BACKGROUND
1. Field of the Invention
[0001] The present disclosure generally relates to bridged polycyclic based compounds for
the inhibition and amelioration of disease. More particularly, the disclosure generally
relates to systems and methods for formulating antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal,
antidisease compositions using these bridged polycyclic based compounds.
2. Description of the Relevant Art
[0002] Dendrimers are basically branched polymers with densely packed end-functional groups
that may be used to attach the dendrimers to biologically molecules (e.g., drugs,
targeting ligands and imaging agents). Cancer is one of the applications of these
unique materials. Since a significant portion of administered dose of pharmaceutical
drugs (e.g., anticancer, antiviral) is lost in the circulation due to impaired uptake
by the cells especially in the case of drug resistance cells, the actual concentration
of the drug inside the cells is much less than what is present extracellularly. Hence,
to accomplish highly effective treatment of diseases (e.g., cancer) it is crucial
to increase the intracellular amount of the drug. Dendrimers have already been used
as a carrier agent for several known anticancer and antiviral agents. Attaching these
known agents to a dendrimer has been shown to increase the activity of the agent verses
using the agent alone and uncoupled to a dendrimer. However, there are practical problems
associated with using dendrimers, especially when upscaling production to commercial
quantities.
[0003] At least two methods exist for the synthesis of dendrimers: a divergent approach,
where the dendrimer is assembled in a totally linear manner or a convergent method
where fragments of the dendrimer are condensed together. These two methods both suffer
from problems when it comes to practical synthesis. In particular, problems include
the necessity for repeated and time-consuming purifications.
[0004] Additional problems associated with the synthesis of dendrimers include defects in
the molecular structure, and molecular structures and typically unavoidable encapsulation
of other molecules within the dendrimer
[0005] Therefore there is a need for a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound
which increases the intracellular amount of pharmaceutical drugs but which is easier
and cheaper to synthesize than dendrimers and which are capable of attaching different
functionalities more easily.
[0006] In the field of dentistry, the increased average age of patients and improvements
in the treatment of teeth have resulted in an increased average age of teeth which
need to be treated.
[0007] The prevention of cavities and periodontitis can therefore not be limited to children
and adolescents as the lifelong conservation of teeth demands a preventive approach
also for middle-aged and elderly patients. Otherwise there is the risk that the positive
results of early preventive measures will be lost within a few years ending up with
tooth loss at old age.
[0008] Dental applications are challenging and require top performance from dental care
providers and materials technology. Materials used in these applications need to be
comfortable, hard, wear resistant, strong and yet also visibly appealing. Poorly formulated
dental materials can result in discomfort, complications, and increased health care
cost to consumers.
[0009] All types of teeth and gum diseases can lead to serious health problems in pets.
Dogs and cats make use of their teeth more than humans do. Therefore, toothache, dental
disease and loss of teeth can all have serious consequences for pets. Damage to the
teeth and gums in pets to date is permanent and irreversible.
[0010] Maintenance of good oral health and prevention of oral disease is a necessity for
both humans and animals. Unlike animals humans have the ability to exercise control
over oral and dental hygiene by using proper preventative techniques. Humans still
experience oral problems ranging from cavities to more severe cases of gum disease.
[0011] According to the American Veterinary Dental Society, eighty percent of dogs and seventy
percent of cats have periodontal (gum) disease by the age of three. Proper dental
care could increase the life of these animals by two to five years.
[0012] There are clear indications that oral health status has an effect on a subject's
general health. Periodontal disease may result in bacteria and toxins entering the
bloodstream with potentially detrimental effects on one or more internal organs. Conversely,
poor systemic health may manifest in the oral cavity in various ways and may also
exacerbate periodontal disease. An animal's dental examination is therefore not always
limited to the oral cavity but frequently includes a general physical examination.
Laboratory examinations, to evaluate systemic disease concerns, are also commonly
performed. Some dogs and cats suffer from chronic oral infection or stomatitis, a
poorly understood condition that is frustratingly difficult to treat.
[0013] What is needed therefore is an easy to use, effective system for maintaining good
general health as well as preventing and treating disease. Preferably such methods
and compositions should be easy-to-use and comprise antimicrobial agents. Such methods
and compositions should be affordable, safe and easy to use on a regular basis.
SUMMARY
[0014] The present invention solves the problems described above by providing novel compositions
and methods for reducing and/or ameliorating maladies associated with an oral cavity
and/or an otic cavity. The present invention provides methods and compositions that
are safe and effective for regular use by both humans and animals.
[0015] The present invention relates to a chemical composition including a chemical compound,
which includes one or more bridged polycyclic compounds and at least two pharmaceutically
active agents being coupled to the bridged polycyclic compound. At least one of the
bridged polycyclic compounds may include at least two cyclic groups..
[0016] The chemical compound comprises a general structure (Ia) or (I):
and/or
wherein each R
1 is independently an alkyl-aryl group, a substituted alkyl-aryl group, an alkyl group,
a substituted alkyl group, an aryl group, a substituted aryl group, N, N
+H; N
+R
3, a heterocycle group or a substituted heterocycle group;
wherein each R
2 is independently an alkyl-aryl group, a substituted alkyl-aryl group, an alkyl group,
a substituted alkyl group, an aryl group, a substituted aryl group, a heterocycle
group or a substituted heterocycle group, a covalent bond, or an alkene;
wherein each R
3 is independently hydrogen, a pharmaceutically active agent, an alkyl-aryl group,
a substituted alkyl-aryl group, an alkyl group, a substituted alkyl group, an aryl
group, a substituted aryl group, a heterocycle group, a substituted heterocycle group,
an alkene, an ether, a guanidine moiety, a PEG, a PEI, or any combination of these,
wherein at least two R
3s are pharmaceutically active agents, and wherein the pharmaceutically active agent
is configured to inhibit and/or ameliorate at least one malady;
wherein each R
4 is independently an alkyl-aryl group, a substituted alkyl-aryl group, an alkyl group,
a substituted alkyl group, an aryl group, a substituted aryl group, a heterocycle
group or a substituted heterocycle group, an ether, an amide, an alcohol, an ester,
a sulfonamide, a sulfanilamide or an alkene;
wherein Z comprises at least one bridge, wherein at least one of the bridges is -
R
2 - N
+R
32 - R
4-N+R
32-R
2-, -R
2-NR
3-R
4 - N
+R
32-R
2-, -R
2-NR
3-R
4-NR
3-R
2-, or -R
2-N=R
4=N-R
2-, and wherein each bridge independently couples R
1 to R
1; and
wherein X comprises at least one counterion.
[0017] The chemical compound may include one or more negatively charged counter ions.
[0018] In some embodiments, at least one of the pharmaceutically active agents may include
an anticancer agent, an anti-inflammatory agent, an antimicrobial agent, a lipase
inhibitor, a bile acid sequestrant, a cholesterol reduction agent, a periodontal disease
inhibitor, a periodontal bacteria attachment inhibitor, a periodontal disease enzyme
inhibitor, and/or a periodontal disease enzyme attachment inhibitor.
[0019] In some embodiments, a bridged polycyclic compound may include a salt of compound
Ia.
[0021] In some embodiments, R
3 may include a guanidine moiety and/or a halogenated aryl moiety.
[0022] In some embodiments, a chemical compound is a salt of the chemical compound. At least
one counterion forming the salt may include an acetate ion.
[0023] In some embodiments, a chemical composition may include a polymer or a prepolymer.
At least one polymer is poly(vinyl acetate-co-crotonic acid).
[0024] In some embodiments, a z may represent a charge on the chemical compound and an appropriate
number of counterions. z may range from 1-16,2-14, 6-14, or 8-14.
[0025] In some embodiments, y may represent a number of bridges coupling the Nitrogens of
the chemical compound. y may range from 3-8, 3-5, or 3-4.
[0026] In some embodiments, a chemical composition may include at least one solvent.
[0027] In some embodiments, a chemical composition may include water and/or an alcohol (e.g.,
ethanol).
[0028] In some embodiments, a chemical composition may include a pharmaceutically acceptable
viscous liquid (e.g., glycerin).
[0029] In some embodiments, a protective coating composition includes a bridged polycyclic
compound. A bridged polycyclic compound may be a cavitand. Portions of the bridged
polycyclic compound may include two or more quaternary ammonium moieties. The coating
composition may be antimicrobial.
[0030] In some embodiments, a protective coating composition may be antimicrobial.
[0031] In some embodiments, a chemical composition may include one or more polymerizable
compounds.
[0032] In some embodiments, a chemical composition may include one or more polymerizable
compounds, wherein the chemical composition is configured such that, when the chemical
composition is applied to a surface and cured, then at least a portion of the composition
forms an antimicrobial coating over at least a portion of the surface.
[0033] In some embodiments, at least one R
3 may include at least one phenol moiety.
[0034] In some embodiments, at least one R
3 may include at least one azole moiety.
[0035] In some embodiments, at least one R
3 is a benzyl group.
[0036] In some embodiments, at least one R
3 includes a halogen substituted aryl group.
[0037] In some embodiments, at least one X is an anion. In some embodiments, at least one
X is a polymer. In some embodiments, at least one X is a monomer. In some embodiments,
at least one X is a halogen. In some embodiments, at least one X is iodine, bromine,
or chlorine. In some embodiments, at least one X contains boron. In some embodiments,
at least one X is a borate. In some embodiments, at least one X tetrafluoroborate.
In some embodiments, at least one X contains nitrogen. In some embodiments, at least
one X is a nitrate. In some embodiments, at least one X is PY
6, wherein Y is a halogen. In some embodiments, at least one X is hexafluorophosphate.
In some embodiments, at least one X is NTf
2, and wherein Tf is bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide.
[0038] In some embodiments, Z is one bridge such that the chemical compound has a general
structure (II):
[0039] In some embodiments, Z is one bridge such that the chemical compound has a general
structure (IIa):
[0040] In some embodiments, Z is two bridges such that the chemical compound has a general
structure (III):
[0041] In some embodiments, Z is two bridges such that the chemical compound has a general
structure (IIIa):
[0042] In some embodiments, Z is one bridge such that the chemical compound has a general
structure (IV):
At least one R
3 may be a methyl group. At least one R
3 may be a C5-C7 alkyl group or a C5-C7 substituted alkyl group. At least one R4 may
be an aryl group or a substituted aryl group.
[0043] In some embodiments, Z is one bridge such that the chemical compound has a general
structure (IVa):
[0044] At least one R
3 may be a methyl group. At least one R
3 may be a C5-C7 alkyl group or a C5-C7 substituted alkyl group. At least one R4 may
be an aryl group or a substituted aryl group. M may include one or more guest molecules
associated with one or more portions of compound (IVa).
[0045] In some embodiments, a compound may include a shape with a substantially curved surface.
[0046] In some embodiments, a coating may inhibit microbial adhesion.
[0047] In some embodiments, a compound may have a minimum inhibitory concentration of less
than 0.1 mg/mL.
[0048] In some embodiments, a composition may have a minimum inhibitory concentration of
less than 0.05 mg/mL.
[0049] In some embodiments, at least one R
1 is N
+R
3. In some embodiments, at least one R
1 is
[0050] In some embodiments, at least one R
3 is hydrophilic. In some embodiments, at least one R
3 is a polymer. In some embodiments, at least one R
3 is an oxazoline polymer. In some embodiments, at least one R
3 is hydrophobic.
[0052] In some embodiments, a composition may include at least one metal (M) coordinated
to at least a portion of the compound. At least one M may include a cation. At least
one M may be positioned inside a space defined by R
2 and R
4, and wherein at least one M is coordinated to one or more N
+R
32's.
[0053] In some embodiments, at least one X may include a halogen ion.
[0054] In some embodiments, at least one X may include one or more elements with antimicrobial
activity.
[0055] In some embodiments, at least one X may include one or more elements with anti-inflammatory
activity
[0056] In some embodiments, at least one X may include boron.
[0057] In some embodiments, a composition may include one or more metals and/or metal ions
with antimicrobial properties.
[0058] In some embodiments, a composition may include one or more metals and/or metal ions
with anti-inflammatory properties.
[0059] In some embodiments, a composition may include one or more metals and/or metal ions,
and wherein one or more of the metals are light activated such that activating the
metal with light increases the antimicrobial activity of the metal.
[0060] In some embodiments, a composition may include one or more metals and/or metal ions,
and wherein at least one metals and/or metal ions is silver. At least one metals and/or
metal ions may be zinc, copper, gold, or cesium. At least one metals and/or metal
ions may be silver, zinc, copper, gold, calcium, nickel, cobalt, barium, strontium,
lead, lanthanum, iron, manganese, cadmium, magnesium, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Eu, Gd, Tb,
Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Ce, or alkaline earth metals.
[0061] In some embodiments, at least a portion of a chemical composition may form an antimicrobial
coating over at least a portion of a surface. The chemical composition includes one
or more bridged polycyclic compounds. At least one of the bridged polycyclic compounds
may include at least two cyclic groups.
[0062] In some embodiments, a compound and/or a composition may have a minimum inhibitory
concentration of greater than 900 µM (e.g., 900 µM - 1500 µM, 900 µM - 2000 µM, 1500
µM - 2500 µM, etc.). In some embodiments, a compound and/or a coating composition
may have a minimum inhibitory concentration of less than 10.0 mg/mL, less than 5.0
mg/mL, less than 1.0 mg/mL, less than 0.1 mg/mL, or less than 0.05 mg/mL. In such
compositions, antimicrobial properties may not be the primary function of a coating
composition.
[0063] In some embodiments, a method of coating a surface may include coating an otic surface.
[0064] In some embodiments, a method of coating a surface may include coating a dermal surface.
[0065] In some embodiments, a method of coating an oral surface may include applying a composition
to a surface of an oral surface. The composition includes one or more bridged polycyclic
compounds. At least one of the bridged polycyclic compounds may include at least two
cyclic groups. At least one cyclic group may be defined in part by quaternary ammonium
moieties. The method may include forming an antimicrobial coating over at least a
portion of the surface.
[0066] The method may include using the composition as a bonding agent, as a resin cement,
as a sealant, as a varnish, and/or as a resin.
[0067] The oral surface may include at least a portion of a tooth surface, at least a portion
of a gum, at least a portion of soft tissue, or at least a portion of a dental fixture.
A dental fixture may include a filling, at least a portion of a bridge, or at least
a portion of a denture.
[0068] The composition may be in the form of a gel, a sealant, a varnish, a resin, and/or
a coating.
[0069] In some embodiments, a composition may include a coalescing solvent.
[0070] In some embodiments, an oral surface may be coated with a coating. The coating may
include a chemical composition at least a portion of which forms an antimicrobial
coating over at least a portion of the oral surface. The coating may include a chemical
composition at least a portion of which forms an antiinflammatory coating over at
least a portion of the oral surface. The coating may include a chemical composition
at least a portion of which decreases bleeding over at least a portion of the oral
surface. The coating may include a chemical composition at least a portion of which
decreases inflammation over at least a portion of the oral surface. The coating may
include a chemical composition at least a portion of decreases bacterial, viral and/or
fungal infection over at least a portion of the oral surface. The coating may include
a chemical composition at least a portion of which decreases infection over at least
a portion of the oral surface. The chemical composition includes one or more bridged
polycyclic compounds. At least one of the bridged polycyclic compounds may include
at least two cyclic groups. At least two cyclic groups may be defined in part by quaternary
ammonium moieties.
[0071] In some embodiments, a method of inhibiting or ameliorating a disease may include
administering to a subject an effective amount of a pharmaceutically acceptable formulation
comprising a chemical composition as described herein.
[0072] In some embodiments, a subject may include a mammal (e.g., canine, feline) and/or
a human.
[0073] In some embodiments, a method may include administering the pharmaceutically acceptable
formulation to a subject parenterally, intracoronary administration, subcutaneously,
orally, and/or topically. Topical administration may be in the form of a gel (e.g.,
a vaginal gel) and/or by self-administration of a topical formula (e.g., in the form
of a gel using a one-dose disposable applicator).
[0074] In some embodiments, a method may include administering at least two pharmaceutically
active agents associated (e.g., covalently bound, noncovalently bound) with a bridged
polycyclic compound. In some embodiments, a method may include administering at least
two different pharmaceutically active agents. The agents may be coupled to the same
and/or different bridged polycyclic compounds.
[0075] In some embodiments, a chemical compound may decompose during use, wherein one or
more of the products of the decomposition may be more biologically active relative
to the chemical compound.
[0076] In some embodiments, a method may include administering the pharmaceutically acceptable
formulation to a subject in the form of an emulsion.
[0077] In some embodiments, at least one pharmaceutically active agent may be bile acid
sequestrants, a cholesterol reduction agent, and/or a statin. A statin may include
Atorvastatin, Cerivastatin, Ezetimibe, Fluvastatin, Lovastatin, Mevastatin, Niacin,
Pitavastatin, Pravastatin, Rosuvastatin, Simvastatin, or derivatives thereof. A statin
may include pravastatin, fluvastatin, atorvastatin, or derivatives thereof.
[0078] In some embodiments, at least one pharmaceutically active agent may function to inhibit
and/or ameliorate otic maladies. A pharmaceutically active agent may include a quinolone
or a derivative thereof. A quinolone may include enrofloxicin or derivatives thereof.
[0079] In some embodiments, at least one pharmaceutically active agent may function to inhibit
and/or ameliorate at least one renal malady (e.g., by binding phosphates). A chemical
composition may include a polymeric acid (e.g., a polyethyleneglycol acid (e.g., Methoxypolyethylene
glycol 5,000 acetic acid and/or Methoxypolyethylene glycol 5,000 propionic acid)).
[0080] In some embodiments, at least one pharmaceutically active agent may function to inhibit
and/or ameliorate parrot fever and/or other maladies associated with avians. A pharmaceutically
active agent may include a quinolonecarboxylic acid or derivatives thereof. A quinolonecarboxylic
acid may include nalidixic acid or derivatives thereof.
[0081] In some embodiments, a method may include regulating fat absorption (e.g., intestinal
fat absorption). A pharmaceutically active agent may include an MTP inhibitor or derivatives
thereof.
[0082] In some embodiments, at least one pharmaceutically active agent may function to inhibit
and/or ameliorate at least one periodontal disease.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0083] Advantages of the present invention may become apparent to those skilled in the art
with the benefit of the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments
and upon reference to the accompanying drawings in which:
FIG. 1 depicts a graphical representation of time kill assay tests for a bridged polycyclic
compound tested against Streptococcus Mutans.
FIG. 2 depicts a graphical representation of time kill assay tests for a bridged polycyclic
compound tested against Streptococcus Mutans.
FIG. 3 depicts a graphical representation of time kill assay tests for a bridged polycyclic
compound tested against Aspergillus niger.
FIG. 4 depicts a graphical representation of time kill assay tests for a bridged polycyclic
compound tested against Aspergillus niger.
FIG. 5 depicts a graphical representation of time kill assay tests for a bridged polycyclic
compound tested against Haemophilus Actinomycetemcomitans.
FIG. 6 depicts a graphical representation of time kill assay tests for a bridged polycyclic
compound tested against Streptococcus mutans.
FIG. 7 depicts a graphical representation of time kill assay tests for a bridged polycyclic
compound tested against Porphymonas Gingivalis.
[0084] While the invention is susceptible to various modifications and alternative forms,
specific embodiments thereof are shown by way of example in the drawings and may herein
be described in detail. The drawings may not be to scale.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0085] It is to be understood the present invention is not limited to particular devices
or biological systems, which may, of course, vary. As used in this specification and
the appended claims, the singular forms "a", "an", and "the" include singular and
plural referents unless the content clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example,
reference to "a linker" includes one or more linkers.
DEFINITIONS
[0086] Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the
same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art.
[0087] The term "accelerator" as used herein generally refers to a substance that speeds
a chemical reaction.
[0088] The term "acyl" as used herein generally refers to a carbonyl substituent, -C(O)R,
where R is alkyl or substituted alkyl, aryl, or substituted aryl, which may be called
an alkanoyl substituent when R is alkyl.
[0089] The terms "administration," "administering," or the like, as used herein when used
in the context of providing a pharmaceutical, cosmoceutical or nutraceutical composition
to a subject generally refers to providing to the subject one or more pharmaceutical,
"over-the-counter" (OTC) or nutraceutical compositions in combination with an appropriate
delivery vehicle by any means such that the administered compound achieves one or
more of the intended biological effects for which the compound was administered. By
way of non-limiting example, a composition may be administered parenteral, subcutaneous,
intravenous, intracoronary, rectal, intramuscular, intra-peritoneal, transdermal,
or buccal routes of delivery. Alternatively, or concurrently, administration may be
by the oral route. The dosage administered will be dependent upon the age, health,
weight, and/or disease state of the recipient, kind of concurrent treatment, if any,
frequency of treatment, and/or the nature of the effect desired. The dosage of pharmacologically
active compound that is administered will be dependent upon multiple factors, such
as the age, health, weight, and/or disease state of the recipient, concurrent treatments,
if any, the frequency of treatment, and/or the nature and magnitude of the biological
effect that is desired.
[0090] The term "aldehyde" as used herein generally refers to any of a class of organic
compounds containing the group -CHO (i.e.,
[0091] The term "aldehyde forming moiety" as used herein generally refers to any of a class
of organic compounds which form an aldehyde in solution or react in an equivalent
manner to an aldehyde such that an at least similar chemical product is achieved as
would have been achieved with an aldehyde.
[0092] The terms "alkenyl" and "alkene" as used herein generally refer to any structure
or moiety having the unsaturation C=C. As used herein, the term "alkynyl" generally
refers to any structure or moiety having the unsaturation C≡C.
[0093] The term "alkoxy" generally refers to an -OR group, where R is an alkyl, substituted
lower alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl. Alkoxy groups include, for example, methoxy,
ethoxy, phenoxy, substituted phenoxy, benzyloxy, phenethyloxy, t-butoxy, and others.
[0094] The term "alkyl" as used herein generally refers to a chemical substituent containing
the monovalent group C
nH
2n, where n is an integer greater than zero. Alkyl includes a branched or unbranched
monovalent hydrocarbon radical. An "n-mC" alkyl or "(nC-mC)alkyl" refers to all alkyl
groups containing from n to m carbon atoms. For example, a 1-4C alkyl refers to a
methyl, ethyl, propyl, or butyl group. All possible isomers of an indicated alkyl
are also included. Thus, propyl includes isopropyl, butyl includes n-butyl, isobutyl
and t-butyl, and so on. The term alkyl may include substituted alkyls.
[0095] The term "alkyl-aryl" as used herein generally refers to a chemical substituent containing
an alkyl group coupled to an aryl group or a substituted aryl group.
[0096] The terms "amino" or "amine" as used herein generally refer to a group -NRR', where
R and R' may independently include, but are not limited to, hydrogen, alkyl, substituted
alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl or acyl.
[0097] The terms "amine forming moiety" as used herein generally refers to any of a class
of organic compounds which form an amine in solution or react in an equivalent manner
to an amine such that an at least similar chemical product is achieved as would have
been achieved with an amine.
[0098] The terms "amphiphile" or "amphiphilic" as used herein generally refer to a molecule
or species which exhibits both hydrophilic and lipophilic character. In general, an
amphiphile contains a lipophilic moiety and a hydrophilic moiety. The terms "lipophilic"
and "hydrophobic" are interchangeable as used herein. An amphiphile may form a Langmuir
film.
[0099] Non-limiting examples of hydrophobic groups or moieties include lower alkyl groups,
alkyl groups having 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, or more carbon atoms, including alkyl
groups with 14-30, or 30 or more carbon atoms, substituted alkyl groups, alkenyl groups,
alkynyl groups, aryl groups, substituted aryl groups, saturated or unsaturated cyclic
hydrocarbons, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocyclic, and corresponding substituted
groups. A hydrophobic group may contain some hydrophilic groups or substituents insofar
as the hydrophobic character of the group is not outweighed. In further variations,
a hydrophobic group may include substituted silicon atoms, and may include fluorine
atoms. The hydrophobic moieties may be linear, branched, or cyclic.
[0100] Non-limiting examples of hydrophilic groups or moieties include hydroxyl, methoxy,
phenyl, carboxylic acids and salts thereof, methyl, ethyl, and vinyl esters of carboxylic
acids, amides, amino, cyano, isocyano, nitrile, ammonium salts, sulfonium salts, phosphonium
salts, mono- and di-alkyl substituted amino groups, polypropyleneglycols, polyethylene
glycols, glycosyl groups, sugars, epoxy groups, acrylates, sulfonamides, nitro, -OP(O)(OCH
2CH
2N
+RRR)O
-, guanidinium, aminate, acrylamide, pyridinium, piperidine, and combinations thereof,
wherein each R is independently selected from H or alkyl. Further examples include
polymethylene chains substituted with alcohol, carboxylate, acrylate, or methacrylate.
Hydrophilic moieties may also include alkyl chains having internal amino or substituted
amino groups, for example, internal -NH-, -NC(O)R-, or -NC(O)CH=CH
2- groups, wherein R is H or alkyl. Hydrophilic moieties may also include polycaprolactones,
polycaprolactone diols, poly(acetic acid)s, poly(vinyl acetates)s, poly(2-vinyl pyridine)s,
cellulose esters, cellulose hydroxylethers, poly(L-lysine hydrobromide)s, poly(itaconic
acid)s, poly(maleic acid)s, poly(styrenesulfonic acid)s, poly(aniline)s, or poly(vinyl
phosphonic acid)s. A hydrophilic group may contain some hydrophobic groups or substituents
insofar as the hydrophilic character of the group is not outweighed.
[0101] The term "animal" as used herein generally refers to any member of the kingdom Animalia,
comprising multicellular organisms that have a well-defined shape and usually limited
growth, can move voluntarily, actively acquire food and digest it internally, and
have sensory and nervous systems that allow them to respond rapidly to stimuli: some
classification schemes also include protozoa and certain other single-celled eukaryotes
that have motility and animallike nutritional modes. Generally the term animal as
used herein does not refer to humans.
