TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0001] The present invention relates to a container anti-intrusion sensor device.
STATE OF THE ART
[0002] As is known, one of the main problems that container freight companies must face
is that of guaranteeing the integrity of the freight, especially when containers are
stacked in transit areas, waiting to be loaded onto the means of transport, and are
particularly subject to vandalism and/or theft.
[0003] This problem is usually resolved by equipping the containers with key and/or combination-based
door-locking devices, preferably equipped with electronic devices able to send an
alarm signal, for example, via radio or the telephone network, to an external control
unit in the event of the locking device being forced or broken.
[0004] Although effective, this solution nevertheless suffers from the drawback of not permitting
the overall integrity of the container to be monitored, as it does not allow the detection,
for example, of intrusion or tampering actions made on the sides of the container
away from the doors.
[0005] In an attempt to overcome this drawback, the use of monitoring systems based on various
types of sensors has been proposed, for example, temperature, humidity, luminosity,
acceleration, proximity and smoke sensors, which are preferably installed in combination
with each other inside the container to guarantee good reliability, by redundancy,
in detecting break-ins or tampering at any point of the container. A monitoring system
of this type is described, for example, in
US 2006/0181413.
[0006] However, in practice, the above-described solution encounters significant limits,
consisting mainly in high costs due to the number of devices to be used, the quantity
of data to monitor and the tuning of the algorithms for calculating the alarm thresholds.
Furthermore, the application of sensors inside the container normally entails relatively
high installation costs that effectively limit the use of these sensors to just new
containers and not containers already in circulation.
DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0007] The object of the present invention is that of making a container anti-intrusion
sensor device, this device being able to eliminate the above-described drawbacks in
an efficient and economic manner.
[0008] According to the present invention, a container anti-intrusion sensor device is made
according to the attached claims.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
[0009] The invention shall now be described with reference to the attached drawings, which
illustrate some non-limitative embodiments, where:
- Figure 1 shows a container equipped with a plurality of sensor devices of the present
invention;
- Figure 2 shows a preferred embodiment of the sensor device of the present invention;
- Figure 3 shows, in side elevation, a variant of the sensor device in Figure 2; and
- Figure 4 is a diagram representing the response of the sensor device in Figure 2 to
a vibrational stimulus.
PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION
[0010] In Figure 1, a container of known type is indicated, as a whole, by reference numeral
1 and is defined by a box-shaped body delimited laterally by a wall 2 of corrugated
sheet metal and closed by a door 3.
[0011] The container 1 is equipped with a plurality of anti-intrusion sensor devices 4,
each one of which is fastened to the inner surface of the wall 2 and, in use, has
the function of detecting an attempted break-in through the detection of stress induced
on the wall 2 by cutting or perforating tools such as drills, cutters or grinders,
and/or light radiation filtering inside the container 1 due to the presence of an
opening in the wall 2 or the use of cutting tools such as oxyacetylene flame, blowlamp
or grinder.
[0012] As shown in Figure 2, each anti-intrusion sensor device 4 comprises two types of
sensor for this purpose: a vibration sensor, in this case a plate 5 of a piezoelectric
material, and a light radiation sensor, in this case a photodiode 6.
[0013] The plate 5 and the photodiode 6 are mounted on a support bar 7 suitable for being
fastened to the wall 2 in a removable manner by two permanent magnets 8, which are
rigidly connected to the bar 7 on the opposite side from the plate 5 and are preferably
spaced apart along the bar 7 at a distance equal to the pitch of the corrugations
in the wall 2, such that when positioning the bar 7 in a transversal direction to
the corrugations, the magnets 8 find themselves in correspondence to the flat peaks
of the corrugations and, in consequence, form a stable fastening of the bar 7 to the
wall 2.
[0014] Obviously, the use of the piezoelectric plate 5 as a vibration sensor and the photodiode
6 as a light radiation sensor is only of exemplifying significance and other sensors
of different shape and/or type could be advantageously used for detecting vibrations
and light radiation. For example, an optical fibre could be used in place of the photodiode
6.
[0015] The bar 7 also supports an electronic unit 9, which is electrically connected to
the plate 5 and to the photodiode 6 and is powered by a battery 10 that is also placed
on the bar 7.
[0016] The electronic unit 9 is capable of managing, in a manner that shall be described
in detail further on, the system's power supply, the storing and processing of data
received from the respective plate 5 and the respective photodiode 6, and transmitting,
via radio or GSM for example, possible hazard or alarm signals to a control unit (not
shown), which could be mounted on the container 1 or be remotely located and positioned,
for example, on the means of transport or in a control centre.
