[0001] The present invention relates to a ventilator for a building, and in particular although
not exclusively, to a passive and passive assisted ventilation stack.
[0002] Most modem buildings require a ventilator system to provide a supply of fresh air
to the building interior. Also, ventilation systems provide a means of regulating
the internal temperature of a building where occupants, equipment and solar heat contribute
to the internal temperature of the building and if unregulated would lead to overheating.
[0003] Legislation in most jurisdictions establish minimum fresh air requirements for the
interior of buildings depending upon intended usage and occupancy levels.
[0004] Typically, most commercial large buildings utilise electricity driven air conditioning
systems that both circulate air within the building and provide internal air temperature
control.
[0005] In response to climate change, attributed largely to the amount of greenhouse gas
emissions globally, national and international legislation has imposed emission limitations
in an attempt to combat global warming. Accordingly, certain jurisdictions such as
the United Kingdom have introduced regulations on the energy performance of buildings.
All buildings in the United Kingdom will eventually have an energy rating including
an annual carbon emission rating.
[0006] This increased awareness of the carbon footprint of buildings, has led to the re-examination
of the energy performance and suitability of all working systems associated with the
building that consume energy. Air conditioning is one of the greatest energy consumers
in buildings, and therefore provides potential to make a dramatic impact on the building's
overall energy rating. Therefore a ventilation system that requires no energy input
is an attractive option for modem construction.
[0007] There are two main categories for ventilation strategies, namely mechanical and natural.
Mechanical ventilation is the most commonly used form as it offers on demand and controllable
delivery rates. Examples of mechanical ventilation include convention air conditioning
that utilises refrigeration and a fan to drive airflow circulation around the system
and the interior of the building.
[0008] Natural ventilation relies on the external wind conditions to deliver the required
fresh air supply. A natural ventilation stack device sits at the top of the building
or room and acts as both an inlet and extract. As warm air rises and exits the room
via the stack, a negative pressure is created in the room which acts to draw-in an
external fresh air supply. The flow of air through the device is further assisted
by the windward and leeward pressures exerted on it by the external wind speed. The
rate at which the flow is delivered to the receiving room is controlled by mechanical
dampers and a static ceiling diffuser.
[0009] Natural ventilation systems may be further categorised into two groups, namely passive
and active. A passive stack applies no mechanical force to induce the flow through
the device. An active stack utilises a mechanical force to create or direct the flow
through the system. The active stack ensures the required air supply rates will be
achieved. However, this stack does not offer the level of energy consumption savings
of the passive system.
[0010] GB 2432207 discloses an active stack ventilation arrangement that utilises a fan positioned
at the bottom of the ventilator to draw air into the building interior.
[0011] Whilst advantageous over conventional air conditioning systems the inventors have
identified a number of disadvantages with existing natural ventilation assemblies
of the kind identified above.
[0012] Accordingly, the present invention provides a natural ventilator configured to supply
fresh air into the interior of a building and importantly to allow stale air to exit
the building interior without requiring mechanical or electrically driven components.
[0013] A hybrid device which offers the mechanical assistance of an active stack without
compromising the energy consumption level of a passive stack is provided and is referred
to as a passive-assisted stack. This hybrid device utilises a fan positioned within
the natural ventilator, the fan being operable only when required to assist the flow
of air between the building exterior and interior via the ventilator.
[0014] According to the present invention there is provided a building ventilator comprising:
a frame mountable at an opening in a roof of a building, the frame defining a duct
to convey air between an exterior and an interior of the building; a plurality of
vent blades mountable at an external facing region of the frame such that the blades
are mounted at the exterior of the building and are stacked above one another to form
a louver, each blade having a leading edge to be external facing relative to the duct
and a trailing edge to be internal facing relative to the duct; wherein the distance
in the vertical direction between adjacent blades at the their respective leading
edge regions is in the range 25 to 35 mm; a fan operative to assist the airflow current
in a downward direction through the duct and into the interior of the building; the
ventilator characterised in that: the fan is mounted at an upper region of the ventilator
in the vertical direction.
[0015] Preferably, the vertical distance between adjacent blades is 27 to 33 mm. More preferably,
the vertical distance between adjacent blades is 30 mm.
[0016] The inventors have discovered that by altering the angle of inclination of the individual
blades of the louver, the velocity and pressure performance and importantly the rate
of air flow into and out of the building interior is improved and optimised with regard
to the circulation of clean air from the building's exterior to its interior.
[0017] Preferably, the angle of inclination is within the range 34 to 36° and optimally
is 35°.
[0018] Optionally, the ventilator comprises internal walls extending in the longitudinal
direction between the external and internal facing ends of the frame to partition
the air flow duct and to guide air flow through the ventilator.
[0019] The ventilator frame and louver may comprise any shape and configuration to suit
the requirements of the building. For example, the cross sectional profile, in the
horizontal plane, of the frame and louver sections of the ventilator may define a
circle, oval, square or rectangle. Preferably, the frame is cuboid in particular rectangular
or square cuboid comprising four walls being open at a top and adjacent bottom face.
The frame is arranged in the ventilator with the top face being external facing and
the bottom face being interior facing.
