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EP 1 225 599 B1 |
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EUROPEAN PATENT SPECIFICATION |
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Mention of the grant of the patent: |
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05.11.2003 Bulletin 2003/45 |
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Date of filing: 22.01.2001 |
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International Patent Classification (IPC)7: H01C 7/02 |
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Production process for PCT-polymer product
Herstellungsverfahren für ein PCT-Polymer Produkt
Procédé de fabrication pour un produit en polymère PCT
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Designated Contracting States: |
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AT BE CH CY DE DK ES FI FR GB GR IE IT LI LU MC NL PT SE TR |
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Date of publication of application: |
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24.07.2002 Bulletin 2002/30 |
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Proprietor: ABB RESEARCH LTD. |
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8050 Zürich (CH) |
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Inventors: |
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- Glatz-Reichenbach, Joachim
5400 Baden (CH)
- Strümpler, Ralf
5412 Gebenstorf (CH)
- Loitzl-Jelenic, Ruzica
5416 Kirchdorf (CH)
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Representative: ABB Patent Attorneys |
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c/o ABB Schweiz AG
Brown Boveri Strasse 6 5400 Baden 5400 Baden (CH) |
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References cited: :
EP-A- 0 862 192 US-A- 5 849 129
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WO-A-96/30443
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Note: Within nine months from the publication of the mention of the grant of the European
patent, any person may give notice to the European Patent Office of opposition to
the European patent
granted. Notice of opposition shall be filed in a written reasoned statement. It shall
not be deemed to
have been filed until the opposition fee has been paid. (Art. 99(1) European Patent
Convention).
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Background of the Invention
Field of the Invention
[0001] The present invention relates to a production process for a product made of a polymer
having an electric resistivity with a positive temperature coefficient (PTC resistivity;
in the following: PTC-polymer product), namely, it relates to a forming process in
which heat and pressure are applied to PTC-polymer material to deform said material
in order to arrive at a desired product form.
Prior Art
[0002] Various techniques for such forming processes are known.
[0003] In order to be deformable, polymers generally must be heated to decrease their viscosity
and to avoid breaks and cracks. Especially for mass-produced parts, the time required
for the forming process is an essential parameter. Further, the pressures to be applied
during forming shall not be too high in order to avoid excessive technical equipment.
Consequently, in conventional polymer forming processes the polymer material temperature
is much higher than the so called melting temperature of this material.
[0004] The above, at first, relates to pure polymer materials. In PTC-polymer materials
to which the invention relates, there are solid filler materials included in a polymer
matrix, e.g. carbon powder or metal powder. It goes without saying that the inclusion
of substantive amounts of filler materials drastically increases the viscosity of
the polymer material so that the pressure or the temperature of the forming process
have to be increased even more.
Summary of the Invention
[0005] The technical problem underlying the present invention is to provide a production
process for forming a PTC-polymer product with improved and stabilised quality.
[0006] Accordingly, the present invention relates to a method of producing a form product
from PTC-polymer material consisting of a conducting filler material and optionally
further filler material in a matrix of polymer material, wherein said product is formed
by a forming method which deforms said PTC-polymer material by means of heat and pressure,
characterised in that said PTC-polymer material is heated during said forming process
on an absolute temperature of at most 1,1 x the absolute melting temperature of said
matrix polymer material,
as well as to a method of producing elements from PTC-polymer material, wherein semi-finished
products are produced from said PTC-polymer material with a method as defined above
and wherein said semi-finished product is divided in order to produce said elements.
[0007] The idea underlying the invention is to use a relatively low temperature in deforming
the PTC-polymer material. The inventors have found that higher temperatures decrease
the quality of the PTC-products, namely the stability of their tripping behaviour.
As shown in detail in the description of the embodiments, namely the resistance values
in the cold, normal conducting state are stabilised over an increased number of repetitive
tripping actions, when reduced temperatures according to the invention are used during
forming.
[0008] A general formulation for the upper limits of the maximum temperatures of the forming
process is used which relates to the so called melting temperature of the polymer
of the matrix. According to the invention, this melting temperature shall not be exceeded
by more than 10 % with regard to the absolute temperatures. It has to be noted, that
this criterion uses the absolute temperature for the process temperature and the melting
temperature, namely the Kelvin temperature scale.
[0009] Further preferred upper limits are 7,5 % above the melting temperature and, even
more preferred, 5 % above the melting temperature (the melting temperature is abbreviated
as T
S in the following).
