[0001] The invention relates to metal cold-forming and, in particular, machine arrangements
and methods for achieving a high reduction in area of a workpiece.
[0002] Cold-forming machines are typically used to mass produce shaped parts starting with
a cutoff of round metal wire. Blanks or workpieces are sheared from a length of wire
after straightening from a coil, positioned in successive stationary dies, and struck
by reciprocating tools to change their shape into intermediate and, eventually, finished
products. These forming operations can include upsetting where the diameter of the
wire blank is increased or extrusion where the diameter is reduced or both upsetting
and extrusion. Usually, extrusions are accomplished in a stationary die rather than
a reciprocating tool. This technique can be problematic where the workpiece is long,
i.e. being several times its diameter in length. In these circumstances, the workpiece
can tend to stick in the die. The knockout pin used to eject the workpiece from the
die, as a result of the area reduction, is relatively small in cross-section. The
greater the length of the workpiece compared to its cross-section, the more acute
is the problem of ejecting the workpiece from the die. The knockout pin besides being
reduced in diameter must be increased in length in relation to the workpiece length
and becomes prone to breakage.
[0003] Among the challenges to be met has been the economical, high volume production of
pointed parts, especially long pointed parts, where the reduction in area approaches
at least 95% and where secondary operations off the cold former are to be avoided.
[0004] The invention involves cold-forming methods and machinery for the economical production
of metal parts characterized by a high reduction in area and long length or other
substantial change in form while avoiding secondary machining operations. The machinery
is disclosed in the context of a multi-die progressive former, generally known in
the art, and a unique arrangement of dies and tools and related instrumentalities.
In preferred embodiments, a long, high carbon steel part is pointed with a reduction
in area of about 95% in a net shape or near net shape process. At an intermediate
station in the disclosed embodiments, the tooling is arranged to perform a novel closed
cavity consequent hydrostatic extrusion process. The tooling and method achieves,
in high carbon steels for example, area reductions to levels previously generally
considered impractical or unobtainable. Use of the hydrostatic extrusion station can
be followed by successive forming stations that together can approach or reach a total
of 95% reduction in area. This degree of area reduction effectively results in a pointed
workpiece. Alternatively, a workpiece can be pointed following the hydrostatic extrusion
stage by pulling the workpiece to neck down the area to be pointed and thereafter
further extruding it to a final point. Still another pointing method that can follow
the unique hydrostatic extrusion step is a pinch pointing process. In this method,
once the workpiece is preliminarily reduced in area by the hydrostatic extrusion,
it is pinch formed with a flash that can be sheared off or can be broached off by
further disclose techniques.
The invention will now be further described by way of example with reference to the
accompanying drawings, in which:
[0005] FIG. 1 depicts a series of workstations in a progressive multi-die forming machine
in accordance with a first embodiment of the invention;
[0006] FIG. 2 illustrates tooling areas of the workstations of FIG. 1 on an enlarged scale;
the right side of the images are before the end of the workstroke and the left side
are at the end of the workstroke;
[0007] FIG. 3 illustrates additional details of a machine set up in conformity to FIGS.
1 and 2;
[0008] FIG. 4 is a fragmentary vertical section through the third workstation of the machine
illustrated in FIG. 3;
[0009] FIG. 5 depicts a series of workstations in a progressive multi-die forming machine
in accordance with a second embodiment of the invention;
[0010] IG. 6 illustrates tooling areas of the workstations of FIG. 5 on an enlarged sale;
the right side of the images are before the end of the workstroke and the left side
are at the end of the workstroke;
[0011] FIG. 7 illustrates additional details of a machine set up in conformity to FIGS.
5 and 6;
[0012] FIGS. 8A, 8B, and 8C illustrate operations of the tooling at the fifth workstation
of the machine depicted in FIG. 7;
[0013] FIG. 9 illustrates a series of workstations in progressive multi-die forming machine
in accordance with a third embodiment of the invention;
[0014] FIG. 10 illustrates tooling areas of the workstations of FIG. 9 on an enlarged scale;
[0015] FIG. 11 illustrates a series of workstations in a progressive multi-die forming machine
in accordance with a fourth embodiment of the invention; and
[0016] FIG. 12 illustrates tooling areas of the workstation of FIG. 11 on an enlarged scale.
[0017] Referring to FIG. 3, a cold-forming machine 10 includes a die breast or bolster 11
and a slide or ram 12 guided for reciprocation towards and away from the die breast.
U.S. Patent 4,898,017, details the general arrangement and is an example of a suitable machine. The illustrated
machine 10 has five forming stations WS1-WS5 downstream of a cutoff station 13. It
is conventional to arrange the cutoff station 13 and successive workstations WS1-WS5
in a common horizontal plane each with an equal spacing from adjacent ones of these
stations. This permits a generally conventional mechanical transfer device to move
a workpiece 15 progressively from one station to the next in a known manner.