[0102] The term "antiinflammatory" as used herein generally refers to a substance acting
to reduce certain signs of inflammation (e.g., swelling, tenderness, fever, and pain).
[0103] The term "antimicrobial" as used herein generally refers to a substance capable of
destroying or inhibiting the growth of microbes, prevents the development of microbes,
and/or inhibits the pathogenic action of microbes as well as viruses, fungi, and bacteria.
[0104] The term "aryl" as used herein generally refers to a chemical substituent containing
an aromatic group (e.g., phenyl). An aromatic group may be a single aromatic ring
or multiple aromatic rings which are fused together, coupled covalently, or coupled
to a common group such as a methylene, ethylene, or carbonyl, and includes polynuclear
ring structures. An aromatic ring or rings may include, but is not limited to, substituted
or unsubstituted phenyl, naphthyl, biphenyl, diphenylmethyl, and benzophenone groups.
The term "aryl" includes substituted aryls
[0105] The term "avian" as used herein generally refers to any of the biological family
Aves including a class of vertebrates comprising the birds. Aves are generally characterized
by have a complete double circulation, oviparous, reproduction, front limbs peculiarly
modified as wings; and they bear feathers. All existing birds have a horny beak, without
teeth.
[0106] The term "bridged polycyclic compound" as used herein generally refers to a compound
that is composed of two or more cyclic systems that share two or more atoms. A cyclic
system is formed from a group of atoms which together form a continuous loop. A bridged
polycyclic compound may include a bridging atom or group of atoms that connects two
or more non-adjacent positions of the same ring. An example of a bridged bicyclic
system (i.e., a compound composed of two cyclic systems) with two atoms (atoms "A")
common to both cyclic systems is depicted below. One of the linking groups "L" represents
a bridging atom or group of atoms.
[0107] The term "building substrate" as used herein generally refers to a natural or synthetic
material used in the construction of a residential or commercial structure.
[0108] The term "cancer" as used herein generally refers to any of various malignant neoplasms
characterized by the proliferation of anaplastic cells that tend to invade surrounding
tissue and metastasize to new body sites.
[0109] The term "canine" as used herein generally refers to any of the biological family
Canidae including carnivorous mammals including wolves, jackals, foxes, coyote, and
the domestic dog.
[0110] The term "cavitand" as used herein generally refers to a natural or synthetic molecular
compound with enforced cavities large enough to complex complementary compounds or
ions. More specifically, a cavitand may be generally defined as a three-dimensional
compound that maintains a substantially rigid structure and binds a variety of molecules
in the cavities produced by the structure of the three-dimensional compound.
[0111] The term "chelating agent or complexing agent" as used herein generally refers to
any of various compounds that combine with metals to form chelates.
[0112] The term "coalescing agents or solvents" as used herein generally refers to any of
various compounds that are used in coatings to promote film formation (e.g., in architectural
and industrial latex coating).
[0113] The terms "coupling" and "coupled" with respect to molecular moieties or species,
atoms, synthons, cyclic compounds, and nanoparticles refers to their attachment or
association with other molecular moieties or species, atoms, synthons, cyclic compounds,
and nanoparticles. The attachment or association may be specific or non-specific,
reversible or non-reversible, the result of chemical reaction, or complexation or
charge transfer. The bonds formed by a coupling reaction are often covalent bonds,
or polar-covalent bonds, or mixed ionic-covalent bonds, and may sometimes be Coulombic
forces, ionic or electrostatic forces or interactions.
[0114] The terms "crystalline" or "substantially crystalline", when used with respect to
nanostructures, refer to the fact that the nanostructure typically exhibit long-range
ordering across one or more dimensions of the structure. It will be understood by
one of skill in the art that the term "long range ordering" will depend on the absolute
size of the specific nanostructures, as ordering for a single crystal typically does
not extend beyond the boundaries of the crystal. In this case, "long-range ordering"
will mean substantial order across at least the majority of the dimension of the nanostructure.
In some instances, a nanostructure may bear an oxide or other coating, or may be comprised
of a core and at least one shell. In such instances it will be appreciated that the
oxide, shell(s), or other coating need not exhibit such ordering (e.g., it may be
amorphous, polycrystalline, or otherwise). In such instances, the phrase "crystalline,"
"substantially crystalline," "substantially monocrystalline," or "monocrystalline"
refers to the central core of the nanostructure (excluding the coating layers or shells).
The terms "crystalline" or "substantially crystalline" as used herein are intended
to also encompass structures comprising various defects, stacking faults, atomic substitutions,
etc., as long as the structure exhibits substantial long range ordering (e.g., order
over at least about 80% of the length of at least one axis of the nanostructure or
its core). It may be appreciated that the interface between a core and the outside
of a nanostructure or between a core and an adjacent shell or between a shell and
a second adjacent shell may contain non-crystalline regions and may even be amorphous.
This does not prevent the nanostructure from being crystalline or substantially crystalline
as defined herein.
[0115] The term "cyclic" as used herein generally refers to compounds having wherein at
least some of the atoms are arranged in a ring or closed-chain structure.
[0116] The term "dental compositions" as used herein generally refers to any substances
typically associated with any type of dental work and/or in related fields and includes,
but is not limited to, dental primers, adhesives, surface sealants, liners, luting
cements, varnishes, impression materials, equipment and impression systems, and composite
restoratives.
[0117] The term "dental fixture" as used herein generally refers to an at least partially
synthetic material configured to positioned in and/or coupled to at least a portion
of an oral cavity. For example a dental fixture may include, but is not limited to,
a filling, a bridge, a false tooth, a cap, or denture.
[0118] The term "disease" as used herein generally refers to a disordered or incorrectly
functioning organ, part, structure, or system of the body resulting from the effect
of genetic or developmental errors, infection, poisons, nutritional deficiency or
imbalance, toxicity, or unfavorable environmental factors; illness; sickness; ailment.
[0119] The terms "effective concentration" or "effective amount" as used herein generally
refers to a sufficient amount of the pharmaceutically active agent is added to decrease,
prevent or inhibit the growth of a virus and/or cancerous growth. The amount will
vary for each compound and upon known factors related to the item or use to which
the pharmaceutically active agent is applied.
[0120] The phrase "enteric coating" as used herein generally refers to a barrier applied
to oral medication that controls the location in the digestive system where it is
absorbed. Enteric refers to the small intestine, therefore enteric coatings prevent
release of medication before it reaches the small intestine. Most enteric coatings
work by presenting a surface that is stable at the highly acidic pH found in the stomach,
but breaks down rapidly at a less acidic (relatively more basic) pH. For example,
they will not dissolve in the acidic juices of the stomach (
pH ~3), but they will in the higher pH (above pH 5.5) environment present in the small
intestine.
[0121] The term "feline" as used herein generally refers to any of the biological family
Felidae including lithe-bodied carnivorous mammals (as the lion, lynx, and cheetah,
as well as the common house cat) having often strikingly patterned fur, comparatively
short limbs with soft pads on the feet, usually sharp curved retractile claws, a broad
and somewhat rounded head with short but powerful jaws equipped with teeth suited
to grasping, tearing, and shearing through flesh, erect ears, and typically eyes with
narrow or elliptical pupils and especially adapted for seeing in dim light.
[0122] The terms "functionalized" or "functional group" as used herein generally refers
to the presence of a reactive chemical moiety or functionality. A functional group
may include, but is not limited to, chemical groups, biochemical groups, organic groups,
inorganic groups, organometallic groups, aryl groups, heteroaryl groups, cyclic hydrocarbon
groups, amino (-NH
2), hydroxyl (-OH), cyano (-C≡N), nitro (NO
2), carboxyl (-COOH), formyl (-CHO), keto (-CH
2C(O)CH
2), ether (-CH
2-O-CH
2-), thioether (CH
2-S-CH
2-), alkenyl (-C=C-), alkynyl, (-C≡C-), epoxy (e.g.,
), metalloids (functionality containing Si and/or B) and halo (F, Cl, Br, and I) groups.
In some embodiments, the functional group is an organic group.
[0123] The term "gram-negative bacteria" or "gram-negative bacterium" as used herein generally
refers to bacteria which have been classified by the Gram stain as having a red stain.
Gram-negative bacteria have thin walled cell membranes consisting of a single layer
of peptidoglycan and an outer layer of lipopolysacchacide, lipoprotein, and phospholipid.
Exemplary organisms include, but are not limited to, Enterobacteriacea consisting
of Escherichia, Shigella, Edwardsiella, Salmonella, Citrobacter, Klebsiella, Enterobacter,
Hafnia, Serratia, Proteus, Morganella, Providencia, Yersinia, Erwinia, Buttlauxella,
Cedecea, Ewingella, Kluyvera, Tatumella and Rahnella. Other exemplary gram-negative
organisms not in the family Enterobacteriacea include, but are not limited to, Pseudomonas
aeruginosa, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Burkholderia, Cepacia, Gardenerella, Vaginalis,
and Acinetobacter species.
[0124] The term "gram-positive bacteria" or "gram-positive bacterium" as used herein refers
to bacteria, which have been classified using the Gram stain as having a blue stain.
Gram-positive bacteria have a thick cell membrane consisting of multiple layers of
peptidoglycan and an outside layer of teichoic acid. Exemplary organisms include,
but are not limited to, Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase-negative staphylococci, streptococci,
enterococci, corynebacteria, and Bacillus species.
[0125] The term "heteroaryl" generally refers to a completely unsaturated heterocycle.
[0126] The term "heterocycle" as used herein generally refers to a closed-ring structure,
in which one or more of the atoms in the ring is an element other than carbon. Heterocycle
may include aromatic compounds or non-aromatic compounds. Heterocycles may include
rings such as thiophene, pyridine, isoxazole, phthalimide, pyrazole, indole, furan,
or benzo-fused analogues of these rings. Examples of heterocycles include tetrahydrofuran,
morpholine, piperidine, pyrrolidine, and others. In some embodiments, "heterocycle"
is intended to mean a stable 5- to 7-membered monocyclic or bicyclic or 7-to 10-membered
bicyclic heterocyclic ring which is either saturated or unsaturated, and which consists
of carbon atoms and from 1 to 4 heteroatoms (e.g., N, O, and S) and wherein the nitrogen
and sulfur heteroatoms may optionally be oxidized, and the nitrogen may optionally
be quaternized, and including any bicyclic group in which any of the above-defined
heterocyclic rings is fused to a benzene ring. In some embodiments, heterocycles may
include cyclic rings including boron atoms. The heterocyclic ring may be attached
to its pendant group at any heteroatom or carbon atom which results in a stable structure.
The heterocyclic rings described herein may be substituted on carbon or on a nitrogen
atom if the resulting compound is stable. Examples of such heterocycles include, but
are not limited to, 1H-indazole, 2-pyrrolidonyl, 2H,6H-1,5,2-dithiazinyl, 2H-pyrrolyl,
3H-indolyl, 4-piperidonyl, 4aH-carbazole, 4H-quinolizinyl, 6H-1,2,5-thiadiazinyl,
acridinyl, azocinyl, benzofuranyl, benzothiophenyl, carbazole, chromanyl, chromenyl,
cinnolinyl, decahydroquinolinyl, furanyl, furazanyl, imidazolidinyl, imidazolinyl,
imidazolyl, indolinyl, indolizinyl, indolyl, isobenzofuranyl, isochromanyl, isoindolinyl,
isoindolyl, isoquinolinyl (benzimidazolyl), isothiazolyl, isoxazolyl, morpholinyl,
naphthyridinyl, octahydroisoquinolinyl, oxazolidinyl, oxazolyl, phenanthridinyl, phenanthrolinyl,
phenarsazinyl, phenazinyl, phenothiazinyl, phenoxathiinyl, phenoxazinyl, phthalazinyl,
piperazinyl, piperidinyl, pteridinyl, purinyl, pyranyl, pyrazinyl, pyrazolidinyl,
pyrazolinyl, pyrazolyl, pyridazinyl, pyridinyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrrolidinyl,
pyrrolinyl, pyrrolyl, quinazolinyl, quinolinyl, quinoxalinyl, quinuclidinyl, carbolinyl,
tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl, tetrazolyl, thianthrenyl,
thiazolyl, thienyl, thiophenyl, triazinyl, xanthenyl. Also included are fused ring
and spiro compounds containing, for example, the above heterocycles.
[0127] The term "initiator" as used herein generally refers to a substance that initiates
a chemical reaction.
[0128] The term "ion" as used herein generally refers to an atom(s), radical, or molecule(s)
that has lost or gained one or more electrons and has thus acquired an electric charge.
[0129] The terms "in need of treatment" or "in need thereof" when used in the context of
a subject being administered a pharmacologically active composition, generally refers
to a judgment made by an appropriate healthcare provider that an individual or animal
requires or will benefit from a specified treatment or medical intervention. Such
judgments may be made based on a variety of factors that are in the realm of expertise
of healthcare providers, but include knowledge that the individual or animal is ill,
will be ill, or is at risk of becoming ill, as the result of a condition that may
be ameliorated or treated with the specified medical intervention.
[0130] The term "malady" as used herein generally refers to any disorder or disease of the
body or any undesirable or disordered condition including illness, sickness, affliction,
complaint, ailment, indisposition, virus, disease, fungus, infection, disease, etc.
[0131] The term "mammal" as used herein generally refers to any vertebrate of the class
Mammalia, having the body more or less covered with hair, nourishing the young with
milk from the mammary glands, and, with the exception of the egg-laying monotremes,
giving birth to live young. Generally the term mammal as used herein does not refer
to humans.
[0132] The term "matrix" generally refers to a material, often a polymeric material and/or
a prepolymeric material, into which a second material (e.g., a nanostructure) is embedded,
surrounded, or otherwise associated. A matrix is typically composed of one or more
monomers, but may include other matrix components/constituents. Often the matrix constituents
include one or more "addressable" components or complementary binding pairs, that
optionally promote assembly and/or cross-linkage of the matrix.
[0133] The term "medical device" as used herein generally refers to a device used which
pertains to treating or determining the state of one's health. Medical devices are
any article that contacts subjects or are used in health care, and may be for use
either internally or externally.
[0134] The term "microbe" as used herein generally refers to a minute life form; a microorganism.
In some embodiments, a microbe may include a bacterium that causes disease.
[0135] The term "modulate," as used herein, generally refers to a change or an alteration
in the magnitude of a be used herein to biological parameter such as, for example,
foci formation, tumorigenic or neoplastic potential, apoptosis, growth kinetics, expression
of one or more genes or proteins of interest, metabolism, oxidative stress, replicative
status, intercellular communication, or the like. "Modulation" may refer to a net
increase or a net decrease in the biological parameter.
[0136] The term "monocrystalline" when used with respect to a nanostructure indicates that
the nanostructure is substantially crystalline and comprises substantially a single
crystal. When used with respect to a nanostructure heterostructure comprising a core
and one or more shells, "monocrystalline" indicates that the core is substantially
crystalline and comprises substantially a single crystal.
[0137] The terms "monofunctional", "bifunctional", "trifunctional", and "multifunctional"
generally refers to a number of attachment sites a particular compound, molecule,
atom, etc. may include (monofunctional having one site, bifunctional having two sites,
trifunctional having three sites, and multifunctional having more than one site).
[0138] The term "nanocrystal" as used herein generally refers to a nanostructure that is
substantially monocrystalline. A nanocrystal thus has at least one region or characteristic
dimension with a dimension of less than about 500 nm, e.g., less than about 200 nm,
less than about 100 nm, less than about 50 nm, or even less than about 20 nm. The
region or characteristic dimension may be along the smallest axis of the structure.
Examples of such structures include nanowires, nanorods, nanotubes, branched nanowires,
nanotetrapods, nanotripods, nanobipods, nanocrystals, nanodots, quantum dots, nanoparticles,
nanoribbons, etc. Nanostructures may be substantially homogeneous in material properties,
or in certain embodiments may be heterogeneous (e.g., heterostructures). Optionally,
a nanocrystal may comprise one or more surface ligands (e.g., surfactants). The nanocrystal
is optionally substantially single crystal in structure (a "single crystal nanostructure"
or a "monocrystalline nanostructure"). Nanostructures may be fabricated from essentially
any convenient material or material, the nanostructure may be prepared from an inorganic
material, e.g., an inorganic conductive or semiconductive material. A conductive or
semiconductive nanostructure often displays 1-dimensional quantum confinement, e.g.,
an electron may often travel along only one dimension of the structure. Nanocrystals
may be substantially homogeneous in material properties, or in certain embodiments
may be heterogeneous (e.g., heterostructures). The term "nanocrystal" is intended
to encompass substantially monocrystalline nanostructures comprising various defects,
stacking faults, atomic substitutions, etc., as well as substantially monocrystalline
nanostructures without such defects, faults, or substitutions. In the case of nanocrystal
heterostructures comprising a core and one or more shells, the core of the nanocrystal
is typically substantially monocrystalline, but the shell(s) need not be. The nanocrystals
may be fabricated from essentially any convenient material or materials.
[0139] The terms "nanostructures" or "nanoparticle" are used herein to generally refer to
a structure having at least one region or characteristic dimension with a dimension
of less than about 500 nm, e.g., less than about 200 nm, less than about 100 nm, less
than about 50 nm, or even less than about 20 nm. The region or characteristic dimension
may be along the smallest axis of the structure. Examples of such structures include
nanowires, nanorods, nanotubes, branched nanocrystals, nanotetrapods, tripods, bipods,
nanocrystals, nanodots, quantum dots, nanoparticles, branched tetrapods (e.g., inorganic
dendrimers), etc. Nanostructures may be substantially homogeneous in material properties,
or in certain embodiments may be heterogeneous (e.g., heterostructures). Nanostructures
may be, e.g., substantially crystalline, substantially monocrystalline, polycrystalline,
amorphous, or a combination thereof. In one aspect, each of the three dimensions of
the nanostructure has a dimension of less than about 500 nm, e.g., less than about
200 nm, less than about 100 nm, less than about 50 nm, or even less than about 20
nm. Nanostructures may comprise one or more surface ligands (e.g., surfactants).
[0140] The term "nonsystemic " as used herein, generally refers to a compound or composition
which is not substantially absorbable into the bloodstream of a human or animal.
[0141] The terms "oligomeric" and "polymeric" as used herein are generally used interchangeably
herein to generally refer to multimeric structures having more than one component
monomer or subunit.
[0142] The term "organ" is used herein to generally refer to a part of the body of an animal
or of a human generally refers to the collection of cells, tissues, connective tissues,
fluids and structures that are part of a structure in an animal or a human that is
capable of performing some specialized physiological function. Groups of organs constitute
one or more specialized body systems. The specialized function performed by an organ
is typically essential to the life or to the overall well-being of the animal or human.
Non-limiting examples of body organs include the heart, lungs, kidney, ureter, urinary
bladder, adrenal glands, pituitary gland, skin, prostate, uterus, reproductive organs
(e.g., genitalia and accessory organs), liver, gall-bladder, brain, spinal cord, stomach,
intestine, appendix, pancreas, lymph nodes, breast, salivary glands, lacrimal glands,
eyes, spleen, thymus, bone marrow. Non-limiting examples of body systems include the
respiratory, circulatory, cardiovascular, lymphatic, immune, musculoskeletal, nervous,
digestive, endocrine, exocrine, hepato-biliary, reproductive, and urinary systems.
In animals, the organs are generally made up of several tissues, one of which usually
predominates, and determines the principal function of the organ.
[0143] The term "opthalmic" as used herein generally is of or relating to or resembling
the eye; "ocular muscles"; "an ocular organ"; "ocular diseases".
[0144] The term "oral surface" as used herein generally refers to a portion of the mouth
and/or something positioned in and/or coupled to a portion of the mouth. For example
an oral surface may include, but is not limited to, at least a portion of a tooth,
at least a portion of the gum, at least a portion of the tongue, at least a portion
of a dental fixture (e.g., a filling, a bridge, a cap a false tooth).
[0145] The term "otic" as used herein generally is of, relating to, or located near the
ear; auricular.
[0146] The term "pharmaceutically acceptable salts" as used herein generally includes salts
prepared from by reacting pharmaceutically acceptable non-toxic bases or acids, including
inorganic or organic bases, with inorganic or organic acids. Pharmaceutically acceptable
salts may include salts derived from inorganic bases include aluminum, ammonium, calcium,
copper, ferric, ferrous, lithium, magnesium, manganic salts, manganous, potassium,
sodium, zinc, etc. Examples include the ammonium, calcium, magnesium, potassium, and
sodium salts. Salts derived from pharmaceutically acceptable organic non-toxic bases
include salts of primary, secondary, and tertiary amines, substituted amines including
naturally occurring substituted amines, cyclic amines, and basic ion exchange resins,
such as arginine, betaine, caffeine, choline, N,N'-dibenzylethylenediamine, diethylamine,
2-dibenzylethylenediamine, 2-diethylaminoethanol, 2-dimethylaminoethanol, ethanolamine,
ethylenediamine, N-ethyl-morpholine, N-ethylpiperidine, glucamine, glucosamine, histidine,
hydrabamine, isopropylamine, lysine, methylglucamine, morpholine, piperazine, piperidine,
polyamine resins, procaine, purines, theobromine, triethylamine, trimethylamine, tripropylamine,
tromethamine, etc.
[0147] The term "pharmaceutically active agent" as used herein generally refers to a drug
or other substance that has therapeutic value to a living organism including without
limitation antithrombotics, anticoagulants, antiplatelet agents, thrombolytics, antiproliferatives,
antiviral, antitumor, anticancer, antimicrobial, antifungal, anti-inflammatories,
agents that inhibit restenosis, smooth muscle cell inhibitors, antibiotics, and the
like, and mixtures thereof.
[0148] Terms such as "pharmaceutical composition," "pharmaceutical formulation," "pharmaceutical
preparation," or the like, are used herein to generally refer to formulations that
are adapted to deliver a prescribed dosage of one or more pharmacologically active
compounds to a cell, a group of cells, an organ or tissue, an animal or a human. Methods
of incorporating pharmacologically active compounds into pharmaceutical preparations
are widely known in the art. The determination of an appropriate prescribed dosage
of a pharmacologically active compound to include in a pharmaceutical composition
in order to achieve a desired biological outcome is within the skill level of an ordinary
practitioner of the art. A pharmaceutical composition may be provided as sustained-release
or timed-release formulations. Such formulations may release a bolus of a compound
from the formulation at a desired time, or may ensure a relatively constant amount
of the compound present in the dosage is released over a given period of time. Terms
such as "sustained release," "controlled release," or "timed release" and the like
are widely used in the pharmaceutical arts and are readily understood by a practitioner
of ordinary skill in the art. Pharmaceutical preparations may be prepared as solids,
semi-solids, gels, hydrogels, liquids, solutions, suspensions, emulsions, aerosols,
powders, or combinations thereof. Included in a pharmaceutical preparation may be
one or more carriers, preservatives, flavorings, excipients, coatings, stabilizers,
binders, solvents and/or auxiliaries that are, typically, pharmacologically inert.
It will be readily appreciated by an ordinary practitioner of the art that, included
within the meaning of the term are pharmaceutically acceptable salts of compounds.
It will further be appreciated by an ordinary practitioner of the art that the term
also encompasses those pharmaceutical compositions that contain an admixture of two
or more pharmacologically active compounds, such compounds being administered, for
example, as a combination therapy.
[0149] A "pharmaceutically or nutraceutically acceptable formulation," as used herein, generally
refers to a non-toxic formulation containing a predetermined dosage of a pharmaceutical
and/or nutraceutical composition, wherein the dosage of the pharmaceutical and/or
nutraceutical composition is adequate to achieve a desired biological outcome. The
meaning of the term may generally include an appropriate delivery vehicle that is
suitable for properly delivering the pharmaceutical composition in order to achieve
the desired biological outcome.
[0150] The term "pharmacologically inert," as used herein, generally refers to a compound,
additive, binder, vehicle, and the like, that is substantially free of any pharmacologic
or "drug-like" activity.
[0151] The term "polycyclic," as used herein, generally refers to a chemical compound having
two or more atomic rings in a molecule. Steroids are polycyclic compounds. The term
"polymerizable compound," as used herein, generally refers to a chemical compound,
substituent or moiety capable of undergoing a self-polymerization and/or co-polymerization
reaction (e.g., vinyl derivatives, butadienes, trienes, tetraenes, dialkenes, acetylenes,
diacetylenes, styrene derivatives).
[0152] By "prophylactically effective amount" is meant an amount of a pharmaceutical composition
that will substantially prevent, delay or reduce the risk of occurrence of the biological
or physiological event in a cell, a tissue, a system, animal or human that is being
sought by a researcher, veterinarian, physician or other caregiver.
[0153] The term "quaternary ammonium moiety," as used herein, generally refers to a tetravalent
charged nitrogen (e.g., N
+R
34).
[0154] The terms "R
n" in a chemical formula refer to a hydrogen or a functional group, each independently
selected, unless stated otherwise. In some embodiments the functional group may be
an organic group. In some embodiments the functional group may be an alkyl group.
In some embodiment, the functional group may be a hydrophobic or hydrophilic group.
[0155] The terms "reducing," "inhibiting" and "ameliorating," as used herein, when used
in the context of modulating a pathological or disease state, generally refers to
the prevention and/or reduction of at least a portion of the negative consequences
of the disease state. When used in the context of an adverse side effect associated
with the administration of a drug to a subject, the term(s) generally refer to a net
reduction in the severity or seriousness of said adverse side effects.
[0156] The term "subject" as used herein generally refers to a mammal (e.g., felines, canines),
and in particular to a human.
[0157] The term "sealant," as used herein, generally refers to any of various liquids, paints,
chemicals, or soft substances that may be applied to a surface or circulated through
a system of pipes or the like, drying to form a hard, substantially watertight coating.
When used in the context of dentistry sealant generally refers to any of several transparent
synthetic resins applied to the chewing surfaces of an oral cavity as a preventive
measure against tooth decay in the occlusal pits and fissures.
[0158] The term "statin," as used herein, generally refers to any of a class of lipid-lowering
drugs that reduce serum cholesterol levels by, for example, inhibiting a key enzyme
involved in the biosynthesis of cholesterol.
