyance into the well. The housing
308 may also include a laterally sloping lower surface 310 which is preferably complementarily
shaped relative to the liner portion 52h. In this manner, the device 300 may also
be complementarily shaped relative to the liner portion 52h, enabling it to be closely
spaced apart therefrom for enhanced effectiveness of the device 300.
[0192] In operation, the apparatus 298 and anchor 304 are conveyed into the subterranean
wellbore suspended from the drill pipe 306. The apparatus 298 is rotationally aligned
with the liner portion 52h so that the lower surface 310 of the housing 308 faces
toward the liner portion 52h. Such rotational alignment may be achieved using conventional
techniques, such as by utilizing a gyroscope. The apparatus 298 is also axially aligned
so that the lower surface 310 is closely spaced apart from the liner portion 52h using
conventional techniques.
[0193] The axial, radial, and rotational alignment of the apparatus 298 is secured by setting
the anchor 304 in the liner upper portion 34h. The anchor 304 may be set by, for example,
applying hydraulic pressure to the anchor 304 through the drill pipe 306, or manipulating
the drill pipe at the earth's surface. When the anchor 304 is set, it grippingly engages
the liner upper portion 34h. However, it is to be understood that the anchor 304 may
be set elsewhere in the subterranean well, such as in the parent wellbore casing 14h,
without departing from the principles of the present invention.
[0194] When the apparatus 298 has been axially, radially, and rotationally aligned with
the liner portion 52h and the anchor 304 is set, the firing head 302 is operated to
detonate the explosive therein. The firing head 302 may be of the type well known
to those skilled in the art and used in conventional perforating operations. The firing
head 302 may be operated by, for example, dropping a weight from the earth's surface
to impact the firing head, applying hydraulic pressure to the drill pipe 306 to cause
displacement of a piston within the firing head, engaging a wireline with the firing
head to cause a current to flow through an explosive cap within the firing head, etc.
These and many other techniques of detonating an explosive within the firing head
302 are well known to those skilled in the art, and may be utilized without departing
from the principles of the present invention. Furthermore, detonation of an explosive
may not be necessary to initiate the device 300, for example, a low order burning
may be sufficient to initiate the device, or a partition between reactive chemicals
may be opened to permit the chemicals to react with each other, etc. It is to be understood
that other techniques of initiating the device 300 may be utilized without departing
from the principles of the present invention.
[0195] When the device 300 has been initiated, an opening is subsequently formed through
the liner portion 52h. If the device 300 is a Thermol Torch™, the opening is formed
by thermal cutting through the liner portion 52h. The anchor 304 may then be unset
by, for example, applying a sufficient upward force via the drill pipe 306 at the
earth's surface to unset the anchor. Alternatively, the anchor 304 may be unset by
a downward axial force, a rotational torque, or a combination of forces (downward
and/or upward forces, with or without rotational torque), or any other physical manipulation,
such as ratcheting or using a J-slot mechanism. The drill pipe 306, anchor 304, and
apparatus 298 may then be retrieved from the subterranean wellbore. Thereafter, the
opening may be extended axially through the whipstock inner core 40h and enlarged
utilizing any of the above-described methods. After extending and enlarging the opening,
the plug member 46h may be removed also by utilizing any of the above-described methods.
[0196] Turning now to FIG. 26, a method 312 of providing access to the lower portion 38i
of the parent wellbore 12i is representatively illustrated. Elements shown in FIG.
26 which are similar to elements previously described are indicated with the same
reference numerals, with an added suffix "i".
[0197] The method 312 utilizes a uniquely configured whipstock 314 which, unlike the above-described
methods, enables the method 312 to form an opening through the liner portion 52i from
the parent wellbore 12i external to the liner 28i. For this purpose, the whipstock
314 includes a receiver 316, a delay device 318, and an cutting device 320 disposed
within the inner core 40i.