[0018] FIG. 3 illustrates certain details of the machine while enlarged details of the forming
tools are illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2. The workstations of FIG. 2 are superposed
with the same workstations in FIG. 1 but are much enlarged. The details of FIG. 2
are split views with the left side showing the parts at the finished position of the
tool. The right side of the details in FIG. 2 shows the workpiece or blank received
in the die prior to the actual forming operation. The slide 12 is reciprocated in
a horizontal plane by a suitable motor and drive system well known in the art.
[0019] Ahead of the cutoff station 13 is an auxiliary wire drawer, through which a straightened
wire from a coil is fed and drawn to a precise diameter for feeding into the forming
machine 10. A phosphate and bonderlube coating is drawn into the outside surface of
the wire during the drawing process. At a plane indicated at 14, the cutoff station
13 shears a precise length and, therefore, volume of drawn wire for forming a part
or workpiece 15. The sheared end surfaces of the workpiece 15 will be irregular and
without the coating due to the shearing operation. Before the slide 12 completes a
forming blow, each workpiece 15 has been transferred to the next succeeding workstation.
Forward motion of the slide causes a tool at a workstation to insert the workpiece
into a die.
[0020] In the first workstation WS1, the workpiece 15 is inserted into a die 18 and pressed
on both ends by a die kickout pin 19 and tool pin 20. The terms die and tool as used
herein will often mean an assembly of a case and an insert in the case. The die and
tool cases and inserts are typically cylindrical. Die and tool cavities and kickout
pins are, likewise, typically cylindrical or, at least, round in cross-section. The
ends of the die and tool pins 13, 20 that contact the workpiece 15 may be flat but
preferably have a 3° point to displace material from the center of the workpiece ends
to remove the surface variations developed at the sheared faces.
[0021] At the second workstation WS2, the forming blow forms a radius on the circumference
of the end of the workpiece 15 which end, ultimately, will be greatly reduced in area.
This radius squeezes the raw uncoated end of the blank or workpiece 15 so that a round
and coated surface will be provided for first contact with an extrusion tool in the
subsequent workstation WS3. A small corner radius is formed on the same workpiece
end to remove any sharp edges or flash burrs. The operation at this second workstation
WS2 is a form of trapped extrusion where the workpiece 15 is totally enclosed in the
die 21 before the workpiece is deformed in the work stroke.
[0022] In the disclosed embodiments of the invention, the point end of the workpiece 15
is formed in the tool; this technique of "reverse forming" is typically not done in
cold-forming processes. Pointing the workpiece 15 while it is partially in the tool
and partially in the die requires precise alignment and control between the tool and
die. Any significant misalignment would result in non-uniformity of the workpiece,
with scraping or metal shaving as it enters a misaligned tool.
[0023] The reverse forming process begins with insertion of the workpiece 15 into the die
21, stopping on a kickout pin 22 that is held stationary during the forming workstroke.
As the heading slide 12 advances, a tool 23 contacts the die 21 to create a closed
cavity. The die 21 is arranged to slide in a die holder 24. In one example, a cluster
of five nitrogen gas springs 26 (one of which is shown in FIG. 3 at WS2) are provided
to develop a total of 560 lbs. initial spring force. The springs 26 bias the die 21
towards the heading slide 12 while enabling the die to be pushed back with the advancing
tool 23 as the workpiece is forced into the tool cavity to produce the required shape.
The volume of the workpiece 15 in relation to the die 21 is such that the die is slightly
underfilled. Overfilling the die 21 can result in metal flashing between the tool
23 and die where the die spring force is exceeded. It will be understood that the
die kickout pins and tool pins at the various workstations are operated by cams in
a known manner to assure that the workpiece is ejected from the respective die or
tool after the workstroke is completed.
[0024] At the third workstation WS3, a reverse forming process, again, begins with a tool
33 inserting the workpiece 15 into a die 31, the workpiece stopping on a kickout pin
32 that is held stationary during the forming workstroke. As the heading slide 12
further advances, the tool 33 contacts the die 31 to create a closed cavity for forming
the part. The die 31 slides in a holder 34, being spring biased towards the heading
slide 12 and pushed back with the advance of the tool 33 as the material is forced
into the tool cavity to trap extrude the required shape defined by the tool. A tangential
slot 35 on the die, working with a pin 43 serves to limit axial motion of the die
31 on the die breast to the short distance required for the trap extrusion at this
station. By way of example, C1055 steel has been successfully extruded to an 80% reduction
in area in this single workstation WS3. Normally, reverse forming by extruding into
a tool has previously been limited to approximately 55% reduction in area. Extrusions
greater than 55% reduction in area typically result in a workpiece beginning to upset
into flash between the tool and die.
