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(11) | EP 1 358 924 A2 |
| (12) | EUROPEAN PATENT APPLICATION |
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| (54) | Purification of gas streams by adsorption |
| (57) A method for removing a first and a second minor component from a gas mixture comprising
the first and second minor components and one or more major components. The method
comprises providing a first adsorbent zone containing a first adsorbent material and
a second adsorbent zone containing a second adsorbent material wherein the selectivity
of the first adsorbent material for the first minor component relative to the second
minor component is greater than the selectivity of the second adsorbent material for
the first minor component relative to the second minor component. The average particle
diameter of the first adsorbent material and the average particle diameter of the
second adsorbent material preferably are substantially the same. The gas mixture is
passed through the first adsorbent zone and subsequently through the second adsorbent
zone. A purified gas containing the one or more major components and depleted in the
first and second minor component is withdrawn from the second adsorbent zone. |
[0001] The present invention relates to a method and apparatus for removing impurities from a feed gas stream by adsorption, particularly by temperature swing adsorption.
[0002] The cryogenic purification of air requires a pre-purification step for the removal of high-boiling and hazardous materials. Principal high-boiling air components include water and carbon dioxide. If removal of these impurities from ambient air is not achieved prior to the air separation system, then water and carbon dioxide will freeze out in cold sections of the separation apparatus (for example in the heat exchangers and liquid oxygen sump) causing pressure drop and operational problems. Various hazardous materials including nitrous oxide, acetylene, and other hydrocarbons also must be removed. High-boiling hydrocarbons are problematic because they concentrate in the liquid oxygen section of the separation apparatus, resulting in a potential explosive hazard. In addition, nitrous oxide can form unstable compounds with the hydrocarbons and this is another potential hazard.
[0003] Adsorption processes are generally preferred for the removal of these impurities from feed air to cryogenic air separation plants. These adsorption processes include thermal swing adsorption (described in US Patents 4,541,851 and 5,137,548) and pressure swing adsorption (described in US Patent 5,232,474) systems. These systems usually are designed for total water and carbon dioxide removal from ambient air. Adsorbents selective for water and carbon dioxide are required for these systems.
[0004] Thermal swing adsorption processes typically use layered adsorbent beds in which the feed air first contacts a water-selective adsorbent such as alumina or silica gel. The dry, carbon dioxide containing air then contacts a zeolite adsorbent to remove carbon dioxide to very low levels. Hydrocarbons and nitrous oxide also are removed by the appropriate adsorbents, typically in layered configuration. When choosing an adsorbent system it is important to ensure that the adsorbents will effectively remove all constituents to be removed from the feed gas.
[0005] The term "mass transfer zone" as used herein refers to the section of an adsorbent bed in which adsorbent loading of the adsorbate is occurring. Ahead of the leading edge of the mass transfer zone, the gas concentrations of the adsorbed components are reduced relative to the feed. At the trailing edge of the mass transfer zone and behind the trailing edge gas phase composition is substantially equal to that of the feed mixture and the adsorbent is substantially loaded to capacity with the adsorbed components from the feed mixture. A small mass transfer zone (corresponding to good kinetic performance) is beneficial and allows a higher adsorbate loading on the adsorbent before the leading edge of the mass transfer zone breaks through the effluent end of the adsorbent bed. This results in more efficient adsorbent bed operation. Consequently, a smaller bed may be used or the onstream time between regenerations may be increased.
[0006] Small adsorbent particles generally provide shorter mass transfer zones than large adsorbent particles. The prior art processes disclosed in US Patents 4,964,888 and 5,728,198 and European Patent Publication EP-A-449576 improve mass transfer characteristics by using a layer of smaller adsorbent particles downstream of a layer of larger adsorbent particles. However, the use of small adsorbent particles can cause a greater pressure drop across the adsorbent bed and can result in fluidization, adsorbent attrition, and carryover of fine adsorbent particles.
