[0001] This invention relates to a process imaging with a flexible electrostatographic imaging
member.
[0002] Typical electrostatographic flexible belt imaging members include, for example, photoreceptors
for electrophotographic imaging systems and electroreceptors or ionographic imaging
members for electrographic imaging systems.
[0003] Although excellent toner images may be obtained with multilayered belt photoreceptors,
it has been found that as more advanced, higher speed electrophotographic copiers,
duplicators and printers were developed, cracking of the charge transport layer and/or
welded seam was encountered during cycling. Since cracks in the photoreceptor surface
cause print defects in the final copy, their appearance shortens the belt service
life. Moreover, seam cracking creates a deposition site where toner, carrier, paper
debris, and dirt accumulate and eventually cause premature cleaning blade failure
during photoreceptor belt machine cycling.
[0004] Small diameter support rollers are also highly desirable for simple, reliable copy
paper stripping systems. Unfortunately, small diameter rollers, e.g. less than about
19mm diameter, raise the threshold of mechanical performance criteria to such a high
level that photoreceptor belt charge transport layer and/or seam failure due to induced
bending stress can become unacceptable.
[0005] The welded seam of a belt is formed by passing an ultrasonic welding horn along an
overlapped joint at a photoreceptor sheet. The welding operation forms a seam "splash"
adjacent to seam. Under dynamic fatigue conditions, the junction between the splash
edge and the charge transport surface layer provides a focal point for stress concentration
and becomes a point of mechanical integrity failure in the belt and facilitates tear
initiation through the charge transport layer. This tear then propagates through the
weak charge generating layer/adhesive layer interfacial link to produce local seam
delamination.
[0006] Also, in liquid development systems, induced bending stress coupled with contact
with liquid developers accelerates cracking of the charge transport layer and/or welded
seam. Frequent photoreceptor delamination seriously impacts the versatility of a photoreceptor
and reduces its practical value for automatic electrophotographic copiers, duplicators
and printers.
[0007] Typical photoreceptor designs usually require an anti-curl backing layer, coated
to the back side of the supporting substrate opposite the electrically operative layers,
to provide the desired photoreceptor flatness. Without an anti-curl backing layer,
a flexible photoreceptor sheet about 40 centimeters in width by 121 centimeters in
length will spontaneously curl upwardly into a 38 millimeters diameter roll. Although
the application of the anti-curl backing layer is solely for the mechanical purpose
of counteracting the curl and achieving photoreceptor flatness, the photoreceptor
device will possess a substantial internal tensile stress in the charge transport
layer as a consequence of the presence of the anti-curl backing layer coating. When
cycled in an electrophotographic imaging system employing an active steering roll
to control belt walking, the internal stress within the charge transport layer is
exacerbated by photoreceptor belt shear stress induced by the steering action of the
roll. This steering action leads to the development of ripples in the photoreceptor
belt. In a cross section taken transversely of the photoreceptor belt, these ripples
resemble a sine wave having an average amplitude of about 7 micrometers with a frequency
of periodicity of about 2.36 ripples per centimeter (6 ripples per inch) belt width,
and appear to the naked eye as series of fine rings extending around the circumference
of a typical belt having a width of about 34 centimeters. The wave like topology of
these ripples in the photoreceptor belt prevents uniform contact between a receiving
sheet and toner images carried on the surface of the photoreceptor during toner image
transfer and also adversely affects the quality of the final print. Ripples have also
been observed to significantly reduce the efficiency of the cleaning blade function
which in turn is detrimental to the creation of high quality images in the final print.
[0008] The application of an anti-curl backing layer coating during photoreceptor manufacturing
represents an additional coating operation which increases the costs and complexity
of manufacturing and decreases the photoreceptor production throughput. Since application
of an anti-curl backing layer involves additional handling of a photoreceptor web,
the extra handling increases the likelihood of creating more coating defects as well
as introducing other physical and cosmetic defects such as scratches, creases, wrinkles
and the like. Therefore, the application of an anti-curl backing layer leads to a
substantial reduction in yield.
[0009] US-A 5,240,532 describes a process for treating a flexible electrostatographic imaging web including
providing a flexible base layer and a layer including a thermoplastic polymer matrix
comprising forming at least a segment of the web into an arc having a radius of curvature
between about 10 millimeters and about 25 millimeters measured along the inwardly
facing exposed surface of the base layer, heating at least the polymer matrix in the
segment to at least the glass transition temperature of the polymer matrix, and cooling
the imaging member to a temperature below the glass transition temperature of the
polymer matrix while maintaining the segment of the web in the shape of the arc.
[0010] US-A-4,061,222 describes an electrophotographic imaging process comprising providing an electrophotographic
imaging belt comprising a substrate layer, an imaging layer, and two parallel longitudinal
edges, mounting said imaging belt on at least one support roller substantially parallel
to and spaced from said support roller to guide said belt, transporting said belt
around said support roller and said belt steering and tension applying roller, forming
an electrostatic latent image on said belt, developing said electrostatic latent image
with toner to form a toner image corresponding to said latent image, transferring
said toner image to a receiving member, and repeating said forming, developing and
transferring steps at least once. To improve the lateral tracking of the belt along
a predetermined path, feedback control is carried out to maintain the belt on the
support roller.
[0011] EP-A-0,549,310 describes a process for fabricating a flexible electrophotographic imaging member
including providing a flexible substrate including a biaxially oriented thermoplastic
polymer web coated with at least one thermoplastic adhesive layer, vapor depositing
on the adhesive layer a thin charge generating layer, cooling the charge generating
layer to induce strain in the charge generating layer as well as at the interface
between the charge generating layer and the substrate, heating the flexible substrate
to shrink the biaxially oriented thermoplastic polymer web and substantially remove
the strain from the charge generating layer, and forming a layer of a charge transport
coating solution on the charge generating layer, the charge transport coating solution
including a charge transporting film polymer matrix, and solvent for the film forming
polymer matrix; and drying the charge transport coating solution.
[0012] It is an object of the present invention to provide an improved electrostatographic
imaging belt which resists ripple formation in imaging processes utilizing belt steering
rolls.
[0013] The foregoing objects and others are accomplished in accordance with this invention
by providing an electrostatographic imaging process according to claim 1.