[0025] The disclosed reverse forming process allows parts with long shank lengths (e.g.
lengths of about 3 or more diameters) and smaller point diameters to be successfully
formed. The majority of the blank or workpiece 15 remains inside the die 31 with only
a short length of the workpiece inside the tool 33. This allows ejection of the workpiece
15 from the die 31 to be proportionately robust, with a full workpiece diameter kickout
pin 32. A small diameter tool kickout pin 37 in the tool 33 requires very little force
and short kickout distance to eject the workpiece from the tool. The longer length
of the workpiece 15 that is inside the die 31 will tend to make the workpiece stay
in the die and, therefore, avoid the need for high kickout forces from the tool pin
37. By comparison, conventional trap extrusion forming inside the die would require
a proportionately small diameter kickout pin equal to the extruded reduced diameter,
with a kickout stroke longer than the overall part length. Such kickout pins are subject
to high breakage rates due to length to diameter ratio, and the larger workpiece diameter
being kicked out by a small diameter kickout pin.
[0026] The process performed at the third workstation WS3, in accordance with the invention,
involves an adaptation of hydrostatic extrusion. To accomplish this "consequent hydrostatic
extrusion" process, the interface between the die 31 and tool 33 is maintained at
a contact pressure adequate to contain the hydrostatic medium which in this case,
is liquid cold-forming extrusion/cooling oil. This can be achieved by arranging a
tool insert 36 to protrude 0.05 mm to concentrate the closing force on the small diameter
face of the insert against the opposing face of a die insert 38. The diameter of the
tool and die insert end faces are substantially less than the diameters of the end
profiles of the tool and die cases. The workpiece 15 is coated by flooding with the
extrusion oil from a dispenser nozzle 41 (FIG. 4) as it enters the die 31. Prior to
reception of the workpiece 15 into the die, the kickout pin 32 is frictionally held
with its end flush with the face of the die insert 38 so as to exclude any significant
volume of oil between the workpiece 15 and end of the kickout pin when it enters the
die. The kickout pin 32 is closely fitted to the bore of the die 31 so as to restrict
fluid loss around the pin in the forming blow.
[0027] It has been found that the tail portion of the workpiece 15 also swells up tight
to the die bore to restrict oil loss. When the oil seal is properly maintained, the
workpieces 15 extrudes to the required shape without swelling up to the tool and die
insert diameters, except for the tail portion of the workpiece near the kickout pin
32. When workpieces are hydrostatically extruding properly as a consequence of the
extrusion/cooling oil being confined in the cavity mutually formed in the die insert
38 and tool insert 36, the end of the workpiece remains slightly rounded from underfill,
without flashing around the die kickout pin 32. Additionally, the part of the workpiece
15 received in the tool 33 remains about 0.04 mm smaller than the tool and die diameter
due to the enclosed hydrostatic oil pressure (with the workpiece having its major
diameter nominally about 3.12 mm along its major length). The oil cushion trapped
around the workpiece 15 keeps the majority of its body from contacting the cavity
surfaces of the tool and die inserts 36, 38, thereby reducing the friction between
these forming inserts and the workpiece. It has been found that the workpieces will
not extrude properly if the oil application is insufficient or if the tool or die
faces, indicated at 39 and 40, are marred so as to prevent a tight oil seal at their
interface. These imperfect conditions result in the blank not extruding, but swelling
up tight against the tool and die insert surfaces, and flashing around the die kickout
pin 32. The added forming pressure may also cause failure of the die kickout pin 32.
[0028] The extrusion lengths of the workpieces 15 at the third workstation WS3 are held
consistent by stopping the extrusion against the tool knockout pin 37. The end shape
of the parts extruded with the disclosed process are unique with a uniform dome shaped
end surface. Traditional high reduction trap extrusions have an irregular hollow or
cupped end surface.
[0029] FIG. 4 is a somewhat schematic view of the third workstation WS3 taken in a vertical
plane through the center of the die holder. A pivotal lever 46 has an upper forked
end 47 that presses against the rear of the die 31. A lower end 49 of the lever 46
is engaged by an operating rod 51 connected to a piston of a nitrogen gas spring 52.
The gas spring 52 is located below its respective workstation WS3 in a machine area
permitting a relatively large spring to exist and enabling its high pressure to be
multiplied by the long length of the lower end 49 of the lever 46 compared to the
length of the upper end 47 measured from a fulcrum 53. By way of example, the spring
52 and lever 46 can develop 3,200 lbs. of force on the sliding die 31. By comparison,
the forming load for the illustrated extrusion is calculated at about 3,000 lbs. Thus,
the sliding die spring force is at least equal to the forming load at this workstation
WS3. The high pressure lever 46 is capable of developing forces many times greater
than the multiple nitrogen springs at the second workstation WS2, the latter of which
being limited in potential force by the restrictions of the diameter of the die case.
[0030] At the subsequent workstation WS4, a second extrusion is performed to further reduce
the end diameter formed in the preceding die 31. At this fourth station WS4, a 35%
reduction in area open extrusion of the workpiece 15 into a tool 56 is accomplished.
Generally, an open extrusion involves a lighter forming load whereby the body of the
workpiece 15 may be unsupported in the open space between a tool 56 and an opposing
die 57 without upsetting.
[0031] The workpiece 15 is transferred to the fifth workstation WS5 for finish forming.
