[0001] This invention relates in general to a drum dip coating apparatus and to a process
for dip coating drums wherein the coatings are free of streaks.
[0002] Although excellent toner images may be obtained with multilayered photoreceptors,
it has been found that as more advanced, higher speed electrophotographic copiers,
duplicators and printers were developed, there is a greater demand on copy quality.
[0003] Typically, in a dip coating process, a coating solution or dispersion is applied
to a drum. Dispersions usually comprise various components that are applied to a substrate
to form a charge generation layer However, the dispersion may form a single layer
photoreceptor instead of only a charge generating layer. These coating dispersions
usually comprise two phases, such as solid pigment particles dispersed in a solution
of a film forming binder dissolved in a solvent. This mixture forms a non-ideal dispersion.
In an ideal coating mixture, viscosity remains constant regardless of the amount of
shear applied to the coating mixture. In non-ideal coating compositions such as dispersions,
viscosity tends to diminish rapidly with shear. Changes in viscosity affect the coating
thickness of the deposited coating.. It is has been found that during a dip coating
operation, streaks can occur in the applied coating. These streaks can be seen by
the naked eye and are undesirable from the cosmetic and functional points of view.
For example, the streaks can cause print deletion in the final toner image on a printed
copy, the deletions corresponding in shape to the streak defect on the photoreceptor.
These streaks can occur in any of the layers applied to an electrophotographic imaging
member but are particularly pronounced in a charge generating layer. The streaks may
run the length of a drum or part of the length of a drum. The streaks appear as lighter
streaks in a dark background or dark streaks in a lighter background. Moreover, these
streaks may be branched. A typical streak typically has a width between about 0.2
micrometer and about 1 micrometer. Appearance of these streaks is often referred to
as "marbling".
[0004] EP-A-0 314 497 discloses an apparatus for dip coating a drum, said drum having a
cylindrical outer surface to be coated, an upper end and a lower end, wherein said
apparatus comprises a coating vessel having a bottom, an open top and a cylindrically
shaped vertical interior wall having a diameter greater than the diameter of said
drum, an inlet at said bottom of said vessel through which is fed flowing coating
liquid into said vessel and an insert (partition) in said vessel, said insert being
adapted to surround the cylindrical outer surface of said drum when the drum to be
coated is immersed or removed from the coating liquid. Thereby, occurrence of a turbulent
flow of the coating liquid in the vicinity of the drum is reduced or prevented during
immersion or removal of the drum. When the drum is in a stationary position (after
immersion and before removal), there is substantially no flowing motion in the vicinity
of the surface of the drum, while liquid flows between an outer surface of the insert
and the cylindrically shaped vertical interior wall of the coating vessel.
[0005] It is an object of the present invention to provide an apparatus for dip coating
a drum, where laminar motion of the coating material around the outer surface of the
drum to be coated is maintained while the drum is immersed in the liquid coating material.
[0006] This object is solved by the inventive apparatus of claim 1.
A dip coating process employing the apparatus described above is also provided.
FIG. 1 is a schematic elevation view of a coating vessel.
FIG. 2 is a schematic elevation view of the coating vessel shown in FIG. 1 containing
a drum substrate which has a small outside diameter relative to the inside diameter
of the coating vessel
FIG. 3 is a schematic elevation view of the coating vessel shown in FIG. 1 containing
a drum substrate which has an outside diameter that is only slightly smaller than
the inside diameter of the coating vessel
FIG. 4 is a schematic elevation view of the coating vessel shown in FIG. 1 in combination
with an insert, mandrel, and a drum substrate which has an outside diameter that is
only slightly smaller than the inside diameter of the insert.
FIG. 5 is a schematic plan view of the combination shown in FIG. 4.
FIG. 6 is a schematic elevation view of a coating vessel having a bottom and an insert.
FIG. 7 is a schematic plan view of the bottom insert of FIG. 6.
FIG. 8 is a cross sectional schematic elevation view of the bottom insert shown in
FIG. 7.
FIG. 9 is a schematic illustration of a coating system of this invention.
FIG. 10 is a schematic elevation view of the manifold shown in FIG. 9.
FIG. 11 is a schematic end view of the manifold shown in FIG. 10.
[0007] Referring to FIG. 1, a liquid coating material 10 is shown in a coating vessel 12
having a feed inlet 14, inverted funnel shaped bottom 16, vertical cylindrical wall
18 and top edge 20. As indicated by the arrows, the coating material 10 enters coating
vessel 12 through feed inlet 14, flows upwardly along an inverted funnel shaped wall
15 and upwardly parallel to vertical cylindrical wall 18, and overflows top edge 20
of vessel 12. The coating material that overflows top edge 20 is captured in a collecting
tank 22 (partially shown by phantom lines).
[0008] Referring to FIG. 2, a hollow cylindrical drum substrate 23 is shown almost totally
submerged in liquid coating material 10. Drum substrate 23 has an outer diameter that
is relatively small compared to the inner diameter of vertical cylindrical wall 18
of coating vessel 12. In other words, the radial spacing between the outer surface
of hollow cylindrical drum substrate 23 and the inner surface of vertical cylindrical
wall 18 of the coating vessel 12 is very large. This can occur, for example, when
a coating operation switches from the coating of large diameter drums to the coating
of small diameter drums without changing the coating vessel. Drum substrate 23 is
suspended from a conventional mandrel 25 which grips the interior surface of drum
substrate 23. Mandrel 25 also functions as an air tight seal to trap air in the interior
of drum substrate 23 when the drum substrate 23 is immersed in the bath of liquid
coating material 10 contained in vessel 12. In dip coating, air trapped within the
lower interior space of the hollow drum substrate 23 prevents the liquid coating material
10 from entering and depositing on the interior surface of the substrate 23 and the
lower end of the mandrel 25. Usually, a narrow peripheral strip around the top of
drum substrate 23 is not submerged in the bath of coating material 10 and remains
uncoated. As is well known in the dip coating art the mandrel 25 is connected to conventional
transport means which lowers the drum substrate 23 into the bath of liquid coating
material 10 and thereafter raises drum substrate 23 from the bath of liquid coating
material 10. An example of a drum transport device in a dip coating system isillustrated
in US-A 4,620,996. Subsequent to withdrawal from the bath of liquid coating material
10 drum substrate 23 carries a thin coating of the material (not shown) from bath
10.
[0009] In FIG. 3, a system of this invention is illustrated with hollow cylindrical drum
substrate 24 almost totally submerged in liquid coating material 10. Hollow cylindrical
drum substrate 24 has an outer diameter that is only slightly smaller than the inner
diameter of the coating vessel 12. Thus, the radial spacing between the outer surface
of hollow cylindrical drum substrate 24 and inner surface or wall of coating vessel
12 is extremely small. The drum substrate 24 should be substantially concentric with
the inner surface of vertical cylindrical wall 18 of coating vessel 12 during the
coating operation of this invention. It is critical that the radial spacing between
the inner surface of vertical cylindrical wall 18 of coating vessel 12 and the outer
surface of hollow cylindrical drum substrate 24 during the coating process is between
about 2 millimeters and about 9 millimeters in order to adequately avoid streaks and
graininess in the final coating. Preferably, the radial spacing is between about 4.5
millimeters and about 8.5 millimeters. Optimum coating layers are achieved with an
axial spacing between about 5.5 millimeters and about 7.5 millimeters. Since the expression
"radial spacing" refers to the spacing between the outer surface of cylindrical drum
substrate 23 and the inner surface of vertical cylindrical wall 18 of coating vessel
12 on only one side of the drum along an imaginary radius line, the "diametric spacing"
is twice the size of the "radial spacing" because the diametric spacing includes the
spaces on opposite sides of cylindrical drum substrate 23 measured along an imaginary
diameter line. Thus, the diametric spacing is between about 4 millimeters and about
18 millimeters. In Example 1 of US-A 4,620,996, the radial spacing of the drum to
the coating vessel wall is 1 centimeter or 10 millimeters. In Example 2 of US-A 4,620,996,
the radial spacing of the drum to the coating vessel wall is 10 millimeters. These
radial spacings are about 11 percent greater than the maximum radial spacing of 9
millimeters used in the coating system of this invention.