[0014] Further advantages are accomplished by the preferred processes according to claims
2-4.
[0015] Electrostatographic flexible belt imaging members are well known in the art.
[0016] The substrate may be opaque or substantially transparent and may comprise numerous
suitable materials having the required mechanical properties. Accordingly, the substrate
may comprise a layer of an electrically non-conductive or conductive material. As
electrically non-conducting materials, there may be employed various resins known
for this purpose including polyesters, polycarbonates, polyamides, polyurethanes,
polysulfones, and the like which are flexible as thin webs. The electrically insulating
or conductive substrate should be flexible and in the form of an endless flexible
belt.
[0017] The thickness of the substrate layer depends on numerous factors, including beam
strength and economical considerations, for example, about 175 micrometers, or of
minimum thickness less than 50 micrometers. In one flexible belt embodiment, the thickness
of this layer is between about 65 micrometers and about 150 micrometers, and preferably
between about 75 micrometers and about 100 micrometers for optimum flexibility and
minimum stretch when cycled around small diameter rollers, e.g. 19 millimeter diameter
rollers.
[0018] The conductive layer may vary in thickness over substantially wide ranges depending
on the optical transparency and degree of flexibility desired for the electrostatographic
member. Accordingly, for a flexible photoresponsive imaging device, the thickness
of the conductive layer may be between about 20 angstrom units to about 750 angstrom
units, and more preferably from about 100 Angstrom units to about 200 angstrom units
for an optimum combination of electrical conductivity, flexibility and light transmission.
The flexible conductive layer may be an electrically conductive metal layer formed,
for example, on the substrate by any suitable coating technique, such as a vacuum
depositing technique. Typical metals include aluminum, zirconium, niobium, tantalum,
vanadium and hafnium, titanium, nickel, stainless steel, chromium, tungsten, molybdenum,
and the like. Regardless of the technique employed to form the metal layer, a thin
layer of metal oxide forms on the outer surface of most metals upon exposure to air.
Thus, when other layers overlying the metal layer are characterized as "contiguous"
layers, it is intended that these overlying contiguous layers may, in fact, contact
a thin metal oxide layer that has formed on the outer surface of the oxidizable metal
layer. Generally, for rear erase exposure, a conductive layer light transparency of
at least about 15 percent is desirable. The conductive layer need not be limited to
metals. Other examples of conductive layers may be combinations of materials such
as conductive indium tin oxide as a transparent layer for light having a wavelength
between about 4000 Angstroms and about 7000 Angstroms or a transparent copper iodide
(Cul) or a conductive carbon black dispersed in a plastic binder as an opaque conductive
layer. A typical electrical conductivity for conductive layers for electrophotographic
imaging members in slow speed copiers is about 102 to 103 ohms/square.
[0019] After formation of an electrically conductive surface, a charge blocking layer may
be applied thereto. Any suitable blocking layer capable of forming an electronic barrier
to holes between the adjacent photoconductive layer and the underlying conductive
layer may be utilized. The blocking layer may be nitrogen containing siloxanes or
nitrogen containing titanium compounds as disclosed, for example, in
US-A 4,291,110,
4,338,387,
4,286,033 and
4,291,110. The blocking layer may be applied by any suitable conventional technique such as
spraying, dip coating, draw bar coating, gravure coating, silk screening, air knife
coating, reverse roll coating, vacuum deposition, chemical treatment and the like.
The blocking layer should be continuous and have a thickness of less than about 0.2
micrometer because greater thicknesses may lead to undesirably high residual voltage.
[0020] An optional adhesive layer may applied to the hole blocking layer. Any suitable adhesive
layer well known in the art may be utilized. Typical adhesive layer materials include,
for example, polyesters, polyurethanes, and the like. Satisfactory results may be
achieved with adhesive layer thickness between about 0.05 micrometer (500 angstroms)
and about 0.3 micrometer. Conventional techniques for applying an adhesive layer coating
mixture to the charge blocking layer include spraying, dip coating, roll coating,
wire wound rod coating, gravure coating, Bird applicator coating, and the like. Drying
of the deposited coating may be effected by any suitable conventional technique.
[0021] Any suitable photogenerating layer may be applied to the adhesive blocking layer.
Typical photogenerating layers include inorganic photoconductive particles such as
amorphous selenium, trigonal selenium, and selenium alloys, and organic photoconductive
particles including various phthalocyanine pigments, dibromoanthanthrone, squarylium,
quinacridones,dibromo anthanthrone pigments, benzimidazole perylene, substituted 2,4-diamino-triazines,
polynuclear aromatic quinones available from Allied Chemical Corporation under the
tradename Indofast Double Scarlet, Indofast Violet Lake B, Indofast Brilliant Scarlet
and Indofast Orange, and the like dispersed in a film forming polymeric binder. Other
suitable photogenerating materials known in the art may also be utilized, if desired.
[0022] Any suitable polymeric film forming binder material may be employed as the matrix
in the photogenerating binder layer. Typical polymeric film forming materials include
those described, for example, in
US-A 3,121,006. Thus, typical organic polymeric film forming binders include thermoplastic and thermosetting
resins such as polycarbonates, polyesters, polyamides, polyurethanes, polystyrenes,
polyarylethers, polyarylsulfones, and the like. These polymers may be block, random
or alternating copolymers.
[0023] The photogenerating composition or pigment is present in the resinous binder composition
in various amounts, generally, however, from about 5 percent by volume to about 90
percent by volume of the photogenerating pigment is dispersed in about 10 percent
by volume to about 95 percent by volume of the resinous binder, and preferably from
about 20 percent by volume to about 30 percent by volume of the photogenerating pigment
is dispersed in about 70 percent by volume to about 80 percent by volume of the resinous
binder composition. In one embodiment about 8 percent by volume of the photogenerating
pigment is dispersed in about 92 percent by volume of the resinous binder composition.
[0024] The photogenerating layer containing photoconductive compositions and/or pigments
and the resinous binder material generally ranges in thickness of from about 0.1 micrometer
to about 5 micrometers, and preferably has a thickness of from about 0.3 micrometer
to about 3 micrometers. The photogenerating layer thickness is related to binder content.
Higher binder content compositions generally require thicker layers for photogeneration.