[0198] The receiver 316 is representatively illustrated as being positioned proximate the
whipstock upper surface 22i, in order to enhance its reception of a predetermined
signal from the liner wellbore 26i. The receiver 316 may be of the type capable of
receiving acoustic, electromagnetic, nuclear, or other form of signal. It is to be
understood that the receiver 316 may be otherwise configured or disposed without departing
from the present invention.
[0199] The receiver 316 is interconnected to the delay device 318, so that when the receiver
receives the predetermined signal, the delay device begins counting- down a predetermined
time interval. When the predetermined time interval has been counted down, the delay
device 318 initiates the explosive device 320. It is to be understood that the delay
device 318 may be otherwise activated, for example, the delay device may be activated
by applying predetermined pressure pulses to the lateral wellbore 26i, without departing
from the principles of the present invention.
[0200] The cutting device 320 may be a Thermol Torch™, described more fully hereinabove,
or, as representatively illustrated in FIG. 26, the cutting device may be a shaped
explosive charge of the type well known to those skilled in the art and commonly utilized
in well perforating operations. However, other types of cutting devices may be used
for the cutting device 320 without departing from the principles of the present invention.
When the delay device 318 initiates the cutting device 320, the cutting device forms
an opening from the inner core 40i and directed through the liner portion 52i.
[0201] In operation, the receiver 316, delay device 318, and cutting device 320 are operatively
positioned within the whipstock inner core 40i prior to placement of the whipstock
314 within the parent wellbore casing 14i. Thereafter, when it is desired to form
an opening through the liner portion 52i, preferably a tool 322 conveyable into the
parent wellbore upper portion 36i is lowered into the lateral wellbore 26i suspended
from a wireline 324 or electric line, coiled tubing, or drill pipe extending to the
earth's surface. The tool 322 includes a transmitter 326 which is capable of producing
the predetermined signal.
[0202] The transmitter 326 is preferably positioned proximate the liner portion 52i closely
spaced apart from the receiver 316. The predetermined signal is then produced by the
transmitter 326 by, for example, conducting appropriately coded instructions to the
transmitter 326 via the wireline 324 from the earth's surface. The receiver 316 then
receives the predetermined signal and activates the time delay 318. The time interval
counted down by the time delay 318 preferably is sufficiently long for the tool 322
to be retrieved to the earth's surface before the time delay initiates the cutting
device 320, so that the tool 322 is unharmed thereby.
[0203] When the cutting device 320 has been initiated, an opening is subsequently formed
through the liner portion 52i. If the device 320 is a Thermol Torch™, the opening
is formed by thermal cutting through the inner core 40i and liner portion 52i. If
the device 320 is an explosive shaped charge, the opening is formed by detonation
of the explosive, causing the opening to be formed from the inner core 40i and through
the liner portion 52i. Thereafter, the opening may be extended axially downward through
the whipstock inner core 40i and enlarged utilizing any of the above-described methods.
After extending and enlarging the opening, the plug member 46i may be removed also
by utilizing any of the above-described methods.
[0204] Turning now to FIG. 27, a method 328 of providing access to the lower portion 38i
of the parent wellbore 12i is representatively illustrated. Elements shown in FIG.
27 which are similar to elements previously described are indicated with the same
reference numerals, with an added suffix "j".
[0205] The method 328 utilizes a uniquely configured apparatus 330 which is capable of forming
an opening through the liner portion 52j. Accordingly, the apparatus 330 is representatively
illustrated in FIG. 27 as being positioned within the lateral wellbore 26j adjacent
the liner portion 52j, a radially extending opening 332 formed on the apparatus being
axially and rotationally aligned with the liner portion 52j. In the method 328, the
apparatus 330, upper and lower stabilizers 334, 336, respectively, a mud motor 338,
a cutter controller 340, and a signal processor 342 are lowered into the subterranean
well suspended from drill pipe 344 or coiled tubing extending to the earth's surface.
The upper and lower stabilizers 334, 336 provide radial spacing within the wellbore.