[0010] FIG. 4, illustrates the coating vessel 12 shown in FIG. 1 in combination with an
annular insert 30 and a hollow cylindrical drum substrate 26 which has a relatively
small outer diameter compared to the inner diameter of coating vessel 12. Drum substrate
26 is suspended by a conventional mandrel 28 which grips the interior surface of drum
substrate 26. When small diameter drums are to be dip coated in coating vessels that
have very large inner diameters, the positioning of annular insert 30 within the interior
of coating vessel 12 enables achievement of a critical spacing between the outer surface
of drum substrate 26 and inner surface 32 of vertical wall 33. Vertical wall 32 is
spaced from, adjacent to and parallel to the outer surface of drum substrate 26. Insert
30 may comprise retaining grooves 34 and 36 which retain elastomeric sealing rings
38 and 40, respectively. The sealing rings 38 and 40 may be of any suitable shape.
However, elastomeric "O" rings are preferred. If desired, additional retaining grooves
and sealing rings (not shown) may be utilized. The sealing rings 38 and 40 prevent
coating material from entering and circulating between insert 30 and the adjacent
wall of liquid coating vessel 10. Insert 30 comprises a main insert body 41 and insert
sleeve 42. Since coating vessels 12 are normally formed from welded sheet metal, the
wall 33 is usually not perfectly straight. For example, the wall 33 may have a slightly
wavy shaped inner surface 32 which can hamper achievement of laminar flow of the coating
material between the inner surface 32 and the outer surface of drum substrate 26.
By using resilient elastomeric sealing rings 38 and 40 retained in grooves 34 and
36 extending circumferentially around the outer periphery of insert 30 near the top
and at the bottom thereof, alignment of the insert 30 in coating vessel 12 having
an imperfectly shaped wall 33 is more readily achieved due to compensating deformation
of resilient elastomeric sealing rings 38 and 40. Also, the elastomeric sealing rings
38 and 40 function as a damper to further insulate the insert 30 from external sources
of vibration. Any suitable dampening and sealing material may be employed for sealing
rings 38 and 40. Typical sealing ring materials include, for example, natural rubber,
neoprene, butyl rubber, nitrile rubber, silicone elastomer, Viton, Teflon, and the
like. If desired, additional sealing rings may be utilized between the upper ring
38 and the lower ring 40. However, as the number of rings are increased, resistance
to insertion and removal of the insert 30 from the coating vessel 12 increases. Instead
of the "O" ring configuration illustrated in FIG. 4, the sealing rings may have any
other suitable cross section. Typical cross sections include, for example, circular,
oval, square, octagonal, star, and the like. Preferably, the sealing rings are resilient
and have a durometer of between about 30 and about 100. Each sealing ring should have
sufficient thickness so that it is partially compressed when the insert 30 is installed
in the coating vessel 12. Thus, each sealing ring 38 and 40 has a thickness that is
greater than the depth of the retaining grooves 34 and 36, respectively, which circumscribe
the outer surface of the insert 30. The retaining grooves 34 and 36 may have any suitable
cross sectional shape such as, for example, square, rectangular, "V", "U", semi-circular
and the like. A retaining groove having a square shaped cross section typically has
a width between about 0.2 millimeter and about 1 millimeter and a depth of between
about 0.2 micrometer and about 1 millimeter. The retaining grooves 38 and 40 are preferably
large enough to retain the sealing ring during installation of the insert, after the
insert is installed, and during removal from the coating vessel 12. If no sealing
rings are employed on the insert body, the liquid coating material 10 can flow between
the insert and the coating vessel walls and form undesirable deposits of the coating
material 10 on the outer surface of the insert 30 and the inner surface 32 of the
coating material vessel 12. These deposits are difficult to remove during cleaning
operations following removal of the insert from coating vessel 12.
[0011] The main insert body 41 may comprise any suitable material. Preferably, the insert
body is made of a plastic, metal or composites. Typical plastics include, for example,
polytetrafluoroethylene, nylon, polycarbonate, polyester, UHMW polyethylene or polypropylene,
and the like and composites thereof. Typical metals include, for example, stainless
steel, aluminum, aluminum alloys, and the like and composites thereof. Main insert
body 41 may be solid, foam filled, hollow or the like. A hollow insert body is preferred
to reduce weight and to conserve materials. The main insert body may be fabricated
by any suitable means such as molding, machining, casting, and the like. The material
utilized for the main insert body 41 should not be degradable by the materials employed
for coating the drum 26.
[0012] Preferably the upper end of insert sleeve 42 extends beyond the top surface 44 of
the main insert body 41. This extension of sleeve 42 is preferably thin to isolate
the coating being formed on the surface of the drum substrate 26 from ripples formed
in the large pool of coating material on top surface 44 flowing away from sleeve 42.
The extension of sleeve 42 also facilitates alignment of the the upper surface of
the sleeve 42 with the upper surface of other like sleeves of other coating vessels
in the same coating system so that the amount of overflow out of sleeve 42 is substantially
the same for all like sleeves in the same coating system. Insert sleeve 42 may comprise
any suitable material such as metal or plastic. Sleeve 42 preferably comprises a metal
because it can be readily fabricated to form a smooth long life surface, such as by
machining, to facilitate alignment of the top of sleeve 42 with the tops of other
sleeves in the same coating system and to promote laminar flow of coating material
10 as it overflows from the sleeve 42. When multiple coating vessels are utilized
in a dip coating system, it is important that the overflow of the coating material
over the weir of each coating vessel is substantially the same because that will essentially
maintain an even flow of coating material within the interior of the individual tanks
in respect to one another. The use of an insert sleeve facilitates alignment of the
tops of each sleeve at the same level as the other sleeves in the coating system so
that the flow of liquid coating material is smooth and uniform around the periphery
of each drum. Although the insert sleeve 42 may be omitted, superior quality coatings
are achieved when the sleeve 42 is utilized in an insert. Without sleeve 42, the flat
top surface 44 of main insert body 41 creates a relatively large pool of overflowing
coating material 10 which is more vulnerable to the formation of ripples caused by
sources of vibrational energy. More specifically, vibrational disturbances cause ripples
much like the ring shaped ripples that form when a pebble is dropped onto the calm
surface of a pond. These ripples propagate in two directions. One towards the substrate
that is being withdrawn from the coating bath and the other ripple towards the edge
of the coating vessel from which the coating material overflows. The ripples strike
and deform the outer surface of the coating carried on the drum 26 while drum 26 is
being withdrawn from the bath of coating material 10. The deformations to the coating
caused by the ripples can still be detected even after the coating has been dried.
Extension of the thin upper end of sleeve 42 above top surface 44 of main insert body
41 reduces the pool area of the coating material as it overflows the top edge 45 of
the upper end of sleeve 42 thereby reducing the area available for ripple formation
and also aids in isolating drum substrate 26 from the large pool of liquid coating
material flowing along the top surface 44 of main insert body 41.
[0013] If no sleeve 42 and no sealing rings 38 and 40 are employed with the main insert
body 41, the liquid coating material 10 can flow between the insert and the coating
vessel walls and reenter the main coating stream at the top of the vessel to cause
ripples to form in the liquid coating material 10 flowing along the top surface 44
of main insert body 41. In the absence of an extension of the thin upper end of sleeve
42 above top surface 44, some of these ripples can propagate toward the substrate
26 that is being withdrawn from the bath of coating material 10. As described above,
these ripples can strike and deform the outer surface of the coating carried on the
drum 26 while drum 26 is being withdrawn from the bath of coating material 10 to cause
deformations in the coating which can still be detected even after the coating has
been dried. Although the use of a sleeve 42 and sealing rings 38 and 40 are preferred
when using an annular insert 30, they may be omitted with less desirable results.
[0014] Referring to FIG. 5, a plan view of the coating system of FIG. 4 is shown. Mandrel
28 supports hollow cylindrical drum substrate 26 in liquid coating material 10. Spaced
from hollow cylindrical drum substrate 26 is insert sleeve 42 of annular insert 30.
Insert 30 is snugly retained within coating vessel 12 by elastomeric sealing rings
with only sealing ring 38 seated in being visible.
