Technical Field
[0001] The present invention relates to the recovery of metal from a chloride thereof, and
in particular, relates to a method for production of metal by molten-salt electrolysis.
.. Furthermore, the present invention relates to a method for production of titanium
metal using the metal produced by the method.
Background Art
[0002] Conventionally, titanium metal, which is a simple substance, is produced by the Kroll
method, in which titanium tetrachloride is reduced by molten magnesium to obtain sponge
titanium, and various kinds of improvements have been made to reduce the cost of production.
However, since the Kroll method is a batch process in which a set of operations is
repeated noncontinuously, there is a limitation to its efficiency.
[0003] To overcome this problem, a method in which titanium oxide is reduced by calcium
metal in molten salt to obtain titanium metal directly (see
WO99/064638 and
Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2003-129268), one in which an EMR method in which a reducing agent containing an active metal
such as calcium or an active metal alloy is prepared, and one in which a titanium
compound is reduced by electrons from the reducing agent to yield titanium metal (see
Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No.
2003-306725) have been proposed. In these methods, calcium oxide, which is a by-product of the
electrolytic reaction, is dissolved in calcium chloride, and molten-salt electrolysis
is performed to recover and reuse calcium metal. However, since the calcium metal
generated during the electrolytic reaction is in a liquid state and is highly soluble
in calcium chloride, it dissolves easily in the calcium chloride, and there has been
a problem in that the yield of the metal is reduced.
[0004] As explained above, there has been a problem in that it has been difficult to recover
metal such as calcium metal efficiently by a conventional method.
Disclosure of the Invention
[0005] The present invention has been completed in view of the above circumstances, and
an object of the present invention is to provide a method for production of metal
by molten-salt electrolysis, in which metal used for reducing, such as an oxide or
chloride of titanium metal, is efficiently recovered, and another object of the present
invention is to provide a method for production of titanium metal in which the metal
produced by the method is used.
[0006] The method for production of metal by molten-salt electrolysis of the present invention
is a method for production of metal by molten-salt electrolysis which is performed
by filling molten salt of a metal chloride in an electrolysis vessel having an anode
and a cathode, and a molten salt which reduces solubility of the metal in the molten
salt is used.
[0007] In the method for production of titanium metal of the present invention, the metal
produced in the above-mentioned method is used as a reducing agent of titanium tetrachloride.
[0008] By the method for production of metal by molten-salt electrolysis of the present
invention, since the solubility of the metal in the molten salt is reduced, the metal
that is deposited is difficult to dissolve in the molten salt. Therefore, the metal
can be effectively recovered.
Brief Description of Drawings
[0009]
Fig. 1 is a conceptual cross sectional diagram showing the electrolysis vessel used
in the molten salt electrolysis of the present invention.
Best Mode for Carrying Out the Invention
[0010] Embodiments of the present invention are explained below with reference to the drawings.
Here, a case in which the metal is calcium metal, the metal chloride is calcium chloride,
and the chloride added to reduce the melting point of the electrolysis bath of the
molten salt of the present invention is potassium chloride, is explained.
[0011] Fig. 1 shows a desirable embodiment of the apparatus structure to perform the present
invention. In Fig. 1, reference numeral 1 indicates an electrolysis vessel, and an
electrolysis bath 2 mainly containing calcium chloride is filled in the vessel. The
electrolysis bath 2 is heated to a temperature above the melting point of calcium
chloride by a heater, which is not shown, so as to be maintained in a melted condition.
As the electrolysis bath 2, a bath of a mixture of calcium chloride and potassium
chloride is used. Not only can the melting point of the electrolysis bath 2 be reduced
by adding potassium chloride to calcium chloride, but the solubility of calcium metal
in the electrolysis bath 2 can also be reduced.
[0012] Reference numeral 3 indicates an anode and reference numeral 4 indicates a cathode,
and they are immersed in the electrolysis bath 2. Between the anode 3 and the cathode
4, for example, a dividing wall 5 made of graphite is arranged.
[0013] Starting the electrolysis of the electrolysis bath 2 by connecting the anode 3 and
cathode 4 to a direct current power supply, which is not shown, chloride ions in the
electrolysis bath 2 are attracted to the anode 3 and donate electrons, forming chlorine
gas 6, which is expelled from the system. Calcium ions are attracted to the cathode
4 and accept the electrons, forming calcium metal 7, which is deposited on the surface
of the cathode 4.