[0159] The term "substituted alkyl" as used herein generally refers to an alkyl group with
an additional group or groups attached to any carbon of the alkyl group. Substituent
groups may include one or more functional groups such as alkyl, lower alkyl, aryl,
acyl, halogen, alkylhalo, hydroxy, amino, alkoxy, alkylamino, acylamino, acyloxy,
aryloxy, aryloxyalkyl, mercapto, both saturated and unsaturated cyclic hydrocarbons,
heterocycles, and other organic groups.
[0160] The term "substituted alkyl-aryl" as used herein generally refers to an alkyl-aryl
group with an additional group or groups attached to any carbon of the alkyl-aryl
group. Additional groups may include one or more functional groups such as lower alkyl,
aryl, acyl, halogen, alkylhalo, hydroxy, amino, alkoxy, alkylamino, acylamino, acyloxy,
aryloxy, aryloxyalkyl, thioether, heterocycles, both saturated and unsaturated cyclic
hydrocarbons which are fused to the aromatic ring(s), coupled covalently or coupled
to a common group such as a methylene or ethylene group, or a carbonyl coupling group
such as in cyclohexyl phenyl ketone, and others.
[0161] The term "substituted aryl" as used herein generally refers to an aryl group with
an additional group or groups attached to any carbon of the aryl group. Additional
groups may include one or more functional groups such as lower alkyl, aryl, acyl,
halogen, alkylhalo, hydroxy, amino, alkoxy, alkylamino, acylamino, acyloxy, aryloxy,
aryloxyalkyl, thioether, heterocycles, both saturated and unsaturated cyclic hydrocarbons
which are fused to the aromatic ring(s), coupled covalently or coupled to a common
group such as a methylene or ethylene group, or a carbonyl coupling group such as
in cyclohexyl phenyl ketone, and others.
[0162] The term "substituted heterocycle" as used herein generally refers to a heterocyclic
group with an additional group or groups attached to any element of the heterocyclic
group. Additional groups may include one or more functional groups such as lower alkyl,
aryl, acyl, halogen, alkylhalos, hydroxy, amino, alkoxy, alkylamino, acylamino, acyloxy,
aryloxy, aryloxyalkyl, thioether, heterocycles, both saturated and unsaturated cyclic
hydrocarbons which are fused to the heterocyclic ring(s), coupled covalently or coupled
to a common group such as a methylene or ethylene group, or a carbonyl coupling group
such as in cyclohexyl phenyl ketone, and others.
[0163] The term "substrate" as used herein generally refers to a body or base layer or material
(e.g., onto which other layers are deposited).
[0164] The phrase "therapeutically effective amount" generally refers to an amount of a
drug or pharmaceutical composition that will elicit at least one desired biological
or physiological response of a cell, a tissue, a system, animal or human that is being
sought by a researcher, veterinarian, physician or other caregiver.
[0165] The term "thioether" as used herein generally refers to the general structure R-S-R'
in which R and R' are the same or different and may be alkyl, aryl or heterocyclic
groups. The group -SH may also be referred to as "sulfhydryl" or "thiol" or "mercapto."
[0166] As used herein, the term "tissue", when used in reference to a part of a body or
of an organ, generally refers to an aggregation or collection of morphologically similar
cells and associated accessory and support cells and intercellular matter, including
extracellular matrix material, vascular supply, and fluids, acting together to perform
specific functions in the body. There are generally four basic types of tissue in
animals and humans including muscle, nerve, epithelial, and connective tissues.
[0167] The term "topical" as used herein generally is of, pertaining to, or applied externally
to a particular part of the body; local.
[0168] The term "virus" as used herein generally refers to an ultramicroscopic (20 to 300
nm in diameter), metabolically inert, infectious agent that replicates only within
the cells of living hosts, mainly bacteria, plants, and animals: composed of an RNA
or DNA core, a protein coat, and, in more complex types, a surrounding envelope.
Bridged Polycyclic Compounds
[0169] New antimicrobials are required to combat the new antimicrobial resistant microbes.
New antimicrobials may be effective verses microbes which are currently resistant
to currently known antimicrobials. New antimicrobials may resist leaching off into
the environment beyond a predetermined amount to inhibit polluting the environment
unnecessarily (which may concurrently increase the occurrence of antimicrobial resistant
microbes from overexposure of antimicrobials).
[0170] One strategy for combating antimicrobial resistant organisms is by modifying know
antimicrobials to increase their effectiveness. In some embodiments, quaternary ammonium
compounds may be modified to increase their effectiveness. It is typically thought
that quaternary ammonium compounds denature the proteins of the bacterial or fungal
cell, affect the metabolic reactions of the cell and allow vital substances to leak
out of the cell, finally causing death. In addition, quaternary ammonium compounds
are not known to be toxic towards higher forms of life (e.g., humans).
[0171] One of the main considerations in examining the mode of action is the characterization
of quaternary ammonium compounds as cationic surfactants. This class of chemical reduces
the surface tension at interfaces, and is attracted to negatively charged surfaces,
including microorganisms. Quaternary ammonium compounds denature the proteins of the
bacterial or fungal cell, affect the metabolic reactions of the cell and allow vital
substances to leak out of the cell, finally causing death.
[0172] Most uses of quaternary ammonium compounds as antimicrobials involve formulations
of disinfectants and sanitizers which are not bound to a surface, resulting in effluent
stream pollution and contamination. They are simply wetted onto the surface such as
in disinfecting wipes which are primarily ammonium salts as their liquid active ingredient.
When they are incorporated into surfaces they are not crosslinked but are allowed
to float to the surface thereby becoming depleted over time the same way silver and
triclosan are incorporated in plastics. Coupling quaternary ammonium compounds to
a surface or formation within a polymer matrix may inherently reduce the effectiveness
of the quaternary ammonium compounds, by decreasing the accessibility of microbes
to the most active cationic portion of the molecule. Increasing accessibility to the
quaternary ammonium compounds within a surface coating or with any use increases the
effectiveness of the quaternary ammonium compound.
[0173] In some embodiments, the effectiveness of an antimicrobial (e.g., quaternary ammonium
compound) may be increased by coupling the antimicrobial within or on a curved surface,
where the curved surface is on a molecular scale. For example, a curved surface may
be created using nanoparticles (e.g., spherical nanoparticles). Nanoparticles may
incorporate into their structure antimicrobial compounds with greater exposed surface
area due to the curved surface of the nanoparticle.
[0174] In some embodiments, a compound may include a nanoparticle. The nanoparticle may
include a bridged polycyclic compound. A compound may be formed using self-assembly
techniques and principles. A compound may be formed from portions which are themselves
antimicrobial (e.g., quaternary ammonium compounds). A compound may bind moieties
to at least portions of itself which have, for example, antimicrobial properties.
Zhuang, X.-M. et al. "Cyanide and imidazolate bridged macrocyclic dinuclear CuII complexes:
Synthesis, structure and magnetic properties" Inorganica Chimica Acta 358 (2005) 2129-2134, describes the synthesis of bridged macrocyclic copper complexes.
Pierre, J. L. et al. "Synthesis of a Novel Macrobicyclic Cavity Possessing Six Convergent
Hydroxyl Groups and Acting as a Siderophore" Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 30 (1991)
No. 1, 85-86, describes the synthesis of a macrobicyclic cavity including convergent hydroxyl
groups.
[0175] In some embodiments, a protective coating composition includes a bridged polycyclic
compound. A bridged polycyclic compound may be a cavitand. Portions of the bridged
polycyclic compound may include two or more quaternary ammonium moieties. The protective
coating composition may be antimicrobial.
[0176] New carrier agents are required to more effectively deliver existing and future pharmaceutical
agents.
[0177] One strategy for more effectively delivering pharmaceutical agents is to couple a
multitude of pharmaceutical agents (e.g., a single type of agent or a combination
of different agents) to a single molecular entity.
[0178] In some embodiments, the effectiveness of a pharmaceutically active agent may be
increased by coupling the agent within or on a curved surface, where the curved surface
is on a molecular scale. For example, a curved surface may be created using nanoparticles
(e.g., spherical nanoparticles). Nanoparticles may incorporate into their structure
pharmaceutically active agent with greater exposed surface area due to the curved
surface of the nanoparticle.
[0179] In some embodiments, a compound may include a nanoparticle. The nanoparticle may
include a bridged polycyclic compound. A compound may be formed using self-assembly
techniques and principles. A compound may be formed from portions which are pharmaceutically
active agents. A compound may bind moieties to at least portions of itself which are
pharmaceutically active agents.
[0180] According to the invention, a composition includes one or more bridged polycyclic
compounds, at least one of the bridged polycyclic compounds including at least two
cyclic groups. A general example of a bridged polycylic compound including only two
cyclic groups may include, but is not limited to, a compound 100 having a general
structure
At least two cyclic groups may be defined in part by quaternary ammonium moieties,
by the nitrogen of the quaternary ammonium moiety comprising one of the atoms which
forms a part of the cyclic structure itself. For example, a cyclic structure which
is formed at least in part by a quaternary ammonium moiety may include, but is not
limited to structure 101
Structure 101 is an example of quaternary ammonium moieties defining at least in part
a cyclic group, however, compound 101 is not an example of a polycyclic compound and
compound 101 is not an example of a bridged polycyclic compound.
[0181] A bridged polycyclic compound may include at least two quaternary ammonium moieties,
at least three quaternary ammonium moieties, at least four quaternary ammonium moieties,
at least five quaternary ammonium moieties, at least six quaternary ammonium moieties,
at least seven quaternary ammonium moieties, or at least eight quaternary ammonium
moieties.
Compound 100 may be formed by coupling a trifunctional corner unit A with a bifunctional
linker unit L as depicted in Scheme 2.
[0182] Scheme 2. Schematic depiction of the formation of compound 100.
Scheme 2 should not be used as to limit the disclosure set forth herein. Corner unit
A may include multiple dentate linkers other than the one depicted in Scheme 2 (e.g.,
a trifunctional linker A is depicted in Scheme 2) including bifunctional, tetrafunctional
(e.g., compound 100a) etc. In some embodiments, a corner unit A may be coupled to
a linker unit L in any multitude of ways known to one skilled in the art.
[0183] In some embodiments, a compound 100c may have a general structure
Compound 100c may be a bridged polycyclic compound. In some embodiments, Z may include
at least one bridge. Bridge Z may couple 2 non adjacent atoms.
[0184] In some embodiments, at least one of the bridges is - R
2 - N
+R
32 - R
4 - N
+R
32- R
2 -, such that each bridge independently couples A to A. In some embodiments, at least
one of the bridges may be - R
2 - NR
3 - R
4 - N
+R
32- R
2 -. Each bridge may independently couple A to A. In some embodiments, at least one
of the bridges may be - R
2 - NR
3 - R
4 - NR
3- R
2 -. Each bridge may independently couple A to A. In some embodiments, at least one
of the bridges may be - R
2 - N = R
4 = N- R
2 -. Each bridge may independently couple A to A.
[0185] For example when Z is 1 compound 100c may be a compound 100 having a general structure
[0186] When, for example, Z is 2 a compound 100c may be a compound 100a having a general
structure
[0187] When, for example, Z is 3 a compound 100c may be a compound 100d having a general
structure
[0188] In some embodiments, a compound may include a bridged polycyclic compound formed
from two corner units (e.g., compound 100b). Compound 100b may be formed by coupling
a multifunctional (e.g., trifunctional) corner unit A with a second multifunctional
(e.g., trifunctional) corner unit A as depicted in Scheme 2a.
[0189] Scheme 2a. Schematic depiction of the formation of compound 100b.
[0190] In some embodiments, a compound 102 may have a general structure
[0191] Compound 102 may include a moiety coupling corner unit A with linker unit L, the
moiety including a nitrogen.
[0192] In some embodiments, a compound 103 may have a general structure
[0193] In some embodiments, R
1 may be independently alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, N, N
+R
3, heterocycle, or substituted heterocycle. R
2 may be independently alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heterocycle,
substituted heterocycle, covalent bond, or alkene. R
3 may be independently a pharmaceutically active agent, alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl,
substituted aryl, heterocycle, substituted heterocycle, alkene, ether, PEG, contains
boron, or PEI. R
4 may be independently alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, N
+R
3, heterocycle, substituted heterocycle, alkyl ether, PEG, PEI, ether, or alkene. R
4 may independently include amide, alcohol, ester, sulfonamide, or sulfanilamide. R
4 may be independently alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heterocycle,
substituted heterocycle, ether, amide, alcohol, ester, sulfonamide, sulfanilamide,
or alkene. Z may include at least one bridge.
[0194] For example when Z is 1 compound 103a may be a compound 104b having a general structure
[0195] When, for example, Z is 2 a compound 103a may be a compound 104c having a general
structure
[0196] In some embodiments, a pharmaceutically active agent may include any agent which
inhibits or ameliorates a disease.
[0197] In some embodiments, a pharmaceutically active agent may include antiviral agents.
Examples of antiviral agents may include alkyl sulfonic acid groups; supfoacetamide
groups; sulfosuccinamic acid groups; N-sulfoalkyl succinamide groups, such as N-(2-sulfoethyl)succinamide
groups; aryl or heteroaryl thioureas substituted with one or more sulfonic acid groups,
such as 4-sulfophenylthiourea groups, 3,6-disulfonapthylthiourea groups, 4-sulfonapthylthiourea
groups, 3,5-disulfophenyl thiourea groups and 3,6,8-trisulfonapthylthiourea groups;
aryl or heteroaryl amides substituted with one or more sulfonic acid, sulfoalkyl,
sulfoalkoxy, sulfoalkylamino or sulfoalkylthio groups, such as 4-(sulfomethyl) benzamide
groups or 4-sulfobenzamide groups; aryl or heteroaryl alkanamides substituted with
one or more sulfonic acid groups, such as N-(4-sulfophenyl) propanamide groups; aryl
or heteroaryl ureas substituted with one or more sulfonic acid groups, such as 4-sulfophenyl
urea groups; N,N,N-trimethyl derivatives of amino acids, such as N,N,N-trimethylglycinamine
groups; aryl or heteroarylamides substituted with one or more trialkylamino, trialkylaminoalkyl,
trialkylaminoalkyloxy, trialkylaminoalkylamino or trialkylaminoalkylthio groups, such
as 4-trimethylammonium benzamide or 4-(trimethylammonium methyl) benzamide groups;
N-(2-acetoxyethyl)-N,N-(dimethylammonium)methylcarboxamide groups; guanidino groups;
4-carboxy-3-hydroxybenzylamine groups; or macrocyclic polyamino groups containing
one or more macrocyclic rings connected through an alkyl or aryl spacer moiety to
the terminal group of the dendrimer, such as 4-([1,4,8,11-terayclotetradecane]methyl)benzamide
groups. Antiviral agents may include sulfonate derivatives.
[0198] In some embodiments, antiviral agents may include acyclovir, azidouridine, anasmycin,
amantadine, bromovinyldeoxusidine, chlorovinyldeoxusidine, cytarbine, didanosine,
deoxynojirimycin, dideoxycitidine, dideoxyinosine, dideoxynucleoside, desciclovir,
deoxyacyclovir, edoxuidine, enviroxime, fiacitabine, foscamet, fialuridine, fluorothymidine,
floxuridine, ganciclovir, hypericin, interferon, interleukin, isethionate, idoxuridine,
nevirapine, pentamidine, ribavirin, rimantadine, stavirdine, sargramostin, suramin,
trichosanthin, trifluorothymidine, tribromothymidine, trichlorothymidine, trisodium
phosphomonoformate, vidarabine, zidoviridine, zalcitabine and 3-azido-3-deoxythymidine,
and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, analogs, prodrugs or codrugs thereof.
[0199] In some embodiments, a pharmaceutically active agent may include anticancer agents.
Anticancer agents may include derivatives of the drug Methotrexate. Anticancer agents
may include derivatives of the drug Doxorubicin. Anticancer agents may include guanidine
derivatives.
[0200] In some embodiments, anticancer agents may include taxoids, taxines or taxanes like
paclitaxel and docetaxel; phodophyllotoxins; camptothecins like camptothecin, 9-nitrocamptothecin,
9-aminocamptothecin, camptothecin-11, topodecane; anthracyclines like doxorubicin,
epirubicin, aclarubicin, idarubicin, pyrarubicin; vinca alkaloids like vincristine,
vinorelbine, vindesine, vintripole, vinsaltine; eposilones, platinum, etoposide, methotrexate,
carmustine, 5-fluorouracil, retinoic acid, retinol, tamoxifen, mitomycin B, mitomycin
C, amonafide, illudin S, etc.
[0201] In some embodiments, anticancer agents may include acivicin, aclarubicin, acodazole,
acronycine, adozelesin, alanosine, aldesleukin, allopurinol sodium, altretamine, aminoglutethimide,
amonafide, ampligen, amsacrine, androgens, anguidine, aphidicolin glycinate, asaley,
asparaginase, 5-azacitidine, azathioprine, Bacillus calmette-guerin (BCG), Baker's
Antifol (soluble), beta-2'-deoxythioguanosine, bisantrene hcl, bleomycin sulfate,
busulfan, buthionine sulfoximine, BWA 773U82, BW 502U83-HCl, BW 7U85 mesylate, ceracemide,
carbetimer, carboplatin, carmustine, chlorambucil, chloroquinoxaline-sulfonamide,
chlorozotocin, chromomycin A3, cisplatin, cladribine, corticosteroids, Corynebacterium
parvum, CPT-11, crisnatol, cyclocytidine, cyclophosphamide, cytarabine, cytembena,
dabis maleate, dacarbazine, dactinomycin, daunorubicin HCl, deazauridine, dexrazoxane,
dianhydrogalactitol, diaziquone, dibromodulcitol, didemnin B, diethyldithiocarbamate,
diglycoaldehyde, dihydro-5-azacytidine, doxorubicin, echinomycin, edatrexate, edelfosine,
eflomithine, Elliott's solution, elsamitrucin, epirubicin, esorubicin, estramustine
phosphate, estrogens, etanidazole, ethiofos, etoposide, fadrazole, fazarabine, fenretinide,
filgrastim, finasteride, flavone acetic acid, floxuridine, fludarabine phosphate,
5-fluorouracil, Fluosol.RTM., flutamide, gallium nitrate, gemcitabine, goserelin acetate,
hepsulfam, hexamethylene bisacetamide, homoharringtonine, hydrazine sulfate, 4-hydroxyandrostenedione,
hydrozyurea, idarubicin HCl, ifosfamide, interferon alfa, interferon beta, interferon
gamma, interleukin-1 alpha and beta, interleukin-3, interleukin-4, interleukin-6,
4-ipomeanol, iproplatin, isotretinoin, leucovorin calcium, leuprolide acetate, levamisole,
liposomal daunorubicin, liposome encapsulated doxorubicin, lomustine, lonidamine,
maytansine, mechlorethamine hydrochloride, melphalan, menogaril, merbarone, 6-mercaptopurine,
mesna, methanol extraction residue of Bacillus calmette-guerin, methotrexate, N-methylfonnamide,
mifepristone, mitoguazone, mitomycin-C, mitotane, mitoxantrone hydrochloride, monocyte/macrophage
colony-stimulating factor, nabilone, nafoxidine, neocarzinostatin, octreotide acetate,
ormaplatin, oxaliplatin, paclitaxel, pala, pentostatin, piperazinedione, pipobroman,
pirarubicin, piritrexim, piroxantrone hydrochloride, PIXY-321, plicamycin, porfimer
sodium, prednimustine, procarbazine, progestins, pyrazofurin, razoxane, sargramostim,
semustine, spirogermanium, spiromustine, streptonigrin, streptozocin, sulofenur, suramin
sodium, tamoxifen, taxotere, tegafur, teniposide, terephthalamidine, teroxirone, thioguanine,
thiotepa, thymidine injection, tiazofurin, topotecan, toremifene, tretinoin, trifluoperazine
hydrochloride, trifluridine, trimetrexate, tumor necrosis factor, uracil mustard,
vinblastine sulfate, vincristine sulfate, vindesine, vinorelbine, vinzolidine, Yoshi
864, zorubicin, and mixtures thereof.
[0202] In some embodiments, a pharmaceutically active agent may include an ovarian cancer
agent, a breast cancer agent, and/or a prostate cancer agent.
[0203] In some embodiments, a pharmaceutically active agent may include a cholesterol reduction
agent.
[0204] In some embodiments, a pharmaceutically active agent may include a lipase inhibitor
agent.
[0205] In some embodiments, a pharmaceutically active agent may include a bile acid sequestrant
agent.
[0206] In some embodiments, a pharmaceutically active agent may include a cytomegalovirus
agent.
[0207] In some embodiments, a pharmaceutically active agent may include a periodontal disease
agent.
[0208] In some embodiments, a pharmaceutically active agent may include agents which effective
in treating, inhibiting, and/or ameliorating HIV/AIDS, HIV1, HIV2, Hepatitis B virus,
Hepatitis C virus, Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus, Influenza, Human Influenza Virus
B, Rhinovirus, Human Parainfluenza Virus, Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV), Varicella
Zoster Virus (VSV), HSV-2 (genital herpes), Herpes Labialis , Human Cytomegalovirus
(CMV), Epstein Bar Virus (EBV), Human Papilloma Virus (HPV), Adenovirus, Herpes Simplex
Virus type 1, Herpes Simplex Virus type 2, Measles Virus, Bacterial Vaginosis (BV),
pneumonia, Dengue virus, and Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (VSV).
[0209] In some embodiments, a pharmaceutically active agent may include a topical agent,
a dermatological agent, and/or an antifungal agent.
[0210] In some embodiments, a pharmaceutically active dermatological agent may be active
for Methacillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), oxacillin-resistant Staphylococcus
aureus (ORSA), rosacea, acne, and/or onychomycosis.
[0211] In some embodiments, a pharmaceutically active agent may include anti-inflammatory
agents. Anti-inflammatory agents may include Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
(NSAIDs). NSAIDS may include aspirin, diclofenac, indomethacin, sulindac, ketoprofen,
flurbiprofen, ibuprofen, naproxen, piroxicam, tenoxicam, tolmetin, ketorolac, oxaprosin,
mefenamic acid, fenoprofen, nambumetone (relafen), acetaminophen (Tylenol.RTM.), and
mixtures thereof. Anti-inflammatory agents may include COX-2 inhibitors. COX-2 inhibitors
may include nimesulide, NS-398, flosulid, L-745337, celecoxib, rofecoxib, SC-57666,
DuP-697, parecoxib sodium, JTE-522, valdecoxib, SC-58125, etoricoxib, RS-57067, L-748780,
L-761066, APHS, etodolac, meloxicam, S-2474, and mixtures thereof. Anti-inflammatory
agents may include glucocorticoids. Glucocorticoids may include hydrocortisone, cortisone,
prednisone, prednisolone, methylprednisolone, meprednisone, triamcinolone, paramethasone,
fluprednisolone, betamethasone, dexamethasone, fludrocortisone, desoxycorticosterone,
and mixtures thereof; and mixtures thereof.
[0212] In some embodiments, a pharmaceutically active agent may include antimicrobial agents
and/or an anti-bacterial agent.
[0213] In some embodiments, a pharmaceutically active agent may include antiviral agents
and/or a contraceptive agent. Surveys show that there is substantial demand in North
America and Europe for such a product with an estimated billion dollar market for
STI prevention products in the developed world.
[0214] In some embodiments, bridged polycyclic compounds and/or salts (e.g., cationic) thereof
may absorb lipids and remove them from the body, for example, effectively lowering
cholesterol or decreasing fat uptake by the body (e.g., a gluconate salt of a bridged
polycyclic compound). In some embodiments, bridged polycyclic compounds may include
compounds associated with the bridged polycyclic compound which also absorb lipids
and remove them from the body (effectively lowering cholesterol or decreasing fat
uptake by the body).
[0215] In some embodiments, bridged polycyclic compounds may be associated with Statin derivatives
(e.g., Lipitor, Orlistat). Statins form a class of hypolipidemic drugs used to lower
cholesterol levels in people with or at risk of cardiovascular disease. Statins are
believed to lower cholesterol by inhibiting the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase (the rate-limiting
enzyme of the mevalonate pathway of cholesterol synthesis). Inhibition of HMG-CoA
reductase in the liver stimulates LDL receptors. Stimulation of LDL receptors may
result in an increased clearance of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) from the bloodstream
and a decrease in blood cholesterol levels. Statins may include Atorvastatin, Cerivastatin,
Ezetimibe, Fluvastatin, Lovastatin, Mevastatin, Niacin, Pitavastatin, Pravastatin,
Rosuvastatin, and Simvastatin. Statins may be coupled with bridged polycylic compounds
described herein. In some embodiments, statins which exist as an acid (e.g., pravastatin,
fluvastatin, atorvastatin) may be directly coupled to a bridged polycyclic compound
(e.g., to an amine forming a salt). Some statins may be (e.g., lactone statins) converted
to an acid form (as described in
Deng-Jye Yang and Lucy Sun Hwang, Journal of Chromatography A
Volume 1119, Issues 1-2,2006, pg. 277-284) and coupled to bridged polycyclic compounds.
[0216] In some embodiments, bridged polycyclic compounds may be associated with microsomal
triglyceride transfer protein (MTP) inhibitors, Statin derivatives (e.g., Lipitor,
Orlistat), or anti-hyperlipidemic medication (e.g., ezetimibe). In some embodiments,
MTP inhibitors, Triacylglycerol Synthesis inhibitors (e.g., niacin), Statins, etc.
may be incorporated as counterions forming salts of bridged polycyclic compounds.
This may provide an additional benefit of a slow release mechanism for the MTP inhibitor
or Statins (associated with the bridged polycyclic compounds as an anionic salt upon
protonation (e.g., using the carboxylic acid moiety of the MTP inhibitor and/or statin
on the amine of the bridged polycyclic compound); e.g., niacin, butyric acid and/or
atorvastatin (Lipitor), etc.).