[0007] In a first aspect, the invention relates to a method for removing a first and a second minor component from a gas mixture comprising the first and second minor components and one or more major components, comprising the steps of:
(a) providing a first adsorbent zone containing a first adsorbent material and a second adsorbent zone containing a second adsorbent material, wherein the selectivity of the first adsorbent material for the first minor component relative to the second minor component is greater than the selectivity of the second adsorbent material for the first minor component relative to the second minor component, and wherein the average particle diameter of the first adsorbent material and the average particle diameter of the second adsorbent material are substantially the same;
(b) passing the gas mixture comprising the first and second minor components and the one or more major components through the first adsorbent zone and subsequently through the second adsorbent zone; and
(c) withdrawing from the second adsorbent zone a purified gas containing the one or more major components and depleted in the first and second minor components.
[0008] The first minor component may be nitrous oxide and the second minor component may be carbon dioxide. The one or more major components may comprise oxygen and nitrogen. The one or more major components may comprise air.
[0009] The average particle diameter of the first adsorbent material preferably is between about 85% and about 115% of the average particle diameter of the second adsorbent material. The average particle diameter of the first adsorbent material may be between about 0.5 mm and about 5 mm. The first adsorbent material may comprise CaX zeolite and the second adsorbent material may comprise 13X zeolite.
[0010] The mixture may further comprise water and an additional adsorbent zone may be provided prior to the first adsorbent zone, and this additional adsorbent zone preferably contains adsorbent material which selectively adsorbs water from the gas mixture prior to the first adsorbent zone.
[0011] The feed gas typically is provided at a temperature between about 0°C and about 50°C. The method may further comprise terminating steps (b) and (c) and regenerating the first and second adsorbent materials by passing therethrough a regeneration gas at a temperature between about 80°C and 400°C.
[0012] In a second aspect, the invention relates to a system for removing a first and a second minor component from a gas mixture comprising the first and second minor components and one or more major components, which system comprises:
(a) an adsorber vessel having a first adsorbent zone containing a first adsorbent material and a second adsorbent zone containing a second adsorbent material, wherein the selectivity of the first adsorbent material for the first minor component relative to the second minor component is greater than the selectivity of the second adsorbent material for the first minor component relative to the second minor component, and wherein the average particle diameter of the first adsorbent material and the average particle diameter of the second adsorbent material are substantially the same;
(b) an inlet for passing the gas mixture into the adsorber vessel such that the gas mixture passes through the first adsorbent zone and subsequently through the second adsorbent zone; and
(c) an outlet for withdrawing from adsorber vessel a purified gas containing the one or more major components and depleted in the first and second minor components.
[0013] The first minor component may be nitrous oxide and the second minor component may be carbon dioxide. The one or more major components may comprise oxygen and nitrogen. The one or more major components may comprise air.
[0014] The average particle diameter of the first adsorbent material preferably is between about 85% and about 115% of the average particle diameter of the second adsorbent material. The average particle diameter of the first adsorbent material may be between about 0.5 mm and about 5 mm. The first adsorbent material may comprise CaX zeolite and the second adsorbent material may comprise 13X zeolite.
[0015] The gas mixture may further comprise water and an additional adsorbent zone may be provided prior to the first adsorbent zone, wherein the additional adsorbent zone preferably contains adsorbent material which selectively adsorbs water from the gas mixture prior to the first adsorbent zone.
[0016] In a third aspect, the invention relates to a process for removing one or more constituents from a feed gas stream to form a purified gas stream, comprising the steps of:
passing the feed gas stream through a bed of particles of a first adsorbent and removing a portion of one of the constituents from the feed gas stream; and subsequently
passing the feed gas stream through a bed of particles of a second adsorbent and removing another portion of the one of the constituents from the feed gas stream;
wherein the bed of the second adsorbent has a shorter mass transfer zone for the one of the constituents than the bed of the first adsorbent under the same conditions, and the particles of the first and second adsorbents have substantially the same average diameter.[0017] Preferably, the particles of the first and second adsorbents each have an average diameter of 2 to 5 mm.