[0014] It is desirable that the temperature of the electrolysis bath 2 be not less than
650°C which is a eutectic temperature of calcium chloride and potassium chloride,
and that it be not more than 1000°C. In the case in which the target calcium metal
is required to be recovered in a solid state, the temperature of the electrolysis
bath is maintained at not less than the eutectic temperature of calcium chloride and
potassium chloride and at not more than the melting point of calcium metal (845°C).
In the case in which calcium metal is recovered in a melted state, the temperature
of the electrolysis bath 2 is maintained at not less than the melting point of calcium
metal.
[0015] The temperature of the electrolysis bath is different depending on whether the target
calcium metal is to be recovered in a solid state or a melted state, as explained
above; however, the bases for improving recovery efficiency are the same. The upper
limit is set at 1000°C; however, in the case in which the present invention is performed
at a temperature not less than the melting point of calcium metal, recovery becomes
difficult if solubility of calcium which dissolves in the molten salt is increased.
In addition, the vapor pressure of calcium metal increases above 1000°C, and it becomes
difficult to recover the calcium metal that is generated. Therefore, in the present
invention, the upper limit of the temperature of the electrolysis bath 2 is desirably
not more than 1000°C.
[0016] It is believed that the range of temperature of the electrolysis bath 2 is desirably
from 650°C to 850°C. If the temperature of the electrolysis bath 2 is less than 650°C,
the electrolysis bath 2 will solidify, as mentioned above. If the temperature of the
electrolysis bath 2 is 650°C or more, it is possible for an electrolysis bath containing
a sufficient calcium source to be prepared, and the rate of generation of calcium
will be high. In addition, if the temperature is 850°C or less, the rate of dissolution
of calcium in the electrolysis bath 2 will be low, and deterioration of material used
for the electrolysis vessel or the like will be low; this temperature range is therefore
desirable for practicing the present invention.
[0017] The eutectic composition of the electrolysis bath 2 mentioned above is 25 mol% as
a ratio of addition of potassium chloride to calcium chloride. Therefore, it is desirable
that potassium chloride in the electrolysis bath 2 also be selected to be not more
than 25%. It is desirable that the amount of potassium chloride in the electrolysis
bath 2 be low; however, from the viewpoint of reducing the melting point of the electrolysis
bath 2, it is desirable that the amount be higher. Therefore, the ratio of the addition
of potassium chloride to calcium chloride should be determined while considering the
tradeoffs.
[0018] In the case in which the present invention is performed at a temperature not less
than the melting point of the electrolysis bath 2 and that not more than 845°C (not
more than the melting point of calcium metal), it is possible for the calcium metal
to be deposited near the electrode and to be recovered in a solid state. In the case
in which the metal is not deposited, the metal is dispersed in the bath as metal particles,
and since the specific gravity thereof is less than that of the bath, the particles
float up to the surface of the bath around the cathode. In the case in which the metallic
particles are recovered, it is possible to recover them in a mixed condition with
the electrolysis bath, and as an embodiment of the present invention, a mixture of
the electrolysis bath and solid metal or the metal alone can be recovered.
[0019] On the other hand, also in the case in which the electrolysis is performed at a temperature
not less than 845°C and not more than 1000°C, the solubility of calcium metal in the
electrolysis bath 2 can be reduced by controlling the concentration of chlorides added
to the electrolysis bath 2. As a result, calcium metal in a solid state is partially
deposited at the surface of an electrode and is dispersed in the bath. On the other
hand, since the specific gravity of calcium metal partially generated in a melted
state is lower than that of the bath, it will ultimately float up near the cathode
as a melted metal.
[0020] By recovering the melted metal, the present invention can be performed in the temperature
range. During the recovery, since it would take a long time to separate calcium metal
dispersed in the bath and the electrolysis bath 2, it is desirable that the melted
calcium and the electrolysis bath 2 be recovered in a mixed state. Apart from these
recovery methods, it is possible for the molten salt and calcium to be entirely recovered
in a solid state. In the case which the recovery method is performed, it is possible
to use the entire range of the temperature of the present invention.
[0021] Calcium metal deposited on the surface of the cathode 4 is partially dissolved in
the electrolysis bath 2, and calcium metal partially floats up to the surface of the
electrolysis bath. The calcium metal which floated up to the surface of the electrolysis
bath may flow to near the anode and will be blocked by the dividing wall 5 to efficiently
reduce the back reaction with chlorine gas generated at the anode 3.