[0217] This may be advantageous as the immediate-release form of nicotinic acid (niacin)
is safe for long-term use. However, for example, the triacylglycerol synthesis inhibitor
nicotinic acid (niacin) has frequent side effects. Side effects of niacin may include:
sudden blushing or redness of the face (flushing), which is more common with the immediate-release
forms of nicotinic acid; itching; liver problems (hepatotoxicity), especially with
the sustained-release form; high blood sugar (hyperglycemia); and too much uric acid
in the blood (hyperuricemia), excess uric acid in the blood can lead to gout, gastrointestinal
problems (e.g., upset stomach, gas, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea), dizziness, lightheadedness,
or a fast or slow heartbeat.
[0219] In some embodiments, bridged polycyclic compounds may remove toxic substances from
the body (i.e. metals and other toxins) by virtue of the amine cage encapsulating
the toxins. Amine functionalized cryptands are well know for binding and/or removal
of metals from toxic waste as well as metal and/or atom binding for MRI imaging. For
example, lead poisoning (and other toxic metals) is a common problem for children,
adults, mammals and avian species.
[0220] In some embodiments, bridged polycyclic compounds may include butyrate as a counter
ion to the bridged polycyclic compounds. Butyrate may function to inhibit MTP lipid
aggregation mechanism and lower cholesterol. The bridged polycyclic compound may function
to absorb and remove lipids (LDL) from the body. Descriptions of cholesterol reduction
using, for example, butyrate may be found in
Hussain, M. M. et.al. Journal of Lipid Research, 2003, vol 44, 22-32.
[0221] In some embodiments, bridged polycyclic compounds may be combined with MTP inhibitors
(e.g., butyric acid). MTP inhibitors may function to lower cholesterol as previously
discussed. However, MTP inhibitors may be used in combination with bridged polycyclic
compounds to regulate intestinal fat absorption. Gastrointestinal lipases are responsible
for breaking down ingested fat (gastric lipase, carboxylester lipase, pancreatic lipase).
As a consequence of this, unabsorbed fat may be excreted. Pancreatic lipase is one
of the enzymes for the hydrolysis of dietary triglycerides. Triglycerides that have
escaped hydrolysis may not be absorbed in the intestine. In vitro, MTP catalyzes the
transport of lipid molecules between phospholipid membranes. It plays a similar role
in vivo, and thus plays a role in lipid metabolism. The subcellular (lumen of the
microsomal fraction) and tissue distribution (liver and intestine) of MTP have led
to speculation that it plays a role in the assembly of plasma lipoproteins, as these
are the sites of plasma lipoprotein assembly. The ability of MTP to catalyze the transport
of triglycerides (TG) between membranes is consistent with this hypothesis, and suggests
that MTP may catalyze the transport of TG from its site of synthesis in the endoplasmic
reticulum (ER) membrane to nascent lipoprotein particles within the lumen of the ER.
Pharmacological studies with human patients have demonstrated potent inhibition of
fat absorption. Reduction of body weight has been achieved using lipase inhibitors.
However, in a subgroup of the patients, unpleasant gastrointestinal side effects such
as oily spotting, fatty/oily stools, fecal urgency, increased defecation and fecal
incontinence are observed. Accordingly, there is a need in the art for lipase inhibiting
compositions that minimize or suppress the side effects caused by inhibitors of digestive
lipases. Combining MTP inhibitors with bridge polycyclic compounds may slow the absorption
(e.g., by slowing the release of MTP inhibitors in a body) of the inhibitors reducing
some of these unpleasant side effects. MTP inhibitors and their side effects are more
fully described in
U.S. Patent Nos. 6,756,364 to Barbier et al. and
5,990,110 to Firestone.
[0222] In some embodiments, bridged polycyclic compounds may be employed as a phosphate
binder to inhibit and/or ameliorate renal disease (e.g., kidney disease). Bridged
polycyclic compounds (and specifically their salts) may be used as a phosphate binder.
Bridged polycyclic compounds may be combined with polymeric acids to form salts. These
resulting salts may function to absorb water and/or bind salts which kidney disease
patients typically need dialysis for. Polymeric acids may include polyethyleneglycol
acids (e.g., Methoxypolyethylene glycol 5,000 acetic acid, Methoxypolyethylene glycol
5,000 propionic acid) to absorb water as they pass through a body. Polymers capable
of absorbing water may function to ameliorate Renal disease and related diseases described
herein. Hydrophilic compounds known to one skilled in the art may be coupled to and/or
associated with polymerized bridged polycyclic compounds. Further descriptions of
Renal disease and related disease, as well as phosphate binding polymers which may
be used in combination with bridged polycyclic compounds are included in
U.S. Patent Nos. 5,496,545;
5,667,775; and
6,858,203 to Holmes-Farley et al.. Further descriptions of Renal disease and related disease as well as in vivo water
absorbent polymers for relief of over-hydrated renal disease patients are included
in
U.S. Patent Nos. 6,908,609 to Simon et al..
[0223] In some embodiments, an example of a compound 104b may include compound 10 having
a general structure
[0224] In some embodiments, an example of a compound 104b may include compound 11 having
a general structure
[0225] R
4 may be any number of pharmaceutically active agents, however, the agents depicted
in compounds 10 and 11 are antiviral in nature.
[0226] In some embodiments, an example of a compound 104b may include compound 15 having
a general structure
The agents (i.e., Acylated Lactose Imidate) depicted in compound 15 are anti-inflammatory
in nature.
[0227] In some embodiments, an example of a compound 104b may include compound 16 having
a general structure
The agents (quaternary ammonium salts) depicted in compound 16 are antimicrobial in
nature. In some embodiments, antimicrobials (e.g., compound 16) may be used in dental
compositions and uses. Uses and various compositions for antimicrobials are more fully
explained in
U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 11/638,327 filed December 12, 2006, and entitled "METHODS AND SYSTEMS FOR PREPARING ANTIMICROBIAL FILMS AND COATINGS,".
[0228] In some embodiments, an example of a compound 104b may include compound 14 have a
general structure
[0229] The agents (a Doxorubicin Hydrochloride Derivative) depicted in compound 14 are anticancer
in nature.
[0230] In some embodiments, an example of a compound 104b may include compounds 12 and 13
having a structure
The agents depicted in compounds 12 and 13 are both anticancer and antiviral in nature.
[0232] R
3 may include any substituent as described herein in relation to similar bridged polycyclic
compounds. R
3 may include aryl, substituted aryl, alkyl, substituted alkyl, and/or hetero atom
containing groups. In some embodiments, R
3 may include
X may include, for example a halogen (e.g., Cl). X may include aryl, substituted aryl,
alkyl, and/or substituted alkyl. In some embodiments, R
3 may include
In some embodiments, R
3 may include a guanidine moiety and/or a substituted guanidine moiety. In some embodiments,
R
3 may include a halogenated aryl group (e.g.,
). n may range from 1-10, 2-8, 2-4, 3-6,2-3, or 1-3. In some embodiment, n may be
2. In some embodiments, z may represent a charge on the chemical compound and an appropriate
number of counterions. z may range from 1-16, 2-14, 6-14, or 8-14. In some embodiments,
y may represent a number of bridges coupling the Nitrogens of the chemical compound.
y may range from 3-8, 3-5, or 3-4.
[0233] In some embodiments, compounds such as 104b (e.g., 10-24) may include salts of the
compounds. Salts may include organic and/or inorganic counterions. Counterions may
include any of the examples described herein. In some embodiments, a salt of 104b
(e.g., 10-24) may include an acetate counterion. A salt of 104b (e.g., 10-24) may
include a charge from 1-20, 1-14, 4-14, 6-14, 4-10, or 4-8.
[0234] In some embodiments, a compound 103 may have a general structure
[0235] In some embodiments, R
1 may be independently alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, N, N
+R
3, heterocycle, or substituted heterocycle. R
2 may be independently alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heterocycle,
substituted heterocycle, covalent bond, or alkene. R
3 may be independently a pharmaceutically active agent, alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl,
substituted aryl, heterocycle, substituted heterocycle, alkene, ether, PEG, or PEI.
R
4 may be independently alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, N
+R
3, heterocycle, substituted heterocycle, alkyl ether, PEG, PEI, ether, contains boron,
or alkene. R
4 may independently include amide, alcohol, ester, sulfonamide, or sulfanilamide. R
4 may be independently alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heterocycle,
substituted heterocycle, ether, amide, alcohol, ester, sulfonamide, sulfanilamide,
or alkene. X may be one or more counter ions. Z may include at least one bridge.
[0236] In some embodiments, at least one of the bridges may be - R
2 - N
+R
32 - R
4 - N
+R
32 - R
2-. Each bridge may independently couple R
1 to R
1. In some embodiments, at least one of the bridges may be - R
2 - NR
3 - R
4 - N
+R
32- R
2-. Each bridge may independently couple R
1 to R
1. In some embodiments, at least one of the bridges may be - R
2 - NR
3 - R
4 - NR
3 - R
2 -. Each bridge may independently couple R
1 to R
1. In some embodiments, at least one of the bridges may be - R
2 - N = R
4 = N - R
2 -. Each bridge may independently couple R
1 to R
1.
[0237] For example when Z is 1 compound 103 may be a compound 104 having a general structure
[0238] When, for example, Z is 2 a compound 103 may be a compound 104a having a general
structure
[0239] In some embodiments, a compound 104 may have a general structure
[0240] In some embodiments, R
1 may be alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, N
+R
3, heterocycle, or substituted heterocycle. R
2 may be alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, N
+R
3, heterocycle, substituted heterocycle, covalent bond, or alkene. R
3 may be alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heterocycle, substituted
heterocycle, alkyl ether, PEG, PEI, or alkene. R
4 may be alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, N
+R
3, heterocycle, substituted heterocycle, alkyl ether, PEG, PEI, ether, or alkene. R
4 may include amide, alcohol, ester, sulfonamide, or sulfanilamide. X may be one or
more counter ions.
[0241] In some embodiments, counterions may include one or more halogens (e.g., Br, Cl,
I, etc.). A specific embodiment of a halogen counterion may include Iodine which has
proven as a more effective counterion for antimicrobial compounds. As has been discussed
herein, counterions may affect the properties of the chemical compound and subsequent
composition. Boron based counterions may increase certain antimicrobial properties
(e.g., BF
4-).
[0242] In some embodiments, salts of specific counterions may be added to a pharmaceutical
composition to increase the effectiveness of the composition. For example, any of
the counterions described herein for use in making the bridged polycyclic compound
(e.g., counterions which increase a pharmaceutically active agent's effectiveness
of the compound), may be added to the composition later (e.g., as a salt such as sodium
or potassium tetrafluoroborate). In some embodiments, a combination of the two strategies
may be used, additionally allowing for two or more different counterions or salts
to be included in the final formulation of the composition. Each of the counterions
and/or salts may increase the effectiveness of the composition in a different manner.
Other examples of counterions (which may be added as an appropriate salt later in
an ion exchange or a desired salt may be used during synthesis of the bridged polycyclic
compound) may include an anion, a polymer, a monomer, a halogen, an iodine, a bromine,
a chlorine, a triflate, a tosylate, a boron, a borate, tetrafluoroborate, a nitrogen
containing gourp, a nitrate, a halogen, a hexafluorophosphate, an acetate, or an NTf
2 (wherein Tf is bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide).
[0243] In some embodiments, a compound may include one or more guest molecules coupled to
the compound such as compound 106 having a general structure
[0244] In some embodiments, R
1 may be alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, N, ISTR
3, heterocycle, or substituted heterocycle. R
2 may be alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, N
+R
3, heterocycle, substituted heterocycle, covalent bond, or alkene. R
3 may be alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heterocycle, substituted
heterocycle, alkyl ether, PEG, PEI, or alkene. R
4 may be alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, N
+R
3, heterocycle, substituted heterocycle, alkyl ether, PEG, PEI, ether, or alkene. M
may include one or more guest molecules associated with one or more portions of compound
107 (e.g., amines). M may be one or more metals. M may include silver, zinc, copper,
gold, calcium, nickel, cobalt, barium, strontium, lead, lanthanum, iron, manganese,
cadmium, magnesium, yttrium, lanthanum, cesium, praseodymium, neodymium, europium,
gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, or alkaline
earth metals or cesium. In some embodiments, M may include organic cation salts as
templates (e.g., trimethyl ammonium, etc.). M may include light activated elements
such that an antiviral or anticancer property of M is increased. X may be one or more
counter ions.
[0245] In some embodiments, M may be one or more guest molecules. X may be one or more counter
ions. M (e.g., Ag+ counter ion) may bind thereby keeping M in close proximity (e.g.,
F- ions have been reported and verified by x-ray single crystal structure to bind
in ammonium salt cavitands). An anion may bind to an ammonium thus affording a close
association of the cation counterion. In some embodiments, M may pi-bond coordinate
to R
4 (e.g., aryl) or a heterocycle binding (e.g., pyridiyl R
4 nitrogen to a Ag+ or a phenol -OH or O- binding to the Ag+).
[0246] In some embodiments, M may be two silver metals associated with compound 107 forming
a compound 107a having the general structure
[0247] In some embodiments, a compound may include one or more guest molecules coupled to
the compound such as compound 108 having a general structure
[0248] In some embodiments, R
1 may be alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, NR
3, heterocycle, or substituted heterocycle. R
2 may be alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, N
+R
3, heterocycle, substituted heterocycle, covalent bond, or alkene. R
3 may be alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heterocycle, substituted
heterocycle, alkyl ether, PEG, PEI, or alkene. R
4 may be alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, N
+R
3, heterocycle, substituted heterocycle, alkyl ether, PEG, PEI, ether, or alkene. M
may be one or more metals. M may include silver, zinc, copper, gold, calcium, nickel,
cobalt, barium, strontium, lead, lanthanum, iron, manganese, cadmium, magnesium, yttrium,
lanthanum, cesium, praseodymium, neodymium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium,
holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, or alkaline earth metals or cesium. In some embodiments,
M may include organic cation salts as templates (e.g., trimethyl ammonium, etc.).
M may include light activated elements such that an antiviral and/or anticancer property
of M is increased. X may be one or more counter ions.
[0249] It should be understood that any of the compounds depicted herein may or may not
have one or more metals coupled to the structure. For example, a structure depicted
with a metal associated with the compound also includes a compound without a metal
associated with the compound. A structure depicted without a metal associated with
the compound also includes a compound with a metal associated with the compound. Although
in many instances metals depicted herein are shown positioned within a space defined
by compounds described herein, this should not be seen as limiting, metals may be
coupled (e.g., complexed to) to a compound along an outer surface of the compound.
[0250] Metals may include any elements in the periodic chart designated as metals, known
to one skilled in the art. In some embodiments, metals may include any cationic metal
known to one skilled in the art (e.g., Zn, Cu, Au, Ag, Cs, Mn, Mg, Ca, Ni, Co, etc.).
In some embodiments, metals may include metals which have antiviral and/or anticancer
properties and/or anti-inflammatory properties (e.g., Ag, Zn, etc.). In some embodiments,
metals may function to couple one or more atoms or molecules within a compound (e.g.,
compound 108) and/or to the surface of the compound. In some embodiments, one or more
metals coupled to a compound may include one or more inorganic/organometallic compounds.
A compound (e.g., a bridged polycyclic compound) may include two or more different
metals coupled (e.g., associated in some way) to the compound. In some embodiments,
a metal may be coupled to a bridged polycyclic molecule.
[0251] In some embodiments, R
1 may be N
+(1-22C alkyl), N
+(1-12C alkyl), N
+-(1-6C alkyl), N
+(6C alkyl), N
+R
3,
cyclam, aza crown ether, tris ethylamine N substituted cyclam, or
[0252] In some embodiments, R
2 may be 1-2C alkyl, 1-6C alkyl, 2-4C alkyl, CH
2, or a bond (e.g., covalent, ionic) between R
1 and an N of, for example, compound 108.
[0253] In some embodiments, R
3 may be hydrophobic or hydrophilic. R
3 may be 1-3C alkyl, 4-5C alkyl, 6-10C alkyl, 7-9C alkyl, 10-22C alkyl, 15-22C alkyl,
6-10C alkyl ether, 7-9C alkyl ether, methyl, PEI (polyethyleneimine), or PEG (polyethyleneglycol).
R
3 may be 6C alkyl. R
3 may be a polymer. R
3 may be an oxazoline polymer.
[0254] In some embodiments, R
4 may include alkyl or substituted alkyl.
[0255] In some embodiments, R
4 may be an aryl, substituted aryl, heterocycle, or substituted heterocycle. R
4 may be
Forming one or more portions of a compound from one or more aromatic rings may provide
advantages. Advantages may include providing rigidity to the compound enhancing the
stability of the compound. Aromatic rings may facilitate the self-assembly of the
constituent parts of the compound. Other advantages may include pie stacking of compounds
relative to one another or of "guests" positioned within the compound. A substituted
aryl or heterocycle may include moieties (e.g., N) which bind to other elements (e.g.,
metals such as silver) or molecules. R
4 may include substituents (e.g., R
3) which effect properties of a compound as a whole (e.g., hydrophobicity, hydrophilicity,
self-cleaning, antimicrobial, cross-coupling properties).
[0256] In some embodiments, a compound 108 may include an embodiment such as compound 110
having a general structure
[0257] In some embodiments, R
3 may be alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heterocycle, substituted
heterocycle, alkyl ether, PEG, PEI, or alkene. R
4 may be alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, N
+R
3, heterocycle, substituted heterocycle, alkyl ether, PEG, PEI, ether, or alkene. M
may include one or more "guest" molecules (e.g., one or more metals). X may be one
or more counter ions.
[0258] In some embodiments, M may be two silver metals associated with compound 110 forming
a compound 112 having the general structure
[0259] In some embodiments, R
3 may be alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heterocycle, substituted
heterocycle, alkyl ether, PEG, PEI, or alkene. R
4 may be alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, N
+R
3, heterocycle, substituted heterocycle, alkyl ether, PEG, PEI, ether, or alkene. M
may be one or more guest molecules. X may be one or more counter ions. M (e.g., Ag+
counter ion) may bind thereby keeping M in close proximity (e.g., F- ions have been
reported and verified by x-ray single crystal structure to bind in ammonium salt bridged
polycyclic molecules). An anion may bind to an ammonium thus affording a close association
of the cation counterion. In some embodiments, M may pi-bond coordinate to R
4 (e.g., aryl) or a heterocycle binding (e.g., pyridiyl R
4 nitrogen to a Ag+ or a phenol -OH or O- binding to the Ag+).
[0260] In some embodiments, a compound 104 may include an embodiment such as compound 111
having a general structure
[0261] In some embodiments, a compound 104 may include any number of combination of embodiments
such as compound 113 having a general structure
[0262] Where:
113a is R3.1 = C6H13, R3.2 = CH3 and R3.3 = R3.1 or R3.2
113b is R3.1 = C8H17, R32 = CH3 and R3.3 =R3.1 or R3.2
113c is R3.1 = C10H21, R3.2 = CH3 and R3.3 = R3.1 or R3.2
113d is R3.1 = C12H25, R3.2 = CH3 and R3.3 = R3.1 or R3.2
113e is R3.1 = C6H13, R3.2 = CH2Ph and R3.3 = R3.1 or R3.2
113f is R3.1 = C12H25, R3.2 = CH2Ph and R33 = R3.1 or R3.2
113h is R3.1 = C4H9, R3.2 = CH3 and R3.3 = R3.1 or R3.2
[0263] In some embodiments, a compound 104 may include a an embodiment such as compound
114 having a general structure
[0264] In some embodiments, R
3 may be alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heterocycle, substituted
heterocycle, alkyl ether, PEG, PEI, or alkene. R
4 may be alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, N
+R
3, heterocycle, substituted heterocycle, alkyl ether, PEG, PEI, ether, or alkene. M
may be one or more metals. X may be one or more counter ions.
[0265] Substituents (e.g., R
3) may be configured to perform a variety of functions. By using different substituents,
properties of a compound such as the bridged polycyclic compounds described herein
may be customized to meet a particular industrial and/or individual's need. For example,
R
3 may be hydrophobic or hydrophilic depending upon the specific property needed.
[0266] In some embodiments, a substituent (e.g., R
3) may be multifunctional such that it imparts two or more properties to a formed compound.
For example a substituent (e.g., R
3) may function to increase the hydrophilicity of a compound, as well as, function
as a cross-coupling reagent to cross-link compounds to one another under appropriate
conditions (e.g., a substituent may include one or more heteroatoms within its structure
such as N, O, and S).
[0267] In some embodiments, substituents such as R
3 may function to enhance hydrophobicity and/or lipophilicity. Depending upon the needs
of a customer the hydrophobicity/lipophilicity of a compound may be increased. Adjusting
the hydrophobicity/lipophilicity of a compound may consequently adjust the solubility
of the compound in a particular solvent and/or matrix. Increasing the liphophilicity
of a substituent (e.g., R
3) coupled to an ammonium salt may increase the anti-microbial activity of a compound.
In some embodiments, a compound may have a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)
of less than 900 µM, of less than 600 µM, or of less than 300 µM. A discussion of
relationship between substituent chain length and antimicrobial activity of quaternary
ammonium salts may be found in
Pemak et al., "Synthesis and anti-microbial activities of some pyridinium salts with
alkoxymethyl hydrophobic group" Eur. J. Med. Chem. 36 (2001) 899-907.
[0268] The relationship between substituent chain length and antimicrobial activity is demonstrated
in tests conducted on 113a, 113b, 113d, 113e, and 113h detailed herein in the Examples
portion. A series of bridged polycyclic compounds were synthesized wherein different
substituents were coupled to the quaternary ammonium moieties. Substituents included
C1, C4, C6, C8, C12, and benzyl in combinations of C1 with C4, C6, C8, and C12, as
well as, combinations of benzyl with C6 and C12. Time kill and residual surface tests
of the antimicrobial strength of the compounds were tested against examples of gram
+ bacteria (e.g., Staphylococcus aureus, most common surgical wound infections), gram
- bacteria (e.g., Escherichia coli, most commonly acquired hospital infection), and
fungus (e.g., Aspergillus niger, a toxic black mold found in residences). Of the various
alkyl chains combined with C1 tested, the C6,C1 compound tested as the strongest antimicrobial
compound. When the test results of the C6,C1 were compared to the benzyl derivatives,
once again, the C6,C1 derivative tested as the overall strongest antimicrobial.
[0269] The 113a C6C1 compound is unique in regards to the relatively short alkyl chain vs.
known quaternary antimicrobials and high antimicrobial activity. Discrete quaternary
ammonium or pyridinium antimicrobial molecules usually possess long alkyl chains.
The most effective discrete (e.g., noncyclic) quaternary ammonium or pyridinium salt
antimicrobials have an alkyl chain length between 12 and 18 carbon atoms as described
by
T. Loftsson et.al. in J. Med. Chem. 46, 2003, 4173-4181.
[0270] In general it is known in the art that quaternary ammonium compounds are effective
biocidal agents when they possess an alkyl chain with at least eight carbon atoms
(
S. Block, 'Disinfection, Sterilization and Preservation', 3rd Ed., Lea and Febiger,
Philadephia, PA, 1983; cited in
'Recent Advances in Antimicrobial Dendrimers', S.L. Cooper et.al. Adv. Mater. 2000,
12, no. 11, 843-846). In a study of dendrimer quaternary ammonium salts, dendrimer biocides carrying
C
10 alkyl chains were the most potent (
S.L. Cooper et.al. Biomacromolecules, 1 (3), 473 -480, 2000).
[0271] Typically, non-discrete polymers are some of the only antimicrobials to show any
appreciable antimicrobial activity with alkyl groups of < 8 carbons. However, non-discrete
polymers (e.g. polyethyleneimine quaternary ammonium containing polymers) demonstrated
weaker overall antimicrobial activity in antimicrobial residual surface tests (
A.M. Klibanov et.al. Biotechnology Letters, 25, 2003, 1661-1665).
[0272] Furthermore, the straightforward route and synthesis efficiency makes bridged polycyclic
compounds (e.g., 113a) more attractive from a manufacturing standpoint over the more
laborious methods required for typical dendrimer synthesis. Both bridged polycyclic
compounds (e.g., 113a) and dendrimers have the advantage of being polyvalent (multiple
positively charged sites on one molecule to attract microbes) affording increased
activity vs. traditional discrete quaternary ammonium salts (
S. L. Cooper et. al. US Patent 6,440, 405). However, the dendrimer synthesis requires large volumes of solvents/reagents relative
to obtained product and long periods of time (days) to synthesize as described by
S.L. Cooper et. al. in US Patent 6,440,405.
[0273] In some embodiments, substituents such as R
3 may function to enhance hydrophilicity and/or lipophobicity. Depending upon the needs
of a customer the hydrophilicity/lipophobicity of a bridged polycyclic compound may
be increased. Adjusting the hydrophilicity/lipophobicity of a compound may consequently
adjust the solubility of the compound in a particular solvent and/or matrix.
[0274] In some embodiments, substituents (e.g., R
3) may function to enhance the self-cleaning properties of which the compound may impart
to a surface to which the compound is coupled. In some embodiments, substituents may
enhance the antimicrobial properties of the compound. Self-cleaning and antimicrobial
properties may function in combination with one another. The self-cleaning properties
of compounds described herein are more fully described in
U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 11/638,327 filed December 12, 2006, and entitled "METHODS AND SYSTEMS FOR PREPARING ANTIMICROBIAL FILMS AND COATINGS,".
[0275] In some embodiments, counter ions for a bridged polycyclic compound may be selected
to adjust particular properties of a compound or to introduce new properties to the
compound. Adjusting properties of a compound based on a selection of a particular
counter ion allows further customization of a compound. In some embodiments, counter
ions may include counter ions which have or enhance antimicrobial properties and/or
anti-inflammatory properties (e.g., boron, zinc). In some embodiment, counter ions
may adjust the hydrophilicity or hydrophobicity of the complex. Counter ions may include
metals. Research has held that specific counter ions do affect the antimicrobial activity
of quaternary ammonium compounds.