[0020] Preferably, the feed gas stream comprises one or more gases selected from the group consisting of air, nitrogen, oxygen, carbon monoxide, helium, methane, hydrogen and argon.
[0022] Preferably, the process further comprises the step of regenerating the first and second adsorbents with a regenerating gas.
[0023] Preferably, the regenerating gas comprises one or more gases selected from the group consisting of oxygen, nitrogen, methane, hydrogen, argon, helium.
[0024] Preferably, the process further comprises the step of passing the feed gas stream over a desiccant before passing the feed gas stream over the first adsorbent, wherein the desiccant is selected from the group consisting of alumina, silica gel, impregnated aluminas, A zeolites and X zeolites.
[0025] Preferably, the process further comprises the step of cryogenic distillation of the purified gas stream.
[0026] The third aspect of the invention may be practised using an apparatus for removing a constituent from a feed gas stream to form a purified gas stream, comprising:
a container having an inlet for the feed gas stream and an outlet for the purified gas stream;
a first adsorbent region within the container comprising particles of a first adsorbent for adsorbing the constituent to be moved from the feed gas stream; and
a second adsorbent region downstream of the first adsorbent region within the container comprising particles of a second adsorbent for adsorbing the constituent to be removed from the feed gas stream;
wherein the second adsorbent has a shorter mass transfer zone than the first adsorbent under the same conditions, and the particles of the first and second adsorbents have substantially the same average diameter.[0027] In a fourth aspect, the invention relates to a process for removing a first and a second constitutent from a feed gas stream to form a purified gas stream, comprising the steps of:
passing the feed gas stream through a bed of particles of a first adsorbent, the first adsorbent having a selectivity for the first constituent over the second constituent of 0.45 or greater; and subsequently passing the feed gas stream through a bed of particles of a second adsorbent;
wherein the bed of the second adsorbent has a shorter mass transfer zone than the bed of the first adsorbent for the second constituent under the same conditions, and the particles of the first and second adsorbents have substantially the same average diameter.[0028] Preferably, the selectivity of the second adsorbent for the first constituent over the second constituent is 0.40 or less.
[0029] Preferably, the first adsorbent has a selectivity for the first constituent over the second constituent of 0.48 or greater.
[0030] Optionally, the first adsorbent has a length of unused bed of 15 inches (38cm) or longer as determined by the method of Example 1 (column diameter 8 inch (20 cm), filling depth 3 ft (0.9 m), feed gas is air with 385 ppmv carbon dioxide and 315 ppmv nitrous oxide at 21 °C/5.7 bar, flow rate 41 lbmoles/ft2/hr (2 x 105 moles/(hr•m2), initial regeneration in flowing nitrogen at 200 °C).
[0031] The features of any aspect of the invention can be used in combination with the features of any other aspect of the invention.
[0033] The present invention in its broadest embodiment relates to a method for removing a first and a second minor component from a gas mixture comprising the first and second minor components and one or more major components, which method utilizes one or more adsorber vessels, each having a first adsorbent zone containing a first adsorbent material and a second adsorbent zone containing a second adsorbent material. The selectivity of the first adsorbent material for the first minor component relative to the second minor component preferably is greater than the selectivity of the second adsorbent material for the first minor component relative to the second minor component.
[0034] The average particle diameter of the first adsorbent material and the average particle diameter of the second adsorbent material preferably are substantially the same. The gas mixture comprising the first and second minor components and the one or more major components is passed through the first adsorbent zone and subsequently through the second adsorbent zone, wherein the minor components are selectively adsorbed. A purified gas containing the one or more major components and depleted in the first and second minor components is withdrawn from the second adsorbent zone. The invention can be applied to a wide variety of gaseous mixtures containing minor components which are undesirable impurities to be removed from the major components in the feed gas.
