FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0001] The present invention relates to improved burial systems and methods. Specifically,
the present invention relates to systems and methods for the ecologically sustainable
burial of bodies of the deceased at burial sites within woodland or forest. The present
invention also relates to burial sites and graves that are established in an ecologically
sustainable way.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] There is an increasing demand on modern cemeteries, especially those in urban areas,
to maximise the density of burial plots within a given area. As a result, cemeteries
which are in active use tend to consist of rows of tightly-packed graves. As cemeteries
become full, natural land is often reclaimed to create further burial spaces. This
encroachment is ecologically unsustainable.
[0003] The graves themselves are traditionally ornamented with grave-markers such as headstones,
edging, footstones, paving and the like, permanently occupying space on ground that
could otherwise have ecological and environmental benefit. Furthermore, there is an
environmental cost associated with fabricating and transporting such grave-markers.
[0004] A similar problem exists with the coffins within which the deceased are buried. Many
coffins are made of materials that often represent a threat to the soil ecosystem
and the underlying water table. This is also true of the bodies of the deceased which
are frequently embalmed, and so contain contaminants such as formaldehyde which can
leech into and poison the soil and groundwater. Even if such contaminants are not
used, materials which are not readily biodegradable can slow the rate of decomposition
of the coffin and corpse. Accordingly, this slows the rate at which the natural composition
of the soil is restored.
[0005] These problems are particularly exacerbated by traditional side-by-side burials which
leave very little space between graves from which any pre-existing natural life can
re-establish itself back into the grave space. As the utilisation of burial plots
advances, the above-mentioned problems become compounded, and so have a significant
impact on the natural environment.
[0006] Some graveyards employ a system of permitting only headstones memorials. Following
interment, once the back-filled soil has settled, turf is laid above the grave. However,
this does not address the problems beneath the soil and cemeteries covered in grass
are not rich in terms of ecological diversity. Additionally, the grass needs to be
cut to maintain the appearance of the cemetery, which is labour and energy-intensive,
costly, and also unsustainable in the long term.
[0007] It is an object of the present invention to ameliorate the above-mentioned problems,
at least in part.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0008] According to a first aspect of the present invention, there is provided a burial
method for sustainably establishing graves within woodland. Optionally, the method
comprising selecting burial trees from a plurality of healthy established trees within
the woodland; and, for each burial tree, carrying out at least one of the steps of:
- (i) determining the extent of a root protection zone around the burial tree;
- (ii) excavating ground outside of but bordering the root protection zone to define
a first set of grave pits;
- (iii) interring a body of the deceased into each respective grave pit;
- (iv) backfilling each respective grave pit;
thereby to establish a first set of graves; and
- (v) waiting a tree recovery period after which steps (i) to (iv) are repeated to establish
a further set of graves.
[0009] Advantageously, this method enables many burial plots within a woodland or forest
to be established without ecologically damaging the woodland. Situating the graves
at the periphery of the root protection zone, and controlling when each set of grave
pits are opened allows the health of the tree to be maintained. Moreover, it enables
an optimal balance to be maintained between, on the one hand, minimising the disturbance
to the tree roots, and on the other hand maximising the number and distribution of
graves within the woodland. Accordingly, the number of burial plots within an area
of woodland can be maximised to deal with increasing demand without sacrificing the
biodiversity that a woodland or forest supports. Moreover, the burial method is synergistically
compatible with best forestry management techniques so that an otherwise neglected
stretch of woodland can be actively managed as part of a combined natural burial and
woodland management system. To this end, the selection of a suitable tree within the
woodland, and the digging into the soil can be driven by good forestry management
techniques - for example, those giving priority to species that are native to that
woodland, and removing species that are damaging, invasive or otherwise prejudicial
to the biodiversity of the woodland.
[0010] Another advantage is the effective permanency of the memorial. The longevity of tree
can typically be between 80 and 150 years - potentially even longer for species such
as English Oak. Thus, the tree can act as a standing memorial which effectively outlasts
a headstone within a traditional cemetery. The reason for this is that graves in traditional
cemeteries are not truly permanent. Rather they are placed on ground leased for a
period of typically 50 to 75 years after which the cemetery has the right to reuse
the grave space. This typically involves removing the headstone of the previous occupier.
By contrast, the tree is never moved, even if the space occupied by an old grave is
reused.
[0011] For the avoidance of doubt, the terms "woodland" or "forest" fall under the definition
of a forest as set out in the UK forestry standard - i.e. land predominantly covered
in trees (defined as land under stands of trees with a canopy cover of at least 20%),
whether in large tracts (generally called forests) or smaller areas known by a variety
of terms (including woods, copses, spinneys or shelterbelts).
[0012] Preferably, an uppermost layer of soil is removed from each respective grave pit
during the excavating step, and restored as the uppermost layer of soil after the
backfilling step. Ideally, the uppermost layer is restored after a grave-settling
period. Ideally, depressions in the ground caused during the grave-settling period
are levelled using spoil excavated during the excavating step. Ideally, during the
grave-settling period, the removed uppermost layer of soil is kept adjacent to the
grave pit from which it originated.
[0013] Preferably, the burial method comprises a further step of spreading a layer of a
porous substrate onto a floor of each grave pit. Optionally, the burial method further
comprises laying a porous substrate onto the grave pit floor prior to the step of
interring a body of the deceased. Preferably, the porous substrate is biodegradable.
The porous substrate may comprise woodchip.
[0014] Advantageously, the porous substrate allows fluids to drain to the floor of the grave
pit. Accordingly, during internment, the appearance of the grave is enhanced so that
in the event of wet weather, or a relatively high water table, the floor of grave
appears to be solid.
Moreover, following internment and the backfilling of the grave, the porous substrate
is important to allow any water seeping into the grave to be drained away from the
body of the deceased. This is because soil lithology affects the biodegradation of
the body of the deceased. Well-drained soil generally encourages aerobic biodegradation
which is more efficient, rapid and environmentally friendly than anaerobic biodegradation.
Poorly-drained soil, for example, peaty soil, has the reverse effect and slows decomposition.