[0020] Preferably, the ventilator blades are joined at each end to adjacent blades, in the
same plane, to define the edges of a rectangle and/or square. This quad blade structure
may be formed as a modular arrangement or as a unitary blade arrangement in which
the four blades are inclined upwardly towards a central plane within the square or
rectangle. The quad blade arrangement may be mounted at the exterior facing top face
of the cuboidal frame above its four walls to define a louver having four sides comprising
a plurality of blades arranged on top of one another extending over each face.
[0021] Optionally, the ventilator may comprise a cover member to sit above the uppermost
blade and block the exterior facing end of the duct defined by the upper region of
the louver.
[0022] Optionally, each blade may comprise a flange positioned at the leading and trailing
edge and projecting transverse to the blade. With the blades aligned in position to
be inclined at an angle 32 to 38° relative to a horizontal plane, each flange may
extend substantially vertically.
[0023] Preferably, the ventilator comprises a stack of four to six blades arranged on top
of one another, the blades comprising a single blade or quadrant of blades having
four sides in the same plane. Preferably, the ventilator comprises four blades and
in particular four quadrant blade sets. As will be appreciated, the ventilator may
comprise any number of vent blades to suit the requirements of the building with regard
to fresh are delivery rates and wind noise.
[0024] Optionally, the ventilator may comprise a fan mounted within the louver region of
the device defined by the stack of blades substantially between a lowermost blade
and an uppermost blade in the vertical direction.
[0025] Preferably, the fan is mounted within the louver region of the device towards the
blade positioned furthest from the external facing end of the frame in the vertical
direction. More preferably, the fan is mounted within the louver region of the device
substantially in the same horizontal plane as the blade positioned furthest from the
external facing end of the frame in the vertical direction. The fan may be mounted
centrally within the louver region of the device in the horizontal plane.
[0026] According to a specific implementation, the ventilator is devoid of internal partition
walls within the duct extending in the vertical direction between the external and
internal facing ends.
[0027] Preferably, the ventilator comprises control means to provide manual and/or automatic
control of the fan. The ventilator may also comprise an electric motor configured
to drive the fan with the control means coupled to the electric motor. Optionally,
the control means may be coupled to a suitable wind gauge and is operative in response
to the wind speed detected by the wind gauge.
[0028] A specific implementation of the present invention will now be described, by way
of example only, and with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:
Figure 1 is a perspective view of a building comprising a ventilator according to
a specific implementation of the present invention;
Figure 2 is a more detailed illustration of the ventilator of the present invention
as detailed in Figure 1;
Figure 3 is a cross sectional side elevation view of the ventilator of Figure 2;
Figure 4a is a side elevation view a vent blade that defines the louver of Figure
3;
Figure 4b is a perspective view of the vent blade of Figure 4a;
Figure 4c is a cross sectional side elevation view of two adjacent vent blades positioned
on top of one another in the vertical direction defining a portion of the louver of
Figure 3;
Figure 5 is a side perspective view of the ventilator of Figure 3;
Figure 6 illustrates a perspective view of the ventilator of Figure 3 further comprising
a fan assembly located within the louver section of the ventilator of Figure 5;
Figure 7 illustrates the different regions and directions of pressure and velocity
measurement through the ventilator of Figure 3;
Figure 8 is a graph of pressure versus blade angle at various regions of the ventilator
of Figure 7;
Figure 9 is a graph of velocity versus blade angle at various regions of the ventilator
of Figure 7;
Figure 10 is a graph of pressure versus velocity in the vertical direction through
the centre of the ventilator of Figure 3;
Figure 11 is a graph illustrating the overall performance of blade angle on the air
flow rate through the ventilator of Figure 7;
Figure 12 illustrates the affect on the air flow path through the ventilator of Figure
3 by a fan positioned at an upper region of the ventilator;
Figure 13 illustrates the affect on the air flow path through the ventilator of Figure
3 by a fan positioned at a middle region of the ventilator;
Figure 14 illustrates the affect on the air flow path through the ventilator of Figure
3 by a fan positioned at a bottom region of the ventilator;
Figure 15 illustrates the fresh air delivery rates provided by the ventilator with
the fan at the top, middle and bottom positions as illustrated in Figures 12 to 14.
Figure 16 is a graph of velocity/pressure against a distance of separation of the
vent blades for the ventilator of Figure 3.
Figure 17a is a graph of the internal velocity of air delivered into the building
with a louver blade separation distance of 60 mm from practical experimental investigations;
Figure 17b is a graph of the internal velocity of air delivered into the building
with a louver blade separation distance of 30 mm from practical experimental investigations;
Figure 17c is a graph of the internal velocity of air delivered into the building
with a louver blade separation distance of 20 mm from practical experimental investigations.
[0029] A natural ventilator provided by the inventors is optimised to supply fresh air into
the interior of a building whilst minimising energy consumption. The present invention
provides both a passive and a passive-active system configured to maintain airflow
rates into the building interior in the event of reduced wind speed at the exterior
of the building.
[0030] Figure 1 illustrates a building 100 comprising roof 101 separating an exterior region
103 from the building interior 104. A ventilator 102 is positioned at an opening 105
formed in the roof 101.