[0015] Illustrated in FIGS. 6, 7 and 8, is a bottom insert 46 that is inserted into a coating
vessel 48 having a relatively flat bottom 50 and vertical wall 51. Bottom insert 46
aids in the prevention of turbulence in the form of eddies that can develop in the
stream of flowing liquid coating material (not shown) as it enters coating vessel
48 through feed inlet 49 and abruptly spreads out along relatively flat bottom 50.
Bottom insert 46 has a bottom 52 and vertical side 53 which match the shape of the
adjacent interior surface of bottom 50 and vertical wall 51, respectively, of coating
vessel 48. The vertical side 51 of bottom insert 46 contains retaining grooves 54
and 55 which retain elastomeric sealing rings 56 and 57, respectively. If desired,
additional retaining grooves elastomeric sealing rings (not shown) may be utilized.
The sealing rings 56 and 57 prevent coating material from entering and circulating
between insert 46 and the adjacent interior surface of bottom 50 and retain bottom
insert 46 in position at the bottom of coating vessel 48. Bottom insert 46 has an
upper surface 59 shaped like an inverted cone. This cone shape forces the liquid coating
material to gradually spread outwardly away from the vertical axis of vessel 48 as
it flows into the space between the substrate to be coated (not shown) and the vertical
wall 51 of coating vessel 48. To install insert 46, one may merely slide it down to
the bottom of vessel 46.
[0016] When employing a bottom inset 46, the region in the dip coating vessel 48 below the
drum substrate (not shown) at the point of maximum immersion of the drum substrate
in the coating material should be sufficiently large to avoid undue restriction of
flow and to prevent undesirable turbulence in the coating material as the coating
material flows upwardly between the outer surface of the drum and the inner surface
of the coating vessel 48 or the inner surface of a coating vessel insert (not shown).
Since the relative sizes of the drum, coating vessel, and feed inlet and rate of coating
material flow affect the desired size of the region in the dip coating vessel 48 below
the drum substrate (not shown) at the point of maximum immersion of the drum substrate,
some experimentation is desirable to achieve laminar flow of the coating material
in this region. Thus, for example, if the feed inlet 49 diameter which feeds the coating
material into the bottom of coating vessel 48 is too narrow compared to the diameter
of the coating vessel 48 adjacent the bottom 50 of the coating vessel, 48 the velocity
change of the coating material from feed inlet 49 into the low portion of the coating
vessel 48 will be too abrupt, laminar flow will be impaired and defects in the coating
applied to the drum will occur. More specifically, if the feed inlet 49 has a diameter
of about 1/2 inch (12 millimeters) and the bottom of the coating vessel 48 has a diameter
of about 5 inches (1.25 centimeters), the sudden decrease in the velocity of the coating
material will disrupt laminar flow and cause coating defects in the final drum coating.
This is from about 1/4 : 1 to about 1:1. Instead of employing the insert described
above, abrupt changes in diameter of the means constraining the coating material as
it is fed into the bottom of a coating vessel can also be avoided by integrating a
funnel shaped entrance at the bottom of the coating vessel when the vessel is initially
fabricated, e.g.. see FIG 1. The funnel shape may be achieved, for example, by welding
a funnel shaped bottom to the vertical walls of a coating vessel. A flat bottom is
always detrimental to the stated objective. It is noteworthy that even a shallow angled
bottom will always cause eddies to form in the recesses of a tight corner and these
eddies will form defects on the coating surface. To avoid this occurence it is necessary
to maintain a wide angle where the bottom meets the sides. The optimum angle is 180
degrees. A preferred angle is between about 135 and about 160 degrees and a minimum
angle is about 120 degrees. The expression "laminar flow" as employed herein is typically
understood to represent a flow of liquid where the flow everywhere in all planes of
reference is in the same direction and parallel to the surface of the tube and the
tank walls. This flow is smooth, even and totally without turbulence in any region
of reference or concern, i.e. "streamlined".
[0017] A coating system utilizing eight coating vessels are shown in FIGS. 9, 10 and 11n
with only coating vessels 60, 62, 64 and 66 being visible. Liquid coating material
is fed to these coating vessels through feed lines 68, 70, 72 and 74, respectively,
which are connected in turn through elbow fittings 78, 80, 82 and 84, respectively
(the other four feed lines and elbow fittings not being visible in FIGS. 7 and 8)
to feed manifold 86. When the coating material, not shown, overflows from the coating
vessels into collecting tank 88 (shown in phantom lines), it flows by gravity (a pump
may optionally be employed) to reservoir 90. From reservoir 90, the liquid coating
material is pumped by a suitable pump 92 through a low pressure filter 94 into the
tapered inlet 96 of manifold 86. All bends in the lines between reservoir 90 and the
coating vessels should have a large radius of curvature to maintain laminar flow motion
of the liquid coating material prior to introduction into the coating vessels. It
is also important that the liquid coating material being delivered to the dip coating
vessels 60, 62, 64 and 66 be maintained in laminar flow motion prior to introduction
into each coating vessel to ensure laminar flow within each coating vessel and to
prevent the formation of defects in the applied coating. All feed lines 98 and 99
from reservoir 90 preferably have smooth and electropolished interior surfaces. Thus,
for example, the inner surface of each coating vessel and feed lines 68, 70, 72 and
74, elbow fittings 78, 80, 82 and 8 and manifold 86 should be smooth and free of burrs.
Also, all piping should not impart sudden changes of direction or velocity to the
liquid coating material, particularly, the manifold which delivers the liquid coating
material to the individual coating vessels with no change in relative velocity. Thus,
for example, it is important that the feed lines 68, 70, 72 and 74 to the feed manifold
86, the manifold itself and the connecting conduits between the manifold and each
coating vessel 60, 62, 64 and 66 have substantially the same diameter to maintain
laminar flow even though a velocity change will occur as the coating material is transferred
from the main feed line 98 to the manifold. Any bends in the lines between the coating
material reservoir 90 and the bottom of each coating vessel 60, 62, 64 and 66 should
have large radius turns. Generally, the radius bend in any line from reservoir 90
to pump 92 should have a radius of at least about 2 inches (5 centimeters). All bends
in lines connecting pump 92 and filter 94 to the manifold 86 should have a radius
of at least about 6 inches (15 centimeters). Preferably, all bends in connecting lines
between the manifold 86 and the bottom of each coating vessel 60, 62, 64 and 66 have
a radius of at least about 8 inches (20 centimeters). Generally, the cross-sectional
area of manifold 86 should be equal to about the sum of the cross-sectional areas
of each of the connecting lines (passageways) between the manifold and the bottom
of each coating vessel. Thus, all joints should have smooth and gradual transitions
with absolutely no abrupt change in direction. Similarly, abrupt restrictions which
would impede flow of the liquid coating material should be avoided in the liquid coating
material delivery system between the reservoir 90 and the bottom each coating vessel
60, 62, 64 and 66. Thus, for example, any valves utilized in the coating system should
be free of any components which would restrict the coating material flow during the
coating operation. Preferred valves which do not restrict flow when opened include,
for example, ball valves and plug valves which when open provide exactly the same
interior cross section as the incoming and out going connecting lines. Undesirable
valves which tend to restrict flow even in the open position include, for examples,
gate valves, shutter valves, needle valves, and the like.
[0018] It is also important that other devices be avoided which might cause a large pressure
drop and disrupt laminar flow such as conventional filters, instrumentation, including
viscometers and temperature probes extending into the liquid flow path, and the like.
However, a low back pressure filter 94 may be utilized in the main feed line 98 between
the manifold and coating material pump. The low back pressure filter 98 should be
impart a pressure drop of less than about 2 pounds per square inch (0.14 kilograms
per square centimeter). Typical low back pressure filters comprise a convoluted filter
membrane resembling an extensively pleated sheet surrounding an open core. The coating
material pumped through this type of filter undergoes essentially zero pressure drop
because of the huge area available for filtering.
[0019] Generally, pressure in the liquid coating material between the pump 92 and the bottom
of each coating vessel is less than about 1 pound per square inch (0.07 kilograms
per square centimeter) during the coating cycle. It is is important that the pressure
is equal in all directions in the coating material liquid in order to achieve laminar
flow in the manifold and in the lines connecting the manifold 86 to the bottom of
each coating vessel.