Thicknesses outside these ranges can be selected providing the objectives of the present
invention are achieved.
[0025] Any suitable and conventional technique may be utilized to apply the photogenerating
layer coating mixture. Typical application techniques include spraying, dip coating,
roll coating, wire wound rod coating, and the like. Drying of the deposited coating
may be effected by any suitable conventional technique such as oven drying, infra
red radiation drying, air drying and the like.
[0026] The active charge transport layer may comprise an activating compound useful as an
additive dispersed in electrically inactive polymeric materials making these materials
electrically active. An especially preferred transport layer employed in one of the
two electrically operative layers in the multilayered photoconductor of this invention
comprises between about 25 percent and about 75 percent by weight of at least one
charge transporting aromatic amine compound, and between about 75 percent and about
25 percent by weight of a polymeric film forming resin in which the aromatic amine
is soluble.
[0027] The charge transport layer forming mixture preferably comprises an aromatic amine
compound. Examples of charge transporting aromatic amines include triphenylmethane,
bis(4-diethylamine-2-methylphenyl)phenylmethane; 4'-4"-bis(diethylamino)-2',2"-dimethyltriphenylmethane,
N,N'-diphenyl-N,N'-bis(3"-methylphenyl)-(1,1'-biphenyl)-4,4'-diamine, and the like
dispersed in an inactive resin binder.
[0028] Any suitable inactive thermoplastic resin binder be employed in the process of this
invention to form the thermoplastic polymer matrix of the imaging member. Typical
inactive resin binders include polycarbonate resin, polyvinylcarbazole, polyester,
polyarylate, polyacrylate, polyether, polysulfone, polystyrene, and the like. Molecular
weights can vary from about 20,000 to about 150,000.
[0029] Any suitable and conventional technique may be utilized to apply the charge transport
layer coating mixture to the charge generating layer. Typical application techniques
include spraying, dip coating, roll coating, wire wound rod coating, and the like.
Drying of the deposited coating may be effected by any suitable conventional technique.
[0030] Generally, the thickness of the charge transport layer is between about 10 to about
50 micrometers, but thicknesses outside this range can also be used. The hole transport
layer should be an insulator to the extent that the electrostatic charge placed on
the hole transport layer is not conducted in the absence of illumination at a rate
sufficient to prevent formation and retention of an electrostatic latent image thereon.
The ratio of the thickness of the hole transport layer to the charge generator layer
is preferably maintained from about 2:1 to 200:1 and in some instances as great as
400:1.
[0031] Examples of photosensitive members having at least two electrically operative layers
include the charge generator layer and diamine containing transport layer members
disclosed in
US-A 4,265,990,
US-A 4,233,384,
US-A 4,306,008,
US-A 4,299,897 and
US-A 4,439,507. The photoreceptors may comprise, for example, a charge generator layer sandwiched
between a conductive surface and a charge transport layer as described above or a
charge transport layer sandwiched between a conductive surface and a charge generator
layer.
[0032] If desired, a charge transport layer may comprise electrically active resin materials
instead of or mixtures of inactive resin materials with activating compounds. Typical
electrically active resin materials include, for example, polymeric arylamine compounds
and related polymers described in
US-A 4,801,517,
US-A 4,806,444,
US-A 4,818,650,
US-A 4,806,443 and
US-A 5,030,532 and polyvinylcarbazole and derivatives of Lewis acids described in
US-A 4,302,521. Electrically active polymers also include polysilylenes.
[0033] An example which is useful for understanding the invention is a process to fabricate
a flexible electrostatographic imaging member web comprising a flexible support substrate,
at least one coating layer comprising a film forming thermoplastic polymer, and without
the need of an anti-curl backing layer. The process employed to achieve the purpose
of fabricating electrostatographic imaging member without the need of an anti-curl
backing layer involves one added step of guiding an imaging member web, after charge
transport layer production creating followed by subsequent elevated temperature drying
and emerging from the dryer, directly 180 over a chill roll having a diameter of between
about 1.905 cm (0.75 inch) and about 2.54 cm (1 inch), with the substrate support
of the imaging web intimately contacting the chill roll while the charge transport
layer facing outwardly, to effect quenching of the imaging member web and yield the
desired imaging member conformed, in the web direction to the curvature of the chill
roll. When cut into a rectangular sheet of predetermined dimensions and ultrasonically
welded into a seam of imaging member belt, no imaging belt edge curling is detectable.
[0034] An anti-curl backing layer is usually employed to flatten the shape of a flexible
photoreceptor. This anti-curl backing layer increases the overall thickness of the
resulting photoreceptor device by about 20 percent. It has been found that an increase
in photoreceptor thickness increases the induced bending stress of the photoreceptor
when flexed over machine belt support rollers. The increase in bending stress coupled
with internal stress which already exists in the charge transport layer can significantly
reduce the resistance of the charge transport layer to fatigue and cracking during
image cycling thereby shortening service life of the photoreceptor belt. Moreover,
the presence of an anti-curl backing layer at the overlapped joint leads to an increase
in the volume of the molten mass which is ejected from the overlapped joint to form
an excessively large seam splash during the ultrasonic seam welding process.
[0035] The process of this invention includes treating the flexible electrophotographic
imaging web to achieve charge transport layer stress release as well as eliminating
the need for an anti-curl backing layer as described above and hereinbelow. The process
comprises permanent bending conformance of the entire imaging member web, with the
charge transport layer facing outwardly, in an arc having an imaginary axis which
traverses the width of the web. The arc axis is substantially perpendicular to the
longitudinal direction of the long edges of the web. In other words, the arc is visible
when viewing the edge of the web in a direction perpendicular to the longitudinal
direction of the long edges of the web.