[0031] Figure 2 illustrates ventilator 102 comprising a louver region 201 comprising a plurality
of vent blades 202 stacked on top of one another in the vertical direction. The vent
blades are positioned on top of and extend from a frame 200 mounted in the opening
105 formed within roof 101. A cover 204 is positioned at an uppermost region of ventilator
102 to cover the internal duct formed within the ventilator 102 defined by louver
blades 202 and ventilator frame 200. According to the specific implementation, frame
200 comprises four substantially planar panels 203 connected together at adjacent
edges to form a hollow cuboid.
[0032] Referring to figure 3, an upper open face 305 of frame 200 is external facing relative
to building interior 104. The adjacent open bottom face 304 is positioned facing the
building interior 104 with frame panels 203 extending through opening 105. The louver
blades 202 extend from the external facing open end 305 of frame 200 positioned external
103 to the building interior 104. Accordingly, frame 200 and louver blades 202 define
an internal air flow passageway extending vertically through the ventilator comprising
internal louver duct 300 positioned directly above duct 302 defined by frame 200.
[0033] Optionally, one or a plurality of internal partition walls 301 may be positioned
within the frame duct 302 and/or louver duct 300 to guide the airflow through the
ventilator and into the building interior 104.
[0034] Referring to figures 4a to 4c, each louver blade 202 comprises an inclined, substantially
planar region 400 extending between an uppermost flange 401 and a lowermost flange
402, each flange 401, 402 extending over the upper and lower edges of the inclined
blade region 400 respectively, when the blade is aligned substantially in the horizontal
plane as illustrated in figures 3 and 4A. Each flange 401, 402 is allied substantially
vertically when blade 202 is aligned horizontally with each flange 401, 402 extending
transverse to the inclined blade region 400. Uppermost flange 401 comprises an uppermost
edge 410 and a lowermost edge 411 in contact with the uppermost edge of the inclined
blade region 400. The lowermost flange 402 comprises a lowermost edge 409 and an uppermost
edge 412 in contact with a lowermost edge of the inclined blade region 400.
[0035] Each blade 202 comprises four inclined blade regions 403, 406, 407, 408 as illustrated
in figure 4b. Each blade region is bordered by upper and lower flanges 401, 402 as
illustrated in figure 4a. Each of the four blade regions 403, 406, 407, 408 and the
associated flanges 401, 402 are connected at their respective ends to form a square
or rectangular quadrant, with each side represented by each of the four inclined blade
regions.
[0036] Referring to figures 4a and 4c, each inclined blade region 400 is inclined, relative
to a horizontal plane 417 by an angle θ. According to the specific implementation,
θ is in the region of 30 to 40°, 32 to 38° and 34 to 36° and optimally substantially
35°.
[0037] As illustrated in figure 3, each louver blade 202 is arranged on top of one another
in a vertical direction above frame 200 to form the louver. In this orientation, each
blade 200 is separated from a neighbouring blade, in a vertical direction by distance
d. Distance d is defined as the distance between the lowermost edge 409 of flange
402 of an upper blade A and the upper edge 412 of flange 402 of a neighbouring lower
blade B. Distance d corresponds to the available space, in the vertical direction
through which air may flow from exterior 103 into the louver interior 300. Where each
blade 202 is devoid of upper and lower flanges 401, 402 respectively, distance d corresponds
to the distance between the lowermost surfaces 413 of an upper blade to the uppermost
surface 414 of a lower blade.
[0038] Referring to figure 4c, each blade 202 comprises a leading edge 416 being external
facing and a trailing edge 415 arranged internally to define louver duct 300. According
to the quadrant blade arrangement of 4b, each blade comprises four leading edges and
four trailing edges.
[0039] Alternatively, where each blade 202 is devoid of upper and lower flanges 401, 402,
respectively, distance d corresponds to the distance between the leading edges of
each blade A and B.
[0040] Referring to figure 5, louver 201 comprises an uppermost blade 500 positioned furthest
from frame 200 in the vertical direction. A lowermost blade 501 sits directly on top
of the uppermost open face 305 of frame 200. The present invention is configured to
utilise any number of louver blades positioned intermediate 502 between upper blade
500 and lower blade 501. Ventilator 102 comprises four blades and in particular four
blade quadrants illustrated in figure 4b stacked on top of one another directly above
frame 200.
[0041] The present invention also relates to a hybrid natural and mechanical ventilator
referred to a passive-assisted natural ventilator. The hybrid ventilator utilises
a low energy fan driven by a low voltage battery (not shown). The battery may be charged
by a solar panel (not shown) positioned at/or on top of cover 204. Alternatively the
fan or battery may be coupled to a mains supply. Figure 6 illustrates a passive-assisted
ventilator arrangement comprising a fan 600 having fan blades 605, the fan and blades
being mounted internally within ventilator 102. Through experimental investigation,
the inventors have determined that fresh air delivery rates through ventilator 102
into building interior 104 are optimised with fan 600 positioned at an uppermost region
the ventilator and in particular at or towards the uppermost fan blade 500 at region
601 in a vertical direction through ventilator 102. Fan 600 is positioned substantially
centrally within a blade quadrant of figure 4b in the horizontal plane.