[0020] The dip coating system of this invention transports and recirculates liquid coating
material while isolating the coating material from various energy inputs or losses
to produce a consistently uniform and defect free coating. Thus, for example, all
sources of heat and vibration should be isolated from the liquid coating material.
For example, pump motors which generate heat during operation, such as gear pumps,
are to be avoided because they can cause agglomeration of pigment particles and separation
of the dispersion in liquid coating compositions such as coatings for charge generation
layers. The liquid coating material pump preferably provides uniform delivery of the
coating liquid to a manifold and each coating vessel without imparting any significant
heat energy to the flowing liquid coating material. The pump should be a low shear
pump. Typical low shear pumps include, for example, sine pumps, auger pumps, centrifugal
pumps, oil-less diaphragm pumps (acetal, teflon). Also included are two or three small
pumps running out of phase with each other such as peristaltic pumps, sine pumps,
auger pumps, centrifugal pumps, oil-less diaphragm pumps (acetal, teflon), and the
like. Although less desirable, a high shear pump such as a gear pump may be utilized
if it is positioned far upstream from the manifold and sufficient filters are interposed
between the high shear and the manifold to remove agglomerated materials.
[0021] Isolation from vibration can be aided by mounting coating vessels, manifold, feed
lines and the like on vibration absorbing means such as rubber pads, springs and elastomeric
members.
[0022] Heat exchangers may be utilized to prevent large changes in the temperature of the
liquid coating material. Thus, the total fluctuation or variation in temperature of
the coating liquid in the manifold, feed lines between the manifold and the bottom
of the coating vessel and in each coating vessel should be maintained at a level of
less than about 2°C. Temperature fluctuations in the liquid coating material greater
than about 2°C. tends to cause streaks to form in the applied coating, particularly
in charge generator layers. Optimum results are achieve when the total variation in
temperature of the liquid coating material is maintained less than about 0.5°C. When
temperature fluctuations reach 3°C, the liquid coating material is totally unsatisfactory
for forming uniform deposited coatings. Maintenance of temperature fluctuation to
less than about 2°C. can be achieved, for example, with coating booths and water jackets
which surround the coating vessel, feed line, pump, filter or the like, the temperature
of which can be computer controlled using conventional temperature sensors and feedback
means. Air flow in the coating environs must also be regulated to less than 1°C. of
variation, and direct air flows at the wet surfaces of freshly coated parts should
be directed away by means of a shield or an incoming vent which will suitably dissipate
the air flow so that it will not impinge and distort any wet coated surface.
[0023] Satisfactory results are achieved with an upward liquid coating material velocity
of between about 15 millimeters per minute and about 300 millimeters per minute between
the outer surface of the drum and the vertical inner wall of the coating vessel. Preferably,
the upward velocity is maintained at between about 100 millimeters per minute and
about 200 millimeters per minute. This velocity is measured at the center of, i.e.
midway between, the space between the inner vessel and the outer surface of the drum
being coated as the drum is being withdrawn from the liquid coating mixture. Although
the velocity of the liquid coating material near the inner surface of the coating
vessel and the outer surface of the drum are lower than the velocity at the center
of the space between the drum and the vessel wall, the flow of the coating material
is laminar. Obviously, the center of the space between the drum and the vessel wall
intersects an imaginary curved. cylindrically shaped plane that is coaxial with the
drum and the adjacent inner surface of the coating vessel.
EXAMPLE I
[0024] A photoconductive imaging member was dip coated using a stainless steel coating vessel
similar to the coating vessel illustrated in FIG. 1. The coating vessel had a cylindrically
shaped upper section having an inside diameter of 110 centimeters and a vertical wall
of 435 centimeters. The cylindrically shaped upper section had a wall thickness of
about 2 millimeters. The lower section of the coating vessel had the shape of an inverted
cone. The uppermost part of the inverted cone section had a diameter equal to the
diameter of the cylindrically shaped upper section. The lowermost part of the inverted
cone section contained an opening having an inside diameter of 10 millimeters. This
opening was connected to a feed inlet pipe having an inside diameter of 10 millimeters.
The slope of the inverted cone was 45 degrees measured from an imaginary horizontal
plane which intersected the opening. Liquid coating material was pumped from a liquid
coating material reservoir tank to the feed inlet pipe by means of a MICRO pump (Model
GM - 8, available from Siewert Co.) which pumped the coating material through a PALL
filter (Model AB1Y070, available from Prosco Products Co.) and a manifold to the feed
inlet pipe in a system similar to that shown in FIGS. 9, 10 and 11. The pressure drop
across the filter was 5 pounds per square inch (351.5 grams per square centimeter).
There were five 90 degree bends in the piping between the pump and the bottom of the
coating vessel. All bends in the piping had a radius of curvature from zero to twenty
centimeters. The top of the coating vessel was open. The coating material flowed from
the bottom of the coating vessel, through the cylindrically shaped upper section and
overflowed the top edge of the cylindrically shaped upper section of the coating vessel.
The coating material which overflowed from the top of the coating vessel was caught
in a collecting tank and recirculated to the reservoir tank. A water jacket was used
around the collection/ recirculation tank to maintain the temperature of the coating
solution within about 3°C of a mean temperature of 18°C. Also, a coating booth containing
the entire coating system was maintained at a temperature of 18°C.
[0025] An aluminum drum substrate having a thickness of 1 millimeters, an outside diameter
of 40 centimeters and a length of 238 centimeters was provided that already had a
100 nanometer thick coating of a siloxane charge blocking layer. This coated drum
was dip coated by immersing all, but 5 millimeters of the top of edge, of the drum
into the bath of coating material contained in the coating vessel. The drum was transported
using a conventional mandrel and conveyor system. The mandrel gripped the interior
surface of the upper part of the drum and aligned the drum coaxially with the cylindrically
shaped upper section of the coating vessel. The radial spacing between the outer surface
of the drum and the adjacent inner surface of the coating vessel was 35 millimeters.
The liquid coating material comprised a photogenerating layer (CGL) containing 5.0
percent by weight titanyl phthalocyanine and chloroindium phthalocyanine pigment particles
with polyvinyl butyral (B79, available from Monsanto Co.) binder with 95 percent n-butyl
acetate as solvent. The pigment particles had an average particle size of about 0.2
micrometer. This liquid coating material has a viscosity of 10 centipoises. The pigment
to binder weight ratio was 64 : 36. The velocity of the coating material as it flowed
between the outer surface of the submerged portion of the drum and the adjacent vertical
inner wall of the coating vessel was about 27.2 millimeters per minute, the velocity
being measured midway between the outer surface of the drum and the adjacent vertical
inner wall of the vessel. The drum was withdrawn from the coating bath at a rate of
185 millimeters per minute. The resulting coating was dried at 135°C for 5 minutes
in a forced air oven to form a dry thickness photogenerating layer having a thickness
of about 0.2 micrometer.
[0026] This photogenerator layer was overcoated with a charge transport layer. The charge
transport layer coating material contained a 25 percent by weight solids solution
of an arylamine hole transporting molecule poly(4,4'-diphenyl-1,1'-cyclohexane carbonate)
[PCZ -200, available from Mitsubishi Gas Chemical], and 75 percent by weight mono
chloro benzene. This solution was applied on the photogenerator layer by dip coating
to form a coating which upon drying had a thickness of 24 microns. Dip coating was
performed with a stainless steel coating vessel identical to the coating vessel used
above for applying the charge generator layer. The coating vessel had a cylindrically
shaped upper section having a diameter of 110 centimeters and a vertical wall of 2
centimeters. The lower section of the coating vessel had the shape of an inverted
cone. The uppermost part of the inverted cone section had a diameter equal to the
diameter of the cylindrically shaped upper section. The lowermost part of the inverted
cone section contained an opening having a diameter of 10 millimeters. This opening
was connected to a feed inlet pipe having a diameter of 10 millimeters. Liquid coating
material was pumped from a liquid coating material reservoir tank to the feed inlet
pipe by means of a MICRO pump (Model GM-8, available from Siewert Co.) which pumped
the coating material through a PALL filter (Model AB1Y070, available from Prosco Products
Co.) and a manifold to the feed inlet pipe in a system similar to that shown in FIGS.