[0010] The forming process used with the above described temperature limit can be a pressing
process, an injection-moulding process or an extrusion process. Of these process types,
however, extrusion and pressing are preferred. Especially, it is preferred to use
such a process to produce semi-finished products that shall be divided into smaller
elements later on. These elements can be used as PTC-elements, e.g. for resistor elements
for short-circuit interruption or current limitation. Producing semi-finished products
and dividing them afterwards into a multiplicity of PTC elements compensates for the
increased time consumption in the forming process, that follows from the relatively
low temperature used, if excessive pressures, which can also lead to material problems,
are avoided. Subdividing the comparatively large semi-finished product can be a process
step that runs very fast without being of large relevance for the material quality,
especially if dividing techniques are used that avoid excessive melting of the polymer.
Preferred are cutting techniques, wherein the term cutting includes sawing and also
even more preferred cutting techniques as high-pressure water jet cutting or laser
cutting.
[0011] One simple and preferred embodiment refers to a plate-like semi-finished product.
Such plates can be pressed from PTC-polymer material without any problems even with
very low temperatures (which, however, preferably are above T
S). Also injection-moulding or extrusion is possible, however, these techniques require
higher pressures in comparison to pressing. Preferred pressures are not higher than
300 bar, more preferably not higher than 200 bar and further preferably not higher
than 120 bar.
[0012] The invention is feasible with a vast amount of polymer and filler materials. Preferred
polymer materials for the matrix include PE, PP, ETFE, Polyimides as e.g. Aurum, PPS,
or PEEK. The most preferred material is high-density PE (HDPE).
[0013] As already mentioned above, PTC-polymer materials generally include a conductive
filler material.
[0014] Preferred quantitative ranges for the inclusion of the highly conductive first filler
material inherent to PTC-polymer materials are 20-60 vol.-%, more preferably 30-55
vol.-% and even more preferably 35-50 vol.-% (with respect to the total volume of
the PTC-polymer material). A preferred choice for this (first) conductive filler material
is TiB
2.
[0015] Besides that first filling material, the PTC-polymer material may include a second
filler material having varistor characteristics. This second filler material preferably
is SiC. The preferred quantity ranges are 10-30 vol.-%, preferably 12-28 vol.-% and
more preferably 14-26 vol.-% of that second filler material. However, the invention
should also hold without second (SiC) filler, e.g. 50% HDPE and 50% TiB
2.
[0016] These filler materials are included in powder form dispersed in the polymer matrix.
Further the average particle size of the second filler material should be larger than
the one of the first filler material, namely by a factor of 2 - 5. Preferred ranges
for the particle sizes are 10 µm to 50 µm for the first filler material and 20 µm
to 250 µm for the second filler material.
[0017] The above mentioned thermoplastic polymer matrix is preferably comprised in an amount
of 30 - 55 vol.-% and more preferably of 37 - 50 vol.-%. According to the inventors'
results, the above specified PTC-polymer material, at a predetermined voltage, shows
a notably large zone of high resistance ("hot zone"). A typical example for a PTC-polymer
material according to the invention thus is comprised of 40 vol.-% HDPE, 40 vol.-%
TiB
2, and 20 vol.-% SiC.
[0018] The particle sizes defined above are - besides the materials themselves, especially
the polymer material - of relevance for the viscosities of the complete mixture. Such
viscosities can be defined by a melt flow index, which can be measured according to
the German Industrial Standard (DIN) with a standard orifice at a standard temperature
of 190°C and a standard load of 21,6 kg by the amount of material running through
the orifice in ten minutes. Preferred values for this invention are melt flow indices
of at least 1 g/10 min., preferably at least 1,5 g/10 min., and most preferably at
least 2 g/10 min.
[0019] With the method according to the invention, semi-finished products that are to be
subdivided later on, especially plates, can be manufactured easily, namely by pressing.
Their comparatively large time consumption of the forming process according to the
invention can be compensated by a simultaneous production of many PTC-elements in
this case.
Description of Preferred Embodiments
[0020] In the following, preferred embodiments of the invention are described. The various
features disclosed can also be relevant for the invention alone or in other combinations.
[0021] The embodiments are shown in the figures.
[0022] Fig. 1 illustrates a typical structure of a PTC-polymer element according to the
invention;
[0023] Fig. 2 and fig. 3 are diagrams illustrating the improvement of the tripping characteristics
achieved by the invention.