[0276] Counter ions may include, but are not limited to, organic, inorganic, or organometallic
moieties. Examples of counter ions may include inorganic ions (e.g., halogen ions,
such as fluorine, bromine, chlorine and iodine), organic ions (e.g., tosylate, prosylate
sulfuric acid, nitric acid and phosphoric acid, and ions of organic acids such as
succinic acid, fumaric acid, lactic acid, glycolic acid, citric acid, tartaric acid
and benzoic acid), or coordinate type anions (e.g., fluoro sulfate and tetrafluoro
borate).
[0277] In some embodiments, counter ions may include a hydrophobic organic group (e.g.,
lauryl sulfate, dodecylbenzene sulphonate, diethylhexyl sulphosuccinate, carboxylic
acid derivatives with alkane, alkene or alkyne aliphatic tails such as myristic acid
salts, octadecanate, dodecanoic acid salts, oleic acid salts, Palmitoleic acid salts,
lauric acid salts, Stearic acid salts, phosphinic acid salts, phosphonic acid salts
(i.e. tetradecylphosphonate, hexadecylphosphonate) and dodecylsulphonate, dodecylsulfate
anions).
[0278] In some embodiments, bridged polycyclic compounds may be polymerized. Polymers incorporating
bridged polycyclic compounds may have molecular weights high enough to inhibit systemic
absorption when, for example, ingested. The minimum molecular weight, and hence the
degree of polymerization of bridged polycyclic compounds, required to inhibit systemic
absorption may be relatively low. Nonsystemic polymers may include a minimum degree
of polymerization of 3 or greater, 6 or greater, 10 or greater, 20 or greater, or
50 or greater. In some embodiments, an enteric coating may be applied to a composition
in order to inhibit absorption and/or premature absorption.
Synthesis of Bridged polycyclic Compounds
[0279] For commercialization purposes compounds such as bridged polycyclic compounds (and
their metal and/or metal oxide coated counterparts) require an efficient and cost
effective method of synthesis. In some embodiments, bridged polycyclic compounds may
be formed through the self-assembly of two or more compounds to form much larger complex
system in fewer steps and more efficiently than traditional stepwise synthetic means.
[0280] Dynamic covalent chemistry relates to chemical reactions carried out reversibly under
conditions of equilibrium control. The reversible nature of the reactions allows for
the correction of errors in synthetic processes where dynamic covalent chemistry operates.
Since the formation of products occurs under thermodynamic control, product distributions
depend only on the relative stabilities of the final products. In kinetically controlled
reactions, however, it is the free energy differences between the transition states
leading to the products that determines their relative proportions. Supramolecular
chemistry has had a huge impact on synthesis at two levels: one is noncovalent synthesis,
or strict self-assembly, and the other is supramolecular assistance to molecular synthesis,
also referred to as self-assembly followed by covalent modification. Noncovalent synthesis
has given us access to finite supermolecules and infinite supramolecular arrays. Supramolecular
assistance to covalent synthesis has been exploited in the construction of more-complex
systems, such as interlocked molecular compounds (for example, catenanes and rotaxanes)
as well as container molecules (molecular capsules). The appealing prospect of also
synthesizing these types of compounds with complex molecular architectures using reversible
covalent bond forming chemistry has led to the development of dynamic covalent chemistry.
[0281] In some embodiments, self-assembly techniques (e.g., dynamic covalent chemistry)
may be employed to synthesize stable compounds, which are themselves large enough
to be described as nanoparticles and/or which may be used to form nanoparticles.
[0282] Bridged polycyclic compounds represented by compounds 104 and 108 may be synthesized
by any means known to one skilled in the art. As has been mentioned, self-assembly
may be a useful technique for efficiently synthesizing nanoparticles described herein.
In some embodiments, nanoparticles such as compounds 104 and 108 may be formed via
self-assembly using Schiff base condensation reactions between amines and aldehydes
to form an imine as depicted in Scheme 3. For example, a trifunctional amine (e.g.,
tris(2-aminoethyl)amine (TREN)) may be reacted with a bifunctional aldehyde (e.g.,
ethane-1,2-dione (glyoxal)).
[0283] In Scheme 3, the amine depicted is trifunctional and the aldehyde is bifunctional.
However, the example depicted in Scheme 3 should not be seen as a limiting embodiment.
For example, a Schiff base condensation reaction is depicted in Scheme 4 in which
the amine is bifunctional and the aldehyde is trifunctional.
[0284] In some embodiments, two different trifunctional molecules may be reacted with one
another in order to form an asymmetric adduct. Scheme 4a depicts an embodiment of
the formation of an asymmetric adduct.
[0285] For example, a trifunctional amine (e.g., tris(2-aminoethyl)amine (TREN)) may be
reacted with a trifunctional aldehyde (e.g., 1,3,5-aldehyde substituted phenyl). Triethanolamine
may be functionalized at the OH with an aminoacid to give N-(CH
2CH
2OC(O)Phenyl(CHO). N-(CH
2CH
2OC(O)Phenyl(CHO) may be reacted with any triamine to give an asymmetric example of
a bridged polycyclic compound. A discussion of synthesis techniques for different
multifunctional ligands (e.g., trifunctional aldehydes) may be found in
Chand et al. "Synthesis of a Heteroditopic Cryptand Capable of Imposing a Distorted
Coordination Geometry onto Cu(II): Crystal Structures of the Cryptand (L), [Cu(L)(CN)](picrate),
and [Cu(L)(NCS)]{picrate) and Spectroscopic Studies of the Cu(II) Complexes" Inorg
Chem 1996, 35, 3380-3387. A Schiff base condensation may be carried out using an acid catalyst (e.g., acetic
acid). A Schiff base condensation may be carried out using any means known to one
skilled in the art. Techniques for amine aldehyde condensations may be found in
U.S. Patent Application, Publication No. 2004/0267009 to Redko et al. ("Redko"). Further details concerning the synthesis of bridged polycyclic compounds
described herein are more fully described in
U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 11/638,327 filed December 12, 2006, and entitled "METHODS AND SYSTEMS FOR PREPARING ANTIMICROBIAL FILMS AND COATINGS,".
[0286] In some embodiments, an amine may be functionalized (e.g., compound 122) by reacting
with an epoxide. For example, reacting compound 122 with an epoxide may result in
an epoxide ring opening and thus a free alcohol coupled to at least some of the amines
in compound 122. The resulting free alcohol may be reacted with (OR)
3Si(CH
2)
nN
+R
3 resulting from the attack of the N on the epoxide containing carbon. This may result
in an ammonium on the bridged polycyclic compound and an ammonium pendant arm. Free
amines of the herein described bridged polycyclic compounds may be reacted with a
di-epoxide crosslinker (e.g., 1,2,7,8-diepoxyoctane or epoxypropyl terminated polydimethylsiloxane),
followed by (OR)
3Si(CH
2)
nN
+R
3 to functionalize the crosslinked mixture. Reaction with a vinyl epoxide may result
in a light crosslink terminus and an alcohol (e.g., with which a silane may be reacted).
A free amine of a bridged polycyclic compound described herein may be modified by
an epoxy alkane (or glycidyl ether (e.g., hexyl, octyl or decyl glycidyl ether)),
followed by further modification by a variety of alkoxysilanes with desired functional
groups (e.g., an alkyl ammonium salt attached to the Si). One may modify a free amine
with alkyl anhydrides (e.g., 2-octen-1-ylsuccinic anhydride).
[0287] In another example of functionalizing an amine at least in part defining a bridged
polycyclic compound, a functionalized substituent may be coupled to the amine. A functionalized
substituent may include an alkyl amine group. A non-limiting example of an alkyl amine
may include-CH
2CH
2CH
2NH(CH
2)
5CH
3. The amine may be further functionalized. For example the amine of the alkyl amine
may be alklyated such that another quaternary amine is available increasing the antimicrobial
activity of the bridged polycyclic compound. The synthesis of such an embodiment is
detailed in the Examples section.
[0288] In some embodiments, following a reduction to form a bridged polycyclic amine, such
as compound 120 or a compound such as compound 301, a linking agent (e.g., to couple
a pharmaceutically active agent to) or a pharmaceutically active agent may be coupled
to a bridged polycyclic amine (e.g., compound (301)). Linking agents may be, for example,
any of the compounds or reagents identified herein as R
3. Linking agents may include diacids, diamines, guanidines, etc. and combinations
thereof. Representative example of linking agents and how to synthetically couple
them to a bridged polycyclic amine are provided in detail in the Examples section
herein, as well as some other examples of how to synthesize guanidines linking agents
below.
[0289] Representative example of activating agents and how to synthetically couple them
to a bridged polycyclic amine are provided in detail in the Examples section herein.
[0290] In some embodiments, it may be advantageous to increase the number of active sites
on to which to couple pharmaceutically active agents. One example of increasing the
number of active sites on a bridged polycyclic compound may include using branched
linking agents, effectively doubling or tripling the number agents which may be coupled
to the bridged polycyclic compound. Representative example of branched activating
agents and how to synthetically couple them to a bridged polycyclic amine are provided
in detail in the Examples section herein.
[0291] Representative examples of pharmaceutically reactive agents and how to synthetically
couple them to linking agents and/or bridged polycyclic compounds are provided in
detail in the Examples section herein. By way of further example a synthesis of a
Doxorubicin derivative and sugar derivatives of a bridged polycyclic amine displayed
below.
[0292] As mentioned previously, it is widely held that self-cleaning surfaces are a combination
of low surface-energy species and a peculiar topographic feature based on dual-size
roughness: the coarse-scale rough structure is about 10-20 µm, whereas the finer structure
on top of the coarse structure is in the range of 100 nm to 1 µm. The dual-size structure
has proven to be vital in generating the superhydrophobicity of the lotus leaves,
especially for obtaining low water rolloff angles. Methods of synthesizing self-cleaning
surfaces using bridged polycyclic amines described herein are more fully described
in
U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 11/638,327 filed December 12,2006, and entitled "METHODS AND SYSTEMS FOR PREPARING ANTIMICROBIAL FILMS AND COATINGS,".
[0293] In some embodiments, one or more amines of a bridged polycyclic compound may be functionalized
in more than one step. For example, several secondary amines forming a bridged polycyclic
compound may be transformed into tertiary amines, followed by subsequent transformation
into a quaternary amine. Such synthetic flexibility allows customization of the amines
such that different functional groups may be coupled to the same amine. Depending
on the reactions conditions required to couple the different functional groups to
the amine, the reactions may be run sequentially without any purification steps between
coupling different functional groups to the amine.
Dosage and Administration
[0294] In some embodiments, bridged polycyclic compounds may be administered at a dosage
level up to conventional dosage levels, but will typically be less than about 2 gm
per day. Suitable dosage levels may depend upon the overall systemic effect of the
chosen pharmaceutical agent coupled to the bridged polycyclic compound, but typically
suitable levels will be about 0.001 to 50 mg/kg body weight of the patient per day,
from about 0.005 to 30 mg/kg per day, or from about 0.05 to 10 mg/kg per day. The
compound may be administered on a regimen of up to 6 times per day, between about
1 to 4 times per day, or once per day.
[0295] In the case where an oral composition is employed, a suitable dosage range is, e.g.
from about 0.01 mg to about 100 mg per kg of body weight per day, preferably from
about 0.1 mg to about 10 mg per kg and for cytoprotective use from 0.1 mg to about
100 mg per kg of body weight per day.
[0296] It will be understood that the dosage of the therapeutic agents will vary with the
nature and the severity of the condition to be treated, and with the particular therapeutic
agents chosen. The dosage will also vary according to the age, weight, physical condition
and response of the individual patient. The selection of the appropriate dosage for
the individual patient is within the skills of a clinician.
[0297] While individual subject needs vary, determination of optimal ranges of effective
amounts of each component is with the skill of the art. Typically, a bridged polycyclic
compound may be administered to mammals, in particular humans, orally at a dose of
5 to 100 mg per day referenced to the body weight of the mammal or human being treated
for a particular disease. Typically, a bridged polycyclic compound may be administered
to mammals, in particular humans, parenterally at a dose of between 5 to 1000 mg per
day referenced to the body weight of the mammal or human being treated for a particular
disease. In other embodiments, about 100 mg of a bridged polycyclic compound is either
orally or parenterally administered to treat or prevent disease.
[0298] The unit oral dose may comprise from about 0.25 mg to about 1.0 gram, or about 5
to 25 mg. The unit parenteral dose may include from about 25 mg to 1.0 gram, or between
25 mg and 500 mg. polymerized bridged polycyclic compounds may include larger dosages
from 1000 to 5000mg or more as seen with products such as colestipol for example.
The unit intracoronary dose may include from about 25 mg to 1.0 gram, or between 25
mg and 100 mg. The unit doses may be administered one or more times daily, on alternate
days, in loading dose or bolus form, or titrated in a parenteral solution to commonly
accepted or novel biochemical surrogate marker(s) or clinical endpoints as is with
the skill of the art.
[0299] In addition to administering a bridged polycyclic compound as a raw chemical, the
compounds may be administered as part of a pharmaceutical preparation containing suitable
pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, preservatives, excipients and auxiliaries which
facilitate processing of the bridged polycyclic compound which may be used pharmaceutically.
The preparations, particularly those preparations which may be administered orally
and which may be used for the preferred type of administration, such as tablets, softgels,
lozenges, dragees, and capsules, and also preparations which may be administered rectally,
such as suppositories, as well as suitable solutions for administration by injection
or orally or by inhalation of aerosolized preparations, may be prepared in dose ranges
that provide similar bioavailability as described above, together with the excipient.
While individual needs may vary, determination of the optimal ranges of effective
amounts of each component is within the skill of the art.
Pharmaceutical Compositions
[0301] Any suitable route of administration may be employed for providing a subject with
an effective dosage of drugs of the present invention. For example, oral, rectal,
topical, parenteral, ocular, pulmonary, nasal, and the like may be employed. Dosage
forms include tablets, troches, dispersions, suspensions, solutions, capsules, creams,
ointments, aerosols, and the like. In certain embodiments, it may be advantageous
that the compositions described herein be administered orally.
[0302] The compositions may include those compositions suitable for oral, rectal, topical,
parenteral (including subcutaneous, intramuscular, and intravenous), ocular (ophthalmic),
pulmonary (aerosol inhalation), or nasal administration, although the most suitable
route in any given case will depend on the nature and severity of the conditions being
treated and on the nature of the active ingredient. They may be conveniently presented
in unit dosage form and prepared by any of the methods well-known in the art of pharmacy.
[0303] For administration by inhalation, the drugs used in the present invention are conveniently
delivered in the form of an aerosol spray presentation from pressurized packs or nebulisers.
The compounds may also be delivered as powders which may be formulated and the powder
composition may be inhaled with the aid of an insufflation powder inhaler device.
[0304] Suitable topical formulations for use in the present embodiments may include transdermal
devices, aerosols, creams, ointments, lotions, dusting powders, gels, and the like.
[0305] In practical use, drugs used can be combined as the active ingredient in intimate
admixture with a pharmaceutical carrier according to conventional pharmaceutical compounding
techniques. The carrier may take a wide variety of forms depending on the form of
preparation desired for administration, e.g., oral or parenteral (including intravenous).
In preparing the compositions for oral dosage form, any of the usual pharmaceutical
media may be employed, such as, for example, water, glycols, oils, alcohols, flavoring
agents, preservatives, coloring agents and the like in the case of oral liquid preparations,
such as, for example, suspensions, elixirs and solutions; or carriers such as starches,
sugars, microcrystalline cellulose, diluents, granulating agents, lubricants, binders,
disintegrating agents and the like in the case of oral solid preparations such as,
for example, powders, capsules and tablets, with the solid oral preparations being
preferred over the liquid preparations. Because of their ease of administration, tablets
and capsules represent the most advantageous oral dosage unit form in which case solid
pharmaceutical carriers are obviously employed. If desired, tablets may be coated
by standard aqueous or nonaqueous techniques.
[0306] The pharmaceutical preparations may be manufactured in a manner which is itself known
to one skilled in the art, for example, by means of conventional mixing, granulating,
dragee-making, softgel encapsulation, dissolving, extracting, or lyophilizing processes.
Thus, pharmaceutical preparations for oral use may be obtained by combining the active
compounds with solid and semi-solid excipients and suitable preservatives. Optionally,
the resulting mixture may be ground and processed. The resulting mixture of granules
may be used, after adding suitable auxiliaries, if desired or necessary, to obtain
tablets, softgels, lozenges, capsules, or dragee cores.
[0307] Suitable excipients may be fillers such as saccharides (e.g., lactose, sucrose, or
mannose), sugar alcohols (e.g., mannitol or sorbitol), cellulose preparations and/or
calcium phosphates (e.g., tricalcium phosphate or calcium hydrogen phosphate). In
addition binders may be used such as starch paste (e.g., maize or corn starch, wheat
starch, rice starch, potato starch, gelatin, tragacanth, methyl cellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose,
sodium carboxymethylcellulose, and/or polyvinyl pyrrolidone). Disintegrating agents
may be added (e.g., the above-mentioned starches) as well as carboxymethyl-starch,
cross-linked polyvinyl pyrrolidone, agar, or alginic acid or a salt thereof (e.g.,
sodium alginate). Auxiliaries are, above all, flow-regulating agents and lubricants
(e.g., silica, talc, stearic acid or salts thereof, such as magnesium stearate or
calcium stearate, and/or polyethylene glycol, or PEG). Dragee cores are provided with
suitable coatings, which, if desired, are resistant to gastric juices. Softgelatin
capsules ("softgels") are provided with suitable coatings, which, typically, contain
gelatin and/or suitable edible dye(s). Animal component-free and kosher gelatin capsules
may be particularly suitable for the embodiments described herein for wide availability
of usage and consumption. For this purpose, concentrated saccharide solutions may
be used, which may optionally contain gum arabic, talc, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polyethylene
glycol (PEG) and/or titanium dioxide, lacquer solutions and suitable organic solvents
or solvent mixtures, including dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), tetrahydrofuran (THF), acetone,
ethanol, or other suitable solvents and co-solvents. In order to produce coatings
resistant to gastric juices, solutions of suitable cellulose preparations such as
acetylcellulose phthalate or hydroxypropylmethylcellulose phthalate, may be used.
Dye stuffs or pigments may be added to the tablets or dragee coatings or softgelatin
capsules, for example, for identification or in order to characterize combinations
of active compound doses, or to disguise the capsule contents for usage in clinical
or other studies.
[0308] Other pharmaceutical preparations that may be used orally include push-fit capsules
made of gelatin, as well as soft, thermally sealed capsules made of gelatin and a
plasticizer such as glycerol or sorbitol. The push-fit capsules may contain the active
compounds in the form of granules that may be mixed with fillers such as, for example,
lactose, binders such as starches, and/or lubricants such as talc or magnesium stearate
and, optionally, stabilizers and/or preservatives. In soft capsules, the active compounds
may be dissolved or suspended in suitable liquids, such as fatty oils such as rice
bran oil or peanut oil or palm oil, or liquid paraffin. In some embodiments, stabilizers
and preservatives may be added.
[0309] In some embodiments, pulmonary administration of a pharmaceutical preparation may
be desirable. Pulmonary administration may include, for example, inhalation of aerosolized
or nebulized liquid or solid particles of the pharmaceutically active component dispersed
in and surrounded by a gas.
[0310] Possible pharmaceutical preparations, which may be used rectally, include, for example,
suppositories, which consist of a combination of the active compounds with a suppository
base. Suitable suppository bases are, for example, natural or synthetic triglycerides,
or paraffin hydrocarbons. In addition, it is also possible to use gelatin rectal capsules
that consist of a combination of the active compounds with a base. Possible base materials
include, for example, liquid triglycerides, polyethylene glycols, or paraffin hydrocarbons.
[0311] Suitable formulations for parenteral administration include, but are not limited
to, aqueous solutions of the active compounds in water-soluble and/or water dispersible
form, for example, water-soluble salts, esters, carbonates, phosphate esters or ethers,
sulfates, glycoside ethers, together with spacers and/or linkers. Suspensions of the
active compounds as appropriate oily injection suspensions may be administered, particularly
suitable for intramuscular injection. Suitable lipophilic solvents, co-solvents (such
as DMSO or ethanol), and/or vehicles including fatty oils, for example, rice bran
oil or peanut oil and/or palm oil, or synthetic fatty acid esters, for example, ethyl
oleate or triglycerides, may be used. Aqueous injection suspensions may contain substances
that increase the viscosity of the suspension including, for example, sodium carboxymethyl
cellulose, sorbitol, dextran, and/or cyclodextrins. Liposomal formulations, in which
mixtures of the bridged polycyclic compound with, for example, egg yolk phosphotidylcholine
(E-PC), may be made for injection. Optionally, the suspension may contain stabilizers,
for example, antioxidants such as BHT, and/or preservatives, such as benzyl alcohol.
[0312] The compounds of this invention can be administered in such oral dosage forms as
tablets, capsules (each of which includes sustained release or timed release formulations),
pills, powders, granules, elixirs, tinctures, suspensions, syrups, and emulsions.
They may also be administered in intravenous (bolus or infusion), intraperitoneal,
subcutaneous, or intramuscular form, all using dosage forms well known to those of
ordinary skill in the pharmaceutical arts. They can be administered alone, but generally
will be administered with a pharmaceutical carrier selected on the basis of the chosen
route of administration and standard pharmaceutical practice.
[0313] The dosage regimen for the compounds of the present invention will, of course, vary
depending upon known factors, such as the pharmacodynamic characteristics of the particular
agent and its mode and route of administration; the species, age, sex, health, medical
condition, and weight of the recipient; the nature and extent of the symptoms; the
kind of concurrent treatment; the frequency of treatment; the route of administration,
the renal and hepatic function of the subject, and the effect desired. A physician
or veterinarian can determine and prescribe the effective amount of the drug required.
[0314] By way of general guidance, the daily oral dosage of each active ingredient, when
used for the indicated effects, will range between about 0.001 to 1000 mg/kg of body
weight, between about 0.01 to 100 mg/kg of body weight per day, or between about 1.0
to 20 mg/kg/day. Intravenously administered doses may range from about 1 to about
10 mg/kg/minute during a constant rate infusion. Compounds of this invention may be
administered in a single daily dose, or the total daily dosage may be administered
in divided doses of two, three, or four or more times daily.
[0315] The pharmaceutical compositions described herein may further be administered in intranasal
form via topical use of suitable intranasal vehicles, or via transdermal routes, using
transdermal skin patches. When administered in the form of a transdermal delivery
system, the dosage administration will, of course, be continuous rather than intermittent
throughout the dosage regimen.
[0316] The compounds are typically administered in admixture with suitable pharmaceutical
diluents, excipients, or carriers (collectively referred to herein as "pharmacologically
inert carriers") suitably selected with respect to the intended form of administration,
that is, oral tablets, capsules, elixirs, syrups and the like, and consistent with
conventional pharmaceutical practices.
[0317] For instance, for oral administration in the form of a tablet or capsule, the pharmacologically
active component may be combined with an oral, non-toxic, pharmaceutically acceptable,
inert carrier such as lactose, starch, sucrose, glucose, methyl cellulose, magnesium
stearate, dicalcium phosphate, calcium sulfate, mannitol, sorbitol and the like; for
oral administration in liquid form, the oral drug components can be combined with
any oral, non-toxic, pharmaceutically acceptable inert carrier such as ethanol, glycerol,
water, and the like. Moreover, when desired or necessary, suitable binders, lubricants,
disintegrating agents, and coloring agents can also be incorporated into the mixture.
Suitable binders include starch, gelatin, natural sugars such as glucose or beta-lactose,
corn sweeteners, natural and synthetic gums such as acacia, tragacanth, or sodium
alginate, carboxymethylcellulose, polyethylene glycol, waxes, and the like. Lubricants
used in these dosage forms include sodium oleate, sodium stearate, magnesium stearate,
sodium benzoate, sodium acetate, sodium chloride, and the like. Disintegrators include,
without limitation, starch, methyl cellulose, agar, bentonite, xanthan gum, and the
like.
[0318] The compounds of the present invention may also be administered in the form of liposome
delivery systems, such as small unilamellar vesicles, large unilamellar vesicles,
and multilamellar vesicles. Liposomes can be formed from a variety of phospholipids,
such as cholesterol, stearylamine, or phosphatidylcholines.
[0319] Compounds of the present invention may also be coupled with soluble polymers as targetable
drug carriers. Such polymers can include polyvinylpyrrolidone, pyran copolymer, polyhydroxypropylmethacrylamide-phenol,
polyhydroxyethylaspartamidephenol, or polyethyleneoxide-polylysine substituted with
palmitoyl residues. Furthermore, the compounds of the present invention may be coupled
to a class of biodegradable polymers useful in achieving controlled release of a drug,
for example, polylactic acid, polyglycolic acid, copolymers of polylactic and polyglycolic
acid, polyepsilon caprolactone, polyhydroxy butyric acid, polyorthoesters, polyacetals,
polydihydropyrans, polycyanoacylates, and crosslinked or amphipathic block copolymers
of hydrogels.
[0320] In some embodiments, dosage forms (pharmaceutical compositions) suitable for administration
may contain from about 1 milligram to about 100 milligrams or more of active ingredient
per dosage unit. In these pharmaceutical compositions the active ingredient will ordinarily
be present in an amount of about 0.5-95% by weight based on the total weight of the
composition.
[0321] Gelatin capsules may contain the active ingredient and powdered carriers, such as
lactose, starch, cellulose derivatives, magnesium stearate, stearic acid, and the
like. Similar diluents can be used to make compressed tablets. Both tablets and capsules
can be manufactured as sustained release products to provide for continuous release
of medication over a period of hours. Compressed tablets can be sugar coated or film
coated to mask any unpleasant taste and protect the tablet from the atmosphere, or
enteric coated for selective disintegration in the gastrointestinal tract.