[0042] Frame 200 may be divided into three regions in the vertical direction, an uppermost
region 602 positioned directly below lowermost fan blade 501; a lowermost region 604
and an intermediate region 603 positioned between upper and lower regions 602, 604
respectively, in the vertical direction. According to the present invention, control
dampers (not shown) may be housed within lowermost frame region 604 to provide control
of the airflow velocity and direction through the ventilator and into the building
interior 104.
[0043] The inventors undertook a numerical investigation using computational fluid dynamics
to determined air pressure and current velocity and in particular fresh air delivery
rates through the ventilator. Figure 7 illustrates the various regions through the
ventilator for which statistical airflow behaviour was investigated. In order to obtain
a clear pattern of the pressure and velocity profiles within the ventilator, six regions
were investigated with regions 700 to 704 representing pressure and velocity in the
horizontal plane at various regions spaced apart in a vertical direction through the
ventilator. The pressure and velocity was also determined in the vertical plane 705
extending through the louver duct 300 and frame duct 302 referring to figure 3. Plane
700 is positioned at the top of the vent in close proximity to the uppermost fan blade
500. Plane 701 is positioned at the top of the frame in close proximity to its uppermost
open face 305. Plane 701 is positioned at the top of a vertex build up in the ventilator
referred to as the trailing edge stall with plane 702 positioned at the bottom of
this vertex. Planes 703 and 704 are positioned at the either side of the dampener
region 604 in a vertical direction with plane 704 positioned in close proximity to
the bottom open face 304 of frame 200. The results of the pressure and velocity investigation,
illustrated in figures 8 to 11, correspond to the various regions through the ventilator
in which data was analysed as detailed in figure 7.
[0044] The present invention is designed to provide optimum 'comfort levels' within building
interior 104. This is achieved via an investigation into the variation of air velocity,
pressure and density through various regions of the ventilator in response to variation
of the angle θ, distance d and position of fan 600 in a vertical direction through
ventilator 102. Figures 8 to 11 detail the effects of blade angle variation; figures
12 to 15 illustrate the effect of fan position within the ventilator and figure 16
illustrates the effects of louver spacing.
Louver Blade Angle
[0045] The effect of varying the blade angle on the pressure and velocity through the ventilator
was determined to achieve the optimum blade angle for maximum comfort levels and in
particular fresh air delivery rates into the building interior 104.
[0046] Referring to figure 8, air pressure data 800 was obtained at region 703; air pressure
data 801 was obtained at region 704; air pressure data 802 corresponds to the pressure
drop across the dampener region 604; air pressure data 803 corresponds to pressures
at region 700.
[0047] Referring to figure 9, air velocity data 900 was obtained at region 703; air velocity
data 901 was obtained at region 704; air velocity data 902 corresponds to the 'comfort
level' representing the average airflow movement velocity within room interior 104;
air velocity data 903 was obtained at region 700.
[0048] Referring to figure 10 data 1000 correspond to the air pressure verses blade angle
in the vertical plane 705 with data 1001 corresponding to the air velocity in the
vertical plane 705. Figure 11 illustrates the overall performance of the ventilator
with data 1001 corresponding to the 'comfort level' and data 1000 and 1001 corresponding
to that of figures 8 and 9.
[0049] The purpose of investigation was to establish maximum air movement within a controlled
volume which represents a small classroom. Utilising eight different computational
fluid dynamics (CFD) models, the angle of the blades was increased by 5° each model,
for a range of 10° - 45°. The external wind velocity was set at 4.5 m/s, as this is
the UK average wind speed.
[0050] Previous work has shown the critical role of damping on occupants' comfort levels.
Accordingly data was obtained at planes 703 and 704 placed either side of the damping
unit. In order for the dampers to operate effectively the pressure drop across them
must be at a minimum, thus enable the unit to control accurately the rate of flow.
Figure 8 show the two trends of data 800 and data 801 are at their closest over a
range of 28° - 37°.
[0051] Referring to figure 9, in order for the dampers to work effectively, it is desirable
for the velocity drop across data 900 and data 901 to be at a minimum. This range
is as expected, due to pressure and velocity being proportional, across the same values
of 28° - 37°.
[0052] Figure 10 illustrates the average velocity and pressure across the vent against the
attack angle of the blade. As the pressure inside the ventilator decreases the velocity
will increase, as effectively any flow restriction is reduced. From figure 10 it is
evident that at the points of intersection, the flow and pressure is at the optimum
for the ventilator's performance. The two points of intersection of data 1000 and
1001 are 28° and 35° respectively.
[0053] However the purpose of optimising the ventilator performance ultimately is to provide
optimum comfort levels inside the occupancy area. Therefore in order to assess this
performance, the comfort level within the area must be shown in tandem with the ventilator's
pressure and velocity profiles.
[0054] Figure 11 illustrates the scaled comfort level, pressure and velocity against the
blade angle. The comfort level is scaled by a factor of ten in order for it to fit
the velocity and pressure profiles for comparison, this does not affect the results
in any way. The plots show clearly that at the second point of intersection, 35°,
the comfort level within the occupied area is at its peak.