Rapid and aerobic decomposition is preferred as this is more conducive to the reestablishment
of tree roots in the vicinity of the grave. Moreover, this positive effect is self-reinforcing
- i.e. the rate of decomposition will be further increased by virtue of locating the
grave in close proximity to the tree. This is because water in the vicinity of the
grave will be taken up by the tree as part of its natural evapotranspiration process,
thereby encouraging aerobic biodegradation. This further maximises the biodiversity
of the soil ecosystem. A higher rate of decomposition is also advantageous as this
allows the grave space to be reused sooner without the possibility of exhuming remains
identifiable as belonging to a human body.
[0015] Ideally, the burial method comprises at least one of the steps of:
laying at least one panel onto the ground adjacent to each grave pit to be excavated;
piling spoil excavated from the grave pit during the excavating step onto the at least
one panel;
backfilling each respective grave pit with the spoil piled on said at least one panel;
and
removing excess spoil and the at least one panel from the ground adjacent to the respective
graves to restore the ground around the grave to its previous natural state.
[0016] Preferably, the burial method comprises a step of transplanting flora, such as tree
saplings, rooted in ground that is to be excavated during the excavation step to another
location within or around the woodland.
[0017] Preferably, the root protection zone comprises a border having sections of substantially
equal length and each grave of a common set is established adjacent to a different
border section. Ideally, graves of a common set are spaced at regular intervals from
one another along the border of the root protection zone.
[0018] Ideally, the extent of the root protection zone is determined in dependence on a
characteristic of the respective burial tree. The characteristic of the burial tree
may comprise the diameter of the trunk of the burial tree. Preferably, the root protection
zone is substantially circular, and has a radius calculated by multiplying the diameter
of the trunk of the burial tree by a factor. Preferably, the factor is between 12
and 20. More preferably, the factor is 18.
[0019] Ideally, the diameter of the trunk of the burial tree is derived from the circumference
of the trunk measured at a predetermined distance above the ground.
[0020] Ideally, the extent of the root protection zone is quantised to one of a predetermined
number of discrete values.
[0021] Ideally, the root protection zone is substantially circular, and the radius is quantised
by rounding up to the nearest measurement interval, the measurement interval being
at least half a metre.
[0022] Ideally, each grave pit is oriented so that its length extends in a radial direction
relative to the centre of the root protection zone.
[0023] Ideally, each grave pit is oriented so that its horizontal axis extends in a direction
substantially transverse to a longitudinal axis of the burial tree.
[0024] Ideally, the body of the deceased is housed within a biodegradable coffin.
[0025] Preferably, the burial method further comprises at least one of the steps of:
burying at least one metallic member at a predetermined position relative to a respective
grave pit; and
locating the grave using a metal detector.
[0026] Ideally, two metallic members are buried at opposite ends of the grave pit so as
to aid the location of the head and foot of the grave.
[0027] Ideally, the burial trees are selected in dependence on their accessibility.
[0028] Ideally, the steps of the burial method carried out in respect of different burial
trees are carried out in a sequence that, at any one time, distributes grave pit excavations
evenly across the woodland.
[0029] The steps of the burial method carried out in respect of different burial trees may
be carried out in a sequence that, at any one time, distributes grave pit excavations
randomly across the woodland.
[0030] Ideally, the tree recovery period is determined in response to assessing the health
of the burial tree.
[0031] Ideally, each set of graves comprises four graves, and the tree recovery period is
approximately four years.
[0032] Ideally, the burial method further comprises labelling each burial tree with an identifier.
[0033] According to a second aspect of the present invention there is provided graves that
are sustainably established in accordance with a burial method according to the first
aspect of the present invention.
[0034] According to a third aspect of the present invention there is provided a burial site
operating a burial method according to the first aspect of the present invention.
[0035] According to a fourth aspect of the present invention there is provided a burial
site comprising a distribution of graves each established relative to a respective
burial tree, each burial tree being selected from a plurality of healthy established
trees native to a woodland. Ideally, each grave borders a root protection zone around
a respective burial tree. Ideally, each grave belongs to one of a plurality of grave
sets. Preferably, a tree recovery period separates the establishment of graves belonging
to different grave sets.
[0036] Ideally, the burial site comprises constructions positioned, built and maintained
to avoid harm to the burial trees. Ideally, the constructions comprise at least one
of roads, car parks, staff facilities, public facilities, buildings and access routes.
[0037] Ideally, the burial site comprises equipment and machinery employed for the conversion
and/or use of a woodland as a burial site, the equipment and machinery comprising
at least one of: a wood-burner, felling equipment, pruning equipment, grave-shoring
systems, woodchippers and work vehicles such as excavators, loaders, and general-purpose
vehicles for pulling trailers and transporting loads.
[0038] Ideally, the burial site comprises access routes that are routed to ensure that at
least half of the area of a woodland used for burial is within a predetermined distance
of an access route. Ideally, the burial site comprises access routes that loop.
[0039] According to a fifth aspect of the present invention there is provided biodegradable
products, such as coffins and monuments, used in conjunction with the burial method
of the first aspect of the present invention, graves of the second aspect of the present
invention and/or a burial site of the third or fourth aspects of the present invention.
[0040] According to a sixth aspect of the present invention there is provided woodland converted
for use and/or maintained as a burial site according to the third or fourth aspects
of the present invention.
[0041] According to a seventh aspect of the present invention there is provided a computerised
record of data associated with features of the woodland of the sixth aspect of the
present invention, and/or the burial site of the third or fourth aspects of the present
invention. Ideally, the data is generated by carrying out a survey.
[0042] According to an eighth aspect of the present invention there is provided a map, displayed
or printed from the computerised record of the seventh aspect of the present invention.
[0043] Further aspects of the present invention may reside in features of first, second,
third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh and/or eighth aspects of the present invention.
[0044] Furthermore, it will be understood that features and/or advantages of the different
aspects of the present invention may be combined and/or substituted where context
allows.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0045] In order that the invention may be more readily understood, reference will now be
made, by way of example, to the accompanying drawings in which:
Figure 1 is a schematic map of woodland to be converted into a burial site;
Figure 2 is the schematic map of same woodland of Figure 1, converted for use as a
burial site according to a first embodiment of the present invention;
Figure 3 shows a plan schematic view of graves of the burial site of Figure 2 situated
around a tree of the woodland of Figures 1 and 2;
Figure 4 shows a schematic sectional side view of the tree and graves of Figure 3;
and
Figure 5 shows a schematic sectional front view of a grave pit excavated for the establishment
of one of the graves of Figures 3 and 4.
DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
[0046] Figure 1 is a schematic map of an ancient and well-established woodland 1 typically
found in the United Kingdom of Great Britain. Certain aspects of the present invention
relate to the ecologically sustainable conversion and use of such a woodland 1 as
a burial site. In the present embodiment, the processes described to achieve this
are intended to comply with the legal requirements of United Kingdom Forestry Standard.
However, it will be appreciated that in other embodiments and alternatives, different
forestry standards may apply, especially when the principles of the present invention
are applied to woodlands outside the United Kingdom. Similarly, the present invention
is intended to work in harmony with the UK Biodiversity Framework, protecting and
promoting native flora and fauna in such woodland.
[0047] Initially, a surveying phase is undertaken to determine the extent to which the woodland
1 is a suitable for use as a burial site, and also how best the woodland 1 can be
converted and used as a burial site in harmony with forestry standards.
[0048] The woodland 1 is surveyed to collect data which is recorded in a computerised database.
It will be understood that as the state of woodland 1 shifts over time, surveys are
repeated as necessary to update the data in the database.
[0049] The data includes the status and position of features in and around the woodland
1. In the present example, data associated with the position and layout of a road
2, a railway 3 and trees 10, 12 is recorded. Furthermore, the state and lay of the
ground at various positions is also recorded, including areas of water 14, slopes
leading to sunken ground 15 and slopes leading to elevated ground 16. Other data will
also be recorded, mapped and/or assessed, for example:
- Geology: evidence of solid and drift geology.
- Ground Water Vulnerability: mapping of ground water aquifers.
- Source Protection Zones: water extraction boreholes protection zones.
- Transport and Accessibility: location in terms of primary roads and rail networks.
- Approach: aesthetic and functional assessment of route to site.
- Public Rights of Way: assessment of frequency and connectivity.
- Topography: qualitative and functional assessment relating to aesthetics and mobility.
- Water/drainage: surface water and drainage patterns and potential constraints.
- Neighbours: proximity to residential areas.
- Noise/tranquillity: aesthetic assessment.
- Woodland: qualitative, ecological and historical interest appraisal.
- Ecological: evaluation relating to designations, status and level of biodiversity.
- Utilities: proximity of likely sources of water and electricity.
[0050] Certain features of the woodland 1 may be surveyed in situ using known techniques
and equipment. For example, a Topcon® GTS-220 theodolite with a tripod and a survey
prism on 5m detail pole can be used to determine the relative position of woodland
features, and also the woodland topography. Similarly, satellite positioning systems
can also be used to obtain an absolute position of each of the features of the woodland
1. The recorded data can then be used to generate a geographically and topographically
accurate map of the woodland 1.
[0051] The map shown in Figure 1 uses only two different representations for trees, categorising
native broad-leaf deciduous trees 10 differently from non-native species such as certain
types of conifers 12. However, it will be appreciated that the exact species of each
tree will be recorded in the database, along with other details such as its maturity,
size, and health, even if these are not represented on the map. To facilitate cross-referencing
between the map and the database, and to maintain data integrity, each significant
feature recorded by the survey is assigned a unique identifier. In particular, each
mature tree 10, 12 is assigned a unique identifier.
[0052] After enough data has been obtained from the survey, it is then possible to determine
and action how the woodland 1 can best be converted into an ecologically sustainable
burial site.
[0053] Figure 2 is the schematic map of same woodland 1 of Figure 1, converted for use as
a burial site 20 according to a first embodiment of the present invention. Figure
2 shows the same woodland 1 as Figure 1 together with additional constructions allowing
the woodland 1 to be safely, conveniently and sustainably used as a burial site, offering
services and amenities typically expected at most modern cemeteries. In particular,
the burial site 20 comprises an access road 22, a car park 24 and buildings, including
public facilities 26 for use by members of the funeral party, and staff facilities
28 for use by staff of the burial site 20. These constructions are situated at the
outskirts of the woodland 1 so as to minimise the ecological disruption to the woodland
1. The burial site 20 also comprises access routes such as driveways 30 and pathways
32 that extend from the car park 24 and buildings 26, 28 into the heart of the woodland
1, allowing safe and convenient access to the woodland for users of the burial site
20.
[0054] In dense woodland, it is perhaps unavoidable that the establishing of access routes
30, 32 will require the removal of certain flora. In view of this, the access routes
30, 32 are routed in a way that prioritises native species over non-native species.
In particular, the layout of the access routes 30, 32 is chosen to avoid damage to
mature native trees 10, and furthermore can even be chosen intentionally to promote
the removal of non-native species.
[0055] This is because certain non-native species can be invasive, spreading readily and
competing with or dominating native species. What constitutes a native or invasive
species varies from place-to-place. However, in England, native tree species include
the Common Ash, the Silver Birch, the European Beech, the Common Hazel and the English
Oak. Most conifers, apart from the Scot's pine, are considered to be non-native, and
potentially invasive.
[0056] The removal of non-native species not only makes it easier to establish access into
the woodland 1, but can also help the surrounding native species to flourish. Doing
this promotes the original heritage of the woodland 1 and can promote biodiversity
by allowing other species to establish themselves in the woodland 1 that could otherwise
not compete against the invasive species. This process can be illustrated by comparing
Figure 1 against Figure 2: The access routes are established over ground previously
supporting non-native trees 12. However, it will be noted that the access routes 30,
32 avoid the mature, established native trees 10.
[0057] During the actual laying of the access route 30, 32, any important native flora that
is not yet properly established, and that stands in the way of a proposed access route
is first transplanted elsewhere within the woodland 1. Such flora may include young
native trees. In this case, these are transplanted into a tree nursery 27 at a designated
area, usually at a boundary of the woodland which is sparsely populated by woodland
flora. The grouping of these young trees within a tree nursery 27 and positioning
them close to the staff facilities 28 makes it easier to care for them. Furthermore,
the positioning of the nursery 27 on the boundary of the woodland 1 enables the woodland
1 to expand in the long term as the young trees grow.