[0024] The production process starts with compounding the appropriate amounts of a polymer
powder or granulate, in this case HDPE, and filler material by standard compounding
with a BUSS MDK/E46-11D (screw compounder). For about 2 · 10
4 samples as referred to in Fig. 1 about 100 kg compound must be produced .
[0025] The compound material is then pressed in a standard pressing device (PINETTE EMIDECAU
INDUSTRIE, max. load of 15 tons) at a temperature of 140-145°C, i.e. 413-418 K, to
form a rectangular plate with side lengths of 16 cms, 4 cms and a thickness of e.g.
0.2 cms. Also much larger plates can be pressed for purposes of mass-production. The
above given size is an experimental one.
[0026] After cutting the structure shown in fig. 1 is contacted to produce PTC-resistor
elements. However, these steps are conventional and need not be described in detail
here.
[0027] Table 1 lists several melting temperatures of typical polymers to be used, and further
typical forming temperatures according to the invention. Melting temperatures are
abbreviated T
S and given in °C, maximum forming temperatures are abbreviated with T
P and also given in °C. The last column gives the temperature difference ΔT therebetween
divided by the melting temperature T
S (as given in K) in %..
Table 1:
Polymer |
TS(°C) |
TP(°C) |
ΔT / TS (%) |
PE |
134 |
140-145 |
1,47-2,7 |
PP |
175 |
192 |
3,8 |
ETFE |
265 |
284 |
3,5 |
Aurum |
388 |
410 |
3,3 |
PPS |
288 |
303 |
2,7 |
PEEK |
335 |
360 |
4,1 |
Incidentally, Aurum is the name of a polyimide.
[0028] For comparison, typical values for melt-injection of pure PE are between 200 and
280 °C, i.e. at ΔT/T
S values of 16 - 36 %. Also for other polymer materials, the usual forming temperatures
are much higher than the ones given in table 1. It is to be noted, however, that the
conventional temperatures relate to pure polymer without filler material. Because
the substantial amounts of the filler materials drastically increase the viscosity,
usually much higher temperatures would have been chosen for PTC-polymer materials
including filler.
[0029] The pressure used is still not very high, e.g. 110 bar in the case of HDPE as filled
with 50 vol.-% of metal powders. Pressure values for other materials are in the same
range.
[0030] The plates so formed can now be stored without any quality problems for longer periods.
They can be used for cutting special and also very complicated device geometries.
In this embodiment, high-pressure water jet cutting is used. A typical geometry to
be cut is shown in fig. 1. The direction of pressure during the pressing process is
perpendicular to the plane of the figure. The plates are produced by pressed in the
thickness of the device shown in fig. 1 Thus, only the borderlines to be seen in fig.
1 must be cut in order to subdivide the pressed plate into single devices and in order
to arrive at the desired geometry. The current direction is in the plane of the drawing
and horizontal. As can be seen from fig. 1, the preferred geometry shows pronounced
webs 1 wherein the opening angles 2 of the material at each side of each web are 60°.
A typical web-length can be around 2 cm. Several webs are mutually parallel, also
in an electrical sense.
[0031] The details of the geometry used here are described in a former application of the
same applicant, namely EP 00810069.5 with application date 25.01.00 and with the title
"An electrical device comprising a PTC-polymer element for overcurrent fault and short-circuit
current fault protection". The disclosure of this application is incorporated by reference.
Especially, it is preferred to use web-lengths in the main current direction of at
least 5 mm, wherein more preferred values are 7, 10, 15 or even 20 mm. Usually, the
web-length should not be longer than 150 mm, wherein preferred values are 80, 40 and
even 30 mm as upper limit. The aperture angle 2 of 60° in fig. 1, i.e. the aperture
angle of the constriction at the border of the web in a longitudinal section plane
containing the main current direction should be at least 100°, preferably at least
110° in the sum of both sides (i.e. it is 120° in fig. 1). For further details and
explanations, reference is made to the above named former application.
[0032] The pressing method according to the invention has various advantages for the above
sketched geometry because such long webs are quite difficult to produce with injection
molding. It is very important to arrive at an optimal material quality, especially
within the webs, so that the temperature reduction according to the invention results
in a much improved performance of the devices produced.
[0033] Fig. 2 and 3 show the improvement in the electrical characteristics achieved by the
invention. In fig. 2, a comparison between injection moulded parts (triangular symbols)
and parts according to the invention (square symbols) is shown. The material composition
has been 45 vol.-% HDPE / 35 vol.-% TiB
2 20 vol.-% SiC with a geometry according to fig. 1 and a web-length of 1,8 cm.