A tool 61 forms an upset head on the workpiece 15 while further reducing the point
end diameter. The point end area at this station is reduced by approximately 45%.
The 45% reduction is the normal maximum for point forming while upsetting. The die
62 is of the sliding type biased forwardly by a high pressure lever 46 like that shown
in FIG. 4. The limited die slide action is accommodated at the fifth station of FIG.
3 by a pin 63 and slot 64. The disclosed process has successfully formed parts to
a full form finish shape with smooth end surfaces.
[0032] Referring now to FIGS. 5 - 8, inclusive, a second process for reducing the area of
or pointing a workpiece is disclosed. In this process, a multi-die cold former 70
has six workstations. The machine 70 has the general arrangement of the earlier described
machine 10 and the same is true of machines associated with other processes and equipment
disclosed below in connection with FIGS. 9 - 12.
[0033] The first three workstations are arranged essentially the same as those described
above in connection with the cold-forming machine 10 shown in previous FIGS. 1 - 4.
Where appropriate, the same numerals have been used to designate the same or like
parts in the respective machines 10, 70. The process involves a reduction in area
extrusion, a subsequent reduction by pulling, followed by a combination upset and
extrusion step to finish the part. Detail of the forming tools used in the presently
described "pulling" process is shown in FIGS. 5 and 6. In FIG. 6, the enlarged details
are split views with the right side showing a workpiece at a respective die prior
to the forming operation and the left side showing the parts at the fully advanced
position of the respective tools. At the third workstation WS3, the trap extrusion
forms a reduced stem 71 on the end of a workpiece to be pointed.
[0034] At the fourth workstation WS4, the end of the stem 71 is upset into a bulb-shape
78 for gripping in the subsequent pulling station WS5. The forming operation at the
fourth station WS4 uses a sliding tool 73 with tool segments or inserts 74 for forming
a small bulb-shaped upset on the reduced stem 71. The tool segments 74 can be four
in number and are disposed at the front of a tool case 76. The segments 74 are allowed
to move within the tool case 76 to close together during the upsetting motion and
to open to allow clearance for the upset bulb 78 to be ejected from the tool cavity
mutually formed by the segments. A plurality of nitrogen gas springs 77 (one such
spring is shown in FIG. 7 at the fourth workstation WS4) bias the tool case towards
the die. The combined spring pressure is adequate for holding the segments 74 closed
against one another for a relatively small upsetting load. A circumferential indent
formed by the segments 74, may be added at the base of the bulb 78 to facilitate a
uniform break off of the bulb or slug.
[0035] At the fifth workstation WS5, the upset bulb 78 is pulled apart from the remainder
of the workpiece to thereby reduce or neck down the area of the stem beneath the bulb
78. At this workstation WS5, a front pusher sleeve 81 (FIGS. 8A-C) of a tool assembly
80 slips over the upset bulb 78 formed at the preceding station and pushes on a tapered
shoulder of the workpiece behind the bulb so as to insert the workpiece into a die
83. A spring loaded plunger 84 in the die 83 receives the opposite end of the workpiece
and retracts, holds and extends during operations at this station. Two opposed pivoting
gripper inserts 86, extending radially through slots in the pusher sleeve 81 close
on the reduced neck of the workpiece 72 as the gripper inserts enter the die case
83, shown by the transition between FIGS. 8B and 8C. The grippers 86 are biased open
apart from one another by leaf springs 85. A tool kickout mechanism of conventional
construction is timed to hold the pusher sleeve 81 stationary while the heading slide
12 and the tool assembly 80 with its grippers 86 pull away from the die 83. The tool
kickout travel causes the pusher sleeve 81 to lag and allow the upset bulb 78 to be
pulled by the grippers 86 away from the tapered shoulder 82 ultimately breaking off
the bulb or slug.
[0036] At the sixth workstation WS6, a tool 87 forms an upset head on the workpiece 72 while
further reducing the point end diameter.
[0037] Referring now to FIGS. 9 and 10, there is shown a point forming process involving
a combination of extrusion and pinch trim. The process of FIGS. 9 and 10 utilizes
substantially the same initial steps and tooling as the first three workstations in
the preceding two disclosed forming processes. These steps are followed by a pinch
pointing technique involving a formed sideways upset with flash and then followed
by a sideways trimming operation to remove the flash. More specifically, at a fourth
workstation WS4 a tool case 91 carries segments or inserts 92 that upset a point shape
with flash 93. The segments 92 are allowed to move within the tool case 91 to close
together during the upsetting and to open to allow clearance for the part to be ejected.
A small insert 94 inside the split inserts 92 is a stop to hold the shoulder of the
part at the forming position within the inserts. The small insert 94 has a central
slot to allow the flash 93 to pass and the part to be ejected.
[0038] The plane of the drawings at the fifth workstation WS5 in FIGS. 9 and 10 is rotated
90 degrees from that of the fourth workstation WS4. A slide 95 in a tool case 90 is
driven sideways as the tool case approaches the opposing die causing the flash 93
to be sheared from the workpiece. At the sixth station WS6 the part is upset and further
pointed.