[0058] As mentioned, the access routes are composed of driveways 30 and pathways 32. Driveways
30 are constructed to support vehicular access into woodland, and are generally created
by laying a surface of gravel. Pathways 32 are narrower than driveways 30, primarily
suited for access by users on foot and are created by laying woodchip to stop the
ground underfoot becoming muddy and treacherous in wet conditions.
[0059] Signage may be placed within the woodland to aid navigation along the driveways 30
and pathways 32. The signage may label each area with the different name, and indicate
whether the direction of a pathway 32 and/or driveway 30 is towards or away from the
public facility.
[0060] As can be seen in Figure 2, the driveways 30 extend from the car-park 24 and are
routed to allow vehicles to gain access to many areas of the woodland 1. Moreover,
the driveways 30 are routed through the woodland 1 so that any location within the
woodland 1 that is to be used for burial will be within a short distance from the
driveway 30. This facilitates access for the disabled who are then able to easily
gain access to the woodland via mobility vehicles. Perhaps more significantly, the
driveways 30 enable a funerary vehicle such as a hearse to carry a coffin a significant
distance into the woodland 1. This means that pallbearers carrying a coffin on foot
through the woodland 1 do not need to carry the coffin over a long distance.
[0061] The routing is such that approximately half of the area of the woodland 1 to be used
for burial is within twenty metres of a driveway 30. This provides a good balance
between providing convenient vehicular access and minimising the impact that driveways
have on the ecology and setting of the natural woodland 1.
[0062] As can also be seen in Figure 2, the driveways 30 are routed in loops. This also
significantly facilitates access to funerary vehicle. As will be appreciated, a hearse
is very long compared to its width (typically around 6 metres long) and has a significant
turning circle (typically over 14 metres kerb-to-kerb). With this in mind, the routing
of the driveways 30 in loops is particularly advantageous as it allows such funerary
vehicles to drive into and out from the woodland without turning around. This means
the driveways 30 can be narrower than if the driveways 30 were not routed in loops,
further minimising their impact on the woodland 1. An average driveway width of approximately
two to four metres is sufficient to allow convenient access to such funerary vehicles.
[0063] As can be also be seen, the loops join on to one another, advantageously minimising
the chance that vehicles of two or more funeral parties will block or even pass one
another. Pathways 32 spur from the driveways 30 and do not necessarily loop.
[0064] The woodchip that is used to define the pathways 32 has same provenance as the woodland
1. The woodchip is generated as a product of the process of removing of flora to define
driveways 30 and pathways 32 and also as part of the general conversion and maintenance
of the woodland 1 as will now be discussed.
[0065] It is common for previously neglected woodland to be relatively dense, and dominated
by competitive species which form monocultures, preventing light and nutrients from
reaching other flora. Furthermore, the canopy formed by trees can also block out light.
Accordingly, it is desirable to undertake thinning of woodland to make it more accessible
as a burial site 20 and also to promote the success and biodiversity of native species.
For example, competitive species such as bramble and bracken are removed to make way
for other less-competitive native flora such as bluebell and wood sorrel. Furthermore,
non-native trees 12 such conifers are felled to open up access to the woodland and
allow native trees 10 and other native flora to flourish.
[0066] As mentioned, the removed flora can be recycled as a by-product generally referred
to as woodchip. As well as lining pathways 32, the woodchip can be used as a biofuel
and so provide an ecologically considerate locally-sourced energy supply to the local
buildings 26, 28. To this end, the staff facility 28 houses a wood-burner for supplying
heat to the buildings 26, 28.
[0067] The staff facility 28 also accommodates other equipment and machinery used for the
conversion and continued use of the woodland 1 as a burial site 20. For example, the
facility 28 typically includes felling equipment, pruning equipment, grave-shoring
systems, woodchippers as well as work vehicles such as excavators, loaders, and general-purpose
vehicles for pulling trailers and transporting loads. In view of the fact that noisy
work may be carried out at the staff facility 28, it is positioned away from the public
facilities 26 for use by members of the funeral party.
[0068] As will be appreciated, it is not necessary to carry out conversion work on the entire
area of the woodland 1 before it can be used as a burial site 20. The conversion is
typically is a gradual and long-term process. Areas of the woodland 1 closest to the
buildings 26, 28 are converted first with the driveway 30 initially consisting of
only the smaller loop shown in Figure 2; the other loops may be added later. Similarly,
the survey work that is carried out on the woodland 1 initially may capture only broad-level
information - for example, whether the woodland is suitable as a burial site 20 and
the predominant flora in each area of woodland. The more detailed information, such
as the position, species and status of each tree 10, 12, may be added subsequently.
[0069] In any case, when an area of the woodland 1 has been converted sufficiently to allow
convenient access into the woodland, certain trees in that area can be designated
and utilised as burial trees 100 - that is, trees around which a number of graves
110 are to be established. A label is physically attached to each burial tree 100
that incorporates an identifier that matches a corresponding entry in the computerised
database. Typically, the identifier includes an element that also identifies which
area of woodland that burial tree is located in (e.g. A4 - Area A, Tree 4). This can
also aid navigation through the woodland 1.
[0070] These burial trees 100 are specifically chosen to act as long-lasting and natural
memorials to the deceased. This is instead of other unnatural memorials, such as headstones.
Permanent memorials are not permitted in the woodland as they disrupt the ecology
and natural composition of the woodland.
[0071] In general, native, healthy and relatively well-established trees 10 that are likely
to continue to thrive for a long time (ideally greater than 30 years), are preferably
designated to be burial trees 100. Some of the selection considerations are as follows:
- Tree health - when surveying a candidate tree, the following signs are representative
of tree health problems, and so signs that a candidate tree should not be used as
a burial tree:
○ Off-colour foliage (lighter green, or yellowing leaves or needles out of season)
- This can be the first sign of a problem for a tree.
○ Smaller leaves - If the leaves of a tree start to become smaller than they had in
the past, it is a sign that the tree is not bringing enough water and nutrients to
the leaves. This is a sign that the vascular system of the plant is not working properly.
○ Thinning canopy- There still may be leaves, but they are less in number than in
the past.
○ Deadwood - Some dead branches can be normal however an excessive number of dead
branches; especially at the top of the tree is also a sign of stress. Decay can occur
along the trunk of the tree identified through flaking bark or cavities in the trunk.