[0035] A minor component is defined as a component which may be present in a gas mixture at a concentration up to about 1 vol%, and typically this concentration is expressed as parts per million by volume (ppmv). Minor components may be present at even lower concentrations and may be reported in the range of parts per billion (ppbv). A major component is defined as a component present at higher concentrations, typically many orders of magnitude higher, than the concentrations of the minor components.
[0036] The invention may be illustrated by the removal of impurities from air feed to a cryogenic air separation process. In this example, referring to the Figure, air to be purified is supplied to a main air compressor system 10 at an inlet 12 and is compressed by a multi-stage compressor with inter- and after- cooling by heat exchange with water (not shown). Optionally, the compressed air feed is subcooled in cooler 8. The cooled compressed air is supplied to inlet manifold 14 containing inlet control valves 16 and 18 which are connected to via manifold 14 to a pair of adsorbent vessels 20 and 22. Inlet manifold 14 is bridged downstream of the control valves 16 and 18 by a venting manifold 24 containing venting valves 26 and 28 which serve to close and open connections between the upstream end of respective adsorbent vessels 20 and 22 and vent 30 via silencer 32.
[0037] The air feed contains undesirable impurities including water, carbon dioxide, light hydrocarbons such as methane, ethane, ethylene, and acetylene, and nitrous oxide. These components must be removed to eliminate pressure drop and plugging problems due to frozen deposits of water and carbon dioxide and also to eliminate the possibility of disastrous energy releases resulting from chemical reactions of hydrocarbons and oxygen. Each of the two adsorbent vessels 20 and 22 typically contains at least two types of adsorbents: a pretreatment adsorbent for removing water and at least two adsorbent materials for removing carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, and hydrocarbons. The adsorbent vessels 20 and 22 each contain at least lower adsorbent zones or layers 34 and 34', middle adsorbent zones or layers 35 and 35', and upper adsorbent zones or layers 36 and 36', respectively.
[0038] Adsorbent layers 34 and 34' each contain a pretreatment adsorbent (for example, silica gel, activated alumina, or 13X zeolite) to adsorb primarily water. Adsorbent layers 35 and 35' each contain a first adsorbent material (for example, a CaX zeolite) which adsorbs carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide. Other adsorbents which may be used in layers 35 and 35' include calcium mordenite, BaX zeolite, CaLSX zeolite, and binderless CaLSX zeolite. Adsorbent layers 36 and 36' each contain a second adsorbent material (for example, a 13X zeolite) which also adsorbs carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide. The pretreatment adsorbent which adsorbs primarily water also may adsorb some carbon dioxide; the first and/or second adsorbent materials preferably also adsorb the hydrocarbons described above.
[0039] The depth of layers 34 and 34' may be in the range of 0.5 to 10 ft, the depth of layers 35 and 35' may be in the range of 0.5 to 10 ft, and the depth of layers 36 and 36' may be in the range of 0.5 to 10 ft. Preferably the ratio of the depth of layers 35 and 35' to the depth of layers 36 and 36' is between about 1:10 and about 10:1
[0040] The first adsorbent material preferably has a selectivity for nitrous oxide relative to carbon dioxide which is greater than the selectivity of the second adsorbent for nitrous oxide relative to carbon dioxide. Selectivity is defined here as the ratio of the Henry's law constant for one adsorbed component on the adsorbent material to the Henry's law constant for the other adsorbed component on the same adsorbent material at the same conditions. The Henry's law constant is defined as the initial slope of the isotherm which describes the amount of the component adsorbed as a function of gas pressure, at a reference temperature of 30°C. The selectivity of nitrous oxide to carbon dioxide on CaX zeolite is the ratio of the Henry's law constant for nitrous oxide adsorbed on CaX to the Henry's law constant for carbon dioxide adsorbed on CaX at the same temperature, and is 0.49. The selectivity of nitrous oxide to carbon dioxide on UOP 13X zeolite is 0.39. Selectivity values of nitrous oxide to carbon dioxide on various adsorbents are shown in Table 1. Selectivity is discussed in US 6106593.