[0036] After the treatment process, the imaging member web should assume an arc shape, in
the unrestrained free state, having a radius of curvature preferably between about
0.76cm and about 1.52 cm measured from an imaginary center axis to the exposed surface
of the substrate layer in order to fully realize the benefits offered by the present
invention. When the radius of curvature is less than about 0.76 cm, a seamed imaging
member belt of this invention will exhibit downward (away from the charge transport
layer) edge curling. However, when the radius of curvature is greater than about 1.52
cm a seamed imaging member belt of this invention will show upward edge curling (toward
the charge transport layer). Although a true arc in the imaging member web is particularly
preferred, the arc, need not be perfectly true, i.e. it does not have to fully coincide
with all parts of the ring of a true circle. In other words, a slight variance from
a perfectly circular arc is acceptable as long as the shape is a substantially smooth
arc incrementally made up of a series of arcs having progressively increasing or decreasing
radii of curvature, provided that all arcs have a radii length within the range limit
of from about 0.76 cm to about 1.52 cm in order to fully eliminate imaging member
web edge curling. The arc should have a substantially smooth transition in radius
of curvatures to avoid abrupt changes in shape along the curve of the arc. Any segment
of an arc having a shape that is a radical departure from a radius of curvature in
the range from about 0.76 cm to about 1.52 cm can result in the formation of a bump
or hump that does not fully conform to the surface of support rollers or is visible
in straight runs between support rollers thereby adversely affecting imaging performance
during charging, exposure, development, transfer, cleaning and/or erase operations.
[0037] In a typical welded seamed belt, the seam is prepared by overlapping opposite ends
of a rectangular or square web for a distance of between about 0.5 mm and about 1.5
mm and welding the overlapped ends together by conventional techniques such as by
contact with an ultrasonic welding horn. Seams fabricated with this method using the
prior art electrophotographic imaging members have an excessive seam overlap thickness
and large splashings which interfere with cleaning blade operations, exacerbate cleaning
blade wear and tear, affect belt motion, and disturb toner image acoustic transfer
assist device operations. This type of imaging belt is also prone to develop charge
transport layer cracking and belt ripples when fatigue cycled in an imaging machine.
[0038] For a seamed imaging belt prepared with an imaging member web having no anti-curl
backing layer, the thickness of the welded seam is substantially reduced and the size
of the seam splash is cut by half. As a consequence, the reduced seam thickness with
smaller seam splash minimizes seam delamination failure when flexed over a small diameter
roller. Furthermore, a thinner electrophotographic imaging member configuration coupled
with charge transport layer stress release through the process of the present invention
extends imaging member fatigue cycling life over small diameter belt support rollers
without encountering charge transport cracking or liquid developer exposure induced
cracking of bent imaging members.
[0039] The present invention will be described further, by way of examples, with reference
to the accompanying drawings in which:
FIGURE 1 is a cross sectional view of a flexible multiple layered electrophotographic
imaging member showing overlapped opposite ends of a sheet;
FIGURE 2 is a cross sectional view of the flexible multiple layered electrophotographic
imaging member ends of Figure 1 joined by an ultrasonic welding technique;
FIGURE 3 is a cross sectional view of the flexible multiple layered seamed electrophotographic
imaging belt of Figure 2 exhibiting seam cracking and delamination after flexing over
belt support rollers;
FIGURE 4 is a cross sectional view of a structurally simplified ultrasonically welded
electrophotographic imaging member seam having a stress released charge transport
layer and no anti-curl backing layer;
FIGURE 5 is a schematic illustration showing a charge transport layer heat stress
release continuous process of the present invention in which an electrophotographic
imaging member web emerging from a drying oven, at elevated temperature, is quenched
to room ambient temperature while the substrate layer contacts a chill roll; and
FIGURE 6 is a cross sectional view of a structurally simplified electrophotographic
imaging member belt of Figure 4 under dynamic cyclic operating conditions of a belt
support module employing an active steering and tension applying roller to control
belt walk.
[0040] Referring to Figure 1, a flexible electrophotographic imaging member 10 in the form
of a rectangular sheet is illustrated having a first edge 12 overlapping a second
edge 14 to form an overlap region. Satisfactory overlap widths range from about 0.5
millimeter to about 1.7 millimeters. The flexible electrophotographic imaging member
10 can be utilized in an electrophotographic imaging apparatus and may be a single
layer or the illustrated multiple layer type photoreceptor. The layers of the flexible
imaging member 10 usually comprise charge transport layer 16, charge generating layer
18, adhesive layer 20, charge blocking layer 22, electrically conductive layer 24,
supporting substrate 26 and anti-curl backing layer 28.
[0041] Edges 12 and 14 can be joined by any suitable means. In the ultrasonic seam welding
process, ultrasonic energy is applied to the overlap region to melt the applicable
layers of flexible imaging member 10 such as charge transport layer 16, charge generating
layer 18, adhesive layer 20, charge blocking layer 22, a part of supporting substrate
26, and anti-curl backing layer. Flexible imaging member 10 is thus transformed from
an electrophotographic imaging member sheet as illustrated in Figure 1 into a continuous
seamed electrophotographic imaging belt as shown in Figure 2. Seam 30 (represented
by dashed lines) joins opposite ends of flexible imaging member 10 such that the second
major exterior surface 34 (and generally including at least one layer thereabove)
at and/or near the first edge 12 is integrally joined with the first major exterior
surface 32 (and generally at least one layer therebelow) at and/or near second edge
14. Welded seam 30 contains upper and lower splashings 68 and 70 at ends 12 and 14,
respectively, as illustrated in Figure 2. Splashings 68 and 70 are formed during the
process of joining edges 12 and 14 together. Molten material is necessarily ejected
from the overlap region to facilitate direct fusing of support substrate 26 (of first
edge 12) to support substrate 26 (of second edge 14). This results in the formation
of splashings 68 and 70. Upper splashing 68 is formed and positioned above the overlapping
second edge 14 abutting second major exterior surface 34 and adjacent and abutting
overlapping first edge 12. Lower splashing 70 is formed and positioned below the overlapping
first edge 12 abutting first major exterior surface 32 and adjacent and abutting the
overlapping second edge 14. Splashings 68 and 70 extend beyond the sides and the ends
of seam 30 in the overlap region of welded flexible member 10. The extension of the
splashings 68 and 70 beyond the sides and the ends of the seam 30 is undesirable for
many machines, such as electrostatographic copiers and duplicators which require precise
belt edge positioning of flexible imaging member 10 during machine operation.