[0034] Although the resistor elements according to the invention have a higher cold resistance,
i.e. resistance at a normal conducting state, the cold resistance is much stabilised
in comparison to the injection moulding example. This applies to the cold resistance
after the first tripping and to each following cold resistance value after a further
tripping up to the value after a tenth tripping. Thus, this resistor element can very
well be described by a constant resistance value at least between the first and the
ninth tripping.
[0035] Further, there are more tripping actions possible. The injection moulded resistor
element has been destroyed after the fourth tripping compared to ten tripping actions
in the example according to the invention.
[0036] The tests were short-circuit tests at 690V (root mean square) system voltage and
a prospective short-circuit current of 12kA (root mean square) at 50 Hz.
[0037] Fig. 3 shows another example for the electrical characteristics of resistor elements
according to the invention. Again, the square symbols refer to pressed and cut elements
according to the invention whereas the triangular and circular symbols refer to injection-moulded
and press-injected samples. Press-injection is a technique quasi between injection-moulding
and pressing. It is a quasi-static pressing of molten composite material into a mould
to form an end product. The parameters are close to the limits defined by the melt
flow of the material, e.g. the polymer material is at a lower temperature compared
to injection moulding. The press-injected elements are a part of the invention in
that the temperature limit is fulfilled. However, fig. 3 shows that the pressed and
cut elements are still better. Table 2 shows the parameters relevant for the examples
of figure 2 and 3. It can be seen that the mould temperature and material temperature
are identical in the case of press-injection and the case of pressing and are both
below 1.1 T
S. The temperature of 146°C in the case of pressing is even below 1.03 T
S. However, the material temperature of the injection-moulded elements has been at
260°C, i.e. at approximately 1.31 T
S. The pressure in the pressing process has been as low as 110 bar but has been much
higher in both other cases.
[0038] The geometry was the one of fig. 1 with a web-length of 2 cm. The material composition
was 40 vol.-% HDPE / 40 vol.-% TiB
2 / 20 vol.-% SiC. The electrical data of the tests in fig. 3 were the same as given
above. In this case, the pressed and cut resistor element according to the invention
shows a larger member of possible tripping actions and a more stable behaviour between
the first and the ninth tripping.
[0039] In any case, the differences between the cold resistance before the first tripping
and the cold resistance after the first tripping can, if necessary, be avoided by
including one tripping action in the manufacture process.
Table 2
Method |
Tmould(°C) |
Tmaterial(°C) |
Pinjection (bar) |
Press injection |
165 |
165 |
30000 |
Injection |
80 |
260 |
7200 |
Pressing |
146 |
146 |
110 |
1. A method of producing a form product from PTC-polymer material consisting of a conducting
filler material and optionally further filler material in a matrix of polymer material,
wherein said product is formed by a forming method which deforms said PTC-polymer
material my means of heat and pressure,
characterised in that said PTC-polymer material is heated during said forming process on an absolute temperature
of at most 1,1 x TS, TS being the absolute melting temperature of said matrix polymer material.
2. A method according to claim 1, wherein said forming process is a pressing, an injection-moulding,
an extrusion process, or an infiltration process.
3. A method according to claim 2, wherein said forming process is a pressing process
or an extrusion process.
4. A method according to one of the preceding claims, wherein said matrix polymer material
comprises PE, PP, ETFE, polyimide, PPS, or PEEK.
5. A method according to claim 4, wherein said matrix polymer material mainly consists
in HDPE.
6. A method according to claims 3 and 5, wherein said pressing process is done with a
pressure within said PTC-polymer material of at most 300 bar, preferably 200 bar and
further preferably 120 bar.
7. A method according to one of the preceding claims, wherein said temperature is at
most 1,075 x TS, and further preferably at most 1,05 x TS.
8. A method according to one of the preceding claims, wherein said PTC-polymer material
comprises a first conductive filler material in an amount of 20-60 vol.- %, preferably
in an amount of 30-55 vol.-%, and most preferably in an amount of 35-50 vol.-%.
9. A method according to one of the preceding claims, wherein said PTC-polymer material
comprises a first conductive filler material being TiB2.
10. A method according to one of the preceding claims, wherein said PTC-polymer material
comprises a second filler material of varistor characteristic.