Table 1
| Adsorbent | Selectivity of nitrous oxide to carbon dioxide |
| Alcan AA-300 alumina | 0.08 |
| UOP 5A | 0.37 |
| Binderless CaX | 1.00 |
| Na-mordenite | 0.51 |
| Ca-mordenite | 0.30 |
| BaX | 0.51 |
[0041] The particles of the adsorbent materials described herein can be in the shape of beads, extrudates, or can be irregular shapes which result from crushing and sieving. The average particle size of an adsorbent material in the form of beads or irregular shapes is defined as the weighted mean of the particle size distribution as determined by standard methods known in the art. One method is fractionating the adsorbent particles through a series of standard sieve screens as described in the Chemical Engineers' Handbook, Fifth Edition, by R. H. Perry and C. H. Chilton, Section 21, Screening. The average particle diameter of extrudates can be calculated by methods given in the Chemical Engineers' Handbook, Fifth Edition, by R. H. Perry and C. H. Chilton, Section 5, Beds of Solids.
[0042] The average particle size of the first adsorbent material is substantially the same as the average particle size of the second adsorbent material. Because it may be difficult or impractical in large-scale operations to obtain two different adsorbent materials with exactly the same average particle diameter, it is preferable that the average particle diameters of the two adsorbents be as close as possible within reasonable economic considerations. The phrase "the average particle diameter of the first adsorbent material and the average particle diameter of the second adsorbent material are substantially the same" as used herein means quantitatively that the average particle diameter of the first adsorbent material is between about 85% and about 115% of the average particle diameter of the second adsorbent material. Typically, the average particle diameter of the first adsorbent material is between about 0.5 mm and about 5 mm.
[0043] The pretreatment adsorbent and the first and second adsorbents may be arranged in layers as shown in the Figure for axial adsorbent beds. Alternatively, the pretreatment adsorbent and two adsorbent materials may be layered radially in a radial adsorption bed. It should be understood that vessels 20 and 22 each can be separated into smaller vessels arranged in series if desired and that references to "layers" above include arrangements in which the separate adsorbents are placed in separate vessels arranged in series.
[0044] The apparatus in the Figure has an outlet 38 connected to the downstream ends of adsorbent vessels 20 and 22 by outlet manifold 40 containing outlet control valves 42 and 44. Outlet 38 provides feed gas to cryogenic air separation unit 45. Outlet manifold 40 is bridged by regenerating gas manifold 46 containing regenerating gas control valves 48 and 50. Upstream from the regenerating gas manifold 46, a line 52 containing a control valve 54 also bridges across the outlet manifold 40.
[0045] A regeneration gas is provided via line 56 and control valve 58 to heater 62, and hot gas is provided to regenerating gas manifold 46. The operation of the valves may be controlled by suitable programmable timing and valve opening means as known in the art (not shown).
[0046] In operation air is compressed in main compressor system 10 and is fed to inlet manifold 14 and passes through one of the two adsorbent vessels 20 and 22. Starting from a position in which air is passing through open valve 16 to adsorbent vessel 20, and through open valve 42 to the outlet line 38 to air separation unit 45, valve 18 in the inlet manifold will just have been closed to terminate the flow of feed air to vessel 22. Valve 44 also will just have closed. At this stage valves 46, 50, 54, 26 and 28 are all closed. Bed 20 thus is operating in the purification mode while bed 22 is operating in the regeneration mode.