[0206] The signal processor 342 is preferably of the type well known to those skilled in
the art which is capable of receiving, decoding, and transmitting signals via pressure
pulses in mud circulated therethrough from the earth's surface via the drill pipe
344. Such signal processors are commonly utilized in techniques know to those skilled
in the art as "measurement while drilling". The signal processor 342 utilized in the
method 328 is interconnected to the cutter controller 340 via communications line
346, such that signals transmitted from the earth's surface and received by the signal
processor 342 may be communicated to the cutter controller 340 for purposes which
will become apparent upon consideration of the further description of the method 328
hereinbelow, and such that signals transmitted from the cutter controller 340 via
the communications line 346 to the signal processor 342 may be thereby communicated
to the earth's surface. Thus, the signal processor 342 enables two-way communication
between the cutter controller 340 and the earth's surface via mud circulating through
the signal processor. It is to be understood that other techniques of communication
between the cutter controller 340 and the earth's surface, for example, by a wireline,
may be provided, and the signal processor 342 may be otherwise disposed in the method
328, without departing from the principles of the present invention.
[0207] The mud motor 338 is disposed axially between the signal processor 342 and the cutter
controller 340. The mud motor 338 has the communications line 346 extending axially
therethrough and is otherwise conventional, the mud motor producing rotation of a
generally axially extending shaft 348 in response to mud circulation therethrough.
Such shaft rotation is utilized in the apparatus 330 to drive a cutting device 350
disposed within the apparatus and extendable radially outward through the opening
332, and/or to displace the cutting device 350 relative to the remainder of the apparatus.
However, it is to be understood that other techniques of driving and/or displacing
the cutting device 350, such as providing electric motors or solenoid valves, etc.,
may be utilized, and the mud motor 338 may be otherwise disposed in the method 328,
without departing from the principles of the present invention.
[0208] The cutter controller 340 is shown disposed axially between the mud motor 338 and
the upper stabilizer 334. The cutter controller 340 contains conventional circuitry
for controlling the displacement of the cutting device 350 relative to the remainder
of the apparatus 330. For this purpose, communications lines 352 extend axially downward
from the cutter controller 340 to actuators 354, 356, and 358 disposed within the
apparatus 330. The actuators 354, 356, 358 are conventional and are operative to displace
the cutting device 350 in radial, axial, and tangential (rotational) directions, respectively
relative to the remainder of the apparatus 330. Thus, if, for example, the cutter
controller 340 receives a signal from the signal processor 342 indicating that the
cutting device 350 is to be extended radially outward through the opening 332, the
cutter controller 340 will activate the actuator 354 to radially outwardly displace
the cutting device 350 as desired. Similarly, the cutting device 350 may be directed
to displace axially or rotationally by correspondingly activating the actuator 356
and/or 358, respectively.
[0209] It is to be understood that other techniques of displacing the cutting device 350
with respect to the apparatus 330 may be provided without departing from the principles
of the present invention. For example, a template may be provided for mechanically
translating rotation of the shaft 348 into corresponding axial, radial and rotational
displacement of the cutting device 350, in which case the desired opening through
the liner portion 52j may be formed by circulating mud through the mud motor 338 to
thereby produce rotation of the shaft 348, thereby driving the cutting device 350
and/or displacing the cutting device axially, radially, and rotationally, without
the need for the signal processor 342 or the cutter controller 340.
[0210] In an alternate construction of the apparatus 330, the cutting device 350 may be
a cutting tool as used on a milling machine in a typical machine shop operation. In
that case, the cutting tool may be rotated by the mud motor 338 and a screw drive
geared to the mud motor rotation may cause axial advancement of the cutting tool in
an axial direction. The TRACS™ type tool (see FIG. 15 and the accompanying detailed
description hereinabove) may be used in this case, together with wedge devices to
adjust a depth of cut of the cutting tool for each pass of the cutting tool, with
multiple passes potentially required to cut a given wall thickness of a known material.
A controlled profile of the opening from the lateral wellbore 26j to the parent wellbore
12j through the liner portion 52j may thus be formed.