9, 10 and 11. There were 4 bends in the piping between the pump and the bottom of
the coating vessel. All bends in the piping had a radius of curvature from zero to
twenty centimeters. The top of the coating vessel was open. The coating material flowed
from the bottom of the coating vessel, through the cylindrically shaped upper section
and overflowed the top edge of the cylindrically shaped upper section of the coating
vessel. The coating material which overflowed was caught in a collecting tank and
recirculated to the reservoir tank. During this coating process the humidity was equal
to or less than 15 percent. The photoreceptor device containing all of the above layers
was annealed at 135°C in a forced air oven for 45 minutes and thereafter cooled to
ambient room temperature.
[0027] This control photoreceptor was examined and found to contain visible streaks in the
applied coatings. The photoreceptor was also used to make copies in a Xerox 4213 (trademark)
printer. It was also found that electrophotographic copies made with this photoreceptor
were characterized by streaks which appeared to start at the top and extend to the
bottom, sometimes splitting or forking into two or more streaks or clear appearing
regions as they progressed towards the bottom. Each drum had one or more, and they
showed up on the corresponding copies as deletions or areas that will not print dark
as they will not accept toner.
EXAMPLE II
[0028] The procedures for preparing a photoreceptor as described in Example I were repeated
to form another test sample, except that the solvent for the charge generator layer
was n-butyl acetate instead of cyclohexanone. After all the coatings were applied
and the photoreceptor device was annealed at 135°C in a forced air oven for 5 minutes
and cooled to ambient room temperature, this control photoreceptor was tested as described
in Example I. This control photoreceptor contained severe visible streaks in the applied
coatings. The copies made were examined and found to contain severe visible streaks
in the applied coatings. It was also found that electrophotographic copies made with
this photoreceptor were characterized by streaks which appeared to start at the top
and extend to the bottom, sometimes splitting or forking into two or more streaks
or clear appearing regions as they progressed towards the bottom. Each drum had one
or more, and they showed up on the corresponding copies as deletions or areas that
would not print dark as they would not accept toner.
EXAMPLE III
[0029] The procedures for preparing a photoreceptor as described in Example I were repeated
to form another test sample, except that the coating vessel was replaced with another
stainless steel coating vessel having a shape similar to the coating vessel illustrated
in FIG. 1, but having a cylindrically shaped upper section having a diameter of 55
centimeters and a vertical wall of 435 centimeters. The sample prepared using identical
40 centimeter diameter aluminum drum was evaluated in the same manner as that described
in Examples I and II. This photoreceptor sample was free of streaks in the coating
and performed well in a machine test identical to the machine test described in Example
I. When the processes of Examples I, II and III were repeated to fabricate 30 photoreceptors
for each process and tested as described in Examples I and II, it was found that 100
percent of the photoreceptors made by the process of Examples I and II contained unacceptable
defects whereas all of the photoreceptors made with the procedure of Example III were
free of defects.
EXAMPLE IV
[0030] The procedures for preparing a photoreceptor as described in Example I were repeated
to form another test sample, except that an annular insert similar to the insert illustrated
in FIG. 4 was added to the interior of the coating vessel. The insert had an outer
diameter that was 2 millimeters less than the inside diameter of the coating vessel.
The annular insert also had a vertically aligned cylindrically shaped opening which
effectively reduced the inside diameter of the coating vessel from 110 millimeters
down to 55 millimeters. A pair of Teflon encapsulated neoprene "O" rings having a
thickness of 5 millimeters where positioned in circumferential grooves located near
the top and bottom of the annular insert. Each of the grooves had a depth of 3 millimeters
and a width of 5 millimeters. The "O" rings were compressed when the insert was installed
in the coating vessel and prevented flow of coating material between the insert and
the adjacent wall of the coating vessel.
[0031] An aluminum drum substrate having a thickness of 1 millimeter, an outside diameter
of 40 centimeters and a length of 340 millimeters was provided that already had a
100 nanometer thick coating of a siloxane charge blocking layer. This coated drum
was dip coated as described in Example 1 except that the radial spacing between the
outer surface of the drum and the adjacent inner surface of the coating vessel was
7.5 millimeters, the liquid coating material had a viscosity of 8 centipoises, and
the velocity of the coating material as it flowed between the outer surface of the
submerged portion of the drum and the adjacent vertical inner wall of the coating
vessel was about 27 millimeters per minute, the velocity being measured midway between
the outer surface of the drum and the adjacent vertical inner wall of the vessel.
The flowing coating material between the outer surface of the submerged portion of
the drum and the adjacent vertical inner wall of the coating vessel was laminar. Laminar
flow was determined by observing the flow appearance at the top of the coating vessel.
The drum was withdrawn from the coating bath at a rate of 185 millimeters per minute.
The resulting coating was dried at 135°C for 5 minutes in a forced air oven to form
a dry thickness photogenerating layer having a thickness of about 0.2 micrometer.
[0032] Dramatic differences were observed between the results obtained in Example I and
the results obtained with the insert. A comparison of the results are shown in Table
A below:
Dip Tank Diameter |
Production Exp # |
Streak Defect Reject Level % |
Number of Streaks/Drum |
110mm |
1,2,3,4 |
100 |
1.5-2.5 |
55mm (insert) |
7 |
12 |
0.1 |
[0033] Table A clearly demonstrates that the insert eliminated streaking whereas streaking
was excessive in the absence of the insert.
EXAMPLE V
[0034]
(1) A photoconductive imaging member was dip coated using a stainless steel coating
vessel similar to the coating vessel illustrated in FIG. 1. The coating vessel had
a cylindrically shaped upper section having an inside diameter of 110 centimeters
and a vertical wall of 435 centimeters. The cylindrically shaped upper section had
a wall thickness of about 2 millimeters. The lower section of the coating vessel had
the shape of an inverted cone. The uppermost part of the inverted cone section had
a diameter equal to the diameter of the cylindrically shaped upper section. The lowermost
part of the inverted cone section contained an opening having an inside diameter of
35 millimeters. This opening was connected to a feed inlet pipe having an inside diameter
of 35 millimeters. The slope of the inverted cone was 45 degrees measured from an
imaginary horizontal plane which intersected the opening. Liquid coating material
was pumped from a liquid coating material reservoir tank to the feed inlet pipe by
means of a MICRO pump (Model GM - 8, available from Siewert Co.) which pumped the
coating material through a manifold to the feed inlet pipe in a system similar to
that shown in FIGS. 9, 10 and 11. There was only one ten centimeter bend in the piping
between the pump and the bottom of the coating vessel.The top of the coating vessel
was open. The coating material flowed through the coating vessel, and was collected
in the same manner as described in Example 1.
(2) An aluminum drum substrate pre-coated with siloxane charge blocking layer was
dip coated with a charge generator layer as described in Example 1.
[0035] A small shell and tube type heat exchanger was installed into the delivery line adjacent
to the bottom of the coating vessel and at the entrance to the manifold. A drum was
dipped into the coating vessel as described above. The resultant coating was free
of streaks, which demonstrated that the presence of the heat exchanger in the line,
in and of itself, did not cause streaks in the coating. Next, the heat exchanger was
connected to a warm water source. A thermometer was immersed into the coating vessel
and the warm water was allowed to flow to the heat exchanger, thereby heating the
coating solution as it passed into the bottom of the coating vessel. At the very moment
that the warmed solution reached the coating vessel, indicated by the thermometer,
a drum was dipped into the coating vessel as described above. The coating solution
temperature rose three degrees centigrade while the drum was immersed. The resultant
coating was covered with streaks, which demonstrated that the addition of heat by
the heat exchanger to the solution caused streaks in the coating. Another drum was
dipped immediately thereafter into the coating vessel as described above. At this
point the temperature had risen 5 degrees centigrade in the coating vessel. This coating
was completely covered with multiple streaks. This coating material cannot flow through
any hot devices, nor can it experience any sudden temperature change, on its way to
the coating vessel or severe rejects in the coating will be formed.
EXAMPLE VI
[0036]
(1) A photoconductive imaging member was dip coated using a stainless steel coating
vessel as described in Example V.
(2) An aluminum drum was coated as described in Example V.