[0055] Therefore the overall performance of the ventilator peaks at the 35°angle. Comparison
of the data at 35° with the benchmarked 45° blade angle shows a 45% increase in occupants'
comfort level, and a 42% reduce in the trailing edge stall pressure produced. It is
clear that reduction in trailing edge stall is proportional to the increase in occupant's
comfort level.
[0056] From the results it is evident that by altering the blade angle, the velocity and
pressure performance is improved to desirable levels to achieve optimum occupant comfort
levels.
[0057] This investigation confirms that a blade angle of 35° provides optimum performance
at the given parameters.
[0058] The investigation also established that the reduction in trailing edge stall is proportional
to the increased velocity distribution within the occupied space. This connection
is established as the removal of such restrictive pressure allows a free flow through
the ventilator, and is pivotal to the operation of the control mechanism, namely the
damper unit.
Ventilator Fan Position
[0059] The location of fan 600 within ventilator 102 was examined. It has been found that
even at low pressure, the air supply rate through the ventilator is excessive which
would cause control dampers located within region 604 to work harder in order to dampen
the airstream into the building interior 104. The effects of increasing the use of
the control dampeners increases the energy consumption of ventilator 102 which is
undesirable.
[0060] Figure 12 illustrates the ventilator 102 with fan 600 positioned, in accordance with
claim 1, at an upper region of the ventilator in close proximity to uppermost fan
blades 500. Fan 600 is operative to assist the airflow current in a downward direction
1200 though the internal duct of the ventilator 300, 302. The airflow stream 1201
continues out of the bottom face 304 and into building interior 104 and then circulates
1202 through interior 104 and exits this interior 1203 as the airflow current circulates
between exterior 103 and interior 104. Importantly, due to the creation of the airflow
profile within the ventilator 100 by fan 600 positioned at uppermost louver blade
500, stale air 1203 from interior 104 is capable of exiting the ventilator via flow
path 1205 between louver blades 202.
[0061] Figure 13 illustrates the ventilator of figure 12 with fan 600 positioned, according
to a non-claimed embodiment, at a more central region corresponding to region 602
illustrated in figure 6. In this arrangement, fan 600 creates a strong airflow stream
1300 and 1301 in a substantially vertically direction into interior 104. Stale air
1302 re-enters the ventilator via open face 304. However, this stale air 1302 is then
directed 1303 into the airflow suction path created by fan 600 to be reintroduced
into interior 104 via airflow path 1300. This diversion of the airflow path 1303 is
caused by the airflow currents created within the louver region due to this mid fan
position.
[0062] Figures 14 illustrates a similar arrangement to figures 12 and 13 albeit with fan
600 positioned, according to a non-claimed embodiment, at a lowermost part of ventilator
102 corresponding to region 604 of figure 6. In this position, a strong airflow current
is created 1400, 1401 in a vertical direction within interior 104. Stale air 1402
then re-enters the ventilator via open face 304 and is redirected at 1405 into the
suction airflow path created by fan 600. As with the arrangement of figure 13, stale
air 1303, 1405 is presented from escaping from the ventilator 1205 (referring to figure
12) due to the turbulence created within the louver region 201 by the relative fan
position.
[0063] The fan position also has an affect upon the airflow at environment 103 into louver
duct 300. Referring to figure 12, with fan 600 at an uppermost position, clean air
is capable of flowing into the ventilator 1204 over the entire height of the blade
stack. In contrast, and referring to figures 13 and 14, the fresh air supply 1304,
1403 into the ventilator is perturbed by the eddy currents created within ventilated
duct 300. With fan 600 positioned at its lowest most orientation of figure 14, the
fresh air supply is prevented from entering the ventilator 1404 due to the turbulence
within louver duct 300. In the orientations of figures 13 and 14, there is no clear
area through which the exhaust air may exit the ventilator and according it is re-circulated
within interior 104 by the effective fan pressure.
[0064] Figure 15 illustrates the total fresh air delivery rates supplied by ventilator 102
for the three fan positions of figures 12, 13 and 14. Data 1500, 1501 and 1502 correspond
to fan 600 positioned at the top (figure 12), middle (figure 13) and bottom (figure
14), of ventilator 102, respectively.
[0065] The British Standard (BS) minimum fresh air delivery rates are specified as 0.8 L/sec
per m
2 and 5 L/sec per occupant. The occupancy level for this investigation was 20 occupants
which is the recommended level for a small classroom. According to the present investigation,
when the external wind velocity is 1m/s ventilator 102 does not meet the criteria
for the amount of fresh air per occupants and therefore the passive ventilator 102
requires assistance.
[0066] A total of 18 CFD models were created covering a pressure range of 20 - 120 Pa, in
three different locations. The results show that in each of the three locations of
figures 12 to 14, a fan pressure of 20Pa assists the external wind velocity (1 m/s)
to achieve the BS criterion.