○ Wilting leaves - Leaves are present but are limp on the branches, which could be
a sign of water stress.
○ Cankers - This is a general term for a wide range of plant diseases, characterised
by the appearance of dead tissue that spreads over time.
○ Fungal fruiting bodies - Evidence that a fungus, which predominantly lives within
the tree's timber, has infected the tree. This only becomes evident when the fungus
produces visible fruiting bodies, which can be seen on the trunk, branches or along
the path of roots.
- Maturity - trees will naturally decline once they have reached maturity, and will
become more sensitive to disturbance. The average lifespan of a tree varies depending
on species but, generally, trees that are estimated to continue to live for at least
thirty years, and more ideally at least fifty years make the best burial trees 100.
However, at the same time it is important to select a well-established tree as a burial
tree, for example, one that has been growing in the same place for at least a year
- more ideally at least three years. This provides assurance that the tree is likely
to continue to thrive.
- Species - Native trees are preferred as burial trees, and as mentioned, the species
of a tree affects its life-span. For example, English Oak will live for hundreds of
years whereas Silver Birch survives for between fifty and eighty years. Some other
species are less favourable due to their inherent physical attributes - for example,
larch trees are less well-rooted, and so more liable to fall over than others.
- Accessibility - if the burial tree is located in a difficult to access location this
can make it less favourable as a burial tree. Some of the main accessibility considerations
are as follows:
o Density of woodland / proximity to other trees.
○ Branch structure. If the tree has low-hanging branches that cannot be removed without
adversely affecting the tree, this can make access to the ground in proximity to the
tree difficult, also reducing its accessibility.
○ Proximity of the tree to a driveway and/or pathway. A tree situated deep in woodland
away from driveways and pathway is less likely to be selected as a burial tree.
○ Topography. Steep slopes 15, 16 can make it challenging to access and dig grave
pits, reducing the chance that trees on sloped ground are chosen as burial trees.
○ Proximity to hazards. For example, bodies of water 14, high water tables or water-logged
ground can make access or grave-digging dangerous or impractical. Trees close to such
hazards may therefore be inappropriate choices as burial trees.
[0072] The above factors will be taken into consideration when determining which trees are
the best candidates as burial trees 100. The trees 10 may be ranked or categorised
according to suitability as a burial tree 100, and subsequently chosen according to
that ranking or categorisation. Once a suitable burial tree 100 has been chosen, it
is identified, ranked and/or categorised as a burial tree 100 in the computerised
database for use as will be described below. Subsequent maintenance of the woodland
1 may then be carried out to give priority to the continued health of a burial tree
100. For example, the flora surrounding the burial tree may be thinned so that the
burial tree 100 does not need to compete with the other flora for light and nutrients.
For example, "halo-thinning" may take place wherein the woodland canopy, as formed
by other trees that surround a burial tree 100, is cut back to provide the burial
tree 100 with more light and space to grow.
[0073] The establishment of graves 110 around each burial tree will now be described in
detail with reference to Figures 3 to 5. For the avoidance of doubt, each grave 110
is established by digging a grave pit 120, interring a body of the deceased into the
grave pit 120 and then backfilling the grave pit 120.
[0074] The time at which a grave pit 120 is excavated to establish a grave 110 and the position
of each grave relative to a burial tree 100 is controlled in a way that maximises
the total number of graves 110 that can be accommodated by the woodland 1 without
disrupting the ecology of the woodland and in particular the health of the burial
tree 100.
[0075] As a broad rule of thumb, the majority of the root system of a tree is within the
first third of a metre of soil. Moreover 90% of the root system is within the first
metre of soil. Also, rather than extending downward, tree roots tend to extend radially-outward
from the foot of the tree. These roots are important to ensure that the tree is able
to remain anchored to the ground and can also pick up nutrients and water from the
soil. Thus, significant disruption of the root system can severely affect the health
of a tree and can also cause a tree to topple in high winds.
[0076] In view of this, it is desirable to avoid cutting into the major roots of a burial
tree 100 when digging into the soil to excavate a respective grave pit 120. Thus,
it is desirable that each grave 110 that is established in the woodland 1 is spaced
away from a burial tree 100. However, as the spacing is increased, the woodland grave
density decreases. A present invention provides a way of choosing the optimum trade-off
between these two conflicts so as to maximise grave density within the woodland 1,
whilst at the same time minimising the degree to which a burial tree 100 is injured
as a result of disturbance to its root system.
[0077] Figure 3 shows a plan schematic view of graves of the burial site of Figure 2 situated
around a burial tree 100. Moreover, the burial tree 100 has sixteen graves 110a-110d
situated around it. In the present embodiment, each grave belongs to one of four sets,
and each set comprises four graves. However, in alternatives, a different number of
sets and graves may be utilised.
[0078] A first set of four graves is designated via reference numeral 110a, a second set
of four graves is designated via reference numeral 110b, a third set of four graves
is designated via reference numeral 110c and a fourth set of four graves is designated
via reference numeral 110d. These graves 110a-110d are situated at a position bordering
but not infringing into a broadly circular root protection zone 105 that encircles
and is centred on the trunk of the burial tree 100. The graves 110a-110d are distributed
in a radial arrangement around the burial tree 100. Moreover grave pits 120 that are
excavated to establish the graves 110a-110d are orientated so that their length 120L
extends in a radial direction relative to a central axis 105X of the root protection
zone 105. Advantageously, as the roots of trees generally extend radially outward,
this orientation of the graves 110a-110d reduces the damage caused by digging a grave
pit 120 associated with each grave 110a-110d.
[0079] Figure 4 shows a schematic sectional side view of the burial tree, the ground in
which it is rooted and the graves of Figure 3. Grave pits associated with two graves
110a belonging to the first set are also shown. As can be seen by comparing Figures
3 and 4, the grave pits 120 are generally cuboid in shape, having a length 120L, a
width 120W and a depth 120D. A horizontal axis 111 extends in alignment with the length
120L of each grave pit 120 and extends in direction transverse to the longitudinal
axis of the burial tree 100, which coincides with the central axis 105X of the root
protection zone.