[0022] Since calcium metal is soluble in calcium chloride, in the case in which a conventional
electrolysis bath consisting of calcium chloride alone is used, the calcium metal
deposited will be dissolved in the electrolysis bath. However, in the present invention,
since the above-mentioned chloride is added to calcium chloride to reduce the solubility
of calcium chloride in the bath, calcium metal alone or the electrolysis bath in which
calcium metal is precipitated can be efficiently recovered.
[0023] In addition, by determining the solubility of calcium in the electrolysis bath at
not more than 3%, calcium metal generated by electrolysis or a bath containing a large
amount of calcium metal can be efficiently recovered. The solubility of calcium metal
in the electrolysis bath is more desirably not more than 1.5%, and by selecting the
solubility, the recovery efficiency of calcium metal generated by electrolysis can
be improved further.
[0024] As a method for reducing the solubility of calcium metal in the electrolysis bath,
two methods may be considered. One is a method in which the content of calcium chloride
is decreased and the content of potassium chloride, sodium chloride or calcium fluoride
is increased to reduce the solubility of calcium metal, and the other is a method
in which the temperature of the electrolysis bath 2 is reduced. By each of these methods,
the solubility of the calcium metal in the electrolysis bath can be efficiently reduced.
It should be noted that the solubility of calcium metal can be efficiently reduced
if the temperature of the electrolysis bath is near the melting point of calcium chloride
in the case of the bath of calcium chloride alone.
[0025] Calcium metal or the electrolysis bath 2, in which calcium metal is precipitated
and recovered in this way, can be used in direct reduction of titanium oxide, for
example.
[0026] In the case in which potassium chloride is added to calcium chloride at 5 mol% to
50 mol%, solubility of calcium versus calcium chloride can be reduced to a level of
0.1 % to 0.3%, in a temperature range of 650°C to 800°C in the electrolysis bath 2.
[0027] In addition, by adding the above-mentioned chlorides, not only can the solubility
of the calcium metal in calcium chloride be reduced, but the melting point of the
electrolysis bath can also be reduced. Since the melting point of calcium chloride
is 780°C and the melting point of calcium metal is 845°C, calcium metal in a solid
state can be deposited on the cathode 4 in the case in which the temperature of the
conventional electrolysis bath consisting of calcium chloride alone is set at 800°C.
In this case, the difference between the temperature of the electrolysis bath and
the melting point of the electrolysis bath (780°C) is only 20°C, and since the electrolysis
bath would solidify if the temperature were to go below the melting point, it is necessary
that the temperature of the electrolysis bath be controlled precisely.
[0028] However, in the present invention, since the melting point of the electrolysis bath
2 is reduced by mixing the above-mentioned chlorides in the electrolysis bath 2, precise
control of temperature is no longer required, and molten-salt electrolysis can be
performed reliably. For example, since the electrolysis bath 2 does not solidify even
if the temperature of the electrolysis bath 2 is set at around 750°C, calcium metal
can be deposited in a solid state on the cathode 4. Practically, by adding potassium
chloride to calcium chloride at 5 to 50 mol%, electrolysis can be performed in the
electrolysis bath having a temperature about 30 to 140°C lower than in the case of
the bath of calcium chloride alone.
[0029] As explained, in the present invention, since calcium chloride can be deposited in
a solid state, dissolution of calcium metal in the electrolysis bath 2 is reduced,
and the yield of calcium metal can be effectively improved.
[0030] In the case in which calcium metal is deposited in a solid state, after a certain
amount of calcium metal is deposited, supply of electric power to the anode 3 and
cathode 4 is stopped, the cathode 4 is pulled out of the electrolysis bath 2, and
the calcium metal is scraped off to be recovered. Alternatively, the cathode is transported
to a recovery vessel, which is prepared in advance and which is not shown, and calcium
metal deposited on the cathode is melted and recovered by heating the recovery vessel
to a temperature not less than the melting point of calcium metal.
