[0001] The present invention concerns the use of a defined detergent composition in a lubricating
oil composition for reducing wear in an engine. It also relates to a lubricating oil
composition for use in an internal combustion engine, preferably a heavy duty diesel
engine, and a method for the preparation thereof.
[0002] The need for less toxic emissions from exhaust gases is becoming more demanding,
mainly because of environmental problems such as the emission of pollutants such as
hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides. Catalytic converters in the exhaust
systems have been used to reduce the emission of pollutants. Such converters generally
use a combination of catalytic metals, such as platinum or variations thereof and
metal oxides, and are installed in the exhaust streams, e.g. the exhaust pipes of
automobiles to convert the toxic gases to non-toxic gases. Phosphorus components,
such as the decomposition products of the zinc dithiophosphate, are believed to poison
the catalyst in these converters. Also it is likely that sulfur components poison
the catalysts, for example those used in reduction of nitrogen oxides.
[0003] Thus, there is automotive industry pressure towards reducing phosphorus and sulfur
contents in lubricating oil compositions.
[0004] This can be achieved by reducing the amount of phosphorus and sulfur components in
the oil composition, for example, by reducing the amount of zinc dithiophosphate.
However, this presents problems, for example, lowering the anti-wear properties and
anti-oxidant properties of the oil composition.
[0005] Generally, the art describes phosphorus-, sulfur- and molybdenum-containing compounds
as anti-wear and/or anti-oxidant additives.
[0006] WO-A-9637582 discloses a lubricating oil composition having improved anti-wear and friction reducing
properties, the lubricating oil composition comprises a sulfoxymolybdenum dithiocarbamate,
zinc dialkyldithiophosphate and a mixture of 100 to 50% by weight of calcium alkylsalicylate
and 0 to 50% by weight of magnesium alkylsalicylate.
[0007] WO-A-9428095 discloses a lubricating oil composition having improved anti-wear and friction reducing
properties, the lubricating oil composition comprises a zinc dialkyldithiophosphate,
a calcium sulfonate and a calcium salicylate detergent and a sulfurized oxymolybdenum
dithiocarbamate.
[0008] It has surprisingly been found that a particular detergent composition provides anti-wear
benefit to lubricating oil compositions having a low phosphorus content, and optionally
a low sulfur content, preferably to lubricating oil compositions which have both low
phosphorus and low sulfur contents.
[0009] In a first aspect, the present invention provides an SAE 5WX or SAE 0WX lubricating
oil composition as claimed in claim 1.
[0010] In a second aspect, the present invention provides a method of lubricating an internal
combustion engine, preferably a heavy duty diesel engine, comprising supplying to
the engine the lubricating oil composition according to the first aspect.
[0011] Further, the present invention provides the use, in a minor amount, of a detergent
composition in a lubricating oil composition for reducing wear in an engine as claimed
in claim 10.
[0012] The features of the present invention will now be discussed in more detail.
LUBRICATING OIL COMPOSITION
[0013] Preferably the amount of phosphorus, in respect of each aspect, in the lubricating
oil composition, independently of the amount of sulfur, is less than 0.08, less than
0.07 or less than 0.06, more preferably at most 0.05, at most 0.04 or at most 0.03,
such as in the range from 0.001 to 0.03, for example at most 0.02 or at most 0.01,
mass %, based on the mass of the oil composition. In a preferred embodiment of each
aspect, the phosphorus content is zero in the lubricating oil composition.
[0014] The amount of sulfur, in respect of each aspect, in the lubricating oil composition,
independently of the amount of phosphorus, is preferably at most 0.45, or at most
0.4, or at most 0.35, or at most 0.3, or at most 0.25, especially at most 0.2 or at
most 0.15, such as in the range from 0.001 to 0.1 or 0.005 to 0.05, mass %, based
on the mass of the oil composition. In a preferred embodiment of each aspect, the
sulfur content is zero in the lubricating oil composition
[0015] In an embodiment of each aspect of the invention, the amount of phosphorus and sulfur
is derived from an anti-wear additive, such as a zinc dithiophosphate.
[0016] In a preferred embodiment of each aspect of the present invention, independently
of the other embodiments, the amount of chlorine in the lubricating oil composition
is at most 100, preferably at most 50, such as at most 30, more preferably at most
20, especially at most 10, for example from 0 to 5, ppm, based on the mass of the
oil composition. It is advantageous to reduce the amount of chlorine so as to decrease
the production of dioxins.
[0017] Independently of each other, the amount of phosphorus and sulfur in the lubricating
oil composition is derived from both (B) and (C).
[0018] The lubricating oil composition is in the form of an SAE 5WX or SAE 0WX lubricating
oil composition, wherein X represents any one of 20, 30, 40 and 50. Preferably, X
represents 20 or 30.