[0047] To commence depressurization of bed 22, valve 28 is opened and once the pressure in the vessel 22 has fallen to a desired level, valve 28 is kept open while valve 50 is opened to begin flow of regeneration gas. The regeneration gas typically will be a flow of dry, carbon dioxide-free nitrogen obtained from air separation unit 45, possibly containing small amounts of argon, oxygen and other gases. Valve 58 is opened so that the regeneration gas is heated, for example to a temperature of about 200°C, before passing into vessel 22. The exit purge gas flows from the vessel, through manifold 24, silencer 32, and the vent outlet 30 from which it is discharged to the atmosphere.
[0048] At the end of the predetermined regeneration period, valve 58 may be closed to end the flow of regenerating gas and valve 54 may be opened to displace nitrogen from the adsorbent and, after the closing of valve 28, to depressurize vessel 22 with purified air. Thereafter, valve 54 may be closed and valves 18 and 44 may be opened to put vessel 22 back on line. Vessel 20 may then be regenerated in a similar manner and the whole sequence continued in repeating cycles with vessels 20 and 22 proceeding in alternating modes through the steps of air purification, depressurization, regeneration, and repressurization.
[0049] It will be appreciated that although the invention has been illustrated above with reference to an example for the purification of air feed to a cryogenic air separation plant, many variations and modifications of the invention are possible for use in this and other embodiments for different types of gas mixtures.
EXAMPLE 1
[0050] Laboratory tests were carried out using an 8 inch (20 cm) diameter adsorber vessel which was filled to a depth of 3 ft (0.9 m) with CaX zeolite with an average particle diameter of 2.8 mm. The adsorbent initially was regenerated in flowing nitrogen at 200°C. Air containing 385 ppmv carbon dioxide and 315 ppbv nitrous oxide was introduced into the adsorber in an upflow mode at 41 lbmoles/(hr•ft2) (2 x 105 moles/ (hr•m2)), a temperature of 21°C, and a pressure of 5.7 bara. The outlet concentration of carbon dioxide was measured as a function of time, in particular the time between observed outlet concentrations of 1 ppmv and 385 ppmv (the inlet concentration). The outlet concentration of nitrous oxide also was measured. The length of unused bed (LUB) for carbon dioxide was determined from these measurements by known methods such as those described in Principles of Adsorption and Adsorption Processes by D. Ruthven, John Wiley and Sons (1984). The length of unused bed is defined as half the length of the mass transfer zone earlier defined.
[0051] The same experiment was repeated using 13X zeolite with a bed depth of 5 ft (1.5 m) and an average particle diameter of 2.8 mm. The same measurements were made and the data were analyzed similarly. Table 2 shows the length of unused bed for carbon dioxide determined for each adsorbent and the % nitrous oxide removed. The % nitrous oxide removed is defined as the % of the nitrous oxide in the feed gas which is removed between the start of adsorption with a regenerated bed and the time when the carbon dioxide concentration in the adsorber outlet reached 1 ppmv.
Table 2
| Adsorbent | Length of unused bed for carbon dioxide, inches |
% nitrous oxide removal |
| CaX | 17 (43 cm) | 97 |
| 13X | 13 (33 cm) | 52 |
[0052] The results show that the 13X zeolite unexpectedly has a shorter length of unused bed and therefore a shorter mass transfer zone than the CaX zeolite, even though CaX has a higher carbon dioxide equilibrium capacity than 13X.
EXAMPLE 2
[0053] The adsorbent bed of Example 1 was modified by placing a 12 inch layer of 13X on top of a 3 ft (0.9 m) layer of CaX adsorbent. The above experiment was repeated wherein the gas flow was upward, passing through the CaX and 13X adsorbent layers in that order. The data were obtained and analyzed in the same way, and the results are shown in Table 3.
Table 3
| Adsorbent | Length of unused bed for carbon dioxide, inches |
% nitrous oxide removal |
| CaX | 17 (43 cm) | 97 |
| CaX followed by 13X | 13 (33 cm) | 86 |
[0054] It is seen that the length of unused bed and thus the length of the mass transfer zone is shorter for the combination of CaX and 13X adsorbents than for the CaX adsorbent alone. This shortening of the length of unused bed was unexpected since CaX has a higher carbon dioxide equilibrium capacity than 13X.