[0211] The upper stabilizer 334 is disposed axially between the cutter controller 340 and
the apparatus 330. The upper stabilizer 334 is of conventional construction except
in that the shaft 348 and communications lines 352 extend axially therethrough. In
the method 328, the upper stabilizer 334 is utilized to prevent rotation of the apparatus
330 relative to the liner 28j, and for this purpose, the upper stabilizer has a series
of circumferentially spaced apart fins 360 disposed thereon which are preferably made
of a rubber material, and which grippingly engage the liner 28j to thereby prevent
relative rotation therebetween. However, other techniques may be utilized to prevent
rotation of the apparatus 330 within the liner 28j, such as an anchor, and the upper
stabilizer 334 may be otherwise disposed in the method 328, without departing from
the principles of the present invention.
[0212] The lower stabilizer 336 is similar to the upper stabilizer 334 in that it is utilized
to prevent relative rotation between the apparatus 330 and the liner 28j, and it has
radially outwardly extending fins 362 disposed thereon for this purpose. Thus, the
apparatus 330 is disposed axially between the upper and lower stabilizers 334, 336,
respectively. As with the upper stabilizer 334, other rotationally restrictive techniques
may be utilized, and the lower stabilizer 336 may be otherwise disposed in the method
328, without departing from the principles of the present invention.
[0213] The apparatus 330 may include a gearbox 364 which is operative to receive the shaft
348 rotation and transmit power therefrom to the cutting device 350. In the representatively
illustrated apparatus 330, the gearbox 364 is connected to the cutting device 350
via a flexible shaft 366, so that, as the cutting tool 350 is displaced relative to
the apparatus 330, the gearbox 364 remains connected thereto. It is to be understood
that other techniques may be utilized for operatively connecting the shaft 348 to
the cutting device 350 without departing from the principles of the present invention.
Additionally, where the cutting device 350 is directed to displace by a template,
as described hereinabove, the gearbox may also be utilized to displace the cutting
device relative to the template without departing from the principles of the present
invention.
[0214] The cutting device 350 may be similar to a metal cutting mill as commonly utilized
in a machine shop, or the cutting device may be a fluid jet, a plasma torch, a metal
cutting laser, etc., without departing from the principles of the present invention.
Substantially any device capable of cutting through the liner portion 52j may be utilized
for the cutting device 350.
[0215] In operation, the apparatus 330 is lowered into the subterranean well with the signal
processor 342, mud motor 338, cutter controller 340, and upper and lower stabilizers
334, 336, respectively, suspended from the drill pipe 344. The apparatus 330 is then
aligned axially, rotationally, and radially with respect to the liner 28j, so that
the opening 332 is facing the liner portion 52j overlying the whipstock 20j. Such
axial, rotational, and radial alignment may be achieved by conventional techniques,
such as by utilizing a gyroscope. At this point the cutting device 350 is radially
inwardly retracted with respect to the opening 332.
[0216] When it is desired to form an opening through the liner portion 52j, mud is circulated
through the drill pipe 344 from the earth's surface, and is likewise circulated through
the signal processor and the mud motor 338. A predetermined signal is sent to the
signal processor 342 to instruct the cutter controller 334 to activate the actuators
354, 356, 358 to displace the cutting device 350 radially, axially, and rotationally
relative to the apparatus 330, the cutting device 350 at this time being driven by
the mud motor 338.
[0217] Preferably, the actuators 354, 356, 358 are activated to first radially outwardly
extend the cutting device 350 through the opening 332. When the cutting device 350
has extended sufficiently radially outward from the apparatus 330, the cutting device
will cut and penetrate into the liner portion 52j. The actuators 354, 356, 358 may
then be activated to cut a desired opening profile through the liner portion 52j,
the cutter controller 340 directing such displacement of the cutting device 350.
[0218] It is contemplated that the cutter controller 340 is capable of communicating via
the signal processor 342 with appropriate equipment on the earth's surface for indicating
certain parameters which would be of interest, such as cutting device speed, relative
displacement of the cutting device 350, etc., thereby permitting real time control
of the cutting device 350 from the earth's surface.