[0019] In an embodiment of each aspect, the amount of nitrogen, independently of the other
embodiments, is preferably at least 0.01 or at least 0.02, more preferably at least
0.05, such as at least 0.055, advantageously at least 0.06, especially at least 0.065,
such as at least 0.1, mass %, based on the mass of the oil composition. The amount
of nitrogen is preferably at most 0.3, such as at most 0.25, or at most 0.2, or at
most 0.15, mass %, based on the mass of the oil composition.
[0020] In an embodiment of each aspect of the invention, the amount of nitrogen is derived
from a dispersant additive, such as a polyisobutenyl succinimide.
[0021] In another embodiment of appropriate aspects of the invention, independently of the
other embodiments, the amount of anti-oxidant additive is at least 0.1, preferably
at least 0.5, especially at least 1.0, most preferably at most 5.0, mass %, based
on the mass of the oil composition.
[0022] In a preferred embodiment of each aspect of the invention, the lubricating oil composition
does not comprise one or more of a co-additive (C) selected from a phosphorus-containing
compound, a sulfur-containing compound and a molybdenum-containing compound. For example,
the lubricating oil composition does not comprise a phosphorus-containing and/or a
molybdenum-containing compound, such as a zinc dithiodiphosphate and/or a molybdenum
dithiocarbamate.
[0023] The lubricating oil compositions of the present invention are preferably crankcase
lubricating oil compositions suitable for lubricating an internal combustion engine,
preferably a passenger car engine or a heavy duty diesel engine. Examples of passenger
car engines are light duty diesel engines and gasoline engines.
[0024] The heavy duty trucking market has come to adopt the diesel engine as its preferred
power source due to both its excellent longevity and its economy of operation. Specialized
lubricants have been developed to meet the more stringent performance requirements
of heavy duty diesel engines.
[0025] Several engine tests are required to demonstrate satisfactory heavy duty performance,
including the Cummins M11 test to evaluate soot-related valve train wear, filter plugging
and sludge.
[0026] The American Petroleum Institute (API), Association des Constructeur Europeen d'Automobile
(ACEA) and Japanese Standards Organisation (JASO) specify the performance level required
for lubricating oil compositions. Also there are performance specifications known
as Global, which contain tests and performance levels from ACEA, API and JASO specifications.
[0027] Thus, a heavy duty lubricating oil composition of the present invention preferably
satisfies at least the performance requirements of heavy duty diesel engine lubricants,
such as at least the API CG-4; preferably at least the API CH-4; especially at least
the API CI-4. In another embodiment, the lubricating oil composition of the invention,
independently of meeting the API performance requirements, preferably satisfies at
least the ACEA E2-96; more preferably at least the ACEA E3-96; especially at least
ACEA E4-99; advantageously at least the ACEA E5-99. In a further embodiment, the lubricating
oil composition of the invention, independently of meeting the API and ACEA performance
requirements, preferably satisfies the JASO DH-1 or Global DHD-1.
[0028] In respect of a passenger car engine, such as a gasoline or diesel engine, lubricating
oil composition, the lubricating oil composition preferably satisfies at least the
performance requirements of API SH; more preferably at least the API SJ; especially
at least the API SL. In another embodiment, the lubricating oil composition of the
invention, independently of meeting the API performance requirements, preferably satisfies
at least the ACEA A2-96 (issue 2), more preferably at least the ACEA A3-98, especially
at least the ACEA A1-98, for gasoline engines; and at least ACEA B2-98, more preferably
at least the ACEA B1-98, such as at least the ACEA B3-98, especially at least the
ACEA B4-98, for light duty diesel engines.
[0029] As mentioned above, the defined metal detergent composition has been found to exhibit
anti-wear properties in lubricating oil compositions having a low phosphorus content,
and optionally a low sulfur content. The amount of phosphorus or sulfur in such an
oil composition corresponds to the amount of phosphorus and sulfur disclosed above.
The anti-wear benefit is expected in the valve trains, journal bearing, and piston
rings or liner; especially in the valve trains.
[0030] Accordingly, in a further aspect, the present invention provides a lubricating oil
composition according to the first aspect, where (C1) is a dispersant additive.
[0031] In a preferred embodiment of each aspect of the present invention, the oil composition
gives less than 2, preferably less than 1.5, especially less than 1, advantageously
less than 0.9 or 0.8 or 0.7 or 0.6, such as in the range from 0 or 0.1 or 0.2 or 0.3
or 0.4 to 0.5, mass % of sulfated ash, according to method ASTM D874.
HEAVY DUTY DIESEL ENGINES
[0032] Heavy duty diesel engines are preferably used in land-based vehicles, more preferably
large road vehicles, such as large trucks. The road vehicles typically have a weight
greater than 12 tonnes. The engines used in such vehicles tend to have a total displacement
of at least 6.5, preferably at least 8, more preferably at least 10, such as at least
15, litres; engines having a total displacement of 12 to 20 litres are preferred.