[0031] It should be noted that the mixed salt in which sodium chloride or calcium fluoride
is added, instead of the potassium chloride mentioned above, can be used as the electrolysis
bath 2. The eutectic temperature of the mixed bath in which sodium chloride is added
to calcium chloride is 500°C. Furthermore, the eutectic temperature of the mixed bath
in which calcium fluoride is added to calcium chloride is 670°C. In each case, the
temperature of the electrolysis bath 2 can be effectively reduced compared to the
case of the melting point of calcium chloride (780°C) alone. In addition, the temperature
of the electrolysis can also be reduced, and as a result, dissolution loss of calcium
metal generated in the electrolysis reaction of the electrolysis bath 2 can also be
efficiently reduced.
[0032] While the electrolysis of the molten salt is performed using the electrolysis bath
in which potassium chloride is added to calcium chloride, it is desirable that the
voltage of the electrolysis be selected so as not to cause deposition of potassium
metal. Since the theoretical decomposition voltage of calcium chloride is 3.2 V and
the theoretical decomposition voltage of potassium chloride is 3.4 V, a range of from
3.2 V to 3.4 V is desirable. However, if the electrolysis is performed at a decomposition
voltage of not less than 3.4 V, potassium metal that is produced will react with calcium
chloride to produce calcium metal. Therefore, it may not cause a substantial problem
even if the decomposition voltage is high.
[0033] If the voltage applied to the anode and cathode is increased, the amount of electricity
supplied to the electrolysis vessel 1 and rate of deposition of metal can be increased.
However, according to the increase of the voltage applied, both surfaces of the dividing
wall 5 will be polarized. Metal is deposited on the anode-side of the dividing wall
5 and chlorine gas is generated on the cathode-side of the dividing wall 5 when the
voltage applied reaches twice the theoretical decomposition voltage. The chlorine
gas generated on the cathode-side of the dividing wall 5 could bring the back reaction
with calcium metal generated at the cathode 4, reducing the yield of calcium metal.
Therefore, the voltage applied to the anode 3 and cathode 4 is desirably an electrolysis
voltage which does not produce the polarization of the dividing wall 5. Such a range
of voltages is not less than the theoretical decomposition voltage of calcium chloride
and is less than twice thereof. Practically, it is from 3.2 V to 6.4 V.
[0034] The anode used in the present invention is required to be made from a material which
is durable when exposed to chlorine gas at high temperature. As such a material, graphite
is desirable. Not only is graphite durable when exposed to chlorine gas at high temperature,
but it is also durable in electrolysis baths at high temperature, and it has appropriate
conductivity. It is desirable that the anode be arranged penetrating an upper lid
of the electrolysis vessel 1, which is not shown, while being immersed in the electrolysis
bath 2. The surface of the anode 3 consisting of graphite and penetrating the upper
lid can be coated with a ceramic material. Such a structure can minimize a corrosion
of the graphite.
[0035] Since chlorine gas is not generated from the cathode, the cathode, at least, can
be made of a material durable to molten salt at high temperature, such as a conventional
carbon steel. In the cathode, since there is a possibility of generating carbide when
metal is generated, a steel material having a low concentration of carbon is desirable.
This carbon steel is desirable since it is durable to molten salt and calcium metal
at high temperatures. In addition, it is practical since it is inexpensive and durable.
[0036] The dividing wall of the present invention must be made from a material that is durable
to calcium chloride and chlorine gas at high temperature, similar to the case of the
anode. Practically, graphite is desirable. The dividing wall itself can be constructed
of graphite, or alternatively, an inner part may be constructed of a ceramic and the
outer part may be constructed of graphite, and the strength thereof at high temperatures
can be maintained for long periods.
[0037] The dividing wall is required to be dense as possible as can; however, some porosities
in the wall ,which do not allow penetration and migration of calcium metal generated
in the cathode 4 to the anode side, do not pose problems in conducting the present
invention. Furthermore, it is not necessary for the lower edge of the dividing wall
to reach the bottom part of the electrolysis vessel, and it is sufficient for the
dividing wall to have a sufficient length so as not to allow calcium metal generated
at the cathode 4 or a calcium chloride layer having precipitated calcium metal to
migrate to the anode.
[0038] Chlorine gas is recovered from the system, and for example, it can be used in a chlorination
reaction of titanium ore. Furthermore, calcium metal can be used in a reduction reaction
of titanium oxide or titanium chloride using molten salt to produce titanium metal.