[0039] The process depicted in FIGS. 11 and 12 is the same as that described in reference
to FIGS. 9 and 10 except for the operation conducted in the fifth workstation WS5.
Here, the flash 93 upset produced at the fourth workstation WS4 is removed with a
broaching tool 96. Broaching or cutting blades 97 are pivotally mounted within the
tool 96. Pusher pins 98 mounted in a die 99 engage and rotate the broaching blades
97 to remove the flash 93 produced in the earlier workstation WS4. At the last workstation
WS6 the part is upset and further pointed as previously described.
[0040] While the invention has been shown and described with respect to particular embodiments
thereof, this is for the purpose of illustration, and other variations and modifications
of the specific embodiments herein shown and described will be apparent to those skilled
in the art.
[0041] Clauses defining the invention are:
- 1. A set of tooling for a progressive forming machine comprising die and tool units
having internal complementary cavity portions for receiving a workpiece, one of said
units being arranged to slide a limited distance along its axis and to be biased by
a spring force towards the other unit when the units are mounted in the forming machine,
the units each having an end face with a smooth surface finish adapted to press against
the smooth surface finish of the end face of the other unit, the end face area of
one of the units being relatively small compared to its major cross-sectional area
whereby a high contact pressure between the end faces is obtained for a given spring
bias force such that extrusion/cooling oil coating a workpiece received in the cavity
portions is restrained from leakage from the cavity portions across said end faces
during a hydrostatic trapped extrusion of the workpiece in the die and tool units
whereby the die and tool units are capable of shaping the workpiece to a degree beyond
limits of conventional cold-forming processes.
- 2. A set of tooling for hydrostatically forming a workpiece in a workstation in a
multi-station cold-forming machine comprising die and tool units for mounting in workstation
receiving areas, respectively, of a die breast and a slide reciprocal towards and
away from the die breast, said units having generally cylindrical configurations with
respective axes, said units being mountable at a common workstation with their axes
coincident, one of said units being mountable in its workstation for movement along
its axis and having provisions capable of limiting such movement to a distance substantially
shorter than its length, the die and tool units having respective end faces and when
mounted in their respective receiving areas are opposite one another and form complementary
cavity sections for receiving and/or shaping a workpiece, one end face being substantially
smaller in area than in area bounded by its circular profile, both of said end faces
each having a smooth surface capable, when held together by a spring associated with
said one unit during an advance stroke of the slide and forming of a workpiece in
said cavity zones, of sealing against leakage of extrusion/cooling oil carried on
the workpiece so that a workpiece is formed in said cavity zones by hydrostatic pressure
of said oil.
- 3. A set of tooling for performing a high reduction in area of a workpiece by hydrostatic
trap extrusion at a workstation in a multi-die cold-forming machine including a die
unit and a tool unit, the die and tool units each having a cylindrical case and an
insert in the case, the die case having a formation permitting limited sliding movement
in a die breast, the die insert having an end face and a generally cylindrical bore
for receiving a generally cylindrical major portion of a workpiece, the tool insert
having an end face and a circular cavity that is reduced in size with distance from
its end face, the end faces being adapted to be held in contact during a final part
of an advance stroke of the slide by a spring biasing the die unit towards the tool
unit, the surfaces of the die and tool inserts being relatively smooth and the contact
area being relatively small whereby the contact pressure between these insert end
faces produced by spring force is sufficiently high to retain extrusion/cooling oil
in the cavity portions formed by said inserts during forming of said workpiece.
- 4. A method of cold-forming workpieces in a multi-die machine comprising the steps
of receiving a workpiece at a workstation, providing a set of tooling including die
and tool units respectively supported on a die breast and slide, one of the tooling
units being arranged to slide a limited distance on its supporting structure, a spring
arranged to bias said one tooling unit towards the other tooling unit, the end faces
of the die and tool units being arranged with mutual contact areas that are smooth
and limited in size, dispensing extrusion/cooling oil at the workstation in a manner
that coats the exterior of the workpiece, the die and tool units being arranged such
that their end faces engage before the slide reaches its forwardmost position while
the spring maintains a contact force at their end faces, the relationship of the spring
force and contact area being such that the end faces seal sufficiently against escape
of oil from the cavity formed by the die and tool units whereby forming pressure is
imparted to the workpiece to produce a consequent hydrostatic pressure in the oil
in the cavity that facilitates a high change in cross-section of the workpiece.
- 5. A method of cold-forming as set forth in clause 4, wherein the change in cross-section
is a high area reduction.
- 6. A method of cold-forming as set forth in clause 4, wherein the area of reduction
is concentric with an axis of the workpiece.