[0080] Referring back to Figure 3, the root protection zone 105 is divided into four quadrants
105A, 105B, 105C, 105D. Graves belonging to a common set are distributed around the
root protection zone 105 so that only one grave from each set borders any given quadrant.
In other words, the root protection zone 105 defines a border having four sections
of substantially equal length and each grave belonging to a common set is established
adjacent to a different border section. For the avoidance of doubt it is the head
of each grave that borders the root protection zone 105.
[0081] As mentioned, the health of the burial tree 100 is also conserved by controlling
the time at which each grave 110a-110d is established. All sixteen graves 110a-110d
are not established at the same time. Rather, a period of recovery is allowed between
establishing different graves sets.
[0082] Initially, the first set of graves 110a is established by excavating four respective
grave pits 120, interring a body of the deceased into each one, and then backfilling
those grave pits 120. After the final grave pit of the first set 110a is backfilled,
the burial tree 100 is then left undisturbed for a period of four years. Following
this recovery period, the second set of graves 110b can established. After the final
grave pit of the second set 110b has been backfilled the burial tree 100 is again
left undisturbed for a period of four years, and so forth. The establishment of all
sixteen graves 110a-110d around the burial tree 100 is therefore typically spread
across a period of just over twelve years. Thus, the recovery periods enable roots
in the vicinity of established graves to regenerate ensuring the continued health
of the burial tree 100. During the recovery period, the health of the burial tree
100 can be monitored. If the health of the burial tree 100 is monitored as having
been adversely affected, the recovery period can be extended.
[0083] In conjunction with controlling the time at which each grave 110a-110d is established,
the particular spacing and arrangement of the graves 110a-110d, as shown in Figure
3, also promotes the well-being of the burial tree 100. Specifically, graves of the
same set are radially equispaced from one another about the burial tree 100. Advantageously,
this ensures that, at any one time, the burial tree 100 maintain roots that anchor
it into the ground from all sides, reducing the chance of the tree blowing over in
high winds. In addition to this, the spacing between sequentially established grave
sets is also maximised. For example, the second set of graves 110b are radially interleaved
with the first set of graves 110a at regular intervals.
[0084] The extent of the root protection zone 105 varies for different trees. However, as
a general principle, the extent of the root protection zone 105 can be determined
by measuring characteristics of the burial tree 100 that indicate how developed its
root system is, and so the required extent and coverage of the root protection zone
105.
[0085] Referring to Figure 4, a reliable and easily-derived metric used is the diameter
100d of the trunk of the burial tree 100. This is measured at a predetermined distance
of 4.5 feet above the ground - and is colloquially known in the art as the "diameter
at breast height". In practice, this metric is obtained by measuring the circumference
of the tree at breast height, and then dividing the circumference by pi (π). The radius
of the root protection zone 105 is then calculated by multiplying that diameter at
breast height 100d by a predetermined factor, typically varying between 12 and 20.
The factor used in the present embodiment is 18, and this has been determined to be
particularly suitable for use in conjunction with the other steps of the present embodiment,
such as those concerning the number and arrangement of grave sets, and recovery periods.
[0086] Thus, by way of example, applying a multiplication factor of 18 to a tree with a
breast height diameter of 300mm results in a circular root protection zone 5.4 metres
in radius, and with a circular area of approximately 92 square metres.
[0087] There are other ways of calculating a suitable root protection zone, but these are
not so easily determined, or are less reliable. For example, the extent of the root
protection zone can be determined by following the extent of the drip line - i.e.
the outermost circumference of the tree's canopy where rainwater drips from the ends
of the branches onto the ground. However, this determination is more subjective, and
does not result in an easily definable root protection zone.
[0088] The exact calculated radius of the root protection zone may not necessarily be used
as the radius of the root protection zone 150 in practice. Rather, the calculated
radius may instead be quantised to one of a number of discrete values. For example,
for trees where the exact root protection zone radius is calculated to be anywhere
between 4.5 metres and 5.5 metres, the upper bound of the range - 5.5 metres is chosen
as the actual radius of the root protection zone. The different discrete values chosen
are ideally separated by a common value, in this case a metre. Thus, grave plots within
the woodland will typically be spaced from the trees at a distance of 5.5 metres or
6.5 metre or 7.5 metres (and so forth). So long as a consistent spacing model is maintained
throughout the woodland, this has the particular advantage of reducing the complexity
of determining where future graves are to be situated, and where established grave
plots are currently situated. Moreover, this spacing model is particularly useful
when attempting to locate the exact position of graves relative to a burial tree,
especially when no visible permanent memorial exists to mark the head and foot of
the grave and - as is desirable and encouraged - the floor of the woodland above the
grave is indistinguishable from the ground around the grave.
[0089] It is appreciated that the root protection zone 150 is likely to grow over time in
correspondence with the growth of the diameter of the burial tree 100. Accordingly,
graves belonging to sets that are later-established will generally be spaced further
away from the burial tree 100 than the earlier-established grave sets. However, for
simplicity, the grave plots 110 are shown in Figure 3 to be spaced equally from the
tree.
[0090] In some cases, two or more burial trees 100 may be positioned close enough together
for their respective root protection zones to overlap. In this case, the root protection
zones can be merged, and graves can be oriented towards the nearest burial tree 100.
Alternatively, if there is significant overlap in multiple root protection zones -
for example, as a result of several trees being clumped together - graves 110 can
be oriented towards the centre of the merged root protection zones.
[0091] As will be appreciated, there may be many burial trees 100 distributed throughout
the entire woodland 1. This provides another way to further minimise the impact of
grave pit excavation on the general ecology of the woodland. In particular, the sequence
in which graves are established is chosen so that, at any one time, grave pit excavations
have been more-or-less evenly distributed across the entire area of the woodland 1.
In other words, grave pits that are excavated contemporaneously are spaced apart from
one another. Advantageously, this not only minimise the disruptive effect on individual
burial trees 100, but also the areas in which they reside. Furthermore, physically
spacing contemporaneously excavated grave pits ensures that two or more funerals occurring
on the same day do not interfere with one another. In alternatives, the choice and
utilisation of burial trees and their respective graves may be carried out at random.