[0322] Liquid dosage forms for oral administration can contain coloring and flavoring to
increase subject acceptance. In general, water, a suitable oil, saline, aqueous dextrose
(glucose), and related sugar solutions and glycols such as propylene glycol or polyethylene
glycols are suitable carriers for parenteral solutions. Solutions for parenteral administration
preferably contain a water soluble salt of the active ingredient, suitable stabilizing
agents, and if necessary, buffer substances. Antioxidizing agents such as sodium bisulfite,
sodium sulfite, or ascorbic acid, either alone or combined, are suitable stabilizing
agents. Also used are citric acid and its salts and sodium EDTA. In addition, parenteral
solutions can contain preservatives, such as benzalkonium chloride, methyl- or propyl-paraben,
and chlorobutanol.
[0324] In some embodiments, a pharmaceutically acceptable formulation may be administered
to a subject topically. The formulation may be in the form of a gel or foam. In some
embodiments, a formulation may include an antiviral and/or contraceptive agent. Such
a formulation may be administered in the form of a vaginal gel or applied to the exterior
of a condom. Such a formulation may be administered by a subject to themself topically
in the form of a gel using a one-dose disposable applicator. Such a formulation and
means of administration would off a convenient and affordable way for women to protect
themselves from infection with genital herpes and HIV during sex.
[0325] Surveys show that there is substantial demand in North America and Europe for such
a product with an estimated billion dollar market for STI prevention products in the
developed world. For example, in the US HIV and AIDS have "Direct medical costs of
up to $15.5 billion per annum"
(Source: Mircobicide Development Act). In the US, AIDS is now the number one cause of death among African-American women
between the ages of 25 and 34. HIV infects more than 40 million people worldwide.
About half of those infected are women and transmission by heterosexual intercourse
is thought to cause 90% of cases. Seven thousand women are newly infected with HIV
each day.
[0326] In the US, approximately 45 million Americans (26% of women and 18% of men) are infected
with HSV-2, the causative agent of genital herpes. Genital herpes is the unrecognised
pandemic of the industrialised world. Many patients are asymptomatic and pass on the
virus unknowingly. In addition to the painful ulcers caused by HSV-2, patients often
develop depression and anxiety. The presence of HSV-2 increases a person's risk of
HIV infection by four to eight times. HSV-2 remains in affected nerve cells throughout
life and can be activated to produce symptoms intermittently in some infected individuals.
There is no cure for genital herpes. Ulcers typically last 3-4 weeks and may occur
4-5 times each year in affected patients. Ulcerative episodes can be suppressed by
daily doses of anti-virals but these are expensive. Genital herpes is the most common
cause of ulcerative genital disease in the US. The prevalence is estimated at between
15 and 25% across all countries with a 16% rate in women in Australia (12% overall).
The incidence rate of genital herpes has risen rapidly and without intervention the
prevalence in the US is expected to increase to 39% of men and 49% of women by 2025.
The estimated cost of genital herpes in the US is over US$1.5 billion per year.
[0327] Formulation used for condom coatings may be of interest due to possible problems
recently discovered with currently used products. The commonly used coating on premium
condoms is Nonoxynol 9 (N-9), which has spermicidal properties. However, because of
its detergent nature, N-9 has been shown to increase the risk of infection with HIV
and other viruses such as HSV-2.
[0328] In some embodiments, bridged polycyclic compounds may be incorporated into a composition
which is substantially nontoxic to an animal and/or human. A composition may include
a solvent capable of dissolving a bridged polycyclic compound. In some embodiments,
a composition may include an environmentally green solvent. A solvent may include
water. In some embodiments, a composition may consist of water and a bridged polycyclic
compound (e.g., 308, 309, 312,312, 10-24, or a salt thereof). Such compositions may
be administered using any method described herein including orally, topically, intravenously,
absorbed through the skin, injected, etc.
[0329] In some embodiments, an oral composition may include a flavoring. A flavoring may
include something an animal may find palatable. For example a flavoring may include
malt extract, xylitol, splenda, sucralose or any sweetener. A flavoring may range
from 0.01% to 0.10%, 0.10% to 1.0%, or 1.0% to 10.0% of a composition.
[0330] In some embodiments, a composition may include a colorant. A colorant may include
D&C Blue #1 or any FDA approved color. A colorant may range from 0.001% to 0.010%,
0.010% to 0.10%, or 0.10% to 1.0% of a composition.
[0331] In some embodiments, an oral composition may include a fragrance.
[0332] In some embodiments, a composition may include additional additives which may function
in combination or separately from the bridged polycyclic compound in solution. Additives
may function to improve a subject's health. Additives may include vitamins including
vitamins D and E.
[0333] All types of teeth and gum diseases can lead to serious health problems in animals.
Dogs and cats make much fuller use of their teeth than humans do - using them in ways
humans usually use their hands. For this reason, toothache, dental disease and loss
of teeth can all have serious consequences for pets. Damage to the teeth and gums
in pets is permanent and irreversible.
[0334] In some embodiments, different compositions may be formulated for different types
of users. For professionals users (e.g., doctors, vetenaries), compositions may include
a greater percentage of active bridged polycyclic compounds than compositions formulated
for over the counter sale to nonprofessionals. Professional compositions may not include
flavorings or colorants.
[0335] Additional oral compositions which may be used to deliver bridged polycyclic compounds,
as well as additional uses, are described in
U.S. Patent Nos. 4,666,896 to Warner, Jr. et al.,
5,393,516 to Rheinberger et al., and
5,948,390 to Nelson et al., as well as
U.S. Patent Publication No. 2005/0158252 to Romanowski et al.
[0336] While previous discussions herein have concentrated on the use of bridged polycyclic
compounds for treating maladies associated with oral cavities of humans and animals.
Bridged polycyclic compounds described herein may be used for the inhibition and/or
amelioration of various maladies associated with humans and/or more particularly animals.
Malidies inhibited and/or ameliorated may include diseases, parasites, viruses, infections
wounds, etc.
[0337] In some embodiments, compositions including bridged polycylic compounds may be administered
to treat otic maladies. Otic maladies may include, but are not limited to, ear mites
and/or ear infections. Compositions including bridged polycylic compounds may be used
to treat otic maladies in the form of an ear cleanser, ear wash, and/or ear drops.
Additionally, otic infections may be combinations of gram negative and gram positive
bacteria, fungus, yeast, and/or mold
[0338] In some embodiments, bridged polycyclic compounds may be incorporated into a composition
which is substantially nontoxic to an animal and/or human. A composition may include
a solvent capable of dissolving a bridged polycyclic compound. In some embodiments,
a composition may include an environmentally green solvent. A solvent may include
water. In some embodiments, a composition may consist of water and a bridged polycyclic
compound (e.g., 308, 309, 312, 312, 10-24, or a salt thereof).
[0339] In some embodiments, an otic composition may include a colorant, although colorants
may be optional for otic compositions. A colorant may include D&C Blue #1 or any FDA
approved color. A colorant may range from 0.001% to 0.010%, 0.010% to 0.10%, or 0.10%
to 1.0% of a composition.
[0340] In some embodiments, an oral composition may include a fragrance.
[0341] In some embodiments, a composition may include additional additives which may function
in combination or separately from the bridged polycyclic compound in solution.
[0342] In some embodiments, different compositions may be formulated for different types
of users. For professionals users (e.g., doctors, vetenaries, veterinarians), compositions
may include a greater percentage of active bridged polycyclic compounds than compositions
formulated for over the counter sale to nonprofessionals. Professional compositions
may not include colorants.
[0343] In some embodiments, a composition (e.g., otic composition) may include glycerin,
propylene glycol, polyethylene, mineral oil, benzyl alcohol, and/or ethyl alcohol.
[0344] Additional otic compositions which may be used to deliver bridged polycyclic compounds
(e.g., 308, 309, 312, 312, 10-24, or a salt thereof), as well as additional uses,
are described in
U.S. Patent Nos. 5,753,268 to Stolle et al.,
5,753,269 to Groh et al., and
5,597,560 to Bergamini et al. In some embodiments, quinolones may be coupled to and/or combined to form a salt
with bridged polycyclic compound and used to treat otic maladies. In some embodiments,
enrofloxicin may be combined with bridged polycyclic compounds to form a composition
effective in inhibiting and/or ameliorating otic maladies. The acid functionality
of enrofloxicin may be used to couple enrofloxicin directly to an amine of the bridged
polycyclic compound using methods known to one skilled in the art and outlined in
similar examples herein. In some embodiments, mulitple equivalents (e.g., eight) of
commercially available acid enrofloxicin (CAS Number 93106-60-6) from Aldrich may
be reacted with the freebase of 5 providing a combination salt antimicrobial that
is effective for gram negative, gram positive bacteria, yeasts and molds for ear infections
of dogs, felines, animals and people. In some embodiments, the resulting salt may
be used as a topical that may be used for any skin or wound infection.
[0345] In some embodiments, compositions including bridged polycylic compounds may be administered
to treat ophthalmic maladies.
[0346] In some embodiments, compositions including bridged polycylic compounds may be administered
topically. For example, compositions may be administerd topically to treat bacterial
infection, fungal infection, viral infection, and for general wound healing. Compositions
may be administered topically in the form of, for example, a topical spray, body wash
(e.g., for treating animals to control fungal, bacterial, and other microbial infections,
including itching, flaking, hot spots, rashes, dryness, etc.), and/or a shampoo (e.g.,
for treating scalp related problems). Compositions may be administered topically as
a disinfectant and healing agent for bums, small cuts, abrasions, and/or bites. Compositions
may be administered topically to inhibit and/or ameliorate a variety of skin conditions
including bed sores, eczema, bacterial infections, rashes, insect bites (including
the inflammation and pain associated with insect bites), poison ivy, minor scrapes,
boils, and/or sores. Compositions may be applied topically as lotions (e.g., to control
germs, skin moisture, condition and promote healing). Topical applications may be
used to treat parasites. Parasites may include, for example, fleas, ticks, and/or
lice. Parasites may include, for example, heart worms and/or ring worms. Compositions
may be administered topically to inhibit and/or ameliorate acute-chronic fungal infections
such as ringworm, athlete's foot, jock itch, etc., as well as, other fungal infections
(e.g., Fingernail and toenail fungus). Compositions may be administered topically
to inhibit and/or ameliorate Idiopathic dermatology problems- Generalized pruritis
(itching). Compositions may be administered topically to inhibit and/or ameliorate
Atopic and contact dermatitis (assists in soothing, reducing inflammation, and stimulates
healing). Common examples: itchy skin following contact with lawn grass, or other
irritant, which can provoke the need to scratch the points of contact.
[0347] In some embodiments, compositions including bridged polycylic compounds may be administered
topically for uses commonly associated with the medical field (animal and human).
For example topical application of the compositions described herein may be used to
inhibit and/or ameliorate topical staph infection. Compositions may be applied topically
as a hand soap (e.g., for controlling germs beyond currently available antibacterial
soaps). Compositions may be used as a medical laboratory personnel antimicrobial hand
wash for cross infection and contamination inhibitor (e.g., as an instant hand sanitizer).
[0348] While previous discussions herein have concentrated on the use of bridged polycyclic
compounds for treating maladies animals such as common household pets including canines
and felines, theses examples should not be seen as limiting. Compositions described
herein may be used to treat other animals (e.g., mammals) including avian (birds),
reptiles, horses, swine, sheep, goats, deer, tigers, protein producing animals (e.g.,
cattle), and/or lions.
[0349] In addition to felines and canines, avians may be assisted by compositions comprising
bridged polycyclic compounds. Avians are susceptible to a variety of maladies, including
viral infections, diseases and fungal infections. Viral infections include, but are
not limited to, Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease (PBFD), Pacheco's Disease, Polyoma
Virus, Psittacine Wasting Disease (Macaw wasting disease, proventricular dilation
syndrome), and Pox Virus. Bacterial infections include, but are not limited to, E.
Coli, Bacterial infections can affect any of the organ systems, yet the most common
infections affect the Upper Respiratory Tract or Sinuses, the Intestinal Tract and
Liver, the Urinary Tract, the Reproductive Tract, and the Skin and Feather Follicles,
Psittacosis, Chlamydiosis, Ornithosis, and Parrot Fever. Fungal infections include,
but are not limited to, Aspergillosis, Candida is a yeast that can cause infections
in the mouth, crop and occasionally the rest of the intestinal tract, Cutaneous yeast
infections are more difficult to treat.
[0350] Parrot fever has many names, including Chlamydiosis, Psittacosis and Ornithosis.
Parrot fever is referred to as Psittacosis when it occurs in people and psittacine
(parrot types) birds, and Ornithosis when it occurs in passerine (pigeons, doves,
etc.) birds. Antibacterial compositions (e.g., quinolonecarboxylic acids or derivatives
thereof) which may be used in combination with bridged polycyclic compounds, as well
as additional uses (e.g., treatment of parrot fever), are described in
U.S. Patent No. 5,145,853 to Metzger et al. In some embodiments, quinolones may be coupled to and/or combined to form a salt
with bridged polycyclic compound and used to treat avian maladies.
[0351] In some embodiments, nalidixic acid (CAS Number 389-08-2) may be combined with bridged
polycyclic compounds to form a composition effective in inhibiting and/or ameliorating
avian maladies. The acid functionality of nalidixic acid may be used to couple nalidixic
acid directly to an amine of the bridged polycyclic compound using methods known to
one skilled in the art and outlined in similar examples herein. In some embodiments,
mulitple equivalents (e.g., eight) of commercially available nalidixic acid from Aldrich
may be reacted with the freebase of 5 providing a combination antimicrobial. The combination
antimicrobial may function such that the cationic cage disinfects the GI tract and
the nalidixic acid is released as a systemic antimicrobial. This combination may be
put, for example, into parrot food or drinking water since a lot of birds carry this
disease and require quarantine + cure before they are allowed to be sold.
[0352] There are numerous infectious diseases seen in birds. In most cases, prevention is
far preferable over treatment of the disease after it occurs. Good nutrition and husbandry
are the most important factors in prevention of disease. Keeping the cage clean and
free of excessive fecal material and food is important in controlling bacterial infections;
decaying food and feces are an ideal growth medium for bacteria which can then overwhelm
the normal protective mechanisms that birds have. In some embodiments, compositions
described herein may be used as a disinfectant wash and/or coating for at least portions
of a bird cage to assist in inhibiting the growth of microbes.
[0353] It should be pointed out that at least some veterinarians believe that various over-the-counter
antibiotics sold by pet stores are have little affect since most bacteria are resistant
to them. Since these are most commonly mixed in the drinking water, accurate dosing
of the birds is very difficult. In many cases the medication has a flavor which the
bird dislikes, so they drink less water than they should, adding another stress factor
to the already sick bird. Many veterinarians believe medicants should be directly
administered to the bird either as a oral medication directly into the mouth or crop,
or as injections. For most owners it is not that difficult to learn how to give injections,
and many times this is the simplest and least stressful way to medicate a bird.
[0354] Some bacterial infections that birds get are thought to be transmissible to humans.
The most important bacterial agent that is a human risk is mycobacteria or tuberculosis.
Birds can carry M. tuberculosis, the human form of tuberculosis, and M. avium, the
avian form of tuberculosis which is transmissible to man. While these infections are
not common in most species of birds, it must still be kept in mind, since these diseases
are very difficult to treat and potentially devastating for both man and bird. Humans
with immunosuppresion due to conditions such as AIDS or cancer, should be particularly
careful about exposure to birds that may be carriers of zoonotic diseases, (diseases
transmissible to man). Birds with the human form of tuberculosis most likely get it
directly from an infected human with which the bird had close contact. The avian form
of tuberculosis can be spread from bird to bird, and it can be contagious to humans.
The treatment of tuberculosis in birds is highly controversial due to the human health
risk. Diagnosis of tuberculosis is difficult and frequently requires a biopsy, either
from a live patient or at necropsy. Tests available for screening birds are limited
to microscopic examination of the feces for the presence of the tuberculosis bacteria,
and this is not very good at picking up infections.
Compositions Comprising Bridged Polycyclic Compounds For Treating Oral Diseases
[0355] All types of teeth and gum diseases can lead to serious health problems in animals
and humans. Dogs and cats make much fuller use of their teeth than humans do - using
them in ways humans usually use their hands. For this reason, toothache, dental disease
and loss of teeth can all have serious consequences for pets. Damage to the teeth
and gums in pets is permanent and irreversible.
[0356] In some embodiments this antimicrobial may be incorporated into pet dental systems
for plaque prevention (e.g. OraVet™ a clinically provided plaque prevention system
[Merial, Duluth, GA]). A system featuring a dental barrier sealant and a plaque prevention
gel that can significantly reduces the formation of plaque and calculus, two factors
in the onset of periodontal disease. Compositions described herein may be used, for
example, for general dental oral health and preventative maintenance, dental surgery
oral rinse, and/or oral infection, stomatitis.
[0357] Demanding requirements such as those for dental materials also exist in numerous
other products such as coatings. Recent developments in nanotechnology are increasingly
being considered to address these requirements. A key challenge to widespread adoption
of nanotechnology to such applications is the ability to manufacture non-agglomerated
discrete nanoparticles that can be homogeneously distributed in resins or coatings
to produce nanocomposites.
[0358] In some embodiments, a dental composition may include bridged polycyclic compounds.
At least one of the bridged polycyclic compounds may include at least two cyclic groups.
At least two of the cyclic groups may include quaternary ammonium or amine moieties.
In some embodiments at least two of the cyclic groups may be defined at least in part
by quaternary ammonium moieties. Bridged polycyclic compounds may include any of the
compounds described herein.
[0359] In some embodiments, a composition may be applied to an oral surface or at least
to a portion of an oral surface. An oral surface may include at least a portion of
a dental fixture.
[0360] A method may include applying a dental composition to dental fixture such as bridges,
caps, retainers, dentures and any temporary or permanent dental fixture in the oral
cavity.
[0361] In some embodiments, a dental composition may include core-shell nanoparticles as
described herein.
[0362] In some embodiments, a dental composition may include nanoparticles as described
herein.
[0363] A dental composition and method of use of the same may be used in restoring the function
and anatomy of a tooth. Dental compositions as described herein may be used in bonding
agents, resin cements, sealants, varnishes, gels and resins. Dental compositions may
include polymerizable unsaturated monomers, oligomers, prepolymers, or combinations
thereof. Dental compositions may inhibit tooth decay and/or microbial growth in and
around an oral cavity. Dental compositions may inhibit secondary decay.
[0364] Some commonly found bacteria leading to tooth decay and/or other oral maladies have
been known for some time (e.g. Actinomyces israelii, A viscosus, A naeslundii, Arachnia
propionica, Rothia dentocariosa, Bacterionema matruchotii, and Corynebacterium acnes)
as described by
J.M Slack, et.al. in J. Dent. Res 50(1): 78-82, 1971, incorporated by refereince as if set forth fully herein. Other bacteria which lead
to oral maladies may include Streptococcus mutans, Porphymonas Gingivalis, and Haemophilus
actinomycetemcomitans.
[0365] In particular, stomatitis is a very common problem in felines that results in inflammation
of the oral cavity and tooth loss. FORLS 'Feline Odontoclastic Resorptive Lesions'
is a very common oral disease in cats and is believed to be a combination of different
maladies. Bridged polycyclic compounds used in combination with or without pharmaceutically
active agents may prove effective in inhibiting and/or ameliorating stomatitis and/or
FORLS.
[0366] FIGS. 1-4 depict a graphical representation of time kill assay tests for bridged
polycyclic compounds (308, 309, and/or 113a) tested against Streptococcus Mutans and
Aspergillus niger. FIGS. 5-7 depict a graphical representation of time kill assay
tests for bridged polycyclic compound 5 tested against Haemophilus Actinomycetemcomitans,
Streptococcus mutans, and Porphymonas Gingivalis respectively. The test results demonstrate
how effective bridged polycyclic compounds are against known destructive microbes.
[0367] In some embodiments, dental compositions may enhance sustained antimicrobial activity
with minimum harm to the living structure and surrounding tissues and without affecting
the composition's restorative properties.
[0368] In some embodiments, dental compositions described herein may be used for oral trauma
treatment. Dental composition may be used for oral trauma treatment field kits used
for the temporary or permanent treatment of oral trauma out in the field when specialized
help is not readily available. Dental compositions may be used in combination with
gelators, absorbents, and/or coagulating agents to prepare oral antimicrobial wound
dressings.
[0369] Nanoparticles have been shown to enable nearly 50% reduction in filling shrinkage.
These nanocomposites are suggested to be particularly useful for fabricating load
bearing and cosmetic restorations. Examples of nanoparticles and general properties
which they impart to dental compositions may be found in
U.S. Patent No. 6,593,395.
[0370] A dental composite may have a high strength required for load-bearing restorations,
yet maintains a glossy appearance, even after substantial wear. Through the use of
particles having a mean particle size between about 0.05 .mu.m and about 0.50 micromolar,
the composite is useful in stress bearing restorations and in cosmetic restorations.
The structural filler used is typically ground to a mean particle size of less than
0.5 micromolar and also includes a nanofiller having discrete particles of a mean
particle size less than 100 nm to improve handling and mechanical characteristics.
The preferred dental composites maintain their surface finish even after substantial
use and also have the strength properties of hybrid composite resins.
[0371] In some embodiments, a dental composite, comprising: a polymerizable resin base;
and about 10% by volume to about 80% by volume filler consisting essentially of a
ground structural filler and a non-ground nanofiller, wherein the ground structural
filler comprises between about 10% by volume and about 70% by volume of the composite
and consists of ground particles of mean particle size between about 0.05 µm and about
0.50 µm, and wherein the ground structural filler contains less than 50% by volume
of particles above 0.5 µm in diameter, and wherein the non-ground nanofiller comprises
between about 1.0% by volume and about 15% by volume of the composite and consists
essentially of discrete, non-aggregated gamma alumina particles having a mean particle
size of about 40 nm or less.
[0372] The resin composite, in the cured form, may have a flexural strength of at least
100 MPa.
[0373] The resin composite, in the cured form, may have a flexural strength of at least
120 Mpa.
[0374] The resin base comprises a polymerizable vinyl compound.
[0375] The the ground structural filler contains less than 10% by volume of particles above
0.8.mu.m in diameter.
[0376] The the non-ground nanofiller comprises between about 5 and about 12% by volume of
the composite.
[0377] The non-ground nanofiller may have a refractive index in the range of about 1.48
to about 1.6.
[0378] A dental composite comprising: a polymerizable resin base; and about 11% by volume
to about 80% by volume filler in the resin base, the filler consisting essentially
of a ground structural filler and a non-ground nanofiller, wherein the ground structural
filler comprises between about 10% by volume and about 70% by volume of the composite
and consists of ground particles having a mean particle size of between about 0.05
.mu.m and about 0.50 .mu.m, and wherein the non-ground nanofiller comprises between
about 1.0% by volume and about 15% by volume of the composite and consists essentially
of discrete, non-aggregated aluminosilicate particles having a mean particle size
of less than about 100 nm, and a 1:4 molar ratio of alumina to silica.
[0379] The resin composite, in the cured form, has a flexural strength of about 120 MPa
or greater.
[0380] The resin base includes a polymerizable vinyl compound.
[0381] The non-ground nanofiller comprises between about 5% by volume to about 12% by volume
of the composite.
[0382] The aluminosilicate particles have a mean particle size of about 80 nm.
[0383] The resin composite, in the cured form, has a flexural strength of at least 100 MPa.
[0384] The ground structural filler contains less than 10% by volume of particles above
0.8 .mu.m in diameter.
[0385] The non-ground nanofiller has a refractive index in the range of about 1.48 to about
1.6.
[0386] A dental composition may include a polymerizable compound, a polymerization initiator
system, bridged polycyclic compounds, or combinations thereof. These compositions
may be suitable for restoring the functionality and anatomy of a damaged tooth. Uses
may include, but are not limited to, use as dental primers, adhesives, surface sealants,
liners, luting cements, varnishes, impression materials, equipment and impression
systems, and composite restoratives. Uses may include, but are not limited to, impression
materials, coatings for impression trays, and impression systems. In some embodiments,
dental compositions may impart antimicrobial activity to a contacted tooth structure
and/or surrounding tissue.
[0387] The present dental compositions may include a polymerizable compound (e.g., at least
one polymerizable monomer or prepolymer selected from those known in the art of dental
materials) including polymerizable amides, esters, alkenes, imides, acrylates, methacrylates,
urethanes, vinyl esters or epoxy-based materials. Other polymerizable compounds may
include those based on styrene, styrene acrylonitrilic, sulfones, acetals, carbonates,
phenylene ethers, phenylene sulfides, or other polymerizable units listed herein.
Examples of dental compositions and additives typically used may be found in
U.S. Patent No. 6,326,417. Examples of dental compositions and additives typically used may be found in
U.S. Patent and Patent Application Nos. 6,500,004;
6,326,417;
20010009931;
20050252413; and
20030134933 (acidic based sealants).
[0388] Polymerizable compounds may include ethylenically unsaturated monomers and prepolymers
and include those based on acrylic and methacrylic monomers, for example those disclosed
in
U.S. Pat. No. 3,066,112,
U.S. Pat. No. 3,179,623, and
U.S. Pat. No. 3,194,784 to Bowen;
U.S. Pat. No. 3,751,399 and
U.S. Pat. No. 3,926,906 to Lee et al.; and commonly assigned
U.S. Pat. No. 5,276,068 to Wakline. Methacrylate-based monomers may be used (e.g., condensation product of bisphenol
A and glycidyl methacrylate, 2,2'-bis [4-(3 -methacryloxy-2-hydroxy propoxy)-phenyl]-propane
("BIS-GMA"), dipentaerythritol pentaacrylate (DPEPA), pentaerythritol dimethacrylate
(PEDM), the condensation product of ethoxylated bisphenol A and glycidyl methacrylate
("EBPA-DMA"), and the condensation product of 2 parts hydroxymethylmethacrylate and
1 part triethylene glycol bis(chloroformate) ("PCDMA")). Polymerizable compounds may
include polyurethane-based dimethacrylates ("PUDMA").