[0042] A typical splashing has a thickness of about 68 micrometers. Each of the splashings
68 and 70 have an uneven but generally rectangular shape having a free side 72 and
an exterior facing side 74. Exterior facing side is generally parallel to either second
major exterior surface 34 or first exterior major surface 32. Free side 72 of splashing
68 is almost perpendicular to first major exterior surface 32 at junction 76 and free
side 72 of splashing 70 is almost perpendicular with the second major exterior surface
34 at junction 78. Both junctions 76 and 78 provide focal points for stress concentration
and become the initial sites of failure affecting the mechanical integrity of flexible
imaging member 10.
[0043] During imaging machine operation, the flexible imaging member 10 cycles or bends
over belt support rollers, not shown, particularly small diameter rollers, of an electrophotographic
imaging apparatus. As a result of dynamic bending of flexible imaging member 10 during
cycling, the small diameter rollers exert a bending strain on flexible imaging member
10 which causes large stress to develop generally around seam 30 due to the excessive
thickness thereof. The stress concentrations that are induced by bending near the
junction sites 76 and 78 may reach values much larger than the average value of the
stress over the entire belt length of flexible imaging member 10. The induced bending
stress is inversely related to the diameter of the roller over which flexible imaging
member 10 bends and directly related to the thickness of seam 30 of flexible imaging
member 10. When the thickness of overlap region of flexible imaging member 10 is enlarged,
high localized stress occurs near the regions of discontinuity, e.g. junction points
76 and 78. When flexible imaging member 10 is bent over belt support rollers in an
electrophotographic imaging apparatus (not shown), first major exterior surface 32
of flexible member 10, in contact with the exterior surface of the roller, is under
compression. In contrast, second major exterior surface 34 is stretched under tension.
This is attributable to the fact that first major exterior surface 32 and second major
exterior major surface 34 move through part of an arcuate path about a roller having
a circular cross section. Since second major exterior surface 34 is located at a greater
radial distance from the center of the roller than first exterior major surface 32,
second major exterior surface 34 must travel a greater distance than first major exterior
surface 32 in the same time period. Therefore, second major exterior surface 34 is
stretched under tension relative to the generally central portion of the flexible
imaging member 10 (the portion generally extending along the center of gravity of
flexible imaging member 10). Conversely, first major exterior surface 32 is compressed
relative to the generally central portion of flexible imaging member 10. Consequently,
the bending stress at junction 76 will be tension stress, and the bending stress at
junction 78 will be compression stress.
[0044] Compression stresses, such as at junction 78, rarely cause seam 30 failure. Tension
stresses, such as at junction 76 are serious. The tension stress concentration at
junction 76 greatly increases the likelihood of tear initiation which will form a
crack through the electrically active layers of flexible imaging member 10 as illustrated
in Figure 3. Tear 80, illustrated in Figure 3, is adjacent second edge 14 of the flexible
imaging member 10. The tear 80 is initiated in charge transport layer 16 and propagates
through charge generating layer 18 along a plane that extends from the surface of
free side 72. Inevitably, tear 80 extends generally horizontally leading to seam delamination
81 which propagates along the interface between the adjoining surfaces of the relatively
weakly adhesively bonded charge generating layer 18 and adhesive layer 20. The excessive
thickness of splashing 68 and stress concentration at junction site 76 tend to promote
the development of dynamic fatigue failure of seam 30 and can lead to separation of
the joined edges 12 and 14 and severing of flexible imaging member 10. This greatly
shortens the service life of flexible imaging member 10.
[0045] In addition to causing seam failure, tear 80 acts as a depository site which collects
toner particles, paper fibers, dirt, debris and other undesirable materials during
electrophotographic imaging and cleaning. For example, during the cleaning process,
a conventional cleaning instrument (not shown), such as a cleaning blade, will repeatedly
pass over tear 80. As the site of tear 80 becomes filled with debris; the cleaning
instrument dislodges at least a portion of highly concentrated debris from tear 80.
The amount of the dislodged debris, however, is often beyond the capability of the
cleaning instrument to remove from imaging member 10. As a consequence, the cleaning
instrument will dislodge the highly concentrated level of debris, but will not be
able to remove the entire amount during the cleaning process. Therefore, portions
of the highly concentrated debris will be deposited onto the surface of flexible imaging
member 10. In effect, the cleaning instrument spreads the debris across the surface
of flexible imaging member 10 rather than effectively removing the debris therefrom.
[0046] Besides leading to seam failure and debris spreading, when local seam delamination
81 occurs, the portion of flexible imaging member 10 above seam delamination 81, in
effect, becomes a flap which can move upwardly. The upward movement of the flap presents
an additional problem in the cleaning operation because it is an obstacle in the path
of the cleaning instrument as the instrument travels across the surface of flexible
imaging member 10. The cleaning instrument eventually strikes the flap when the flap
extends upwardly. As the cleaning instrument strikes the flap, great force is exerted
on the cleaning instrument and can lead to cleaning blade damage, e.g. excessive wear
and tearing of a blade.
[0047] In addition to damaging the cleaning blade, collisions with the flap by the blade
causes unwanted velocity variations in flexible member 10 during cycling. This unwanted
velocity variation adversely affects the copy/print quality produced by the flexible
imaging member 10, particularly in high speed precision machines such as in color
copiers where colored toner images must be sequentially deposited in precisely registered
locations. More specifically, copy/print quality is adversely affected because imaging
takes place on one part of flexible imaging member 10 simultaneously while the cleaning
blade collides with the flap while cleaning another part of flexible imaging member
10.
[0048] The velocity variation problems encountered with flexible imaging member 10 are not
exclusively limited to flexible imaging member 10 undergoing seam delamination 81.
The discontinuity in cross-sectional thickness of the flexible imaging member 10 at
junction sites 76 and 78 also can create unwanted velocity variations, particularly
when flexible imaging member 10 bends over small diameter rollers of a belt module
or between two closely adjacent rollers. Moreover, splashing 70 underneath the seam
can collide with acoustic image transfer assist subsystems (not shown) during dynamic
belt cycling, thereby causing additional unacceptable imaging belt velocity disturbances.