[0067] The fan in the top position of figure 12 creates the smallest increase in fresh air
supply from 4.5 to 18.5 L/sec per occupant at a fan pressure of 20 Pa. The flow visualisation
of these results (figure 15) shows that the fan draws in fresh air whilst allowing
the receiving room's exhaust air to exit via two channels 1205 either side of the
fan.
[0068] The fan in the middle and bottom positions of figures 13 and 14, respectively, shows
very similar results in terms of fresh air supply rate. Both give considerable improvements
of 111 and 11.5 L/sec respectively. The flow visualisation of these results show that
for the middle fan position (figure 13) the fresh air (external) is restricted in
one quadrant, and the exhaust air (room internal) has no natural path 1303 to exit
ventilator 102. Figure 14 illustrates that at the bottom fan position, the restriction
is in both quadrants 1405 and again there is no return path for the exhaust air.
[0069] The flow delivery rate results of figure 15 for the middle and bottom fan position
show that although the rate at which the air is delivered into the room has increased,
little fresh air is drawn into the room. Instead, the air is being re-circulated by
the fan in these two positions and therefore the ventilator does not meet the fresh
air delivery rate requirements.
[0070] From the results, it was clear that a low voltage fan would need to produce a minimum
pressure of 20 Pa to achieve the BS required minimum ventilation rates. The fan should
be located in the top position to ensure fresh air is drawn in at low external wind
speeds (1 m/s) and delivered to the receiving room without restricting the exhaust
air flow path.
Louver Blade Separation Distance
[0071] By changing the external distance of separation between the closest regions of adjacent
louver blades 202 (distance d) illustrated in figures 4c and 5, the rate at which
fresh air is delivered into the building interior is affected. The undesirable affects
of increasing the louver blade spacing are twofold:
- i breakthrough noise from external sources enters the ventilator 102 and hence the
building interior 104; and
- ii rain ingress, wind may be driven into the ventilator duct 300 and into building
interior 104.
[0072] The objective therefore is to optimise louver spacing to give the lowest possible
distance to reduce breakthrough noise and rain ingress whilst acceptable fresh air
delivery rates are provided through the ventilator. Figure 16 illustrates experimental
results with data 1600 corresponding to the velocity of air through the ventilator,
data 1602 corresponds to the pressure of air through the ventilator and data 1601
corresponds to the 'comfort level' being the air movement rate within the building
interior 104.
[0073] As illustrated in figure 16, a maximum 'comfort level' is observed for a louver spacing
(d) of 30 mm. Importantly, reducing the louver spacing has therefore been found to
match the observed air movement rate within interior 104 in addition to reducing breakthrough
noise and the likelihood of rain ingress into ventilator 102.
[0074] Referring to figures 17a to 17c, a practical experimental investigation was undertaken
to determine the effects of varying the distance between louver blades 202 (distance
d) illustrated in figures 4c and 5. The three louver spacings investigated were 20
mm, 30 mm and 60 mm. The three experimental arrangements were achieved using spacer
bars (not shown) at four corners of the wind vent of the type illustrated in figure
2. Reducing the distance between louver blades 202 was found to have an undesirable
effect of reducing the overall height of the louver section. Accordingly, internal
blanking (not shown) was used at the upper region of the louver to alleviate additional
airflow which would otherwise obscure the results for comparative purposes.
[0075] The wind speed at six regions across the louver stack was monitored and the regions
denominated as sample points 2, 4, 5, 6, 8 and 10. The wind speed was monitored over
five days for each louver blade spacing. The average observed external wind velocities
for each of the experiments was 5 m/s for the 60 mm spacing; 7 m/s for the 30 mm spacing
and 7 m/s for the 20 mm with the averaged internal velocity results illustrated respectively
in figures 17a, 17b and 17c.
[0076] Notwithstanding an increase in the external wind velocity (for the 30 mm and the
20 mm spacings) the results confirm that there is no significant drop in internal
wind velocity by effectively halving the louver blade spacing from 60 mm to 30 mm.
This investigation supports the computational fluid dynamics model illustrated in
figure 16. In particular, through the experimental investigation and fluid modelling,
the inventors have identified that an approximate louver blade spacing of around 30
mm is optimum with regard to sufficient internal air flow velocity whilst significantly
reducing breakthrough noise and rain ingress.
1. A building ventilator (102) comprising:
a frame (200) mountable at an opening (105) in a roof (101) of a building (100), the
frame (200) defining a duct (300) to convey air between an exterior (103) and an interior
(104) of the building (100);
a plurality of vent blades (202) mountable at an external facing region of the frame
(200) such that the blades (202) are mounted at the exterior (103) of the building
(100) and are stacked above one another to form a louver (201), each blade (202) having
a leading edge (416) to be external facing relative to the duct (300) and a trailing
edge (415) to be internal facing relative to the duct (300);
wherein the distance in the vertical direction between adjacent blades (202) at the
their respective leading edge regions is in the range 25 to 35 mm;
a fan (600) operative to assist the airflow current in a downward direction through
the duct (300) and into the interior (104) of the building (100);
the ventilator characterised in that:
the fan (600) is mounted at an upper region of the ventilator in the vertical direction.
2. The ventilator as claimed in claim 1 wherein the distance between adjacent blades
(202) is in the range 27 to 33 mm.