[0219] When the cutting device 350 has cut the desired opening profile through the liner
portion 52j, the cutting device is retracted radially inward through the opening 332.
The apparatus 330, signal processor 342, mud motor 338, cutter controller 340, upper
and lower stabilizers 334, 336, respectively, and the drill pipe 344 may then be retrieved
from the subterranean well to the earth's surface. Thereafter, the opening through
the liner portion 52j may be extended axially downward through the whipstock inner
core 40j and enlarged utilizing any of the above-described methods. After extending
and enlarging the opening, the plug member 46j may be removed also by utilizing any
of the above-described methods.
[0220] Turning now to FIGS. 28 and 29, a method 368 of providing access to the lower portion
38k of the parent wellbore 12k is representatively illustrated. Elements shown in
FIGS. 28 and 29 which are similar to elements previously described are indicated with
the same reference numerals, with an added suffix "k".
[0221] The method 368 as representatively illustrated in FIG. 28 utilizes a uniquely configured
apparatus 370 for forming an opening through the liner portion 52k. The method 368
as representatively illustrated in FIG. 29 utilizes a uniquely configured apparatus
372, which is similar to the apparatus 370. For forming an opening through the liner
portion 52k, each of the apparatus 370 and 372 include a cutting device 374 and 376,
respectively, operatively disposed therein.
[0222] Each of the apparatus 370 and 372 is suspended from, and conveyed into the subterranean
well by, drill pipe 378 or coiled tubing, and is axially and rotationally aligned
relative to the liner portion 52k by conventional methods, such as by utilizing a
gyroscope. It is to be understood that the apparatus 370 and/or 372 may be conveyed
into the subterranean well by other methods, such as suspended from wireline, slickline,
etc., without departing from the principles of the present invention.
[0223] The device 374 preferably includes a thermal cutter 380 of the type known as a Thermol
Torch™ marketed by Halliburton Energy Services, Incorporated of Alvarado, Texas, more
fully described hereinabove in the detailed description of the method 296 accompanying
FIG. 25. The Thermol Torch™ is capable of cutting through metal, such as the liner
portion 52k, or other materials upon being initiated. The cutting device 376 preferably
includes a plurality of such Thermol Torch™ thermal cutters 382. It is to be understood
that the device 374 or 376 may be other than a Thermol Torch™ without departing from
the principles of the present invention, for example, the device 374 may be of the
type well known to those skilled in the art as a chemical cutter, or an explosive
material.
[0224] For initiating the thermal cutters 380, 382, the apparatus 370, 372 include conventional
initiators 384 operatively connected to each of the thermal cutters, only one such
initiator being utilized in the apparatus 370 as the device 374 includes only one
thermal cutter 380. According to conventional practice, initiators, such as initiators
384, are typically activated by applying electrical current therethrough via conductors,
such as conductors 386, connected thereto. Such electrical current may be supplied
by wireline extending to the earth's surface, or may be provided by other techniques,
such as by dropping a conventional battery pack down through the drill pipe 378 or
coiled tubing from the earth's surface.
[0225] Each initiator 384 contains a conventional explosive, so that when the explosive
is detonated, the thermal cutter 380 or 382 to which it is connected will begin burning.
The resulting burn of the thermal cutters 380 or 382 is directed radially outward
from the apparatus 370 or 372, respectively, by a series of nozzles disposed on a
nozzle manifold 388, 390, respectively. The nozzles are shown in FIGS. 28 and 29 as
radially outwardly extending openings formed through the nozzle manifolds 388, 390.