[0092] Figure 5 shows a schematic sectional front view of a grave pit excavated for the
establishment of one of the graves of Figures 3 and 4. The manner in which the excavation
and backfilling of an individual grave pit 120 is carried out also minimises the short-term
and long-term effect on the ecology of the woodland 1, and also enhances the safety
and appearance of the grave pit 120 for burial.
[0093] Firstly, ecologically significant ground flora in the vicinity of the grave pit to
be excavated is transplanted elsewhere in the woodland 1. This helps maintain prevent
decolonisation. In particular, young trees may be transplanted to the nursery 27 as
mentioned previously.
[0094] A first digging operation can then take place. This removes an uppermost layer of
soil 125 from the grave pit 120, known as the top soil. The footprint of the top soil
removed is the same as the footprint of the final grave pit 120, as defined by the
length 120L and width 120W. The depth of the top soil removed is approximately 3 to
10 cm. This top soil 125 is placed into heavy duty plastic bags to prevent desiccation
and set aside. The top soil 125 is generally removed the day prior to excavating the
grave proper. This allows the footprint of the grave pit to be clearly seen to aid
subsequent grave pit excavation.
[0095] On the day of burial, panels in the form of wooden boards 121 are laid on the ground
either side of the grave pit 120 to be excavated. A second digging operation can then
take place which removes the remaining soil so as to define a suitably-sized grave
pit. Generally, this is approximately 1.8 metres (six foot) in depth 120D, 0.5 to
1 metres in width 120W, and 2 to 2.5 metres in length 120L. The excavation is carried
out using standard excavation machinery, for example a Kubota U20-3 excavator with
an 18" square hole grave-digging bucket. The remaining soil is deposited on top of
the wooden boards 121 as spoil 122. The grave pit 120 is then shored using a standing
grave-shoring machinery to compact the walls of the grave pit 120 to ensure that they
do not collapse.
[0096] To enhance the appearance of the grave pit and its surroundings, the spoil 122 on
the boards 121 is covered to improve its appearance. Instead of green baize used in
traditional burials, the coverage is provided by natural materials, such as bracken
or deadwood.
[0097] Furthermore, woodchip 123 is placed onto the floor of the grave pit 120 to cover
any water that may collect there. In alternatives, other porous substrates may be
used.
[0098] A burial service can then take place in which a biodegradable coffin 130 containing
a body 131 of the deceased is lowered into the grave pit 120. The grave pit 120 can
then be backfilled with the spoil 122 and the natural materials.
[0099] The wooden boards 121 onto which the spoil 122 is deposited aid the process of backfilling,
and also prevents the floor of the woodland 1 from being disrupted during backfilling.
In particular, the boards prevent the backfilling machinery or tools from scraping
the natural woodland floor surrounding the grave pit 120. Furthermore, the wooden
boards 121 spread the load of the spoil 122 further minimising the chance that the
walls of the grave pit 120 will collapse.
[0100] The act of excavating and then backfilling the grave pit 120 tills the soil, aerating
it, allowing plant and animal life to more easily thrive within the soil. Furthermore,
the woodchip 123 and other relatively low-density natural materials backfilled into
the grave pit 120 facilitate the aeration of the soil. Also, their porosity assists
in the drain-through of water. Thus, these materials can promote healthy soil composition,
and facilitate rapid decomposition of the coffin 130 and body 131 via aerobic biodegradation.
[0101] Once the grave pit 120 is backfilled with the spoil 121 the wooden boards 121 are
removed. The top soil 125 that was previously set aside is deposited in a mound next
to the foot of the grave. Apart from this, the area around the grave pit 120 is restored
to its previous natural state.
[0102] Excess spoil 122 is transported to a spoil store on the outskirts of the woodland
near to the staff facility 28. The soil within the grave pit 120 is then allowed to
settle. The grave-settling period typically varies between four months and a year,
and is affected by factors such as the composition of the coffin 130, weather conditions
and ground conditions. For example, although the coffins used in the present embodiment
are biodegradable, and made of natural material to prevent the disruption of the soil
ecosystem, different materials decompose and collapse at different rates: the breakdown
of a cardboard coffin is a lot quicker than that of wooden coffin. Also, a prolonged
period of wet weather is likely to cause the soil within a grave pit 120 to sink in
more quickly than during periods of dry weather.
[0103] During this grave-settling period, the grave is monitored and routinely topped up
with soil from the spoil store. This prevents the formation of a sunken grave which
can pose a health and safety risk and the appearance of which may cause distress to
visitors of the burial site 20. After the grave has settled, the top soil 125 arranged
in a mound at the foot of the grave is drawn over the spoil filling the grave pit
120.
[0104] Advantageously, replacing the original top soil benefits the ecology of the woodland.
The top soil contains the natural seed layer of the woodland floor, and so its restoration
is important in ecological terms to maintain the provenance of the woodland 1. If
the top soil were not restored, this would result in the decolonisation of the ground
above the grave pit 120.
[0105] So that the natural composition of the woodland is maintained, no permanent memorials
are permitted to mark the position of the graves. However, in some cases, a temporarily
wooden memorial 126 is placed at the head of the grave in the place of a traditional
headstone. The wooden memorial 126 typically comprises a wooden post 126a driven into
the ground that supports on its upper end a wooden plaque 126b laser engraved with
memorial inscriptions. The maximum size of the plaque and post are limited: the plaque
is typically limited to 400mm by 150mm, and the post is limited to a height above
ground of 450mm. The wood is untreated to ensure that it biodegrades. Thus, over time,
the ground above the grave becomes indistinguishable from its surroundings thereby
ensuring that the natural environment and composition of the woodland is maintained.
[0106] In view of this, it is important to be able to find where the graves are located,
especially after a long period of time. To this end, the computerised database is
updated with the absolute position of each grave, as determined using a positioning
system such as GPS. This information is also double-checked against other entries
in the database relating to the position of the grave, such as those setting out the
grave position relative to the burial tree 100. In addition to this, following burial,
two metal rods, ideally made of steel are driven into the ground; one at the head
of the grave pit (closest to the burial tree), and another at the foot of the grave.
The metal rods are driven all the way into the ground such that they cannot pose a
trip hazard, and are not visible above the ground. However, they can assist with the
quick location of the actual position of the grave using a standard metal detector.
This combined with the fact that grave pits 120 are oriented - from foot to head -
to point towards the burial tree 100, also assists in determining the location of
each grave.