3. The ventilator as claimed in claim 1 or 2 wherein the distance between adjacent blades
(202) is 30 mm.
4. The ventilator as claimed in any preceding claim comprising internal walls mounted
within the frame(200), the internal walls configured to partition the duct (300) in
the longitudinal direction between the interior (104) and exterior (103) of the building
(100).
5. The ventilator as claimed in any preceding claim wherein the frame (200) comprises
walls extending between an open top face (305) and an open bottom face(304), the top
face (305) arranged to be facing the exterior (103) of the building (100) and the
bottom face (304) arranged to be facing the interior (104) of the building (100).
6. The ventilator as claimed in claim 5 wherein the blades (202) are mounted on the top
face (305) and extend externally of the building (100) away from each of the walls
of the frame (200).
7. The ventilator as claimed in any preceding claim wherein the blades (202) are stacked
vertically above one another and the frame (200).
8. The ventilator as claimed in any preceding claim wherein each blade comprises a flange
(401,402) extending from the leading (416) and trailing (415) edge, each flange (401,
402) orientated transverse to the plane of the blade (202).
9. The ventilator as claimed in any preceding claim wherein the blades (202) are mounted
above one another to form a louver (201), the louver (201) comprising between four
to six blades (202).
10. The ventilator as claimed in claim 1 wherein the duct (300) is devoid of internal
partitions extending in the vertical direction between the exterior (305) and interior
facing ends (304).
11. The ventilator as claimed in any preceding claim further comprising electronic control
means to provide manual and/or automatic control of the fan (600).
12. The ventilator as claimed in any preceding claim wherein the fan (600) comprises an
electric motor.
13. The ventilator as claimed in preceding claim wherein the fan (600) is mounted within
the louver region (201) substantially in the same horizontal plane as the blade (202)
positioned furthest from the external facing end (305) of the frame (200) in the vertical
direction.
1. Gebäudeventilator (102), umfassend:
einen Rahmen (200), welcher an einer Öffnung (105) in einem Dach (101) eines Gebäudes
(100) anbringbar ist, wobei der Rahmen (200) einen Kanal (300) definiert, um Luft
zwischen einer Außenseite (103) und einem Innenraum (104) des Gebäudes (100) zu befördern;
mehrere Lüftungslamellen (202), welche an einem Außen zugewandten Bereich des Rahmens
(200) derart anbringbar sind, dass die Lamellen (202) an der Außenseite (103) des
Gebäudes (100) angebracht sind und übereinander gestapelt sind, um eine Lüftungsöffnung
(201) auszubilden, wobei jede Lamelle (202) einen vorderen Rand (416), welcher relativ
zu dem Kanal (300) nach Außen zugewandt ist, und einen hinteren Rand (415), welcher
relativ zu dem Kanal (300) nach Innen zugewandt ist, aufweist;
wobei der Abstand in der vertikalen Richtung zwischen benachbarten Lamellen (202)
an ihren entsprechenden vorderen Randbereichen in dem Bereich von 25mm bis 35mm liegt;
ein Gebläse (600), welches ausgestaltet ist, den Luftflussstrom in einer Abwärtsrichtung
durch den Kanal (300) und in den Innenraum (104) des Gebäudes (100) zu unterstützen;
wobei der Ventilator dadurch gekennzeichnet ist, dass:
das Gebläse (600) in einem oberen Bereich des Ventilators in der vertikalen Richtung
angebracht ist.
2. Ventilator nach Anspruch 1, wobei der Abstand zwischen benachbarten Lamellen (202)
in dem Bereich von 27mm bis 33mm liegt.
3. Ventilator nach Anspruch 1 oder 2, wobei der Abstand zwischen benachbarten Lamellen
(202) 30mm beträgt.
4. Ventilator nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, umfassend Innenwände, welche innerhalb
des Rahmens (200) angebracht sind, wobei die Innenwände ausgestaltet sind, den Kanal
(300) in der Längsrichtung zwischen dem Innenraum (104) und der Außenseite (103) des
Gebäudes (100) zu unterteilen.
5. Ventilator nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, wobei der Rahmen (200) Wände umfasst,
welche sich zwischen einer offenen Oberseitenfläche (305) und einer offenen Unterseitenfläche
(304) erstrecken, wobei die Oberseitenfläche (305) ausgestaltet ist, der Außenseite
(103) des Gebäudes (100) zugewandt zu sein, und wobei die Unterseitenfläche (304)
ausgestaltet ist, dem Innenraum (104) des Gebäudes (100) zugewandt zu sein.
6. Ventilator nach Anspruch 5, wobei die Lamellen (202) an der Oberseitenfläche (305)
angebracht sind und sich nach Außen von dem Gebäude (100) von jeder der Wände des
Rahmens (200) weg erstrecken.
7. Ventilator nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, wobei die Lamellen (202) vertikal
übereinander und über dem Rahmen (200) gestapelt sind.
8. Ventilator nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, wobei jede Lamelle eine Flansch
(401, 402) umfasst, welcher sich von dem vorderen (416) und hinteren (415) Rand erstreckt,
wobei jeder Flansch (401, 402) quer zu der Ebene der Lamelle (202) ausgerichtet ist.