[0037] A small shell and tube type heat exchanger was installed into the delivery line adjacent
to the bottom of the coating vessel and at the entrance to the manifold. A drum was
dipped into the coating vessel as described above. The resultant coating was free
of streaks, which demonstrated that the presence of the heat exchanger in the line,
in and of itself, did not cause streaks in the coating. Next, the pump speed which
had been set to effect a 27 millimeters / minute flow rate upwardly in the coating
vessel was varied to produce higher recirculation rates throughout the system as described
above. The pump was adjusted to produce a 35 millimeters / minute flow rate upwardly
in the coating vessel. A drum was dipped into the coating vessel as described above.
The resultant coating was covered with streaks, which demonstrated that the appearance
of streaks was not only related to obstructions in the line per se but also related
to the rate of flow through and around those obstructions. Since flow rate is here
directly proportional to shear rate the non offensive heat exchanger suddenly caused
defects as the flow through it is increased from the minimal desired level.
EXAMPLE VII
[0038] The experimental procedures described in paragraphs 1, 2, and 3, from Examples V
& VI above were repeated except that a device was added to the bottom of the coating
vessel as described in Examples V & VI above. This device is depicted in Figures 6,
7, & 8. This device is herein referred to as a "Vortex Breaker". This device, as employed
in this experiment, has the effect of introducing a cross shaped set of blades 1 millimeter
wide into the opening at the bottom of the coating vessel, which are parallel to the
direction of flow of the solution. Also the entrance to the bottom of the coating
vessel was restricted from the 35 millimeter diameter delivery tube, down to a ten
millimeter diameter. Additionally the bottom angle of the coating vessel cone was
adjusted by this device to a 45 degree intercept with the coating vessel walls. This
device was held in place by two O - rings of TEFLON encapsulated rubber, which also
served to restrict the flow of solution solely to flowing through the cross shaped
blade opening. This device was machined from stainless steel, but might alternately
be fabricated from Teflon, nylon, aluminum or other suitable materials. All conditions
of the system were set, before the addition of the "Vortex Breaker,"as previously
noted, so as to produce a coating surface on the drum which was free of all defects.
A drum was then dipped into the coating vessel as described above with the "Vortex
Breaker" in place in the coating vessel. This coating was completely covered with
multiple streaks. This experiment demonstrated two major parameters which affect the
coating surface quality. First, the liquid coating material will not tolerate a sudden
change in velocity as the device had the effect of causing the coating material to
undergo a sudden increase in velocity as it passed through the smaller opening provided
by the device, and then alternately experiencing a sudden decrease in velocity as
it opens into the bottom of the coating vessel. The coating material experiences these
sudden velocity changes as shear factors. The coating on the drum then shows multiple
streaks. Secondly, the coating material will not tolerate an obstruction in the flow
path such as is provided by the cross shaped blades in the "Vortex Breaker". These
obstructions also cause a sudden change in velocity as the coating material has to
change velocity and direction as it flows around the obstruction. The liquid coating
material "sees " these changes as a sudden increase in shear factors and then the
coating on the drum then exhibits multiple streak defects.
EXAMPLE VIII
[0039] The experimental procedures described in paragraphs 1, 2, and 3, from Examples V,
VI and VII above were repeated except that a device was added to the bottom of the
coating vessel at the end of the elbow manifold where it would normally connect to
the delivery line for the solution. This device was a normal ball valve that would
be typically found in a fluid delivery system and is usually employed as a shutoff
device or alternately as a throttling device when used in a partially closed position.
This ball valve is special only in that it was specified to have a fully open position
such that when it is fully open the flow path is neither smaller nor larger than the
connecting tubing, incoming or outgoing, in cross section. All conditions of the system
were set before the addition of the ball valve, as previously noted, so as to produce
a coating surface on the drum which was free of all defects. A drum was then dipped
into the coating vessel as described above with the ball valve in place in the coating
vessel. This coating was completely free of defects. This result showed that the "ball
valve" in and of itself did not introduce any effects to cause defects in the coated
surface. A drum was then dipped into the coating vessel as described above with the
ball valve in place below the coating vessel, and the valve set to a partially closed
position, which represented a 75 percent restriction to the normal flow. A drum was
then dipped into the coating vessel as described above with the ball valve in place
in the coating vessel. This coating on the drum was completely covered with multiple
streaks. This experiment demonstrated that the obstruction provided by the restriction
of the partially closed valve was quite sufficient to induce the necessary shear to
cause the the coating material to demonstrate streaking which causes the defect in
the drum coating and subsequently on the copy made from the coated drum.
EXAMPLE IX
[0040] The experimental procedures described in paragraphs 1, 2, and 3, from Examples V,
VI, VII, VIII and IX above except that all the additional devices of all the previous
experiments were removed from the system. All conditions of the coating system were
set, as previously noted, so as to produce a coating surface on the drum which was
free of all defects. Thus, the dip coating system was configured as much as was possible
to deliver a coated drum that was free of all streaks or defects. Several drums were
dipped and examined and were found to be free of all defects.
[0041] Next, four obstructions were created around the perimeter of the top of the coating
vessel to obstruct the normally smooth flow of solution over the edge of the coating
vessel. These obstructions consisted of four pieces of aluminum foil folded over the
edge so as to provide small dams at four equally spaced locations around the edge.
Each dam being one inch wide. When drums were subsequently dip coated in this coating
vessel, the coated surfaces showed streak defects which were located on the surface
of the drum and directly opposite and reflecting the position of the dams. The dams
were removed one at a time and drums were coated from each subsequent configuration.
At every instance the streak defects reflected the position of the remaining dams.
The streak formation was also found to be independent of pump speed or coating vessel
velocity. The defect always existed on the coating when there was a dam or a nonuniform
flow at the surface. These were termed, "Positional Streaks". The relative intensity
of the "Positional Streaks" was related to pump velocity or surface flow velocity,
but they always are seen to exist when there is a discontinuity of flow at the surface.
Therefore the coating vessel top surface must always be smooth, level, and uniform.
Also the incoming flow of solution must be smooth and laminar so as to provide a uniform
overflow.
1. Dip coating apparatus, comprising:
a coating vessel (12) for dip coating a cylindrical outer surface of a drum (26),
said coating vessel (12) having a cylindrically shaped vertical interior wall (18)
having a diameter greater than the diameter of the drum (26), an open top (20), and
a bottom (16) with a feed inlet (14) adapted to feed flowing coating fluid into said
vessel (12);
an annular insert (30) provided in the coating vessel (12) and comprising an insert
sleeve (42) having a cylindrical inner surface being adapted to concentrically surround
the cylindrical outer surface of the drum (26), said annular insert (30) being adapted
to pass the flow of coating fluid through the spacing being defined when the cylindrical
inner surface of the insert sleeve concentrically surrounds the cylindrical outer
surface of the drum (26), wherein said inner surface of said sleeve (42) is spaced
from said outer surface of said drum (24) to maintain laminar flow motion of said
flowing coating fluid passing between said outer surface of said drum (24) and said
inner surface of said sleeve (42), and
a mandrel (25) being adapted for maintaining the outer surface of the inserted drum
(26) in concentric relationship with the cylindrical inner surface of the sleeve (42)
while said drum (26) is immersed in said coating fluid, and raising the drum from
the vessel (12).
2. Apparatus according to claim 1 wherein said insert (30) comprises at least one circumferential
sealing ring retaining groove (34, 36) and a resilient sealing ring (38, 40) retained
in said groove (34, 36), said sealing ring (38, 40) being compressed between said
insert (30) and said interior wall (18) of said vessel (12).
3. Apparatus according to either of claims 1 or 2 comprising at least two of said coating
vessels (60, 62, 64, 66), each of said vessels (60, 62, 64, 66) having said inlet
(14) at said bottom of said vessel (60, 62, 64, 66) connected through feed lines (70,
72, 74, 76) to a common manifold (86) which is adapted to maintain laminar flow motion
of said coating material flowing to each of said inlets.
4. Apparatus according to claim 3 wherein said feed lines (70, 72, 74, 76) connecting
said inlets (14) to said common manifold (86) contain at least one bend (78, 80, 82,
84), said bend (78, 80, 82, 84) having a radius of curvature of at least about 5 centimeters,
and wherein said manifold (86) has a cross-sectional area substantially equal to the
sum of the cross-sectional areas of each of said feed lines (70, 72, 74, 76) between
said manifold (86) and each of said inlets (14) of said coating vessels.