[0226] Preferably, the nozzle manifolds 388, 390 each include a plurality of nozzles arranged
in a two dimensional array, such that an opening in the liner portion 52k overlying
the whipstock 20k is formed in the shape of the array. Although the nozzle manifolds
388, 390 as representatively illustrated in FIGS. 28 and 29 have the nozzles arranged
axially, it will be readily apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that such
array of nozzles may also extend circumferentially about the apparatus 370 and/or
372. With the nozzle arrays extending both partially axially and partially circumferentially
about the apparatus 370 and/or 372, the nozzle arrays are seen to define a two dimensional
area of the liner portion 52k through which the thermal cutters 380 and/or 382 will
burn to thereby form an opening through the liner portion when the initiators are
activated. The assignee of the present invention, and certain of the applicants herein,
have performed tests wherein nozzles having diameters of approximately .125 inch and
being interconnected at their outlets by a triangular cross-section groove having
a width of approximately .125 inch were formed on a nozzle manifold, sixteen of such
nozzles being utilized in the nozzle manifold for the test, with satisfactory results
in forming an opening through metal plate obtained therefrom.
[0227] Each of the cutting devices 374, 376 is contained within a generally tubular housing
394. The housing 394 protects the device 374 or 376 from damage thereto during conveyance
into the well. Upper and lower centralizers 396, 398, respectively, are disposed axially
straddling the housing 394 and operatively connected thereto. The centralizers 396,
398 may laterally offset the housing 394 toward the liner portion 52k within the liner
28k for enhanced effectiveness of the cutting device 374 or 376 as shown in FIGS.
28 and 29, and may act to laterally constrain the apparatus 370 or 372, preventing
lateral displacement of the apparatus away from the liner portion 52k during burning
of the thermal cutter or cutters 380 or 382.
[0228] In operation, the apparatus 370 or 372 is conveyed into the subterranean wellbore
suspended from the drill pipe 378. The apparatus 370 or 372 is axially and rotationally
aligned with the liner portion 52k so that the nozzle manifold 390 or 392, respectively,
faces toward the liner portion 52k. Such rotational alignment may be achieved using
conventional techniques, such as by utilizing a gyroscope. The axial and rotational
alignment of the apparatus 370 or 372 may then be secured by setting an anchor (not
shown) connected thereto in the liner 28k or casing 14k, but such setting of the anchor
is not necessary in the method 368.
[0229] When the apparatus 370 or 372 has been axially and rotationally aligned with the
liner portion 52k, the initiator or initiators 384, respectively, is activated to
detonate the explosive therein. The initiators 384 may be activated by applying electrical
current thereto as described hereinabove, or a firing head of the type well known
to those skilled in the art and used in conventional perforating operations may be
utilized. The firing head may be operated by, for example, dropping a weight from
the earth's surface to impact the firing head, applying hydraulic pressure to the
drill pipe 378 to cause displacement of a piston within the firing head, engaging
a wireline with the firing head to cause a current to flow through the initiators
384, etc. These and many other techniques of detonating an explosive within the firing
head are well known to those skilled in the art, and may be utilized without departing
from the principles of the present invention. Furthermore, detonation of an explosive
may not be necessary to initiate the thermal cutter 380 or 382, for example, a low
order burning may be sufficient to initiate the thermal cutter, or a partition between
reactive chemicals may be opened to permit the chemicals to react with each other,
etc. It is to be understood that other techniques of initiating the thermal cutter
380 or 382 may be utilized without departing from the principles of the present invention.
[0230] When the thermal cutter or cutters 380 or 382, respectively, has been initiated,
an opening is subsequently formed through the liner portion 52k. If the cutter 380
or 382 is a Thermol Torch™, the opening is formed by thermal cutting through the liner
portion 52k in the shape of the array of nozzles on the nozzle manifold 388 or 390,
respectively. The drill pipe 378, upper centralizer 396, lower centralizer 398, anchor
(if utilized), and apparatus 370 or 372 may then be retrieved from the subterranean
wellbore. Thereafter, the opening may be extended axially through the whipstock inner
core 40k and enlarged utilizing any of the above-described methods. After extending
and enlarging the opening, the plug member 46k may be removed also by utilizing any
of the above-described methods.
[0231] It will be appreciated that the invention may be modified, within the scope of the
appended claims.