[0049] In Figure 4, an ultrasonically welded seam prepared by a process of the present invention
is shown. In comparison to the prior art electrophotographic imaging member welded
seams illustrated in FIGS 2 through 3, the seam configuration employed in the process
of this invention has a reduced seam overlap thickness and smaller seam splashes 90
and 92. This imaging member is also free of any anti-curl backing layer such as the
anti-curl backing layer 28 shown in FIGS. 1 through 3. Furthermore, the seam configuration
of an imaging member of the present invention is also found to yield a slightly higher
seam rupture strength than the prior art seam, since the seam formed, using an imaging
member free of an anti-curl backing layer has one less layer to melt, will provide
effective overlap fusing during ultrasonic seam welding process. When fatigue flexed
over a small 3 mm diameter roller, a prior art seam develops seam delamination after
only 8 flexes while seam failure for the seam of the anti-curl layer free imaging
member is not observed until after 35 flexes of testing. In another embodiment, dynamic
cycling of an anti-curl layer free seamed electrophotographic imaging member belt
of the present invention carried out in a belt supporting module employing an active
steering/tension roll for belt with control does not develop ripples in up to 30,000
cycles of testing. In sharp contrast, a seamed prior art electrophotographic imaging
member belt tested in the same belt support module exhibits the onset of belt ripples
in only 180 cycles.
[0050] Thus, an electrophotographic imaging member free of an anti-curl backing layer prepared
by the continuous process of this invention is free of stress in the charge transport
layer when the imaging belt is bent in an arc and passed around chilled small belt
support rollers ranging in diameter from about 1.524 cm (0.6 inch) to about 2.54 cm
(1 inch). Electrophotographic imaging members free of stress in the charge transport
layer are especially desirable in systems utilizing belt steering rollers.
[0051] Figure 5 shows an imaging member 10 emerging from a conventional charge transport
layer oven dryer 100. Imaging member 10 is at an elevated temperature of at least
about 100 °C as it leaves dryer 100 and is transported through an arc of about 180°
around a chill roll 102 having a diameter of between about 1.524 cm (0.6 inch) and
about 3.048 cm (1.2 inches). During the time period of contact between the imaging
member 10 and chill roll 102, the temperature of imaging member 10 is immediately
quenched down to ambient room temperature. In other words, imaging member 10 is at
ambient room temperature by the time it leaves the chill roll 102. Imaging member
10 is subsequently passed over a large transport roll 104 and sent to a conventional
wind-up roll (not shown). As a matter of convenience, the electrophotographic imaging
member web 10 is represented in FIG. 4 by a substrate support layer 106 and a single
composite layer 108 containing a charge transport layer, charge generating layer,
adhesive layer, hole blocking layer, and the thin ground plane. The effect on the
imaging member web 10, as it passes over the chill roll 102, can be determined by
employing the second order differential equation to describe the unsteady state of
condition, heat transfer through the thickness of the web below:
[0052] The solution for equation [1] yields:
but
wherein:
k is the heat conductivity of the web,
ℓ is the density of the web,
Cp is the heat capacity of the web,
θc is the temperature of the chill roll,
θo is the temperature of the web immediately prior to contact with the chill roll,
θt is the temperature of the web leaving the chill roll after the time period of web/chill
roll contact, and
x is the thickness of the web.
[0053] The following are specific boundary conditions of the process for a specific run:
k = 0.1486 J/(m s °C) (3.55 X 10-4 cal/cm sec°C)
ℓ = 1.35 g/cm3 (1.35 gms/cm3)
Cp = 1.34 J/(g °C) (0.32 cal/gm°C)
θo = 100°C
t = 0.1122 s (0.1122 sec.), based on web transport speed of 0.3556 m/s (70 ft./min.),
chill roll having a diameter of 2.54 cm (1 inch), and a 180° web wrap around arc.
x = 100 micrometers or 0.01 cm.
[0054] Substituting these values in equations [3] and [2] above, an expression relating
the web temperature to the temperature of the chill roll is obtained and shown below:
[0055] Thus, for example, the target chill roll temperature θ
c may be readily determined using the equations above to achieve the desired temperature
for the web leaving the chill roll after the time period t of web/chill roll contact.
Chill roll temperature is controlled by conventional means such as the regulation
of coolant feed rates to the chill roll. Typical coolants include, for example, water,
super cooled water with dissolved anti freeze, liquid nitrogen and the like.
[0056] When cut into a rectangular sheet of predetermined dimensions and ultrasonically
welded into a seam of imaging member belt, no imaging belt edge curling is detectable
in the belts formed by this continuous photoreceptor web fabrication process. The
fabricated webs of this invention have a charge transport layer tension strain of
less than 0.05 percent across the width of the web in the free unconstrained state.
[0057] Shown in Figure 6 is a conventional electrophotographic imaging belt imaging support
system utilized in electrophotgraphic imaging machines. A flexible electrostatographic
imaging belt 10 having two parallel longitudinal edges 110 and 112 is mounted on support
rollers 114 and 116 and a center pivoted belt steering and tension applying roller
118. The rollers 114, 116 and 118 are substantially parallel to and spaced from each
other. Generally, the largest support roller, i.e. 114, also functions as a drive-roller
to drive the belt. The drive-roller is driven by a conventional means such as an electric
motor direct drive, gear drive or belt drive to transport belt 10 around rollers 114,
116 and 118. The belt 10 is maintained in a predetermined position on support rollers
114 and 116 relative to the ends of rollers 114 and 116 by conventional steering and
tension applying roller 118 which guides the belt 10 by tilting of the axis of roller
118 in the direction shown by the arrows in response to a conventional detector and
controller 120. Periodic tilting of belt steering and tension applying roller 118
relative to the support rollers prevents excessive belt walk and maintains the belt
on the support rollers during image cycling. As is well known in the art, image cycling
includes forming an electrostatic latent image on a belt, developing the electrostatic
latent image with toner to form a toner image corresponding to the latent image, transferring
the toner image to a receiving member, and repeating the forming, developing and transferring
steps at least once. The periodic tilting of belt steering and tension applying roller
118 repeatedly imposes a belt direction tension distribution, which departs from the
original uniform applied belt tension, with the lowest value at the longitudinal centerline
of belt 10 and gradual increases in intensity which peak at both edges 110 and 112
of belt 10. As a consequence, a compression strain directed transversely toward the
center from both edges of the belt is generated and added to the inherent strain in
the charge transport layer. The compression strain repeatedly generated toward the
center of the belt peaks at about 0.6 percent. Conventional belts in the free state
possess an inherent strain in the charge transport of at least about 0.28 percent.