[0055] Thus the use of CaX followed by 13X adsorbent of the same particle size according to the present invention yields a shortened length of unused bed for carbon dioxide and has several advantages over the use of a small particle size adsorbent layer on top of a large particle size adsorbent layer operated in upflow mode as disclosed in the prior art described above. The preferred embodiment of the present invention reduces the total pressure drop through the adsorbent bed, reduces the potential for adsorbent fluidization, and reduces the resulting potential for attrition and particulate carryover.
[0056] CaX also has a higher selectivity for nitrous oxide over carbon dioxide than 13X. This means that the use of CaX followed by 13X removes a much larger proportion of nitrous oxide than use of 13X alone. The good performance relies on choosing adsorbents with suitable thermodynamic and kinetic properties. In the present case, CaX provides good equilibrium adsorption of nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide but has a long mass transfer zone due to poor kinetic performance. The use of 13X provides a surprising sharpening of the carbon dioxide mass transfer zone and thus improves the overall kinetic performance in adsorption of carbon dioxide.
1. A method for removing a first and a second minor component from a gas mixture comprising
the first and second minor components and one or more major components, which method
comprises the steps of:
(a) providing a first adsorbent zone containing a first adsorbent material and a second adsorbent zone containing a second adsorbent material, wherein the selectivity of the first adsorbent material for the first minor component relative to the second minor component is greater than the selectivity of the second adsorbent material for the first minor component relative to the second minor component, and wherein the average particle diameter of the first adsorbent material and the average particle diameter of the second adsorbent material are substantially the same;
(b) passing the gas mixture comprising the first and second minor components and the one or more major components through the first adsorbent zone and subsequently through the second adsorbent zone; and
(c) withdrawing from the second adsorbent zone a purified gas containing the one or more major components and depleted in the first and second minor components.
2. The method of Claim 1 wherein the first minor component is nitrous oxide and the second
minor component is carbon dioxide.
3. The method of Claim 1 or Claim 2 wherein the one or more major components comprise
oxygen and nitrogen.
4. The method of Claim 3 wherein the one or more major components comprise air.
5. The method of any one of the preceding claimswherein the average particle diameter
of the first adsorbent material is between about 85% and about 115% of the average
particle diameter of the second adsorbent material.
6. The method of any one of the preceding claims wherein the average particle diameter
of the first adsorbent material is between about 0.5 mm and about 5 mm.
7. The method of any one of the preceding claims wherein the first adsorbent material
comprises CaX zeolite and the second adsorbent material comprises 13X zeolite.
8. The method of any one of the preceding claims wherein the gas mixture further comprises
water and an additional adsorbent zone is provided prior to the first adsorbent zone,
and wherein the additional adsorbent zone contains adsorbent material which selectively
adsorbs water from the gas mixture prior to the first adsorbent zone.
9. The method of any one of the preceding claims wherein the feed gas is provided at
a temperature between 0°C and 50°C.
10. The method of any one of the preceding claims which further comprises terminating
steps (b) and (c) and regenerating the first and second adsorbent materials by passing
therethrough a regeneration gas at a temperature between 80°C and 400°C.
11. A system for removing a first and a second minor component from a gas mixture comprising
the first and second minor components and one or more major components, which system
comprises:
(a) an adsorber vessel having a first adsorbent zone containing a first adsorbent material and a second adsorbent zone containing a second adsorbent material, wherein the selectivity of the first adsorbent material for the first minor component relative to the second minor component is greater than the selectivity of the second adsorbent material for the first minor component relative to the second minor component, and wherein the average particle diameter of the first adsorbent material and the average particle diameter of the second adsorbent material are substantially the same;
(b) an inlet for passing the gas mixture into the adsorber vessel such that the gas mixture passes through the first adsorbent zone and subsequently through the second adsorbent zone; and
(c) an outlet for withdrawing from adsorber vessel a purified gas containing the one or more major components and depleted in the first and second minor components.