11. A method according to claim 10, wherein said second filler material is doped SiC.
12. A method according to claim 10 or 11, wherein said second filler material is comprised
in an amount of 10-30 vol.-%, preferably in an amount of 14-26 vol.-%.
13. A method according to one of the preceding claims, wherein said matrix polymer material
is comprised in an amount of 30-55 vol.-%, preferably in an amount of 37-50 vol.-%.
14. A method of producing PTC elements from PTC-polymer material, wherein semi-finished
products are produced from said PTC-polymer material with a method according to one
of the preceding claims and wherein said semi-finished product is divided in order
to produce said PTC elements.
15. A method according to claim 14, wherein said dividing is done by cutting. (including
sawing).
16. A method according to claim 15, wherein said cutting is done by a high-pressure water
jet or by means of a laser.
17. A method according to one of claims 14 to 16, wherein said semi-finished product essentially
is a PTC-polymer material plate.
18. A method according to one of claims 14 to 17, wherein resistor elements for short-circuit
interruption or current limitation are produced from said PTC elements.
19. A method according to claim 18, wherein said resistor elements are subjected to a
preliminary tripping action before being put to use.
1. Verfahren zum Herstellen eines Formprodukts aus einem PTC-Polymermaterial, das aus
einem leitenden Füllmaterial und wahlweise weiterem Füllmaterial in einer Matrix aus
Polymermaterial besteht,
wobei das Produkt durch ein Formungsverfahren ausgebildet wird, das das PTC-Polymermaterial
mit Hilfe von Wärme und Druck verformt,
dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das PTC-Polymermaterial während des Formungsprozesses auf eine Absoluttemperatur
von höchstens 1,1 x TS erwärmt wird, wobei TS die absolute Schmelztemperatur des Matrixpolymermaterials ist.
2. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, wobei der Formungsprozeß ein Pressen, ein Spritzguß, ein
Extrusionsprozeß oder ein Infiltrationsprozeß ist.
3. Verfahren nach Anspruch 2, wobei der Formungsprozeß ein Preßprozeß oder ein Extrusionsprozeß
ist.
4. Verfahren nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, wobei das Matrixpolymermaterial
PE, PP, ETFE, Polyimid, PPS oder PEEK umfaßt.
5. Verfahren nach Anspruch 4, wobei das Matrixpolymermaterial hauptsächlich aus HDPE
besteht.
6. Verfahren nach den Ansprüchen 3 und 5, wobei der Preßprozeß mit einem Druck in dem
PTC-Polymermaterial von höchstens 300 Bar, bevorzugt 200 Bar und weiter bevorzugt
120 Bar erfolgt.
7. Verfahren nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, wobei die Temperatur höchstens
1,075 x TS und weiter bevorzugt höchstens 1,05 x TS beträgt.
8. Verfahren nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, wobei das PTC-Polymermaterial ein
erstes leitendes Füllmaterial in einer Menge von 20 - 60 Vol.-%, bevorzugt in einer
Menge von 30 - 55 Vol.-% und ganz besonders bevorzugt in einer Menge von 35 - 50 Vol.-%
umfaßt.
9. Verfahren nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, wobei das PTC-Polymermaterial ein
erstes leitendes Füllmaterial umfaßt, nämlich TiB2.
10. Verfahren nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, wobei das PTC-Polymermaterial ein
zweites Füllmaterial mit einer Varistorcharakteristik umfaßt.
11. Verfahren nach Anspruch 10, wobei das zweite Füllmaterial dotiertes SiC ist.
12. Verfahren nach Anspruch 10 oder 11, wobei das zweite Füllmaterial in einer Menge von
10 - 30 Vol.-%, bevorzugt in einer Menge von 14 - 26 Vol.-% enthalten ist.
13. Verfahren nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, wobei das Matrixpolymermaterial
in einer Menge von 30 - 55 Vol.-%, bevorzugt in einer Menge von 37 - 50 Vol.-% enthalten
ist.
14. Verfahren zum Herstellen von PTC-Elementen aus PTC-Polymermaterial, wobei Halbfertigprodukte
mit einem Verfahren nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche aus dem PTC-Polymermaterial
hergestellt werden und wobei das Halbfertigprodukt unterteilt wird, um die PTC-Elemente
zu erzeugen.
15. Verfahren nach Anspruch 14, wobei das Unterteilen durch Schneiden (einschließlich
Sägen) erfolgt.
16. Verfahren nach Anspruch 15, wobei das Schneiden durch einen Hochdruckwasserstrahl
oder mit Hilfe eines Lasers erfolgt.
17. Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 14 bis 16, wobei das Halbfertigprodukt im wesentlichen
eine Platte aus PTC-Polymermaterial ist.
18. Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 14 bis 17, wobei aus den PTC-Elementen Widerstandselemente
für die Kurzschlußunterbrechung oder die Strombegrenzung hergestellt werden.
19. Verfahren nach Anspruch 18, wobei die Widerstandselemente vor Inbetriebsetzung einer
vorläufigen Auslöseaktion unterzogen werden.
1. Procédé de fabrication d'un produit de forme à partir d'un matériau polymère PTC constitué
d'un matériau de remplissage conducteur et, éventuellement, d'un autre matériau de
remplissage dans une matrice de matériau polymère,
dans lequel ledit produit est formé par un procédé de formage qui déforme ledit matériau
polymère PTC par application de chaleur et d'une pression,
caractérisé en ce que ledit matériau polymère PTC est chauffé au cours dudit procédé de formage à une température
absolue d'au plus 1,1 x TS, TS étant la température de fusion absolue dudit matériau polymère en matrice.
2. Procédé selon la revendication 1, dans laquelle ledit procédé de formage est un pressage,
un moulage par injection, un procédé d'extrusion ou un procédé d'infiltration.
3. Procédé selon la revendication 2, dans lequel ledit procédé de formage est un procédé
de pressage ou un procédé d'extrusion.
4. Procédé selon l'une des revendications précédentes, dans lequel ledit matériau polymère
en matrice comprend du PE, du PP, de l'ETFE, un polyimide, du PPS ou du PEEK.
5. Procédé selon la revendication 4, dans lequel ledit matériau polymère en matrice est
principalement constitué de HDPE.
6. Procédé selon les revendications 3 et 5, dans lequel ledit procédé de pressage est
mis en oeuvre avec une pression au sein dudit matériau polymère PTC d'au plus 300
bars, de préférence 200 bars et le plus préférablement 120 bars.
7. Procédé selon l'une des revendications précédentes, dans lequel ladite température
est d'au plus 1,075 x TS, et plus préférablement d'au plus 1,05 x TS.
8. Procédé selon l'une des revendications précédentes, dans lequel ledit matériau polymère
PTC comprend un premier matériau polymère conducteur dans une quantité comprise entre
20 et 60 % en volume, de préférence dans une quantité comprise entre 30 et 55 % en
volume, et plus préférablement dans une quantité comprise entre 35 et 50 % en volume.
9. Procédé selon l'une des revendications précédentes, dans lequel ledit matériau polymère
PTC comprend un premier matériau de remplissage conducteur sous forme de TiB2.
10. Procédé selon l'une des revendications précédentes, dans lequel ledit matériau polymère
PTC comprend un deuxième matériau de remplissage à caractéristique de varistance.
11. Procédé selon la revendication 10, dans lequel ledit deuxième matériau de remplissage
est du SiC dopé.
12. Procédé selon la revendication 10 ou 11, dans lequel ledit deuxième matériau de remplissage
représente une quantité de 10 à 30 % en volume, de préférence une quantité de 14 à
26 % en volume.
13. Procédé selon l'une des revendications précédentes, dans lequel ledit matériau polymère
en matrice représente une quantité de 30 à 55 % en volume, de préférence une quantité
de 37 à 50 % en volume.
14. Procédé de fabrication d'éléments PTC à partir d'un matériau polymère PTC, dans lequel
des produits semi-finis sont fabriqués à partir dudit matériau polymère PTC à l'aide
d'un procédé selon l'une des revendications précédentes, et dans lequel ledit produit
fini est divisé pour produire lesdits éléments PTC.
15. Procédé selon la revendication 14, dans lequel ladite division se fait par découpe
(notamment par sciage).
16. Procédé selon la revendication 15, dans lequel ladite découpe se fait par un jet d'eau
à haute pression ou au moyen d'un laser.
17. Procédé selon l'une des revendications 14 à 16, dans lequel ledit produit semi-fini
est une plaque en matériau polymère PTC.
18. Procédé selon l'une des revendications 14 à 17, dans lequel des éléments résistants
sont fabriqués à partir desdits éléments PTC en vue d'une interruption par court-circuit
ou d'une limitation du courant.
19. Procédé selon la revendication 18, dans lequel lesdits éléments résistants sont soumis
à une action de déclenchement préliminaire avant d'être mis en service.