Since the tilting of belt steering and tension applying roller 118 repeatedly generates
a cross belt compression strain, this compression strain is added to any inherent
strain in the belt 10. Therefore if the inherent strain is too high, a threshold is
exceeded that leads to the formation of ripples during cycling. Thus, the avoidance
of ripple formation in belts during cycling in imaging systems utilizing steering
rollers can be achieved with the imaging belt of this invention having a charge transport
layer tension strain of less than 0.05 percent across the width of the belt. Conventional
photoreceptor belts generally have a charge transport layer tension strain of at least
about 0.28 percent across the width of the belt. Any suitable electrophotographic
imaging belt transport system with a belt steering roller may by utilized in the imaging
process of this invention. Typical electrophotographic imaging belt transport systems
utilizing a belt steering roller are described in
US-A 4,174,171,
US-A 4,344,693 and
US-A 4,061,222.
[0058] The common problem of imaging member belt surface cracking upon exposure to liquid
developers and belt fatigue during imaging cycling is totally eliminated. In yet another
embodiment, imaging member belts using an electrically active charge transport polymer
layer and fabricated according to the process of the present invention is observed
to withstand belt fatigue cycling in a two 2.54 cm diameter roller belt module with
constant exposure to liquid developer without developing charge transport layer cracking
in up to 300,000 cycles of testing. A respective control imaging member belt shows
instantaneous charge transport layer cracking when it is bent over a 2.54 cm diameter
roller and exposed to the liquid developer.
EXAMPLE I
[0059] A photoconductive imaging member web was prepared by providing a titanium coated
polyester substrate having a thickness of 76.2 micrometers and applying thereto a
siloxane hole blocking layer having a dry thickness of 0.05 micrometer. An adhesive
interface layer of polyester was then prepared by applying to the hole blocking layer
a polyester adhesive having a dry thickness of 0.07 micrometer. The adhesive interface
layer was thereafter coated with a charge generating layer containing 7.5 percent
by volume trigonal selenium, 25 percent by volume N,N'-diphenyl-N,N'-bis(3-methylphenyl)-1,1'-biphenyl-4,4'-diamine,
and 67.5 percent by volume polyvinylcarbazole. This charge generating layer had a
dry thickness of 2.0 micrometers. This was overcoated by extruding a charge transport
layer coating material containing N,N'-diphenyl-N,N'-bis(3-methylphenyl)-1,1'-biphenyl-4,4'-diamine
and a polycarbonate resin at a weight ratio of 1:1. The charge transport layer had
a thickness of 24 micrometers after drying. This imaging member web exhibited spontaneous
upward curling when in unrestrained free state. To achieve the desired imaging member
flat shape, a 13.8 micrometer thick anti-curl backing layer containing 90 weight per
cent polycarbonate resin, 8 weight percent of Goodyear polyester and 2 weight percent
of silane treated microcrystalline silica was applied to the rear surface (side opposite
the photogenerator layer and charge transport layer) of the photoconductive imaging
member web, i.e. on the uncoated side of the polyester substrate layer. The final
dried photoconductive imaging member web had a total thickness of about 116 micrometers.
EXAMPLE II
[0060] A photoconductive imaging member web was prepared using the same material and following
the same procedures as described in Example I, except that the application of the
anti-curl backing layer was intentionally omitted.
EXAMPLE III
[0061] To remove the upward curling effect exhibited by the imaging member of Example II,
four strips of 5.08 cm (2 inch) wide by 15.24 cm long rectangular shaped imaging samples
were cut from the photoconductive imaging member web of Example II. With the charge
transport layer facing outwardly, each imaging sample strip was rolled into a 19 mm
diameter tube, brought to an elevated temperature of 100°C in an air circulating oven,
and thereafter cooled to room ambient temperature while in the tube shape.
EXAMPLE IV
[0062] The photoconductive imaging member web of Example I was cut to provide four strips
of 5.08 cm wide by 15.24 cm long rectangular shaped imaging samples. For each set
of two imaging sample strips, the cut end of one sample strip was overlapped for a
distance of about one millimeter over the other cut end of its corresponding sample
strip, in a manner similar to that illustrated in Figure 1, and joined by conventional
ultrasonic welding using 40 KHz sonic energy supplied to a welding horn to form a
control seam similar to that illustrated in Figure 2. In the same manner, the imaging
sample strips of Example III were also fabricated into an ultrasonic welded seam shown
in Figure 4.
[0063] For seam rupture elongation, rupture strength, overlap thickness, and splash dimensions
determinations, the following testing procedures were followed using an Instron Tensile
Tester (Model TM, available from Instron Corporation):
- (a)A strip of test sample was cut for each of the seam configurations of the above
Examples. Each test sample had the dimensions of 1.27 cm x 10.16 cm with the seam
situated at the middle of the test sample.
- (b)The test sample was inserted into the Instron jaws using a 5.08 cm (2 inch) gage
length and seam positioned at the middle between the jaws.
- (c)The seam sample was pulled at a cross-head speed of 5.08 cm/minute, a chart speed
at 5.08 cm/minute, and a calibration of 22 kilograms full scale to observe for tensile
seam rupture as well as seam cracking/delamination.
- (d)The load, in kilograms, required to rupture the seam was divided by 1.27 cm to
obtain the seam rupture strength in kg/cm (Kgs/cm).
- (e)The elongation at which seam cracking/delamination occurred was divided by the
gaged length of the sample to obtain cracking/delamination strain.
[0064] The mechanical measurement results summarized in Table I below show that the seam
rupture elongation, and rupture strength, as well as the normalized energy absorption
for the seam configuration fabricated using the imaging member without the anti-curl
backing layer of Example III, were slightly enhanced compared to the control seam.
The seam overlap was measured using a micrometer and the results given in the table
showed approximately a 15 percent thickness reduction for the seamed imaging sample
having no anti-curl backing layer.
[0065] When probed with a three dimensional surface analyzer (Model T-4000, available from
Hommel Amerca, Inc.) the control seam had a rectangular shape splash and with dimensions
signficantly greater than those of the seam of the invention imaging member which
yielded a tapered splash morphology.