[0017] In the case where it is local, namely positioned on the container 1, the control
unit (not shown) is preferably mounted on the door 3 and includes a door opening detector.
Instead, in the case where the control unit (not shown) is remote, the container 1
is preferably equipped with a door opening detector (not shown) in communication with
the control unit.
[0018] The "dialogues" between the electronic unit 9 and the control unit (not shown) are
preferably one-way, except for alarm reception verification messages, so as not to
permit external devices to access or change the settings of the electronic unit 9
itself.
[0019] In addition, the electronic unit 9 is preferably configured to respond to an identification
request ('ping') periodically sent by the control unit. Each identification request
is stored by the electronic unit 9 in a non-volatile memory, preferably EEPROM, in
which all warning signals and alarms sent to the electronic unit 9 by the respective
vibration and light radiation sensors are also stored. The memory can only be cleared
at the end of the mission by means of a direct connection to a computer or interrogation
device.
[0020] The number and position of the anti-intrusion sensor devices 4 in the container 1
are arbitrary and are chosen, each time, so as to create the most uniform "cover"
possible inside the container 1. For example, it is necessary to take into account
the amount of cargo and its arrangement in the container 1, as an excessive amount
or its positioning against one side of the wall 2 might prevent possible light radiation
from filtering inside the container 1 and/or change the mechanical impedance of the
side itself, impeding or modifying the propagation of vibrations caused, for example,
by a cut or hole made in the sheet metal.
[0021] In the example shown in Figure 1, the container 1 is equipped with four anti-intrusion
sensor devices 4 (of which only three are visible) placed at the four upper vertices
of the container 1; in this configuration, each anti-intrusion sensor device 4 is
delegated to monitoring the two sides of the wall 2 adjacent to it, with the result
that the group of anti-intrusion sensor devices 4 is sufficient to monitor all of
the inside of the container 1.
[0022] In particular, it should be underlined that the lens of the photodiode 6 of each
anti-intrusion sensor device 4 can be chosen so as to have a more or less broad "field
of vision". Preferably, each lens is designed to have a sufficiently broad "field
of vision" to cover two or three sides of the wall 2 adjacent to the respective anti-intrusion
sensor device 4; in fact, a photodiode 6 with a very large "field of vision", able
to cover all of the wall 2 for example, although being utilizable, would render the
contribution of a point event less significant and, in any case, would not be able
to monitor sides facing the respective anti-intrusion sensor device 4 due to the cargo's
presence.
[0023] From the energy standpoint, the electronic unit 9 is able to guarantee operation
of the respective anti-intrusion sensor device 4 for a certain period of time, preferably
exceeding three months. Self-power is guaranteed by the presence of the battery 10
and an energy management system that provides for:
- the use of "energy collection" techniques by means of a power generation unit based
on external stimuli; and
- the use of "sleep" techniques for keeping the anti-intrusion sensor device 4 in a
minimum energy consumption state.
[0024] With regard to "energy collection", the above-mentioned power generation unit is
preferably a piezoelectric element, which, in virtue of the characteristic of piezoelectric
materials of generating current proportional to the level of deformation they are
subjected to, enable any vibrations not indicative of a break-in in course to be exploited
for recharging the battery 10. This function of recharging the battery 10 can be performed,
in addition or in alternative to the above-mentioned piezoelectric element, by the
vibration sensor when this is of the piezoelectric type, as in the case of the plate
5 in the example shown.
[0025] With regard to the utilization of "sleep" techniques, the anti-intrusion sensor device
4 is provided with a low-consumption clock for this purpose, which is programmed to
return the circuit to an "awake" state to carry out periodic analysis of the situation.
[0026] Under normal conditions, return to the "awake" state takes place when the minimum
alarm threshold is exceeded by the energy supplied by the power-generator units, for
example a piezoelectric element for detecting vibrations and a photodiode for detecting
light radiation.
[0027] Preferably, the power-generator units delegated to providing "wake-up" energy are
defined by the vibration sensor, at least when this is of the piezoelectric type as
in the case of the plate 5, and by the light radiation sensor, at least when this
is an optoelectronic element as in the case of the photodiode 6.
[0028] In particular, the alarm management is able to provide a warning when a minimum initial
energy threshold is exceeded so as to cause return to the "awake" state and, in any
case, corresponding to a minimum energy stimulation indicative of a security risk,
for example, a prolonged low-energy stimulus such as that of a hole made by a small
drill bit.