- 7. A method of cold-forming with high reduction in area comprising operating a cold-forming
machine with a die breast and a slide that reciprocates towards and away from the
die breast, mounting a die on the die breast for limited sliding movement along a
direction parallel to the slide motion, biasing the die with a spring towards the
slide whereby the end faces of the die and cooperating tool are held together for
a distance in the final portion of the advance stroke of the slide for a trap extrusion,
inserting a cylindrical workpiece in the die, before insertion of the workpiece, flooding
it with extrusion/cooling oil and maintaining a kickout pin at the entrance to the
die to exclude appreciable volume of oil apart from that coating the workpiece, the
force of the spring being sufficiently high in relation to the contact area of the
die and tool end faces and the finish of these end faces being effective to seal against
significant leakage of oil across these faces such that a trapped extrusion of the
workpiece into the tool is augmented by a hydrostatic extrusion effect of the oil
to achieve a high reduction of area of the workpiece in the tool.
- 8. A method as set forth in clause 7, in which the workpiece is transferred to a subsequent
workstation where it is open-extruded to effect a further reduction in area.
- 9. A method as set forth in clause 8, wherein the workpiece is transferred to a successive
workstation where it is upset and further pointed.
- 10. A method as set forth in clause 7, wherein the workpiece is transferred to a successive
workstation wherein the reduced area end is upset to form a small bulb and is subsequently
transferred to a workstation where the bulb is pulled off the workpiece to reduce
the cross-sectional area of the resulting end of the workpiece.
- 11. A method as set forth in clause 10, wherein the workpiece is transferred to a
subsequent workstation where it is upset and further pointed.
- 12. A method as set forth in clause 7, wherein the workpiece is transferred to a subsequent
workstation where the reduced area end of the workpiece is upset pinched to further
reduce its area and is thereafter transferred to another workstation where the pinched
material is trimmed by a shear action.
- 13. A method as set forth in clause 11, wherein the workpiece is transferred to a
subsequent workstation where it is further pointed.
- 14. A method as set forth in clause 7, wherein the workpiece is transferred to a subsequent
workstation where the reduced area end of the workpiece is upset pinched to further
reduce its area and is thereafter transferred to another workstation where the pinched
material is broached from the workpiece.
- 15. A method as set forth in clause 14, wherein the workpiece is transferred to a
subsequent workstation where it is upset and further pointed.
- 16. In a multi-station cold-forming machine having a die breast and a slide reciprocal
towards and away from the die breast, a plurality of workstations, the die breast
carrying dies at respective workstations and the slide carrying tools at respective
workstations, the die and tool of at least one workstation being arranged to perform
a hydrostatic large change in cross-sectional area of a workpiece such that hydrostatic
pressure of liquid lubricant in a workpiece forming space surrounding the workpiece
across a plane of separation of the tool and die when the workpiece is fully trapped
in said space whereby an area reduction of more than 75% can be obtained on a workpiece,
the die and tool of the one workstation having mutually engagable surfaces of limited
size and adequate finish such that when engaged, during a forming stroke, provide
sufficient contact pressure and sealing to maintain such hydrostatic pressure.
- 17. In a multi-die cold-forming machine having a die breast and a slide that reciprocates
towards and away from the die breast, a plurality of workstations on the die breast
and slide, the die breast supporting dies at its workstations and the slide supporting
tools at its workstations, the die and tool units of one workstation being arranged
to perform a large change in cross-section of a workpiece by consequent hydrostatic
forming with hydraulic pressure imposed by extrusion/cooling oil on the workpiece
in a cavity formed by the die and tool units, a dispenser for coating the workpiece
with extrusion/cooling oil before it is fully recede in the cavity, the die and tool
units having opposed end faces, one of the tool and die units being supported for
limited sliding movement on its support and being biased by a spring towards the other
one of the tool and die units, the tool end face closing on the die end face to trap
a workpiece prior to completion of an advance stroke of the slide, the spring allowing
said one tooling part to receive in its sliding movement relative to its support while
maintaining a high contact force between said end faces, the end faces being arranged
such that the area of contact between said end faces is relatively small compared
to the profile of either the die or tool units so that the spring is capable of developing
sufficient contact pressure between the die and tool end faces under hydrostatic forming
pressures developed in the cavity during the final advancing movement of the slide.
- 18. A multi-die cold-forming machine as set forth in clause 17,
wherein the die has a cylindrical cavity portion with a diameter closely fitting with
the workpiece and a length several times the diameter, a kickout pin closely fitting
the cavity to minimize loss of oil through any clearance.
- 19. A multi-die cold-forming machine as set forth in clause 18,
wherein the die is slidably mounted on the die breast, the spring being arranged to
bias the die towards the slide.
- 20. A multi-die cold-forming machine as set forth in clause 17,
wherein the tool has a cavity portion that becomes smaller with distance from its
end face and is configured to produce a large reduction in area on the end of the
workpiece it contacts.
- 21. A multi-die cold-forming machine as set forth in clause 20, including two workstations
preceding said trap forming workstation, a first station having die and tool elements
for squaring the end of the workpiece and the second of said workstations having die
and tool elements for forming a small radius at the workpiece end.