TABLE I
|
|
|
|
|
Seam Splash |
Seamed Imaging |
Break Elongation (%) |
Break Strength (kg/cm) [Kgs/cm] |
Energy Absorbent (%) |
Overlap Thickness (µm) [µ] |
Height (µm) [µ] |
Length (cm) |
Example I |
9.8 |
10.1 |
100 |
102 |
65 |
0.8 |
Example II |
11.2 |
11.8 |
134 |
87 |
53 |
0.5 |
[0066] Since the imaging member of the present invention may be free of an anti-curl backing
layer, it has one less coating layer to melt during ultrasonic seam welding process.
Therefore. more kinetic energy provided by the mechanical action of the horn is available
for absorption at the overlap joint to effect substrate to a substrate fusing. This
is reflected by the overall seam mechanical enhancement and splash size reduction
listed in the table above.
[0067] Dynamic fatigue endurance testing was also carried out to establish respective seam
performance comparison. With 0.4536 kg (a one pound weight) attached at one end to
provide a tension of 0.1786 kg/cm (a one Ib/in. width tension), the test sample with
the seam was 180° wrapped over a 0.12 millimeter diameter free rotating roller and
the opposite end of the test sample was gripped by hand. Under these conditions, the
seam of the test sample was dynamically flexed back and forth over the roller by manually
moving the hand up and down, at a rate of one flex per second, until seam cracking/delamination
occurred. Although the results obtained from this test show that the control seam
developed total seam cracking/delamination after only 8 cycles of flexing the seam
configuration of the imaging member of this invention was more mechanically robust
to resist fatigue seam failure and outlasted the control seam by 49 cyclic flexes
until it exhibited delamination. This dynamic fatigue seam life improvement was achieved
by decreasing the seam thickness and splash size resulted in the reduction in seam
bending stress, thereby extending the mechanical functioning life of the seam.
EXAMPLE V
[0068] Photoconductive imaging member webs of Examples I and II were each cut to provide
a rectangular sheet having the dimensions of 350 mm by 837 mm length for ultrasonic
seam welding into imaging member belts according to the seam fabrication method described
in Example IV. For the photoconductive imaging member sheet of Example II, the upward
curling of the imaging member sheet was removed by following the procedures of the
charge transport layer stress release process prior to the seam welding operation.
[0069] When cycled in a belt support module, employing an active steering/tension roll for
belt walk control, the imaging belt of Example I was seen to exhibit the onset of
ripple formations after only about 180 cycles whereas the imaging member belt of the
present invention remained free from ripple defect development up to 30,000 cycles
of testing. The cycling process repeatedly applied a cross belt compression strain
distributed in an arcuate gradient of increasing intensity from the longitudinal centerline
of the belt to each of the edges of the belt, the strain applied at each of the edges
of the belt repeatedly peaking to an intensity at the longitudinal edges of at least
about 0.6 percent greater than the strain applied to the centerline of the belt.
EXAMPLE VI
[0070] A photoconductive imaging member web was prepared according to the procedures and
using the same materials as described in Example I, except that the charge generating
layer was substituted by a 1 micrometer thick charge generating layer containing hydroxy
gallium phthalocyanine in polystyrene-polyvinylpyridine block copolymer binder and
the charge transport layer was replaced by a hole transporting active polymer of poly(ether
carbonate). This poly(ether carbonate) was a polymer of N,N'-diphenyl-N,N'-bis[3-hydroxyphenyl]-[1,1'
biphenyl]-4,4' diamine and diethylene glycol bischloroformate described in
US-A 4,806,443.
EXAMPLE VII
[0071] A photoconductive imaging member web was prepared in exactly the same manner as described
in Example VI, except that the anti-curl backing layer was intentionally omitted.
A rectangular imaging sample strip of 5.08 cm by 30.48 cm was cut from the imaging
member web and then subjected to the charge transport layer stress release process,
by following the procedures described in Example III, to eliminate the upward curling
effect of the imaging member sample.
EXAMPLE VIII
[0072] A photoconductive imaging member web was prepared according to the procedures and
using the same materials as described in Example VI, except that the charge transport
layer comprised polysebacoyl, a hole transporting polymeric material of N,N'-diphenyl-N,N'-bis[3-hydroxyphenyl]-[1-1'
biphenyl]-4,4' diamine and sebacoyl chloride described in
US-A 5,262,512.
EXAMPLE IX
[0073] A photoconductive imaging member web was prepared in the same manner as described
in Example VIII, except that the application of the anti-curl backing layer was intentionally
omitted. A rectangular imaging sample strip 5.08 cm wide by 30.48 cm long was cut
from the imaging member web and then subjected to the charge transport layer stress
release process, by following the procedures described in Example III, to remove the
upward curling effect in the imaging sample.
EXAMPLE X
[0074] A rectangular imaging sample strip of 5.08 cm wide by 30.48 cm long was cut from
each photoconductive imaging member web of Examples VI and VIII. Along with the imaging
sample strips of Examples VII and IX, they were each ultrasonically welded into four
individual seamed imaging member belts according to the procedures described in Example
IV.
[0075] Each individual imaging belt was mounted onto a two 1 inch bi-roller belt support
module for a Norpar 15 (a hydrocarbon liquid available from EXXON Chemicals) exposure
and fatigue cycling test. Both imaging belts fabricated with imaging members of Examples
VI and VIII were used to serve as controls for comparison. The exposure and fatigue
testing results showed that Norpar 15 exposure was detrimental to the control imaging
belts because both poly(ether carbonate) and polysebacoyl charge transport layers
were seen to develop instantaneous cracking upon exposure to Norpar 15 liquid while
bent passing over each 5.08 cm (2 inch) diameter belt support roller. In sharp contrast,
the imaging belts of Examples VIII and IX which had been previously subjected to a
charge transport layer stress release process, were absolutely free of charge transport
layer cracking after 300,000 fatigue cycles and constant Norpar 15 liquid contact.
These results demonstrated the effectiveness of the process of the present invention
including the use of the imaging member in an imaging process which repeatedly applies
a cross belt compression strain distributed in an arcuate gradient of increasing intensity
from the longitudinal centerline of the belt to each of the edges of the belt, said
strain applied at each of said edges of said belt repeatedly peaking to an intensity
at said longitudinal edges of at least about 0.6 percent greater than the strain applied
to said centerline of said belt.