For example, it can be used as the reducing agent of titanium tetrachloride disclosed
in
Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2005-068540, to produce ingots of titanium metal. Alternatively, it can be used as the reducing
agent of titanium metal in the FFC method in which titanium oxide is used as a raw
material disclosed in
Japanese Application Laid Open No. 2002-517613.
[0039] By using the mixed salt explained above as the electrolysis bath, the melting point
of the electrolysis bath can be reduced , which brings to the reduction of the electrolysis
temperature, and as a result, the solubility of calcium metal in calcium chloride
can be reduced. Furthermore, since the ratio of calcium chloride in the electrolysis
bath is decreased by using the mixed salt, the amount of the calcium metal dissolved
into the electrolysis bath can be reduced compared to the case in which calcium chloride
alone is used as the electrolysis bath.
[0040] It should be noted that sodium chloride or calcium fluoride can be used instead of
the potassium chloride mentioned above. In this case, the eutectic composition of
sodium chloride to calcium chloride is 54%. Furthermore, the eutectic composition
of calcium fluoride to calcium chloride is 20%. Therefore, in the case of using any
of the chlorides, the electrolysis bath 2 having the above-mentioned eutectic composition,
or a composition not more than that, is desirable.
[0041] In this way, by practicing the present invention, the melting point of the electrolysis
bath can be reduced, and the solubility of calcium metal in the electrolysis bath
can be reduced. As a result, the calcium metal generated according to the present
invention can be efficiently recovered compared to the conventional methods.
Examples
Example 1
[0042] Using the electrolysis vessel shown in Fig. 1, while maintaining the temperature
of the electrolysis bath consisting of calcium chloride at 75 mol% and potassium chloride
at 25 mol% at 650°C, and applying a voltage of 4.5 V between an anode 3 made of carbon
and the cathode 4 made of carbon steel, the electrolysis of the molten salt of calcium
chloride is started. Accompanied by the electrolysis of the molten salt, calcium metal
is deposited on the cathode in a solid state. After depositing a predetermined amount
of calcium metal on the cathode in a solid state, electric power supply to the positive
and cathodes is stopped. After that, the cathode, having deposited calcium metal on
its surface, is transferred to a recovery vessel which is heated to a temperature
not less than the melting point of calcium metal, and the calcium metal deposited
on the surface of the cathode is melted so that it can be recovered. The ratio of
the amount of calcium metal actually recovered to the amount of calcium metal generated,
calculated from the electric power applied to the electrolysis bath, was 85%. It was
confirmed that an electrolysis reaction having high efficiency could be performed.
Example 2
[0043] Using the electrolysis vessel shown in Fig. 1, while maintaining the temperature
of the electrolysis bath consisting of calcium chloride at 85 mol% and potassium chloride
at 15 mol% at 730°C, and applying a voltage of 5.0 V between an anode 3 made of carbon
and the cathode 4 made of low-carbon steel, the electrolysis of the molten salt of
calcium chloride was started. Accompanied by the electrolysis of the molten salt,
calcium metal in a solid state floated up to the bath surface around the cathode.
The electrolysis bath and calcium metal were drawn off and recovered from the bath
surface around the cathode. The recovered calcium content in the electrolysis bath
was measured to be 50%. The amount of calcium metal generated was measured from the
recovered amount and the concentration, and a ratio was calculated with a theoretical
generated amount calculated from the time of electric power supply. As a result, it
was confirmed that not less than 75% of calcium metal was recovered. This operation
was repeated, and the efficiency was improved.
Example 3
[0044] Using the electrolysis vessel shown in Fig. 1, while maintaining the temperature
of the electrolysis bath consisting of calcium chloride at 85 mol% and potassium chloride
at 15 mol% at 950°C, and applying a voltage of 5.0 V between an anode 3 made of carbon
and a cathode 4 made of low-carbon steel, the electrolysis of the molten salt of calcium
chloride was started. Accompanied by molten-salt electrolysis, calcium metal in a
melted state floated up to the bath surface around the cathode. The electrolysis bath
and melted calcium metal were drawn off and recovered from the bath surface around
the cathode. Melted calcium was recovered and the concentration of calcium in the
electrolysis bath which was recovered was measured and was 30%. The amount of calcium
metal generated was measured from the recovered amount and the concentration, and
a ratio with a theoretical generated amount calculated from the time of electric power
supply was calculated. As a result, it was confirmed that not less than 60% of calcium
metal was recovered. This operation was repeated, and the efficiency was improved.