- 22. A multi-die cold-forming machine as set forth in clause 21, including two workstations
succeeding said trap forming workstation, a first succeeding workstation having die
and tool elements for open extrusion of the workpiece to further reduce the areas
of its end and a second succeeding workstation having die and tool elements for upsetting
and further reducing the area of the end of the workpiece.
- 23. In a multi-die cold-forming machine having a die breast and slide that reciprocates
in a direction towards and away from the die breast, a plurality of workstations on
the die breast and slide, the die breast supporting dies at its workstations and the
slide supporting tools at its workstations, the die and tool of one workstation being
configured to trap extrude a relatively long workpiece to effect a high reduction
in area in the tool by consequent hydrostatic forming with hydraulic pressure imposed
by extrusion/cooling oil on the workpiece in a cavity mutually formed by the die and
tool, a dispenser for coating the workpiece with extrusion/cooling oil before it is
fully received in the cavity, a die kickout pin capable of excluding a detrimental
volume of oil from the die prior to entry of the workpiece into the die, the die and
tool having opposed end faces, the die being supported on the die breast for limited
sliding movement in a direction along the direction of reciprocation of the slide,
a spring biasing the die towards the tool, the tool end face closing on the die end
face prior to completion of the advance stroke of the slide, the spring allowing the
die to recede relative to the die breast while maintaining a high contact force between
the end faces, the end faces being highly finished and arranged such that the area
of contact between them is relatively small compared to the profile of either of the
die or tool so that the spring is capable of developing sufficient contact pressure
between the end faces to prevent escape of extrusion/cooling oil across the end faces
under hydrostatic forming pressures developed in the cavity during the final advancing
movement of the slide.
- 24. A multi-die cold-forming machine as set forth in clause 23, including two workstations
preceding said trap extruding workstation, a first station having die and tool elements
for squaring the end of the workpiece and the second of said workstations having die
and tool elements for forming a small radius at the workpiece end.
- 25. A multi-die cold-forming machine as set forth in clause 24, including two workstations
succeeding said trap extruding workstation, a first succeeding workstation having
die and tool elements for open extrusion of the workpiece to further reduce the areas
of its end and a second succeeding workstation having die and tool elements for upsetting
and further reducing the area of the end of the workpiece.
- 26. A multi-die cold-forming machine as set forth in clause 24, including a subsequent
workstation having die and tool components for upsetting a bulb on a reduced area
end formed on the workpiece at said high area reduction workstation.
- 27. A multi-die cold-forming machine as set forth in clause 26, including a workstation
having tool and die components for pulling said bulb from the remainder of the workpiece
to reduce the area of its end.
- 28. A multi-die cold-forming machine as set forth in clause 24, including a subsequent
workstation having tool and die components for pinch pointing the reduced area of
the workpiece.
- 29. A multi-die cold-forming machine as set forth in clause 28, including a subsequent
workstation having tool and die components for removing material flash produced in
the pinch pointing.
- 30. A progressive forming machine comprising a die breast and a slide arranged to
reciprocate towards and away from the die breast, the die breast and slide each serving
as a carrier for complementary opposing tools at respective workstations, one of said
workstations having a slidable tool mounted for limited sliding movement relative
to its carrier, a force lever operated by a spring biasing said slidable tool towards
its opposing tool, said slidable tool and its opposing tool being arranged to simultaneously
laterally trap and extrude a workpiece at said one workstation during the forward
stroke of the slide.
- 31. A progressive forming machine as set forth in clause 30, wherein the slidable
tool is carried on the die breast to reverse form the workpiece.
- 32. A progressive forming machine as set forth in clause 30, wherein the opposing
tools at said one workstation have mutually contacting surfaces of limited area and
the lever and spring are sized relative to said limited area to develop sufficient
contact pressure to confine lubricating liquid on said workpiece to produce hydrostatic
extrusion of said workpiece.
- 33. A method of achieving a high reduction of area on a workpiece at a workstation
in a progressive forming machine having a die breast and a slide arranged to reciprocate
towards and away from the die breast, the die breast and slide each being arranged
to serve as a carrier for a mutually complementary opposing tool at respective workstations,
at one station mounting one of the tools for limited movement relative to its carrier,
biasing said one tool against its opposing tool with a spring through a force multiplying
lever so that the workpiece is simultaneously laterally trapped and extruded by the
tools at said one workstation during the forward stroke of the slide.
- 34. A method as set forth in clause 33, wherein the spring biased tool is provided
on the die breast to enable the workpiece to be reverse formed.
- 35. A method as set forth in clause 33, wherein the workpiece is covered with a liquid
lubricant and mutual contact areas between the tools at said one workstation are maintained
in contact by the spring and lever with sufficient force to sustain hydrostatic pressure
in the tools as the workpiece is formed.