[0389] Polymerizable compounds may include polymerizable diluent monomers. Such monomers
are generally used to adjust the viscosity of a polymerizable composition. Suitable
methacrylate-based diluent monomers may include, but are not limited to, hydroxyalkyl
methacrylates (e.g., 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, 1,6-hexanediol dimethacrylate, and
2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate); glyceryl dimethacrylate; and ethyleneglycol methacrylates
(e.g., ethyleneglycol methacrylate, diethyleneglycol methacrylate, triethyleneglycol
methacrylate, Triethyleneglycol dimethacrylate, and tetraethyleneglycol methacrylate).
[0390] When used as primers, adhesives, or primer/adhesive, dental compositions may include
a polymerizable compound including hydrophilic polymerizable monomers to enhance the
bonding characteristics of the dental composition. Suitable polymerizable hydrophilic
monomers may have carboxyl, phosphoryl, sulfonyl, and/or hydroxyl functional groups.
Examples of polymerizable hydrophilic monomers having at least one carboxyl group
may include, but are not limited to, methacrylic acid, maleic acid p-vinylbenzoic
acid, 11-methacryloyloxy-1,1-undecanedicarboxylic acid, 1,4-dimethacryloyloxyethylpyromellitic
acid, 6-methacryloyloxyethylnaphthalene-1,2,6-tricarboxylic acid, 4-methacryloyloxymethyltrimellitic
acid and the anhydride thereof, 4-methacryloyloxyethyltrimellitic acid ("4-MET") and
an anhydride thereof ("4-META"), 4-(2-hydroxy-3-methacryloyloxy) butyltrimellitic
acid and an anhydride thereof, 2,3-bis(3,4-dicarboxybenzoyloxy)propyl methacrylate,
methacryloyloxytyrosine, N-methacryloyloxytyrosine, N-methacryloyloxyphenylalanine,
methacryloyl-p-aminobenzoic acid, an adduct of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate with pyromellitic
dianhydride (PMDM), and an adduct of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate with 3,3', 4,4'-benzophenonetetracarboxylic
dianhydride (BTDA) or 3,3',4,4'-biphenyltetracarboxylic dianhydride. Hydrophilic monomers
may include BPDM, the reaction product of an aromatic dianhydride with an excess of
2-HEMA (2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate), as disclosed in
U.S. Pat. No. 5,348,988. Other hydrophilic monomers may include EDMT, the reaction product of 2-hydroxyethyl
methacrylate ("2-HEMA") with ethylene glycol bistrimellitate dianhydride; DSDM, the
reaction product of 3,3',4,4'-diphenylsulfone tetracarboxylic dianhydride and 2-HEMA;
PMDM, and PMGDM, the adduct of pyromellitic dianhydride with glycerol dimethacrylate.
[0391] Examples of polymerizable compounds having at least one phosphoric acid group may
include, but are not limited to 2-methacryloyloxyethyl acidophosphate, 2-methacryloyloxypropyl
acidophosphate, 4-methacryloyloxybutyl acidophosphate, 8-methacryloyloxyoctyl acidophosphate,
10-methacryloyloxydecyl acidophosphate, bis(2-methacryloyloxyethyl)acidophosphate,
and 2 methacryloyloxyethylphenyl acidophosphate. The phosphoric acid group in these
compounds may be replaced with a thiophosphoric acid group. Examples of polymerizable
compounds may include 2-methacryloyloxyethylphenyl acidophosphate and 10-methacryloyloxydecyl
acidophosphate. Examples of polymerizable monomers having at least one sulfonic acid
group include 2-sulfoethyl methacrylate, 3-sulfo-2-butyl methacrylate, 3 -bromo-2-sulfo-2-propyl
methacrylate, 3 -methoxy-1-sulfo-2-propyl methacrylate, and 1,1-dimethyl-2-sulfoethyl
methacrylamide.
[0392] All the above polymerizable monomers may be used alone or in combination. All of
the above polymerizable compounds may be first polymerized and then added to a composition
as a polymer. Polymers may be purchased. In some embodiments, a polymer may be combined
with a bridged polycyclic compound to form a composition. Polymers may further polymerize
during a curing process after a composition has been applied to an oral surface. In
some embodiments, a polymer, added to a composition, may include poly(vinyl acetate-co-crotonic
acid). A composition may include one or more solvents. Solvents may include environmentally
green solvents (e.g., water, alcohol (e.g., ethanol). Solvents may be applied to an
oral surface as part of a composition. At least some of the solvents may evaporate
as the composition forms a film over the oral surface to which the composition was
applied.
[0393] A dental composition may include a polymerization initiator system, including light
curing, self-curing, dual curing, and vacuum, heat, and pressure curing systems as
well as any combination thereof. Visible light curing systems employ light-sensitive
compounds (e.g., benzil diketones and DL-camphorquinone) in amounts ranging from about
0.05 to 0.5 weight percent. Visible light curing systems may include polymerization
accelerators (e.g., various organic tertiary amines well known in the art). In visible
light curable compositions, the tertiary amines are generally acrylate derivatives
such as dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate and, particularly, diethylaminoethyl methacrylate
("DEAME") in amounts in the range from about 0.05 to 0.5 weight percent.
[0394] Self-curing compositions may contain free radical polymerization initiators such
as, for example, peroxides in amounts ranging from about 2 to 6 weight percent. Suitable
free radical initiators may include lauryl peroxide, tributyl hydroperoxide, cumene
hydroperoxide, and benzoyl peroxide. The heat and pressure curable systems also include
heat cure initiators such as aromatic sulfinic acids and salts thereof, benzoyl peroxide,
1,1'-azobis (cyclohexanecarbonitrile), or other free radical initiators. Polymerization
accelerators commonly used with these include tertiary amines, generally aromatic
tertiary amines such as ethyl 4-(N,N-dimethyl)aminobenzoate ("EDAB"), dimethyl-p-toluidine,
dihydroxyethyl-p-toluidine and the like, in amounts ranging from about 0.05 to about
4.0 weight percent.
[0395] The dental restorative compositions may also comprise other additives and solvents
known in the art, for example, ultraviolet light absorbers, anti-oxidants such as
BHT, stabilizers, fillers, pigments, opacifiers, handling agents, and others. An ultraviolet
absorber may be employed in amounts ranging from about 0.05 to about 5.0 weight percent.
Such ultraviolet absorbers may be desirable in the visible light curable compositions
in order to avoid discoloration of the resin from any incident ultraviolet light.
Suitable ultraviolet absorbers may include gelators, various benzophenones, particularly
UV-9 and UV-5411 available from American Cyanamid Company, and benzotriazoles known
in the art, particularly 2-(2'-hydroxy-5'-methylphenyl)-benzotriazole, sold under
the trademark TINUVIN P by Ciba-Geigy Corporation, Ardsley, N.Y.
[0396] Fillers, such as colloidal silica, barium glasses, fibrous fillers, quartz, ceramic
fillers and the like may also be incorporated into dental compositions, particularly
when they are to be used as bonding agents, luting cements or filling composites.
Suitable fillers may include fillers conventionally used in the dental industry capable
of being covalently bonded to the resin matrix itself or to a coupling agent which
is covalently bonded to both. Silane coupling agents are known, for example methacryloxypropyl
trimethoxy silane. Such fillers are described in
U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,544,359 and
4,547,531. Examples of suitable filling materials may include, but are not limited to, amorphous
silica, spherical silica, colloidal silica, barium glasses, quartz, ceramic fillers,
silicate glass, hydroxyapatite, calcium carbonate, fluoroaluminosilicate, barium sulfate,
quartz, barium silicate, strontium silicate, barium borosilicate, barium boroaluminosilicate,
strontium borosilicate, strontium boroaluminosilicate, glass fibers, lithium silicate,
ammoniated calcium phosphate, deammoniated calcium phosphate, alumina, zirconia, tin
oxide, polymer powders, polymethyl methacrylate, polystyrene, and polyvinyl chloride,
titania, and combinations thereof. Particularly suitable fillers for dental filling-type
materials prepared are those having a particle size in the range from about 0.1 to
about 5.0 microns, together with a silicate colloid having particle sizes in the range
from about 0.001 to about 0.07 microns.
[0397] Antimicrobials may be generally effective against organisms which cause secondary
decay, and must not adversely affect the required physical properties of the cured
compositions, in particular water sorption, diametral tensile strength, and hardness.
In particular, the ADA specification No. 27 requires dental resin composites to have
water sorption values below 50 µg/mm
3/week. Commercial dental restorative materials used as, filling materials preferably
have water sorption values of less than about 30, less than about 20, or less than
about 15 µg/mm
3/week. The ADA specification No. 27 specifies that the diametral tensile strength
for filled dental composite (type II) should be a minimum of 34 MPa. Commercial dental
restorative materials used as filling materials may have DTS values of greater than
about 38, greater than about 40, or greater than about 45 MPa. Dentine bonding strength
must be at least about 10 MPa, at least about 15 MPa, at least about 18 MPA, or at
least about 20 MPa.
[0398] Dental compositions may be used as bonding primers or adhesives. When dental compositions
are to be used as bonding primers, adhesives, or primer/adhesives, volatile solvents
such as water, alcohol, acetone, and the like are used to dilute the polymerizable
compound(s). The particular amounts of polymerizable compound(s) and solvent may be
adjusted so as to provide sufficient viscosity such that they can be applied in one
or a relatively few number of coats and achieve a uniform thin coating, of the dental
substrate, while providing high bonding strengths between the dental substrate and
the restorative material or dental component. Optionally, additional polymerizable
compounds, optional self-life stabilizers, or other modifying ingredients known in
the art may be incorporated.
[0399] Dental compositions may be used as a bonding agent and/or base liner under restorative
materials such as resin composites, silver amalgam alloys, and the like.
[0400] The most common ailments seen by vets in dogs and cats are dental problems. More
than half of all pets suffer from gum disease, dental calculus or similar dental problems.
[0401] Calculus is the brown build-up of plaque found extending downwards on the tooth from
the gum line. Calculus is a haven for bacteria which can have serious consequences
for your pet's general health. These bacteria can not only cause abscesses and tooth
loss but can have effects further afield - even resulting in organ damage as the bacteria
are carried from the mouth, through the bloodstream.
[0402] Dental compositions may be used as dental luting cements and/or cavity filling materials.
[0403] In some embodiments, elements used within an antimicrobial coatings as described
herein is association with other applications or elsewhere herein (e.g., under the
"Matrices" heading) may also be incorporated into a composition for dental purposes.
[0404] The present invention related to clause E: A chemical composition comprising:
a chemical compound, wherein the chemical compound comprises one or more bridged polycyclic
compounds, wherein the chemical compound comprises a general structure (Ia) or (I):
and/or
wherein each R1 is independently an alkyl-aryl group, a substituted alkyl-aryl group, an alkyl group,
a substituted alkyl group, an aryl group, a substituted aryl group, N, N+H N+R3, a heterocycle group, or a substituted heterocycle group;
wherein each R2 is independently an alkyl-aryl group, a substituted alkyl-aryl group, an alkyl group,
a substituted alkyl group, an aryl group, a substituted aryl group, a heterocycle
group, a substituted heterocycle group, a covalent bond, or an alkene;
wherein each R3 is independently hydrogen, a pharmaceutically active agent, an alkyl-aryl group,
a substituted alkyl-aryl group, an alkyl group, a substituted alkyl group, an aryl
group, a substituted aryl group, a heterocycle group, a substituted heterocycle group,
an alkene, an ether, a guanidine moiety, a PEG, a PEI, or any combination of these;
wherein each R4 is independently an alkyl-aryl group, a substituted alkyl-aryl group, an alkyl group,
a substituted alkyl group, an aryl group, a substituted aryl group, a heterocycle
group, a substituted heterocycle group, an ether, an amide, an alcohol, an ester,
a sulfonamide, a sulfanilamide, or an alkene;
wherein Z comprises at least one bridge, wherein at least one of the bridges is -
R2 - N+R32 - R4 - N+R32-R2-,-R2-NR3-R4-N+R32-R2-,-R2-NR3-R4-NR3-R2-,or -R2-N=R4=N-R2-, and wherein each bridge independently couples R1 to R1; and
wherein X comprises at least one counterion;
at least two pharmaceutically active agents per bridged polycyclic compound, wherein
the pharmaceutically active agent is configured to inhibit and/or ameliorate at least
one malady.
[0405] The chemical composition of clause E, further comprising one or more of the following:
one or more polymerizable compounds;
a prepolymer or a polymer, for example, poly(vinyl acetate-co-crotonic acid;
at least one solvent, for example, water or alcohol, for example, ethanol; and
a pharmaceutically acceptable viscous liquid, for example, glycerin.
[0406] The chemical composition of clause E, further comprising one or more polymerizable
compounds,
wherein the chemical composition is configured such that, when the chemical composition
is
applied to a surface and cured, then at least a portion of the composition forms an
antimicrobial
coating or a barrier over at least a portion of the surface.
[0407] The chemical composition of clause E, wherein the chemical compound is a salt of
the chemical compound comprising at least one counterion, for example, an acetate
ion or a gluconate ion.
[0408] The chemical composition of clause E, wherein at least one Z comprises:
[0411] The chemical composition of clause E, wherein at least one R
3 comprises one or more of the following:
a guanidine moiety;
a halogenated aryl moiety; or
at least one quaternary ammonium moiety.
[0412] The chemical composition of clause E, wherein at least one X is a polymer, a monomer,
an anion, a conjugate base of an acid, a halogen, contains boron, or contains nitrogen,
for example, wherein at least one X is a hexafluorophosphate, a bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide,
a nitrate, or a borate, for example, a tetrafluoroborate.
[0413] The chemical composition of clause E, wherein at least one of the pharmaceutically
active agents is an antiviral agent, an anti-inflammatory agent, or an antimicrobial
agent, for example, a periodontal disease agent, a periodontal bacteria attachment
inhibitor, a periodontal disease enzyme inhibitor, a periodontal disease enzyme attachment
inhibitor.
[0414] The chemical composition of clause E, wherein at least one of the pharmaceutically
active agents is a Feline Odontoclastic Resorptive Lesions (FORLs) inhibitor or a
periodontal Stomatitis inhibitor.
[0415] The chemical composition of clause E, wherein the chemical compound comprises a general
structure
wherein R
3=
and wherein X comprises at least one OAc
- counterion.
[0416] A use of the chemical composition described in any one of the preceding clauses in
the manufacture of a medicament or a medical device for the treatment of an oral malady
or an otic malady or a topical malady afflicting a subject.
[0417] The use of the chemical composition of any one of the preceding clauses, wherein
the medicament or the medical device is configured to applied to a surface, for example:
an oral surface, for example, at least a portion of a tooth surface, at least a portion
of a gum, at least a portion of soft tissue, and/or at least a portion of a dental
fixture, for example, a filling, at least a portion of a bridge, and/or at least a
portion of a denture, wherein the medicant or the medical device is used for the treatment
of an oral malady;
an otic surface, wherein the medicant or the medical device is used for the treatment
of an otic malady, for example, ear mites or ear infections; or
a topical surface, wherein the medicant or the medical device is used for the treatment
of an otic malady, for example, treat bacterial infection, fungal infection, or viral
infection.
[0418] The use of the chemical composition of any one of the preceding clauses, wherein
the oral malady, the otic malady or the topical malady is a fungal infection, an infection,
a viral infection, a disease, bacteria based, microbial based, mold based, yeast based,
and/or results from parasitic invasion of a subject.
EXAMPLES
[0419] Having now described the invention, the same will be more readily understood through
reference to the following example(s), which are provided by way of illustration,
and are not intended to be limiting of the present invention.
[0420] General Experimental: All manipulations were carried out with strict exclusion of air and water using Schlenk
technique. Dimethylformamide (DMF), 99.8%, anhydrous, was purchased from Acros Organics.
Ethanol, denatured, was purchased from EMD. Methanol, low water, was purchased from
J.T. Baker. Dichloromethane, anhydrous, and ethyl acetate, anhydrous, were purchased
from Aldrich. They were used without further purification. Octa-amine 1 was synthesized
as described in AllAccem, Inc. patents. Ethylenediamine, 3-(dimethylamino)-1-propylamine
and benzyl bromide were purchased from Aldrich. Ethylenediamine, triethylamine and
methylacrylate were purchased from Aldrich and distilled before use. Methyl iodide
and 1-bromohexane were purchased from Acros Organics. They were distilled before use.
Succinic anhydride was purchased from Fluka Organics and 1,6-hexanediamine was purchased
from Aldrich. They were sublimed before use. Sodium bicarbonate was purchased from
J.T. Baker. Sulfuric acid was purchased from EMD. They were used without further purification.
Also purchased from Aldrich were phosphorous pentoxide, powder, sodium dicyanamide
and 4-sulfophenyl isothiocyanate sodium salt monohydrate. They were used without further
purification. Nonenylsuccinic anhydride was purchased from Aldrich and dried under
vacuum in a desiccator over P2O5 for more than 3 days. Also purchased from Aldrich
were 5-aminoisophthalic acid and 4-amino-2,7-napthadisulfonic acid and used without
purification. NMR analysis was performed on a JEOL Eclipse
+ 400 instrument at Acorn NMR, Inc. in Livermore, CA. MS analysis was performed at
Scripps Center for Mass Spectrometry in La Jolla, CA.
[0421] Synthesis of 302 and 303: To a 100 mL flask was added
301 (1.06 g, 1.75 mmoles) and succinic anhydride (1.05 g, 10.5 mmoles) followed by DMF
(8.75 mL). The system was closed and the reaction solution was heated in an oil bath
at 80 °C for 14 h. Then the volatiles were removed by vacuum transfer leaving a colorless
foam that was crushed to a powder. That powder was combined with methanol (42.5 mL,
33.6 g, 1.05 mole) and concentrated sulfuric acid (0.292 mL, 5.25 mmoles) added. The
reaction flask was fitted with a reflux condenser and the reaction solution was heated
with a 95 °C oil bath for 14 h. Then the reaction solution was cooled to room temperature
and sodium bicarbonate (0.588 g, 7.00 mmoles) was added. The reaction solution was
stirred at room temperature for 3 h. Then the volatiles were removed by vacuum transfer
to leave a white paste. The paste was extracted with dichloromethane (1 x 10 mL and
3 x 4 mL) and filtered. The volatiles were removed from the filtrate to leave the
product
303 as a colorless powder (1.85 g, 1.44 mmoles, 82.5% yield).
Analysis of 302: 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d
6, δ): 2.05-2.25, 2.45-2.65, 2.95-3.15 (m, 48H, N[C
H2C
H2N(COC
H2C
H2CO
2H)C
H2C
6H4CH
2N (COC
H2C
H2CO
2H)C
H2C
H2]
3N), 4.30-4.65 (m, 12H, N[CH
2CH
2N(C0CH
2CH
2CO
2H)C
H2C
6H4C
H2N (COCH
2CH
2CO
2H)CH
2CH
2]
3N), 7.05-7.25 (m, 12H, N[CH
2CH
2N(COCH
2CH
2CO
2H)CH
2C
6H4CH
2N (COCH
2CH
2CO
2H)CH
2CH
2]
3N), 12.06 (s, 6H, N[CH
2CH
2N(COCH
2CH
2CO
2H)CH
2C
6H
4CH
2N (COCH
2CH
2CO
2H)CH
2CH
2]
3N). ESI-MS (m/z): [M]
+ 1200, [M]
2+ 600. (MS data from 005-077)
Analysis of 303: 1H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d
4, 8): 1.8 - 2.35, 2.50 - 2.93 (m, 36H, N[C
H2C
H2N(COC
H2CH
2CO
2Me)CH
2C
6H
4CH
2N(COC
H2CH
2CO
2Me)C
H2C
H2]
3N), 3.05 - 3.30 (m, 12H, N[CH
2CH
2N(COCH
2C
H2CO
2Me)CH
2C
6H
4CH
2N(COCH
2C
H2CO
2Me)CH
2CH
2]
3N), 3.65 - 3.71 (m, 18H, N[CH
2CH
2N(COCH
2CH
2CO
2Me)CH
2C
6H
4CH
2N(COCH
2CH
2CO
2Me)CH
2CH
2]
3N), 4.35 - 4.80 (m, 12H, N[CH
2CH
2N(COCH
2CH
2CO
2Me)C
H2C
6H
4C
H2N(COCH
2CH
2CO
2Me)CH
2CH
2]3N), 7.13 - 7.43 (m, 12H, N[CH
2CH
2N(COCH
2CH
2CO
2Me)CH
2C
6H4CH
2N(COCH
2CH
2CO
2Me)CH
2CH
2]
3N). ESI-MS (m/z): [M+Na]
+ 1306, [M]
+ 1284, [M]
2+ 642.
[0422] Synthesis of 304: To a 100 mL flask was added
303 (4.12 g, 3.21 mmoles) followed by methanol (10.7 mL). Then to a separate flask ethylenediamine
(38.7 mL, 34.7 g, 578 mmoles) was added followed by methanol (19.3 mL). Both solutions
were cooled in brine baths at -3 to -5 °C and the solution of
303 was added to the solution of ethylenediamine drop-wise over 5 minutes. The flask
that had contained the solution of
303 was rinsed with methanol (3 x 2 mL) and the reaction solution allowed to warm to
room temperature slowly as the ice melted. It was stirred for 14 h. Then the reaction
flask was heated with a 50 °C oil bath for 1 day. The reaction solution was cooled
to room temperature and the volatiles removed by vacuum transfer leaving a colorless
foam that was crushed to a powder. The powder was subjected to vacuum of < 20 mtorr
while the flask was heated in a 50 °C oil bath for 1 day. Then the flask was placed
in a desiccator with phosphorous pentoxide under static vacuum for 3 days. The product
is a colorless powder (4.06 g, 2.80 mmoles, 87.0% yield).
Analysis of 304: 1H NMR (400 MHz, D
20, δ): 2.15 - 2.85 (m, 48H, N[C
H2C
H2N(COC
H2CH
2CONHCH
2C
H2NH
2)CH
2C
6H
4CH
2N(COC
H2CH
2CONHCH
2CH
2NH
2) C
H2C
H2]
3N), 3.07 - 3.45 (m, 30H, N[CH
2CH
2N(COCH
2C
H2CON
HC
H2CH
2NH
2)CH
2C
6H
4CH
2N(COCH
2C
H2CO NHCH
2CH
2NH
2)CH
2CH
2]
3N), 4.30 - 4.70 (m, 12 H, N[CH
2CH
2N(COCH
2CH
2CONHCH
2CH
2NH
2)C
H2C
6H
4C
H2N (COCH
2CH
2CONHCH
2CH
2CH
2NH
2)CH
2CH
3]
3N), 7.05 - 7.38 (m, 12H, N[CH
2CH
2N(COCH
2CH
2CONHCH
2CH
2NH
2) CH
2C
6H4CH
2N(COCH
2CH
2CONHCH
2CH
2NH
2)CH
2CH
2]
3N). ESI-MS (m/z): [M]
+ 1452, [M]
2+ 726 and [M]
3+ 485.
[0423] Synthesis of 305: To a 50 mL flask was added
304 (1.20 g, 0.826 mmoles) and DMF (3.4 mL). Then one third of the total amount of 4-sulfophenyl
isothiocyanate sodium salt monohydrate (1.39 g, 5.45 mmoles) was added and the reaction
solution stirred for 15 minutes. The second third of 4-sulfophenyl isothiocyanate
sodium salt monohydrate was added followed by DMF (1.0 mL) and the reaction solution
stirred for another 15 minutes. Then the last third of 4-sulfophenyl isothiocyanate
sodium salt monohydrate was added followed by DMF (1.0 mL) and the reaction solution
stirred for 2 h while on a 25 °C water bath. The volatiles were removed from the reaction
solution by vacuum transfer leaving an off-white paste. The paste was dissolved in
water (5 mL) and the product precipitated with ethanol (30 mL). The solution was filtered
leaving the precipitate. It was dissolved in water (4 mL), precipitated with ethanol
(30 mL) and the solution filtered leaving the precipitate. It was dissolved in water
(3 mL), precipitated with ethanol (30 mL) and filtered leaving the precipitate: This
step, dissolution in with water (3.0 mL), precipitation with ethanol (30 mL) and filtration,
was preformed again. Then the product was placed under vacuum for 14 h while on a
25 °C water bath. Finally, the product was dissolved in water (5 mL), filtered and
the volatiles removed from the filtrate. The resulting paste was placed under vacuum
for 14 h while on a 25 °C bath and the product isolated as a white powder (0.691 g,
0.240 mmoles, 29.1% yield un-optimized).
Analysis of 305: 1H NMR (400 MHz, D
2O, δ): 1.89 - 2.94 (m, 48H, N[C
H2C
H2N(COC
H2C
H2CONHCH
2CH
2NHCSNHC
6H
4SO
3Na) CH
2C
6H
4CH
2N(COC
H2C
H2CONHCH
2CH
2NHCSNHC
6H
4SO
3Na)C
H2C
H2]
3N), 2.95 - 3.90 (m, 42H, N[CH
2CH
2N (COCH
2CH
2CON
HCH
2C
H2N
HCSN
HC
6H
4SO
3Na)CH
2C
6H
4CH
2N(COCH
2CH
2CON
HC
H2C
H2N
HCSN
H C
6H
4SO
3Na)CH
2CH
2]
3N), 4.15 - 4.68 (m, 12H, N[CH
2CH
2N(COCH
2CH
2CONHCH
2CH
2NHCSNHC
6H
4SO
3Na) C
H2C
6H
4C
H2N(COCH
2CH
2CONHCH
2CH
2NHCSNHC
6H
4SO
3Na)CH
2CH
2]
3N), 6.93 - 7.25 (m, 12H, N[CH
2CH
2N (COCH
2CH
2CONHCH
2CH
2NHCSNHC
6H
4SO
3Na)CH
2C
6H4CH
2N(COCH
2CH
2CONHCH
2CH
2NHCSNH C
6H
4SO
3Na)CH
2CH
2]
3N), 7.25 - 7.43, 7.68 - 7.84 (m, 24H, NHC
6H4SO
3Na).