5. Apparatus according to either of claims 3 or 4 comprising a reservoir (90), pump (92)
and filter (94) and connecting lines (98, 99) adapted to maintain laminar flow motion
of said coating material flowing to said manifold (86) from said reservoir (90).
6. Apparatus according to any of claims 1 to 5 wherein said bottom of said vessel (12)
has a flat shape and said bottom of said vessel contains an annular bottom insert
(46) having a bottom shape which conforms to said flat shape of said bottom of said
vessel and said annular insert (46) having an upper surface having an inverted funnel
shape (59) and wherein said bottom insert comprises at least one circumferential sealing
ring retaining groove (54, 55) and a resilient sealing ring (56, 57) retained in said
groove, said sealing ring (56, 57) being compressed between said insert (46) and said
interior wall (18) of said vessel (12).
7. A process for dip coating drums, comprising:
providing a drum (24) having an axis and a cylindrical outer surface to be coated,
providing a coating vessel (12) having a bottom (16), an open top (20) and a cylindrically
shaped vertical interior wall (18) having a diameter greater than the diameter of
said drum (24),
flowing liquid coating material from said bottom (16) of said vessel (12) to said
top (20) of said vessel (12),
immersing said drum (24) in said flowing liquid coating material while maintaining
the axis of said drum (24) in a vertical orientation,
maintaining said outer surface of said drum (24) in a concentric relationship with
said vertical interior wall (18) of said cylindrical coating vessel (12) while said
drum (24) is immersed in said liquid coating material, wherein said outer surface
of said drum (24) is radially spaced between about 2 millimeters and about 9 millimeters
from said vertical interior wall (18) of said vessel (12) while said drum (24) is
immersed in said liquid coating material, such that laminar flow motion of said liquid
coating material is maintained as it passes between said outer surface of said drum
(24) and said vertical interior wall (18) of said vessel (12),
withdrawing said drum (24) from said coating vessel (18).
8. A process according to claim 7 wherein said radial spacing between said outer surface
of said drum and said interior wall (18) of said vessel (12) is between 4.5 millimeters
and 8.5 millimeters.
9. A process according to either of claims 7 or 8 wherein said liquid coating material
comprises pigment particles dispersed in a solution of a film forming polymer dissolved
in a solvent. wherein said liquid coating material has a viscosity of between 1 centipoise
and 100 centipoises.
1. Vorrichtung zur Tauchbeschichtung, welche umfasst:
einen Beschichtungskessel (12) zum Tauchbeschichten einer zylindrischen äußeren Oberfläche
einer Trommel (26), wobei der Beschichtungskessel (12) eine zylindrisch geformte,
vertikale innere Wand (18), welche einen Durchmesser hat, der größer als der Durchmesser
der Trommel (26) ist, eine offene Oberseite (20), und einen Boden (16) mit einem Zuführungsrohr
(14) aufweist, welches angepasst ist, die strömende Beschichtungsflüssigkeit in den
Kessel (12) einzuführen;
einen ringförmigen Einsatz (30), welcher in dem Beschichtungskessel (12) bereitgestellt
wird und eine Einsatzhülse (42) umfasst, welche eine zylindrische innere Oberfläche
aufweist, welche angepasst ist, die zylindrische äußere Oberfläche der Trommel (26)
konzentrisch zu umfassen, wobei der ringförmige Einsatz (30) angepasst ist, die Strömung
der Beschichtungsflüssigkeit durch den Zwischenraum zu leiten, welcher festgelegt
ist, wenn die zylindrische innere Oberfläche der Einsatzhülse die zylindrische äußere
Oberfläche der Trommel (26) konzentrisch umfasst, wobei die innere Oberfläche der
Hülse (42) zu der äußeren Oberfläche der Trommel (24) beabstandet ist, um eine laminare
Strömungsbewegung der strömenden Beschichtungsflüssigkeit, welche sich zwischen der
äußeren Oberfläche der Trommel (24) und der inneren Oberfläche der Hülse (42) durchbewegt,
aufrechtzuerhalten, und
einen Stempel (25), welcher angepasst ist, die äußere Oberfläche der eingesetzten
Trommel (26) in konzentrischer Beziehung mit der zylindrischen inneren Oberfläche
der Hülse (42) zu halten, während die Trommel (26) in die Beschichtungsflüssigkeit
eingetaucht ist, und die Trommel aus dem Kessel (12) herauszuheben.
2. Vorrichtung gemäß Anspruch 1, wobei der Einsatz (30) mindestens eine Aussparung (34,
36) zur Aufnahme eines umlaufenden Dichtrings und einen federnden Dichtring (38, 40)
umfasst, welcher in der Aussparung (34, 36) aufgenommen ist, wobei der Dichtring (38,
40) zwischen dem Einsatz (30) und der inneren Wand (18) des Kessels (12) zusammengedrückt
wird.
3. Vorrichtung gemäß einem der Ansprüche 1 oder 2, welche mindestens zwei Beschichtungskessel
(60, 62, 64, 66) umfasst, wobei jeder Kessel (60, 62, 64, 66) das Zuführungsrohr (14)
an dem Boden des Kessels (60, 62, 64, 66) aufweist, welches durch die Versorgungsleitungen
(70, 72, 74, 76) zu einer gemeinsamen Verzweigung (86) verbunden ist, welche angepasst
ist, eine laminare Strömungsbewegung des Beschichtungsmaterials, welches zu jedem
der Zuführungsrohre fließt, aufrecht zu erhalten.
4. Vorrichtung gemäß Anspruch 3, wobei die Zuführungsleitungen (70, 72, 74, 76), welche
die Zuführungsrohre (14) zu der gemeinsamen Verzweigung (86) verbinden, mindestens
eine Biegung (78, 80, 82, 84) enthalten, wobei die Biegung (78, 80, 82, 84) einen
Krümmungsradius von mindestens ungefähr 5 Zentimeter aufweist, und wobei die Verzweigung
(86) eine Querschnittsfläche aufweist, welche im Wesentlichen gleich der Summe der
Querschnittsflächen von jeder der Zuführungsleitungen (70, 72, 74, 76) zwischen der
Verzweigung (86) und jedem der Zuführungsrohre (14) der Beschichtungskessel ist.
5. Vorrichtung gemäß einem der Ansprüche 3 oder 4, umfassend einen Vorratsbehälter (90),
eine Pumpe (92) und einen Filter (94) und Verbindungsleitungen (98, 99), welche angepasst
sind, eine laminare Strömungsbewegung des Beschichtungsmaterials aufrechtzuerhalten,
welches von dem Vorratsbehälter (90) zu der Verzweigung (86) fließt.
6. Vorrichtung gemäß einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 5, wobei der Boden des Kessels (12) eine
flache Form aufweist und der Boden des Kessels einen ringförmigen Bodeneinsatz (46)
enthält, welcher eine Bodenform aufweist, welche zu der flachen Form des Bodens des
Kessels übereinstimmend ist und wobei der ringförmige Einsatz (46) eine obere Oberfläche
aufweist, welche die Form eines umgekehrten Trichters (59) hat, und wobei der Bodeneinsatz
mindestens eine Aussparung (54, 55) zur Aufnahme eines umlaufenden Dichtrings und
einen federnden Dichtring (56, 57) umfasst, welcher in der Aussparung aufgenommen
ist, wobei der Dichtring (56, 57) zwischen dem Einsatz (46) und der inneren Wand (18)
des Kessels (12) zusammengepresst ist.