As an additional experiment, the electrolysis bath consisting of calcium chloride
at 85% and potassium chloride at 15% was maintained at 950°C and solubility of calcium
in a saturated state was measured, and it was 2.8%.
Example 4
[0045] Except that 20 mol% of calcium fluoride was added to calcium chloride instead of
potassium chloride, electrolysis tests were performed under the same conditions as
those of Example 3. Calcium metal recovered in this Example 4 was 70% of the theoretical
value.
Example 5
[0046] A molten salt in which the added ratio of potassium chloride to calcium chloride
was 25 mol% was prepared, and calcium metal corresponding to 10 wt% of the total of
all the molten salts was added to the molten salt to perform heating and melting testing.
In the testing, the heating temperature was set at several levels to determine the
effects on the recovery ratio of calcium metal. As a result, as shown in Table 1,
there was a tendency for the recovery ratio of calcium metal to continuously decreased
with increasing temperature in a range of heating temperature of 800°C to 1000°C.
However, when the heating temperature was above 1000°C, a strong tendency for the
recovery ratio of calcium metal to decrease was observed. The reason for this is estimated
to be that both the evaporation loss of calcium metal and the solubility of calcium
metal in the molten salt are increased by increasing the bath temperature. Furthermore,
similar testing was performed in the cases of combinations of sodium chloride and
calcium chloride, and combinations of calcium fluoride and calcium chloride, and results
similar to those in the case of potassium chloride were obtained.
Table 1
Unit: wt% |
Mixed salt\Temperature |
800°C |
900°C |
1000°C |
1010°C |
1050°C |
CaCl2-KCl (25) |
95 |
70 |
60 |
45 |
30 |
CaCl2-NaCl (54) |
97 |
75 |
65 |
50 |
40 |
CaCl2-CaF2 (20) |
92 |
66 |
55 |
40 |
25 |
*Values in parentheses are eutectic compositions. |
Comparative Example 1
[0047] An electrolysis bath consisting of calcium chloride alone was maintained at 900°C,
a voltage of 4.5 V was applied to an anode made of carbon and a cathode made of carbon
steel, so as to begin an electrolysis of a molten salt of calcium chloride. At this
time, little melted calcium metal was observed at the surface of electrolysis bath.
The electrolysis bath around the surface was drawn off to analyze the concentration
of calcium metal, and the concentration of the calcium metal was 1%. In addition to
the electrolysis examination, the solubility of calcium in a saturated state in calcium
chloride at 900°C was measured, and it was 3.2%.
[0048] As explained above, metal used for reduction of oxides or chlorides of titanium can
be efficiently recovered by the present invention.
1. A process for production of a metal by molten-salt electrolysis, the process comprising
a step of filling metal chloride in an electrolysis vessel having an anode and a cathode,
wherein a molten salt which reduces solubility of the metal in the molten salt is
used.
2. The process for production of a metal by molten-salt electrolysis according to claim
1,
wherein the metal generated by the electrolysis is recovered alone or as a mixture
of the molten salt and the metal.
3. The process for production of a metal by molten-salt electrolysis according to claim
1,
wherein the molten salt contains at least one selected from calcium chloride, potassium
chloride, sodium chloride, and calcium fluoride.
4. The process for production of a metal by molten-salt electrolysis according to claim
1,
wherein the molten salt is a mixed salt of calcium chloride with potassium chloride,
sodium chloride, or calcium fluoride, and
a composition of the potassium chloride, sodium chloride, or calcium fluoride versus
the calcium chloride is a eutectic composition or is not more than the eutectic composition.
5. The process for production of a metal by molten-salt electrolysis according to claim
1,
wherein the metal is calcium, potassium, or sodium.
6. The process for production of a metal by molten-salt electrolysis according to claim
1,
wherein the temperature of the molten salt is not less than the eutectic temperature
of a mixed salt of calcium chloride with potassium chloride, sodium chloride, or calcium
fluoride and is not more than 1000°C, and
wherein the metal generated by the electrolysis is generated alone or as a mixture
of the molten salt and the metal.
7. The process for production of a metal by molten-salt electrolysis according to claim
6,
wherein the solubility of metal in the molten salt is not more than 3%.
8. A process for production of titanium metal comprising a step of using the metal produced
in the method according to claim 1, as a reducing agent of titanium tetrachloride.