[0424] Synthesis of 306: To a 5 mL flask was added
3 (0.503 g, 0.392 mmoles) followed by methanol (0.89 mL) and 3-(dimethylamino)-1-propylamine
(1.77 mL, 1.44 g, 14.1 mmoles). The reaction flask was fitted with a reflux condenser
and an 80 °C oil bath was used to heat the reaction solution for 2 days. Then after
cooling to room temperature the volatiles were removed by vacuum transfer and the
resulting colorless foam crushed to a powder. The product was put under vacuum for
14 h while the flask was heated in a 50 °C bath. Finally, the product was placed into
a vacuum desiccator with phosphorous pentoxide under static vacuum for 3 days. The
product is a colorless powder (0.536 g, 0.315 mmoles, 80.2% yield)
Analysis of 306: 1H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d
4, δ): 1.64 - 1.75 (m, 12H, N[CH
2CH
2N(COCH
2CH
2CONHCH
2CH
2C
H2NMe
2)CH
2C
6H
4CH
2N (COCH
2CH
2CONHCH
2C
H2CH
2NMe
2)CH
2CH
2]
3N), 1.96 - 2.86 (m, 96H, N[C
H2C
H2N(COC
H2C
H2CONH CH
2CH
2C
H2NMe
2)CH
2C
6H
4CH
2N(COC
H2C
H2CONHCH
2C
H2N
Me2)C
H2C
H2]
3N), 3.05 - 3.28 (m, 18H, N[CH
2CH
2N(COCH
2CH
2CON
HC
H2CH
2CH
2NMe
2)CH
2C
6H
4CH
2N(COCH
2CH
2CON
HC
H2CH
2CH
2NMe
2 )CH
2CH
2]
3N), 4.35 - 4.82 (m, 12H, N[CH
2CH
2N(COCH
2CH
2CONHCH
2CH
2CH
2NMe
2)C
H2C
6H
4C
H2N (COCH
2CH
2CONHCH
2CH
2CH
2NMe
2)CH
2CH
2]
3N), 7.05 - 7.45 (m, 12H, N[CH
2CH
2N(COCH
2CH
2CONH CH
2CH
2CH
2NMe
2)CH
2C
6H4CH
2N(COCH
2CH
2CONHCH
2CH
2CH
2NMe
2)CH
2CH
2]
3N). ESI-MS (m/z): [M]
+ 1705, [M]
2+ 853, [M]
3+ 569, [M]
4+ 427. (MS data from 006-153)
[0425] Synthesis of 308: To a 15 mL round bottom flask was added
6 (0.491 g, 0.288 mmoles), DMF (0.24 mL) and 1-bromohexane (0.643 mL, 0.756 g, 4.61
mmoles). The reaction flask was heated in a 95 °C oil bath for about 20 h. Then the
reaction solution was cooled to room temperature and DMF (0.05 mL) and benzyl bromide
(0.206 mL, 0.296 g, 1.73 mmoles) were added. The reaction flask was heated with an
80 °C oil bath for about 14 h. Then the reaction solution was cooled to room temperature,
DMF (8 mL) was added. The product was precipitated by addition of ethyl acetate (24
mL) and the solution filtered. The precipitate was washed with ethyl acetate (2 x
24 mL) and the volatiles removed by vacuum transfer to leave a white powder (0.862
g, 0.285 mmoles, 98.8% yield). In this example
7 was not isolated. Analysis of
7 was obtained from a reaction stopped before synthesis of
8.
Analysis of 307: ESI-MS (m/z): [M- 2Br]
2+ 1267, [M- 3Br]
3+ 818, [M- 4Br]
4+ 594, [M- 5Br]
5+ 459.
Analysis of 308: ESI-MS (m/z): [M- 3Br+Na]
3+ 940, [M- 4Br+Na]
4+ 685.
[0426] Synthesis of 309: To a 25 mL round bottom flask was added
306 (0.550 g, 0.323 mmoles) followed by DMF (0.27 mL) and 1-bromohexane (0.725 mL, 0.854
g, 5.17 mmoles). The flask was heated with a 95 °C oil bath for about 16 h and then
cooled to room temperature. Then DMF (3.0 mL) was added followed by methyl iodide
(0.121 mL, 0.275 g, 1.94 mmoles) and the reaction flask heated with an 80 °C oil bath
for about 14 h. Then the reaction solution was cooled to room temperature and the
product precipitated by addition of ethyl acetate (15 mL). After filtration the precipitate
was washed with ethyl acetate (2 x 15 mL). After removal of the volatiles by vacuum
transfer the product was isolated as a slightly off white powder (0.853 g, 0.286 mmoles,
88.5% yield). In this experiment
307 was not isolated. Analysis of
307 was obtained from a reaction stopped before synthesis of
309. Analysis of 307: ESI-MS (m/z): [M- 2Br]
2+ 1267, [M- 3Br]
3+ 818, [M- 4Br]
4+ 594, [M- 5Br]
5+ 459.
Analysis of 309: ESI-MS (m/z): [M-2I-Br]
3+ 882, [M-2I-Br+Na]
3+ 890, [M-I-2Br]
3+ 897, [M-2I-Br+2Na]
3+ 897.
[0427] Synthesis of 310: To a 50 mL flask was added 1,6-hexanediamine (3.12 g, 26.9 mmoles) and methanol (1.60
mL). The reaction flask was cooled in a brine / ice bath and
303 (0.575 g, 0.448 mmoles) was added. The reaction solution was allowed to warm to room
temperature slowly as the ice melted. It was stirred for 14 h. Then the water bath
was replaced by a 50 °C oil bath and the reaction flask heated for 4 h. Following
that, the oil bath temperature was increased to 70 °C and the reaction solution heated
for 1 day. Then the reaction solution was cooled to room temperature and transferred
to a sublimation apparatus. After the volatiles were removed by vacuum transfer, excess
1,6-hexanediamine was removed by sublimation using an oil bath temperature of 70 °C
with pressure of < 20 mtorr. The sublimation was performed for 2 days and the cold
finger was cleaned between days of sublimation. The product was a colorless foam that
was crushed to a powder (0.492 g, 0.275 mmoles, 61.4% yield un-optimized).
Analysis of 310: 1H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d
4, 8): 1.28 - 1.42, 1.43 -1.58 (m, 48H, N[CH
2CH
2N(COCH
2CH
2CONHCH
2(C
H2)
4CH
2NH
2)CH
2C
6H
4CH
2N(COCH
2CH
2CONHCH
2(C
H2)
4CH
2N H
2)CH
2CH
2]
3N), 1.96 - 2.35, 2.42 - 2.80 (m, 60H, N[C
H2C
H2N(COC
H2C
H2CONHCH
2(CH
2)
4C
H2NH
2)CH
2C
6H
4CH
2N (COC
H2C
H2CONHCH
2(CH
2)
4C
H2NH
2)C
H2C
H2]
3N), 3.37 - 3.36 (m, 18H, N[CH
2CH
2N (COCH
2CH
2CON
HC
H2(CH
2)
4CH
2NH
2)CH
2C
6H
4CH
2N(COCH
2CH
2CON
HCH
2(CH
2)
4CH
2NH
2)CH
2CH
2]
3 N), 4.34 - 5.67 (m, 12H, N[CH
2CH
2N(COCH
2CH
2CONHCH
2(CH
2)
4CH
2NH
2)C
H2C
6H
4C
H2N(COCH
2CH
2CONHCH
2 (CH
2)
4CH
2NH
2)CH
2CH
2]
3N), 7.08 - 7.42 (m, 12H, N[CH
2CH
2N(COCH
2CH
2CONHCH
2(CH
2)
4CH
2NH
2) CH
2C
6H4CH
2N(COCH
2CH
2CONHCH
2(CH
2)
4CH
2NH
2)CH
2CH
2]
3N). ESI-MS (m/z): [M]
+ 1789, [M+Na]
+ 1811, [M]
2+ 895, [M]
3+ 597, [M]
4+ 448
[0428] Synthesis of 311: To a 5 mL flask was added
310 (0.0673 g, 0.0376 mmoles), dilute hydrochloric acid (0.075 mL, 0.53 mmoles, 7.0 M)
and sodium dicyanamide, 96%, (0.021 g, 0.226 mmoles). The solution was stirred on
a 90 °C oil bath for 20 minutes before water (0.075 mL) was added. Then the reaction
was stirred a 90 °C oil bath for 14 h. The solution was cooled to RT and the volatiles
removed by vacuum transfer to leave a white solid.
Analysis of 311: ESI-MS (m/z): [M+Na+3 NaCl]
3+ 796, [M+Na+3 NaCl]
4+ 597.
Synthesis of a bridged polycyclic compound including pharmaceutically active agents
and intermediates directed towards such compounds:
[0429]
[0430] Synthesis of 2 and 3: (where R
1 and R
2 = H and R
3 = Me):To a 50 mL RBF was added 1 (1.39 g, 2.32 mmoles) and succinic anhydride (1.39
g, 13.9 mmoles) followed by DMF (2.9 mL) and the solution heated on an oil bath at
80 °C for 14 h. Then the reaction solution was cooled to RT and volatiles were removed
by vacuum transfer to a pressure of less than 20 mtorr. The product was then taken
to the next reaction. Analysis of
2 was obtained from a sample removed at this point. Product
2 was dissolved in methanol (56.4 mL, 44.6 g, 1.39 moles) which formed a semi-waxy,
semi-solid solution. Then concentrated sulfuric acid was added (0.387 mL, 6.96 mmoles)
and the reaction flask fitted with a reflux condenser. The flask was heated on an
oil bath set to 70 °C for 14 h and cooled to RT. Then NaHCO
3 was added (0.800 g, 9.28 mmoles) and the reaction solution stirred at room temperature
for 3 h. The solution was filtered and the volatiles removed from the filtrate to
produce the product as a white slightly waxy solid.
Analysis of 2: 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d
6, 8): 2.05-2.30, 2.45-2.60, 3.0-3.15 (m, 48H, N[C
H2C
H2N(COC
H2C
H2CO
2H)CH
2C
6H
4CH
2N(COC
H2C
H2CO
2H)C
H2C
H2]
3N), 4.30-4.65 (m, 12H, N[CH
2CH
2N(COCH
2CH
2CO
2H)C
H2C
6H
4C
H2N(COCH
2CH
2CO
2H)CH
2CH
2]
3N), 7.05-7.25 (m, 12H, N[CH
2CH
2N(COCH
2CH
2CO
2H)CH
2C
6H4CH
2N(COCH
2CH
2CO
2H)CH
2CH
2]
3N), 12.06 (s, 6H, N[CH
2CH
2N(COCH
2CH
2CO
2H)CH
2C
6H
4CH
2N(COCH
2CH
2CO
2H)CH
2CH
2]
3N).
ESI-MS (m/z): [M+H]
+ 1200, [M+2H]
2+ 600.
Analysis of 3: 1H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d
4, δ): 1.8 - 2.35, 2.50-2.93 (m, 36H, N[C
H2C
H2N(COCH
2C
H2CO
2Me)CH
2C
6H
4CH
2N(COC
H2CH
2CO
2Me)C
H2C
H2]
3N), 3.05 - 3.30 (m, 12H, N[CH
2CH
2N(COCH
2C
H2CO
2Me)CH
2C
6H
4CH
2N(COCH
2C
H2CO
2Me)CH
2CH
2]
3N), 3.66 - 3.71 (m, 18H, N[CH
2CH
2N(COCH
2CH
2CO
2Me)C
H2C
6H
4C
H2N(COCH
2CH
2CO
2Me)CH
2CH
2]
3N), 4.35 -4.70 (m, 12H, N[CH
2CH
2N(COCH
2CH
2CO
2Me)C
H2C
6H
4CH
2N(COCH
2CH
2CO
2Me)CH
2CH
2]
3N), 7.15 - 7.45 (m, 12H, N[CH
2CH
2N(COCH
2CH
2CO
2Me)CH
2C
6H4CH
2N(COCH
2CH
2CO
2Me)CH
2CH
2]
3N). ESI-MS (m/z): [M+Na]
+ 1306, [M+H]
+ 1284, [M+2H]
2+ 642.
[0431] Synthesis of 4: (where R
1 and R
2 = H): Hexa-ester
3 (0.241 g, 0.188 mmoles, where R=Me) was added to a 50 mL flask and dissolved in methanol
(0.19 mL). Then the reaction flask was cooled in an ice / brine bath that had reached
-5 to -8 °C before addition of diaminoethylene (2.26 mL, 2.03 g, 33.8 mmoles) in methanol
(1.13 mL) already chilled to about -5 °C. The addition occured over about 2 minutes
and the resulting reaction solution was allowed to warm to RT overnight with stirring.
After 3 days at RT the volatiles were removed by vacuum transfer to a pressure of
less than 20 mtorr leaving a clear colorless oil. To that oil methanol (20 mL) and
1-butanol (10 mL) were added and after mixing thoroughly the volatiles removed by
vacuum transfer to a pressure of less than 20 mtorr. The methanol / 1-butanol azeotrope
/ vacuum transfer cycle was performed an additional two times and the product isolated
as a clear colorless brittle glass.
Analysis of 4: ESI-MS (m/z): [M+H]
+ 1452, [M+2H]
2+ 726 and [M+H]
3+ 485.
[0432] Synthesis of 5: (where R
1 and R
2 = H) Hexa-amine
4 (0.273 g, 0.188 mmoles) was dissolved in methanol (2.2 mL) and the reaction flask
was cooled in an ice water bath. Then freshly distilled methyl acrylate (0.224 mL,
0.214 g, 2.48 mmoles) was added and after stirring for 30 minutes the bath was removed
and the reaction stirred for 14 h at RT. The volatiles were removed by vacuum transfer
isolating the product as a slightly turbid slightly amber oil.
Analysis of 5: ESI-MS (m/z): [M+2H]
2+ 1243, [M+3H]
3+ 829, [M+4H]
4+ 622.
[0433] Synthesis of 6: (where R
1 and R
2 = H) To a 50 mL flask was added 5-aminoisophthalic acid (42.4 mg, 0.234 mmoles) followed
by methanol (0.58 mL) and triethylamine (0.0718 mL, 52.1 mg, 0.515 mmoles) and the
solution stirred for 5 minutes. Then the reaction flask was cooled in an ice bath
and hexa-amine
4 (28.8 mg, 0.0224 moles) was added. After stirring for 15 minutes the reaction flask
was heated in an oil bath at 40 °C for 4 h. A sample was removed for analysis.
[0434] Synthesis of 7: (where R
1 and R
2 = H) To a 50 mL flask was added 4-amino-2,7-napthalenedisulfonic acid (78.7 mg, 0.259
mmoles) followed by methanol (1.40 mL) and triethylamine (0.0795 mL, 57.8 mg, 0.571
mmoles) and the solution stirred for 5 minutes. Then the reaction flask was cooled
in an ice bath and hexa-amine
4 (34.2 mg, 0.0266 mmoles) was added. After stirring for 15 minutes the reaction flask
was heated in an oil bath at 40 °C for 4 h. A sample was removed for analysis.
[0435] Synthesis of 8: (where R
1 or R
2 = H or CH
2CH=CH(CH
2)
5CH
3 and R
3 = Me) To a 50 mL RBF was added
1 (1.41 g, 2.35 mmoles) and nonenylsuccinic anhydride (3.07 mL, 3.16 g, 14.1 mmoles)
followed by DMF (2.9 mL) and the solution heated on an oil bath at 80 °C for 14 h.
Then the reaction solution was cooled to RT and volatiles were removed by vacuum transfer
to a pressure of less than 20 mtorr.
[0436] General Experimental: All manipulations were carried out using Schlenk technique. Concentrated hydrochloric
acid and acetic acid were purchased from J.T. Baker and used as received. Sodium hydroxide
was purchased from Mallinckrodt and used as received. Sodium dicyanamide and sodium
bicarbonate were purchased from Aldrich and used as received. Tris(2-aminoethyl)amine
was purchased from Acros Organics and distilled before use. Terephthaldicarboxaldehyde
and p-chloroaniline were purchased from Aldrich and sublimed before use. Sodium sulfate
was purchased from EMD and used as received. Water was sparged for > 10 minutes before
use. Dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and hexanes were purchased from EMD and used as
received. Ethyl alcohol, anhydrous 200 proof, was purchased from Aldrich and used
as received. Silica gel 60 (230 - 400 mesh) was purchased from EMD and used as received.
MS analysis was performed on an Applied Biosystems Voyager DE instrument at HT Laboratories
in San Diego, CA. NMR analysis was performed on a JEOL Eclipse
+ 400 instrument at Acorn NMR, Inc. in Livermore, CA.
[0437] Synthesis of 2: To a 12 L round bottom flask equipped with a reflux condenser and addition funnel
was added methanol (8 L) followed by terephthaldicarboxaldehyde (64.4 g, 0.480 moles).
The solution was heated to 65 °C and tris(2-aminoethyl)amine (46.8 g, 47.9 mL, 0.320
moles) was added. Then the solution was refluxed for about 16 h and cooled to room
temperature. The solution was filtered to another 12 L round bottom flask equipped
with a reflux condenser and sodium borohydride (60.5 g, 1.60 moles) was added. The
solution was refluxed for about 16 h and cooled to room temperature. The volatiles
were removed by rotational evaporator and the residue dissolved in dichloromethane
(720 mL) and hydrochloric acid, 1.0 M (3.2 L). It was stirred for 5 minutes. Then
to the solution was added sodium hydroxide, 3.0 M (1.6 L), the solution stirred for
5 minutes and the phases separated. The aqueous was extracted with dichloromethane
(2 x 400 mL, 2 x 200 mL), the organic phase combined, washed with water (2 x 600 mL)
and dried over sodium sulfate. Then the volatiles were removed by vacuum transfer
to leave a slightly off white powder (89.6 g, 150 mmoles, 93.5% yield).
Analysis of 2: 1H NMR (400 MHz, CD
2Cl
2, δ): 2.61, 2.76 (m, 24H, NC
H2C
H2NHCH
2C
6H
4), 3.62 (s, 12H, NCH
2CH
2NHC
H2C
6H
4), 6.84 (s, 12H, NCH
2CH
2NHCH
2C
6H4). ESI-MS (m/z): [M+H]
+ 599, [M+H]
2+ 300.
[0438] Synthesis of 3: Octa-amine
2 (19.9 g, 33.3 mmoles) was added to a 2 L flask and combined with ethyl acetate (924
mL) and acetic acid (38.1 mL, 40.0 g, 666 mmoles). The solution was filtered and hexanes
(629 mL) was added which caused the product to crystallize. The solution was filtered
and the precipitate washed with 80% hexanes, 20% ethyl acetate (1500 mL). The product
was transferred to a flask and the volatiles removed by vacuum transfer. The supernatant
was combined with hexanes (300 mL), filtered and washed with of 80% hexanes, 20% ethyl
acetate (1500 mL). The precipitate was transferred to a flask and the volatiles removed
by vacuum transfer. To the supernatant was added the wash solution from the second
crop which precipitated the third crop of product. The solution was filtered and washed
with 80% hexanes, 20% ethyl acetate (1500 mL). The precipitate was transferred to
a flask and the volatiles removed by vacuum transfer. The product is a slightly off
white powder (33.7 g, 31.3 mmoles, 93.9% yield).
Analysis of 3: 1H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d
4, δ): 1.88 (s, 24H, C
H3CO
2), 2.78, 3.24 (m, 24H, C
H2C
H2), 4.14 (s, 12H, NC
H2Ph), 7.47 (s, 12H, Ph). MALDI-MS (m/z): [M]
+ 600, [M+Na]
+622.
[0439] Synthesis of 4: The compound p-chloroaniline (170 g, 1.33 moles) was added to a 1 L flask and dissolved
in water (625 mL) and concentrated HCl (111 mL, 1.33 moles). Then in a separate 5
L flask sodium dicyanamide (237 g, 2.66 moles) was dissolved in water (2035 mL) and
heated to 50 °C. The solution of p-chloroaniline was added to the solution of sodium
dicyanamide over 120 minutes, the flask was fitted with a reflux condenser and then
the reaction solution was heated for about 16 h at 90 °C. Then the reaction solution
was allowed to cool and saturated sodium bicarbonate (1500 mL) was added and the solution
stirred for 15 minutes. Ethyl acetate (1000 mL) was added and the solution stirred
for 10 minutes before the phases were separated. The aqueous phase was extracted with
ethyl acetate (10 x 1000 mL, 500 mL), the organic was combined and washed with saturated
brine (3 x 1200 mL), dried over sodium sulfate (anhydrous) and filtered. A 10 cm deep
silica plug was packed with silica / ethyl acetate slurry and then washed with ethyl
acetate (2000 mL). The product was sent through the silica plug and the plug washed
with ethyl acetate (6000 mL). The volatiles were removed from the filtrate by vacuum
transfer until about 10% of the solution remained and the solution was filtered. The
product was dried under vacuum to p < 20 mtorr to leave a white powder. Then the product
was placed under vacuum again at p < 20 mtorr while on a 70 °C oil bath for 18 h (203
g, 1.04 moles, 78.3% yield).
Analysis of 4: 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d
6, δ): 7.08 (s, 2H, PhNHC(NH)NHCN), 7.36 (m, 4H, Ph), 9.15 (s, 1H, PhNHC(NH)NHCN).
MALDI-MS (m/z): [M]
+ 195, [M+Na]
+ 218.
[0441] Synthesis of 5: Intermediate
3 (32.9 g, 30.5 mmoles) was added to a 500 mL flask followed by 1-butanol (30.3 mL)
which formed a slurry. Then
4 (39.1 g, 201 mmoles) was added. The flask was fitted with a reflux condenser and
placed into an oil bath set to reach 90 °C. It was heated for 3 days and allowed to
cool to room temperature. The volatiles were removed by vacuum transfer and the resulting
foam was crushed to a powder. The crude product was dissolved in ethyl alcohol (31.9
mL) and ethyl acetate (65.4 mL). The product was precipitated with ethyl acetate (915
mL) and the solution filtered. Then the product was washed with ethyl acetate (980
mL) and the volatiles removed by vacuum transfer to produce a white powder (57.9 g,
25.8 mmoles, 84.5% yield).
Analysis of 5: MALDI-MS (m/z): 1269 [M + 5 DHB]
2+, 1423 [M + 7 DHB]
2+ (DHB is MALDI matrix dihydroxybenzoic acid).
[0442] The product
5 can be converted to the freebase and then protonated with mineral, organic or other
acids to afford the desired counter ion (anion) (for example
5 can be treated with base, isolated as the freebase and treated with acetic acid to
regenerate
5, i.e. replace acetic acid with a different acid such as D-Gluconic Acid, Butyric Acid,
Nalidixic Acid, Statin Acids (e.g., pravastatin, fluvastatin, atorvastatin, etc.),
Nicotinic Acid (i.e. Niacin), Enrofloxacin (or combination of acids) to generate the
salt containing the desired anion counter-ion and/or mixture).
Analysis of Freebase of 5: MALDI-MS (m/z): 883 [M]
2+
Combining of the Freebase of 5 and Nicotinic Acid
[0443] To a vial and stirbar, (0.038 mg, 0.0215 mmol) of the freebase of
5 was added followed by 0.76 mL of deionized water, 0.620 of ethyl alchohol and 8 equiv.
(0.017g, 0.14 mmol) of Nicotinic acid (also known as Niacin or vitamin B
3). The mixture was stirred for about 1h resulting in a clear homogeneous solution.
MALDI-MS (m/z): 1379 [M]
2+ [M]
2+-1 Nicotinic Acid 1314; [M]
2+ -2 Nicotinic Acid 1253
Combining of the Freebase of 5 and Nalidixic Acid
[0444] To a vial and stirbar, (0.026 mg, 0.015 mmol) of the freebase of
5 was added followed by 2.0 mL of acetone, 1.0 mL of deionized water and 8 equiv. (0.028g,
0.12 mmol) of Nalidixic acid. The mixture was stirred for about 1h to form a clear
homogeneous solution. MALDI-MS (m/z): 1210 [M]
3+ [M]
2+ -1 Nalidixic Acid 1697; [M]
2+-2 Nalidixic Acid 1580.
Combining of the Freebase of 5 and Butyric Acid
[0445] To a vial and stirbar, (0.027 mg, 0.015 mmol) of the freebase of
5 was added followed by 2.0 mL of acetone, 1.0 mL of deionized water and 8 equiv. (0.011
mL, 0.12 mmol) of Butyric acid. The mixture was stirred for about 1h to form a clear
homogeneous solution.
Combining of the Freebase of 5 and Enrofloxacin
[0446] To a vial and stirbar, (0.027 mg, 0.015 mmol) of the freebase of
5 was added followed by 2.0 mL of acetone and 1.0 mL of deionized water and 8 equiv.
(0.027 mg, 0.015 mmol) of Enrofloxacin. The mixture was stirred for about 1h to form
a clear homogeneous solution.
Example of an Otic Composition Formulation with Glycerol
[0447] To a vial and stirbar, (0.050 g, 0.022 mmol) 5 was added followed by 0.95 g of glycerol.
The mixture was stirred and heated to 40 °C for 5 min. resulting in a clear homogeneous
solution.
Example of an Otic Composition Formulation with Water
[0448] To a vial and stirbar, (0.050 g, 0.022 mmol)
5 was added followed by 0.95 g of deionized water. The mixture was stirred at room
temperature and/or optionally heated to 40 °C for 5 min. resulting in a clear homogeneous
solution.
Formulation of Dental Sealant Varnish
[0449] General: Poly(vinyl acetate-co-crotonic acid) beads and ethyl alcohol (anhydrous 200 proof)
were purchased from Aldrich and used without further purification.
[0450] Example: Poly(vinyl acetate-co-crotonic acid) (0.80 g) was dissolved in water (1.74 mL) and
ethyl alcohol (7.81 mL). The active ingredient
5 (0.50 g) was dissolved in ethyl alcohol (1.00 mL). The two solutions were combined
and mixed for 2 hours.
[0451] Other common dental formulation or coating formulation components known by those
skilled in the art may be used in conjunction with or in place of the above example.