7. Verfahren zur Tauchbeschichtung von Trommeln, umfassend:
Bereitstellen einer Trommel (24) mit einer Achse und einer zylindrischen äußeren Oberfläche,
welche beschichtet werden soll,
Bereitstellen eines Beschichtungskessels (12) mit einem Boden (16), einer offenen
Oberseite (20) und einer zylindrisch geformten vertikalen inneren Wand (18), welche
einen Durchmesser aufweist, welcher größer als der Durchmesser der Trommel (24) ist,
Fließen lassen eines flüssigen Beschichtungsmaterials von dem Boden (16) des Kessels
(12) zu der Oberseite (20) des Kessels (12),
Eintauchen der Trommel (24) in das fließende flüssige Beschichtungsmaterial, während
die Achse der Trommel (24) in einer vertikalen Ausrichtung gehalten wird,
Beibehalten der äußeren Oberfläche der Trommel (24) in einer konzentrischen Beziehung
mit der vertikalen inneren Wand (18) des zylindrischen Beschichtungskessels (12),
während die Trommel (24) in das flüssige Beschichtungsmaterial eingetaucht ist, wobei
die äußere Oberfläche der Trommel (24) radial beabstandet ist zwischen ungefähr 2
Millimeter und ungefähr 9 Millimeter von der vertikalen inneren Wand (18) des Kessels
(12), während die Trommel (24) in das flüssige Beschichtungsmaterial eingetaucht ist,
derart, dass eine laminare Strömungsbewegung des flüssigen Beschichtungsmaterials
aufrechterhalten wird, wenn dieses sich zwischen der äußeren Oberfläche der Trommel
(24) und der vertikalen inneren Wand (18) des Kessels (12) durchbewegt,
Herausziehen der Trommel (24) aus dem Beschichtungskessel (18).
8. Verfahren gemäß Anspruch 7, wobei der radiale Abstand zwischen der äußeren Oberfläche
der Trommel und der inneren Wand (18) des Kessels (12) zwischen 4,5 Millimeter und
8,5 Millimeter ist.
9. Verfahren gemäß einem der Ansprüche 8 oder 9, wobei das flüssige Beschichtungsmaterial
Pigmentpartikel umfasst, welche in einer Lösung eines filmbildenden Polymers, welches
in einem Lösungsmittel aufgelöst ist, dispergiert sind, wobei das flüssige Beschichtungsmaterial
eine Viskosität zwischen 1 Centipoise und 100 Centipoise aufweist.
1. Appareil de revêtement par immersion comprenant :
un récipient de revêtement (12) pour revêtir par immersion une surface cylindrique
extérieure d'un tambour (26), ledit récipient de revêtement (12) ayant une paroi intérieure
verticale cylindrique (18) ayant un diamètre supérieur au diamètre du tambour (26),
une partie supérieure ouverte (20) et une partie inférieure (16) avec une entrée d'alimentation
(14) adaptée pour alimenter ledit récipient (12) en un fluide de revêtement s'écoulant;
un insert annulaire (30) placé dans le récipient de revêtement (12) et comprenant
un manchon d'insertion (42) ayant une surface intérieure cylindrique adaptée pour
entourer de façon concentrique la surface extérieure cylindrique du tambour (26),
ledit insert annulaire (30) étant adapté à l'envoi du flux de fluide de revêtement
à travers l'espace défini lorsque la surface intérieure cylindrique du manchon d'insertion
entoure de façon concentrique la surface extérieure cylindrique du tambour (26), où
ladite surface intérieure dudit manchon (42) est espacée de ladite surface extérieure
dudit tambour (24) de façon à maintenir un déplacement en flux laminaire dudit fluide
de revêtement s'écoulant passant entre ladite surface extérieure dudit tambour (24)
et ladite surface intérieure dudit manchon (42), et
un mandrin (25) adapté pour maintenir la surface extérieure du tambour inséré (26)
en relation concentrique avec la surface intérieure cylindrique du manchon (42), alors
que ledit tambour (26) est immergé dans ledit fluide de revêtement, et pour soulever
le tambour hors du récipient (12).
2. Appareil selon la revendication 1, dans lequel ledit insert (30) comprend au moins
une rainure retenant un anneau d'étanchéité circonférentiel (34, 36) et un anneau
d'étanchéité élastique (38, 40) maintenu dans ladite rainure (34, 36), ledit anneau
d'étanchéité (38, 40) étant comprimé entre ledit insert (30) et ladite paroi intérieure
(18) dudit récipient (12).
3. Appareil selon la revendication 1 ou 2, comprenant au moins deux desdits récipients
de revêtement (60, 62, 64, 66), chacun desdits récipients (60, 62, 64, 66) ayant ladite
entrée (14) au niveau de ladite partie inférieure dudit récipient (60, 62, 64, 66)
reliée par des conduites d'alimentation (70, 72, 74, 76) à un collecteur commun (86)
qui est adapté pour maintenir un déplacement en flux laminaire dudit matériau de revêtement
s'écoulant vers chacune desdites entrées.
4. Appareil selon la revendication 3, dans lequel lesdites conduites d'alimentation (70,
72, 74, 76) reliant lesdites entrées (14) audit collecteur commun (86) contiennent
au moins une pliure (78, 80, 82, 84), ladite pliure (78, 80, 82, 84) ayant un rayon
de courbure d'au moins environ 5 centimètres, et dans lequel ledit collecteur (86)
a une surface en coupe droite essentiellement égale à la somme des surfaces en coupe
droite de chacune desdites conduites d'alimentation (70, 72, 74, 76) entre ledit collecteur
(86) et chacune desdites entrées (14) desdits récipients de revêtement.
5. Appareil selon la revendication 3 ou 4, comprenant un réservoir (90), une pompe (92)
et un filtre (94) et des conduites de connexion (98, 99) adaptées pour maintenir un
déplacement en flux laminaire dudit matériau de revêtement s'écoulant dudit collecteur
(86) depuis ledit réservoir (90).
6. Appareil selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 5, dans lequel ladite partie
inférieure dudit récipient (12) a une forme plate et ladite partie inférieure dudit
récipient contient un insert de fond annulaire (46) ayant une forme de fond qui épouse
ladite forme plate de ladite partie inférieure dudit récipient et ledit insert annulaire
(46) ayant une surface supérieure ayant une forme d'entonnoir inversé (59) et dans
lequel ledit insert de fond comprend au moins une rainure retenant un anneau d'étanchéité
circonférentiel (54, 55) et un anneau d'étanchéité élastique (56, 57) maintenu dans
ladite rainure, ledit anneau d'étanchéité (56, 57) étant comprimé entre ledit insert
(46) et ladite paroi intérieure (18) dudit récipient (12).
7. Procédé de revêtement par immersion de tambours, comprenant :
la fourniture d'un tambour (24) ayant un axe et une surface extérieure cylindrique
à revêtir,
la fourniture d'un récipient de revêtement (12) ayant une partie inférieure (16),
une partie supérieure ouverte (20) et une paroi intérieure cylindrique (18) ayant
un diamètre supérieur au diamètre dudit tambour (24),
l'écoulement d'un matériau de revêtement liquide depuis ladite partie inférieure (16)
dudit récipient (12) vers ladite partie supérieure (20) dudit récipient,
l'immersion dudit tambour (24) dans ledit matériau de revêtement liquide s'écoulant
tout en maintenant l'axe dudit tambour (24) dans une orientation verticale,
le maintien de ladite surface extérieure dudit tambour (24) en relation concentrique
avec ladite paroi intérieure verticale (18) dudit récipient de revêtement cylindrique
(12) alors que ledit tambour (24) est immergé dans ledit matériau de revêtement liquide,
où ladite surface extérieure dudit tambour (24) est espacé radialement d'une distance
comprise entre environ 2 millimètres et environ 9 millimètres de ladite paroi intérieure
verticale (18) dudit récipient (12) alors que ledit tambour (24) est immergé dans
ledit matériau de revêtement liquide, de sorte qu'un déplacement en flux laminaire
dudit matériau de revêtement liquide soit maintenu lorsqu'il passe entre ladite surface
extérieure dudit tambour (24) et ladite paroi intérieure verticale (18) dudit récipient
(12),
le retrait dudit tambour (24) dudit récipient de revêtement (18).
8. Procédé selon la revendication 7, dans lequel ledit espace radial entre ladite surface
extérieure dudit tambour et ladite paroi intérieure (18) dudit récipient (12) est
compris entre 4,5 millimètres et 8,5 millimètres.
9. Procédé selon la revendication 7 ou 8, dans lequel ledit matériau de revêtement liquide
comprend des particules de pigment dispersées dans une solution d'un polymère filmogène
dissous dans un solvant, dans lequel ledit matériau de revêtement liquide a une viscosité
comprise entre 1 centipoise et 100 centipoises.