[0029] Following return to the "awake" state, the system activated itself and starts to
make a comparison with a stored digital signature of intrusive event types and a simultaneous
analysis of the event's energy threshold. Exceeding the threshold, by the signal generated
by the piezoelectric element for example, indicates the presence of a vibration event
of a known minimum entity able to include all types of mechanical opening of the container;
however, such an event need not necessarily correspond to a break-in, but perhaps
to a meteorological event such as rain or hailstones or some other event. For this
reason, after the system is activated from a sleep state, a comparison may be made
between the signal and a "digital signature" stored in the device. This signature
can have different forms, for example, a spectrum of vibration frequencies, and enable
the device to differentiate a cut containing high-frequency components from rain,
which mainly has low-frequency components.
[0030] Analysis of the energy threshold can be carried out on certain frequency bands indicating,
for example, that the presence of high energy at high frequencies indicates the use
of mechanical tools such as drills and so on.
[0031] Both indicators, namely the threshold and the signature, can generate an alarm using
a logical 'OR' operation, which is indicated for detecting cuts made using specific
tools that generate a reduced energy level but identifiable in form and type. For
vibration, an alarm will be generated from a logical operation of the type <"awake"
AND ("energy threshold" OR "comparison with stored sample")>; while for light, a logic
operation of the type ("awake" AND "energy threshold") will be implemented or, in
cases where broad spectrum sensors are used, spectral analysis of the radiation can
be performed and the radiation be identified and classified as:
- solar radiation: a 'WARNING' signal is generated, not indicative of a break-in if
acquired on its own; situation to be verified with the door opening detector (not
shown) placed on the door 3;
- artificial white radiation (artificial lights, torches, etc): a 'WARNING' signal is
generated, not indicative of a break-in if acquired on its own; situation to be verified
with the door opening detector (not shown) placed on the door 3;
- infrared radiation (living beings, anomalous heating or fire): a 'WARNING' signal
is generated;
- red-hot metal emission spectrum: a 'BREAK-IN ALARM' signal is generated;
- sparks: a 'BREAK-N ALARM' signal is generated.
[0032] The identification of a certain type of radiation is provided as a further descriptive
item of data of the alarm or generates a 'WARNING' level if the situation indicates
an anomaly, but not a full alarm. An alarm is generated in cases classified as 'BREAK-N
ALARM'.
[0033] Instead, the temporal analysis of the type of the light signal can allow sparks,
due to the use of drills or grinder or similar tools, to be identified.
[0034] The electronic unit 9 is also able to control the state of the respective anti-intrusion
sensor device 4 and to generate a specific alarm in cases of tampering or situations
of malfunction in general.
[0035] To this end, as shown in Figure 2, the electronic unit 9 is provided with two electrical
contacts 11, which are connected to the magnets 8 and enable the electronic unit 9
to take a reading of the system's electrical characteristics and, in particular, to
detect the detachment of the magnets 8 from the metal wall 2 of the container 1. In
fact, by means of the electrical contacts 11, the container 1 becomes part of the
electrical circuit of the electronic unit 9 and the possible opening of this circuit
would cause an energy signal sufficient to trigger return to the "awake" state and
a subsequent alarm. If necessary, the electronic unit 9 can perform thorough analysis
following this "wake-up" to confirm the detachment, for example, via the generation-acquisition-testing
of a known signal through the circuit defined by the contacts-magnets-wall.
[0036] As shown in Figure 3, another solution for testing the continuity of the anti-intrusion
sensor device 4 with the wall 2 is obtained by using a bar 7 of ferroelectric material
and placing a winding 12 between the two magnets 8 that is electrically connected
to the electronic unit 9. The magnetic circuit that is generated in this way between
the bar 7, the magnets 8 and the wall 2 is operationally insensitive to the possible
presence of paint on the wall 2 itself. The application of a voltage step to the winding
12 generates a current transient easily measurable from the characteristic time of
the magnetic circuit and proportional to the impedance of the magnetic circuit itself.
Any detachment of the anti-intrusion sensor device 4 from the wall 2 would cause a
significant variation in the impedance of the magnetic circuit and would therefore
be immediately detectable via the generation-acquisition-testing of an electrical
signal through the winding 12.
[0037] The functioning of the anti-intrusion sensor device 4 shall now be described with
reference to Figure 4, which graphically illustrates the response of the anti-intrusion
sensor device 4 in the case of a vibration event.