9. Ventilator nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, wobei die Lamellen (202) übereinander
angebracht sind, um eine Lüftungsöffnung (201) auszubilden, wobei die Lüftungsöffnung
(201) zwischen vier und sechs Lamellen (202) umfasst.
10. Ventilator nach Anspruch 1, wobei der Kanal (300) frei von internen Aufteilungen ist,
welche sich in der vertikalen Richtung zwischen der Außenseite (305) und dem Innenraum
zugewandten Enden (304) erstrecken.
11. Ventilator nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, ferner umfassend elektronische
Steuermittel, um eine manuelle und / oder automatische Steuerung des Gebläses (600)
bereitzustellen.
12. Ventilator nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, wobei das Gebläse (600) einen
Elektromotor umfasst.
13. Ventilator nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, wobei das Gebläse (600) innerhalb
des Lüftungsöffnungsbereichs (201) im Wesentlichen in der gleichen horizontalen Ebene
wie die Lamelle (202), welche am weitesten von dem nach Außen zugewandten Ende (305)
des Rahmens (200) in der vertikalen Richtung angeordnet ist, angebracht ist.
1. Ventilateur de bâtiment (102) comprenant :
un châssis (200) pouvant être monté au niveau d'une ouverture (105) sur un toit (101)
d'un bâtiment (100), le châssis (200) définissant un conduit (300) pour transporter
l'air entre un extérieur (103) et un intérieur (104) du bâtiment (100) ;
une pluralité d'aubes de conduit d'orifice de ventilation (202) pouvant être montées
au niveau d'une région orientée vers l'extérieur du châssis (200) de sorte que les
aubes (202) sont montées à l'extérieur (103) du bâtiment (100) et sont empilées les
unes sur les autres afin de former un déflecteur (201), chaque aube (202) ayant un
bord d'attaque (416) destiné à être orienté vers l'extérieur par rapport au conduit
(300) et un bord de fuite (415) destiné à être orienté vers l'intérieur par rapport
au conduit (300) ;
dans lequel la distance dans la direction verticale entre les aubes (202) adjacentes
au niveau de leurs régions de bord d'attaque respectives est de l'ordre de 25 à 35
mm ;
une soufflante (600) opérationnelle pour assister le courant d'écoulement d'air dans
une direction descendante à travers le conduit (300) et à l'intérieur (104) du bâtiment
(100) ;
le ventilateur étant caractérisé en ce que :
la soufflante (600) est montée au niveau d'une région supérieure du ventilateur dans
la direction verticale.
2. Ventilateur selon la revendication 1, dans lequel la distance entre les aubes (202)
adjacentes est de l'ordre de 27 à 33 mm.
3. Ventilateur selon la revendication 1 ou 2, dans lequel la distance entre les aubes
(202) adjacentes est de 30 mm.
4. Ventilateur selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, comprenant des
parois internes montées à l'intérieur du châssis (200), les parois internes étant
configurées pour séparer le conduit (300) dans la direction longitudinale entre l'intérieur
(104) et l'extérieur (103) du bâtiment (100).
5. Ventilateur selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, dans lequel le
châssis (200) comprend des parois s'étendant entre une face supérieure ouverte (305)
et une face inférieure ouverte (304), la face supérieure (305) étant agencée pour
être orientée vers l'extérieur (103) du bâtiment (100) et la face inférieure (304)
étant agencée pour être orientée vers l'intérieur (104) du bâtiment (100).
6. Ventilateur selon la revendication 5, dans lequel les aubes (202) sont montées sur
la face supérieure (305) et s'étendent à l'extérieur du bâtiment (100) à distance
de chacune des parois du châssis (200).
7. Ventilateur selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, dans lequel les
aubes (202) sont empilées verticalement les unes sur les autres et sur le châssis
(200).
8. Ventilateur selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, dans lequel chaque
aube comprend un rebord (401, 402) s'étendant à partir du bord d'attaque (416) et
du bord de fuite (415), chaque rebord (401, 402) étant orienté transversalement par
rapport au plan de l'aube (202).
9. Ventilateur selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, dans lequel les
aubes (202) sont montées les unes au-dessus des autres afin de former un déflecteur
(201), le déflecteur (201) comprenant entre quatre et six aubes (202).
10. Ventilateur selon la revendication 1, dans lequel le conduit (300) est dépourvu de
cloisons internes s'étendant dans la direction verticale entre les extrémités orientées
vers l'extérieur (305) et l'intérieur (304).
11. Ventilateur selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, comprenant en outre
des moyens de commande électronique pour fournir une commande manuelle et/ou automatique
de la soufflante (600).
12. Ventilateur selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, dans lequel le
ventilateur (600) comprend un moteur électrique.
13. Ventilateur selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, dans lequel le
ventilateur (600) est monté à l'intérieur de la région de déflecteur (201) sensiblement
dans le même plan horizontal que l'aube (202) la plus éloignée de l'extrémité orientée
vers l'extérieur (305) du châssis (200) dans la direction verticale.