12. The system of Claim 11 wherein the first minor component is nitrous oxide and the
second minor component is carbon dioxide.
13. The system of Claim 11 or Claim 12 wherein the one or more major components comprise
oxygen and nitrogen.
14. The system of Claim 13 wherein the one or more major components comprise air.
15. The system of Claim any one of Claims 11 to 14 wherein the average particle diameter
of the first adsorbent material is between about 85% and about 115% of the average
particle diameter of the second adsorbent material.
16. The system of any one of Claims 11 to 15 wherein the average particle diameter of
the first adsorbent material is between about 0.5 mm and about 5 mm.
17. The system of any one of Claims 11 to 16 wherein the first adsorbent material comprises
CaX zeolite and the second adsorbent material comprises 13X zeolite.
18. The system of any one of Claims 11 wherein the gas mixture further comprises water
and an additional adsorbent zone is provided prior to the first adsorbent zone, and
wherein the additional adsorbent zone contains adsorbent material which selectively
adsorbs water from the gas mixture prior to the first adsorbent zone.
19. A process for removing one or more constituents from a feed gas stream to form a purified
gas stream, comprising the steps of:
passing the feed gas stream through a bed of particles of a first adsorbent and removing a portion of one of the constituents from the feed gas stream; and subsequently
passing the feed gas stream through a bed of particles of a second adsorbent and removing another portion of the one of the constituents from the feed gas stream;
wherein the bed of the second adsorbent has a shorter mass transfer zone for the one of the constituents than the bed of the first adsorbent under the same conditions, and the particles of the first and second adsorbents have substantially the same average diameter.20. A process as claimed in Claim 19, wherein the particles of the first and second adsorbents
each have an average diameter of 2 to 5 mm.
21. A process as claimed in Claim 19 or Claim 20, wherein the one of the constituents
is carbon dioxide.
22. A process as claimed in Claim 21, wherein another of the one or more constituents
is nitrous oxide.
23. A process as claimed in any one of Claims 19 to 22, wherein the feed gas stream comprises
one or more gases selected from the group consisting of air, nitrogen, oxygen, carbon
monoxide, helium, methane, hydrogen and argon.
24. A process as claimed in any one of Claims 19 to 23, wherein the feed gas stream is
at a pressure of 3 to 20 atmospheres.
25. A process as claimed in any one of Claims 19 to 24, further comprising the step of
regenerating the first and second adsorbents with a regenerating gas.
26. A process as claimed in Claim 25, wherein the regenerating gas comprises one or more
gases selected from the group consisting of oxygen, nitrogen, methane, hydrogen, argon,
helium.
27. A process as claimed in any one of Claims 19 to 26, further comprising the step of
passing the feed gas stream over a desiccant before passing the feed gas stream over
the first adsorbent, wherein the desiccant is selected from the group consisting of
alumina, silica gel, impregnated aluminas, A zeolites and X zeolites.
28. A process as claimed in any one of Claims 19 to 27, further comprising the step of
cryogenic distillation of the purified gas stream.
29. A process for removing a first and a second constitutent from a feed gas stream to
form a purified gas stream, comprising the steps of:
passing the feed gas stream through a bed of particles of a first adsorbent, the first adsorbent having a selectivity for the first constituent over the second constituent of 0.45 or greater; and subsequently passing the feed gas stream through a bed of particles of a second adsorbent;
wherein the bed of the second adsorbent has a shorter mass transfer zone than the bed of the first adsorbent for the second constituent under the same conditions, and the particles of the first and second adsorbents have substantially the same average diameter.30. A process as claimed in Claim 29, wherein the selectivity of the second adsorbent
for the first constituent over the second constituent is 0.40 or less.