[0038] In particular, it is possible to identify three zones in the graph in Figure 4:
- Zone A: zone beneath the "awake" threshold; the circuit can use the energy of the
signals to power the system, and neither alarms nor warnings are generated.
- Zone B: zone above the "awake" threshold; the circuit starts more thorough analysis.
The signal is rectified and, on one hand, integrated by means of a filter (HW or SW)
corresponding to a mobile average proportional to the energy released by the vibration,
while on the other, a clean copy of the signal is analyzed and a comparison made with
stored data for the signal (via space-time trace or frequency spectrums). An alarm
is generated if the comparison is positive.
- Zone C: zone above the "ALARM" threshold; the rectified and integrated value of the
signal (considered as an integral over a predefined interval, e.g. 5 seconds) is such
as to indicate a continuative action, such as cutting sheet metal with an unknown
tool and is compared with a second threshold (alarm threshold). An alarm is generated
if the threshold is exceeded.
[0039] In concluding the description, it should be specified that in the case where the
container is of the refrigerated type for transporting perishable goods, the anti-intrusion
sensor device 4 can be integrated with other sensors for monitoring, for example,
the temperature, humidity, oxygen percentage, etc., in order to guarantee the continuity
of suitable conditions for the conservation and preservation of the transported goods
during transportation.
1. A container anti-intrusion sensor device (4) for a container (1), the anti-intrusion
sensor device (4) comprising a support element (7), fastening means (8) to fasten
the support element (7) to a wall (2) of a container (1) in a removable manner, vibration
sensor means (5) and light radiation sensor means (6) mounted on the support element
(7) and an electronic unit (9), which is mounted on the support element (7) and is
electrically connected to said sensor means (5, 6) to receive and process electrical
signals from the sensor means (5, 6) for determining the occurrence of a break-in
on the container (1) and consequently generating an alarm, the anti-intrusion sensor
device (4) also comprising an electric power supply means (10, 5) for the electronic
unit (9), said power supply means (10, 5) being mounted on the support element (7).
2. The container anti-intrusion sensor device according to claim 1, wherein the vibration
sensor means (5) comprise a piezoelectric element (5).
3. The container anti-intrusion sensor device according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the
light radiation sensor means (6) comprise a photodiode (6).
4. The container anti-intrusion sensor device according to one of preceding claims, wherein
the power supply means (10, 5) comprise a rechargeable battery (10).
5. The container anti-intrusion sensor device according to claim 4, wherein the power
supply means (10, 5) also comprise electric power generators sensitive to mechanical
stress.
6. The container anti-intrusion sensor device according to claim 5, wherein said electric
power generators comprise said vibration sensor means (5).
7. The container anti-intrusion sensor device according to one of preceding claims, wherein
the electronic unit (9) is configured to assume a "sleep" state of minimum energy
consumption and to evolve into an "awake" state when break-in occurs or periodically
to carry out analysis of the operating state of the anti-intrusion sensor device (4).
8. The container anti-intrusion sensor device according to any of the preceding claims,
wherein the fastening means (8) (7) comprise magnets (8).
9. The container anti-intrusion sensor device according to claim 8, wherein the electronic
unit (9) is electrically connected to said magnets (8) to define, in use, an electrical
circuit with the magnets (8) themselves and the wall (2) of the container (1), the
electronic unit (9) being configured to test the operating state of the anti-intrusion
sensor device (4) via the generation-acquisition-testing of an electrical signal through
said electrical circuit.
10. The container anti-intrusion sensor device according to claim 8, wherein the support
element (7) comprises a bar (7) of ferroelectric material and is provided with a winding
(12) electrically connected to the electronic unit (9) so as to create, in use, a
magnetic circuit between the bar (7), the magnets (8) and the wall (2) of the container
(1); the electronic unit (9) being configured to test the operating state of the anti-intrusion
sensor device (4) via the generation-acquisition-testing of an electrical signal through
the winding (12).
11. A container anti-intrusion system comprising at least one container anti-intrusion
sensor device (4) according to one of preceding claims and a control unit configured
to receive signals from the container anti-intrusion sensor device (4) and to periodically
test the correct installation and functioning of the anti-intrusion sensor device
(4) itself.
12. A container comprising at least one anti-intrusion sensor device (4) according to
one of the preceding claims.
13. Use of a container anti-intrusion sensor device (4) according to one of the preceding
claims in a container (1) to detect the occurrence of a break-in on said container.