1. A set of tooling for a progressive forming machine comprising die and tool units having
internal complementary cavity portions for receiving a workpiece, one of said units
being arranged to slide a limited distance along its axis and to be biased by a spring
force towards the other unit when the units are mounted in the forming machine, the
units each having an end face with a smooth surface finish adapted to press against
the smooth surface finish of the end face of the other unit, the end face area of
one of the units being relatively small compared to its major cross-sectional area
whereby a high contact pressure between the end faces is obtained for a given spring
bias force such that extrusion/cooling oil coating a workpiece received in the cavity
portions is restrained from leakage from the cavity portions across said end faces
during a hydrostatic trapped extrusion of the workpiece in the die and tool units
whereby the die and tool units are capable of shaping the workpiece to a degree beyond
limits of conventional cold-forming processes.
2. A set of tooling as set forth in either claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the tooling is
arranged to utilize extrusion/cooling oil carried on a workpiece to perform said hydrostatic
trapped extrusion.
3. A set of tooling as set forth in claim 1, wherein the die unit includes a die case
having a formation permitting limited sliding movement in a die breast while being
biased towards the slide of the machine, and a die insert in the die case for receiving
the workpiece.
4. A method of cold-forming with high reduction in area comprising operating a cold-forming
machine with a die breast and a slide that reciprocates towards and away from the
die breast, mounting a die on the die breast for limited sliding movement along a
direction parallel to the slide motion, biasing the die with a spring towards the
slide whereby the end faces of the die and cooperating tool are held together for
a distance in the final portion of the advance stroke of the slide for a trap extrusion,
inserting a cylindrical workpiece in the die, before insertion of the workpiece, flooding
it with extrusion/cooling oil and maintaining a kickout pin at the entrance to the
die to exclude appreciable volume of oil apart from that coating the workpiece, the
force of the spring being sufficiently high in relation to the contact area of the
die and tool end faces and the finish of these end faces being effective to seal against
significant leakage of oil across these faces such that a trapped extrusion of the
workpiece into the tool is augmented by a hydrostatic extrusion effect of the oil
to achieve a high reduction of area of the workpiece in the tool.
5. A method as set forth in claim 4, wherein the workpiece is transferred to a successive
workstation wherein the reduced area end is upset to form a small bulb and is subsequently
transferred to a workstation where the bulb is pulled off the workpiece to reduce
the cross-sectional area of the resulting end of the workpiece.
6. A method as set forth in claim 4, wherein the workpiece is transferred to a subsequent
workstation where the reduced area end of the workpiece is upset pinched to further
reduce its area and is thereafter transferred to another workstation where the pinched
material is trimmed by a shear action.
7. A method as set forth in claim 4, wherein the workpiece is transferred to a subsequent
workstation where the reduced area end of the workpiece is upset pinched to further
reduce its area and is thereafter transferred to another workstation where the pinched
material is broached from the workpiece.
8. In a multi-die cold-forming machine having a die breast and a slide that reciprocates
towards and away from the die breast, a plurality of workstations on the die breast
and slide, the die breast supporting dies at its workstations and the slide supporting
tools at its workstations, the die and tool units of one workstation being arranged
to perform a large change in cross-section of a workpiece by consequent hydrostatic
forming with hydraulic pressure imposed by extrusion/cooling oil on the workpiece
in a cavity formed by the die and tool units, a dispenser for coating the workpiece
with extrusion/cooling oil before it is fully recede in the cavity, the die and tool
units having opposed end faces, one of the tool and die units being supported for
limited sliding movement on its support and being biased by a spring towards the other
one of the tool and die units, the tool end face closing on the die end face to trap
a workpiece prior to completion of an advance stroke of the slide, the spring allowing
said one tooling part to receive in its sliding movement relative to its support while
maintaining a high contact force between said end faces, the end faces being arranged
such that the area of contact between said end faces is relatively small compared
to the profile of either the die or tool units so that the spring is capable of developing
sufficient contact pressure between the die and tool end faces under hydrostatic forming
pressures developed in the cavity during the final advancing movement of the slide.
9. A multi-die cold-forming machine as set forth in claim 8, wherein the die has a cylindrical
cavity portion with a diameter closely fitting with the workpiece and a length several
times the diameter, a kickout pin closely fitting the cavity to minimize loss of oil
through any clearance.
10. A multi-die cold-forming machine as set forth in either claim 8 or claim 9, wherein
the die is slidably mounted on the die breast, the spring being arranged to bias the
die towards the slide.
11. A multi-die cold-forming machine as set forth in any one of claims 8 to 10, wherein
the tool has a cavity portion that becomes smaller with distance from its end face
and is configured to produce a large reduction in area on the end of the workpiece
it contacts.
12. A multi-die cold-forming machine as set forth in claim 11, including two workstations
preceding said trap forming workstation, a first station having die and tool elements
for squaring the end of the workpiece and the second of said workstations having die
and tool elements for forming a small radius at the workpiece end.
13. A multi-die cold-forming machine as set forth in claim 12, including two workstations
succeeding said trap forming workstation, a first succeeding workstation having die
and tool elements for open extrusion of the workpiece to further reduce the areas
of its end and a second succeeding workstation having die and tool elements for upsetting
and further reducing the area of the end of the workpiece.