[0107] The burial site 20 can also support ash urn interments. As these are significantly
smaller than coffins, they can be placed within the root protection zone without harm
to the burial tree 100. Moreover, the process of burying an ash urn can simply involve
creating a bore hole in the ground. If a major tree root is encountered during digging
it is not harmed. Instead the bore hole is refilled and another location is chosen.
These urn plots employ a single steel rod for their own subsequent location with a
metal detector.
[0108] As mentioned, as the state of the woodland 1 and the features of the burial site
20 shifts over time it is necessary to update the computerised database. Some of the
information that is maintained in the database can be represented on a map, aiding
location of existing features of the burial site and also assisting in the planning
of the location of future features. Other information can be cross-referenced against
the map data. The information held in the database may include:
- Locations and layout of driveways and pathways
- Area identifiers and names
- Tree identifiers and locations
- Grave plot (and urn plot) identifiers and locations
- Map data such as bearing information (e.g. direction of magnetic North)
- Grave owner and occupier (if different)
- Whether grave plots are utilised or unutilised
- Whether a grave plot has been reserved for future use ('pre-need')
- Whether a seed bank / top soil has been replaced
- The coffin type (e.g. cardboard or wood) within a utilised grave plot
- Date of interment
- Funeral director information (e.g. contact details)
- Memorial information (e.g. inscription, type and size of memorial)
- Deed information
- Lease length
- Payment information (payment plan options, interment fees etc)
[0109] As mentioned, such information may be represented diagrammatically on a map. Accordingly,
a map can be printed out to assist in the practical maintenance of the woodland 1
and burial site 20.
[0110] Thus, an ecologically sustainable burial site and associated burial method has been
described herein. Typically, following such a method can result in a grave density
of over 400 plots per acre being achieved over a fifty year period. Furthermore, in
the same area an ash urn density of over 1130 plots can also be achieved.
1. A burial method for sustainably establishing graves (120) within woodland (1), the
method comprising selecting burial trees (100) from a plurality of healthy established
trees within the woodland (1); and, for each burial tree (100), carrying out the steps
of:
(i) determining the extent of a root protection zone (105) around the burial tree
(100);
(ii) excavating ground outside of but bordering the root protection zone (105) to
define a first set of grave pits (120);
(iii) interring a body (131) of the deceased into each respective grave pit (120);
(iv) backfilling each respective grave pit (120);
thereby to establish a first set of graves (120); and
(v) waiting a tree recovery period after which steps (i) to (iv) are repeated to establish
a further set of graves (120).
2. The burial method of claim 1, wherein:
an uppermost layer of soil (125) is removed from each respective grave pit (120) during
the excavating step, and restored after the backfilling step and after a grave-settling
period as the uppermost layer of soil (125); and
depressions in the ground caused during the grave-settling period are levelled using
spoil (122) excavated during the excavating step.
3. The burial method of claim 1 or claim 2, comprising a further step, after the excavating
step, of spreading a layer of a porous substrate (123) onto a floor of each grave
pit (120).
4. The burial method of any preceding claim, further comprising:
laying at least one panel (121) onto the ground adjacent to each grave pit (120) to
be excavated;
piling spoil (122) excavated from the grave pit (120) during the excavating step onto
the at least one panel (121);
backfilling each respective grave pit (120) with the spoil (122) piled on said at
least one panel (121); and
removing excess spoil (122) and the at least one panel (121) from the ground adjacent
to the respective grave (120) to restore the ground around the grave (120) to its
previous natural state.
5. The burial method of any preceding claim, comprising a further step of transplanting
flora, such as tree saplings, rooted in ground that is to be excavated during the
excavation step to another location within or around the woodland.
6. The burial method of any preceding claim, wherein the root protection zone (105) comprises
a border having sections of substantially equal length and each grave (120) of a common
set is established adjacent to a different border section, ideally with graves (120)
of a common set being spaced at regular intervals from one another along the border
of the root protection zone (105).
7. The burial method of any preceding claim, wherein the extent of the root protection
zone (105) is determined in dependence on a characteristic of the respective burial
tree (100), such as the diameter (100d) of the trunk of the burial tree (100) as measured
at a predetermined distance above the ground
8. The burial method of any preceding claim wherein each grave pit (120) is oriented
so that its length extends in a radial direction relative to the centre of the root
protection zone (105); and/or its horizontal axis extends in a direction substantially
transverse to a longitudinal axis of the burial tree (100).
9. The burial method of any preceding claim, further comprising the steps of:
burying at least one metallic member at a predetermined position relative to a respective
grave pit (120); and
locating the grave using a metal detector;
and if two metallic members are buried for a respective grave pit, they are ideally
buried at opposite ends of the grave pit (120) so as to aid the location of the head
and the foot of the grave (120).
10. The burial method of any preceding claim, wherein the steps carried out in respect
of different burial trees (100) are carried out in a sequence that, at any one time,
distributes grave pit excavations evenly and/or randomly across the woodland (1).
11. The burial method of any preceding claim, wherein the tree recovery period is determined
in response to assessing the health of the burial tree (100).
12. Graves or grave sets (120) sustainably established in accordance with a burial method
according to any one of claims 1 to 11, each grave (120) ideally comprising one or
more biodegradable products, such as biodegradable coffins (130) and/or monuments
(126).
13. A burial site (20), ideally converted from woodland (1), and ideally operating a burial
method according to any one of claims 1 to 11, the burial site (20) comprising a distribution
of graves (120) each established relative to a respective burial tree (100), each
burial tree (100) being selected from a plurality of healthy established trees (10)
native to a woodland (1);
each grave (120) bordering a root protection zone (105) around a respective burial
tree (100);
each grave (120) belonging to one of a plurality of grave sets; and
a tree recovery period separating the establishment of graves (120) belonging to different
grave sets.
14. The burial site (20) according to claim 13, comprising constructions positioned to
avoid harm to the burial trees (100), the constructions comprising access routes (30,
32) that loop and that are routed to ensure that at least half of the area of a woodland
(1) used for burial is within a predetermined distance of an access route (30, 32).
15. A record of data, such as a map, registering the location and/or status of features
of the burial site (20) of claim 13 or claim 14.