Generally, engines having a total displacement greater than 24 litres are not considered
land-based vehicles. The engines also have a displacement per cylinder of at least
1.0 or at least 1.5, such as at least 1.75, preferably at least 2, litres per cylinder.
Generally, heavy duty diesel engines in road vehicles have a displacement per cylinder
of at most 3.5, such as at most 3.0; preferably at most 2.5, litres per cylinder.
[0033] As used herein, the terms 'total displacement' and 'displacement per cylinder' are
known to those skilled in the art of internal combustion engines (see "
Diesel Engine Reference Book", edited by B. Challen and R. Baranescu, second edition,
1999, published by SAE International). Briefly, the term 'displacement' corresponds to the volume of the cylinder in the
engine as determined by the piston movement and consequently the 'total displacement'
is the total volume dependent on the number of cylinders; and the term 'displacement
per cylinder' is the ratio of the total displacement to the number of cylinders in
the engine.
[0034] Thus, there is provided a combination of a heavy duty diesel engine, preferably in
a land-based vehicle, which engine has a total displacement of at least 6.5 litres
and a displacement per cylinder of at least 1.0 litre per cylinder and a lubricating
oil composition as defined in the first aspect.
Oil of Lubricating Viscosity (A)
[0035] The lubricating oil can be a synthetic or mineral oil of lubricating viscosity selected
from the group consisting of Group I, II, III, IV or V basestocks and mixtures of
thereof.
[0036] Basestocks may be made using a variety of different processes including but not limited
to distillation, solvent refining, hydrogen processing, oligomerization, esterification,
and rerefining.
[0037] American Petroleum Institute (API) 1509 "Engine Oil Licensing and Certification System"
Fourteenth Edition, December 1996 states that all basestocks are divided into five general categories:
Group I basestocks contain less than 90% saturates and/or greater than 0.03% sulfur
and have a viscosity index greater than or equal to 80 and less than 120;
Group II basestocks contain greater than or equal to 90% saturates and less than or
equal to 0.03% sulfur and have a viscosity index greater than or equal to 80 and less
than 120;
Group III basestocks contain greater than or equal to 90% saturates and less than
or equal or 0.03% sulfur and have a viscosity index greater than or equal to 120;
Group IV basestocks are polyalphaolefins (PAO); and
Group V basestocks contain all other basestocks not included in Group I, II, III or
IV.
Group IV basestocks, i.e. polyalphaolefins (PAO), include hydrogenated oligomers of
an alpha-olefin, the most important methods of oligomerization being free radical
processes, Ziegler catalysis, cationic, and Friedel-Crafts catalysis.
Group V basestocks in the form of esters are preferred and also tend to be commercially
available. Examples include polyol esters such as pentaerythritol esters, trimethylolpropane
esters and neopentylglycol esters; diesters; C36 dimer acid esters; trimellitate esters, i.e., 1, 2, 4-benzene tricarboxylates; and
phthalate esters, i.e., 1,2 - benzene dicarboxylates. The acids from which the esters
are made are preferably monocarboxylic acids of the formula RCO2H where R represents a branched, linear or mixed alkyl group. Such acids may, for
example, contain 6 to 18 carbon atoms.
[0038] Preferably the lubricating oil is selected from any one of Group I to V basestocks,
provided the selected basestock contains at most 0.5, such as at most 0.1 or at most
0.05, mass % of sulfur.
[0039] Especially preferred is Group II, III, IV or V basestock or any two or more mixtures
thereof, or mixtures of a Group IV basestock with 5 to 95, preferably 10 to 90, such
as 20 to 85, mass %, of Group I, II, III or V basestock, provided the sulfur content
is at most 0.5, such as at most 0.1 or at most 0.05, mass %.
[0040] A Group IV basestock and a Group V basestock in the form of an ester are considered
synthetic basestocks.
[0041] Accordingly, in a preferred embodiment of appropriate aspects of the present invention,
independently of the other embodiments, the oil of lubricating viscosity comprises
a synthetic basestock.
[0042] Therefore, the oil of lubricating viscosity comprises at least one basestock selected
from a Group IV basestock and a Group V basestock in the form of an ester. Preferably,
the oil of lubricating viscosity consists essentially of:
- (a) a Group IV basestock and a Group III basestock and/or a Group II basestock; or
- (b) a Group V basestock in the form of an ester and a Group III basestock and/or a
Group II basestock; or
- (c) a Group IV basestock and a Group V basestock in the form of an ester and optionally
a Group III basestock and/or a Group II basestock.
[0043] The test methods used in defining the above groups are ASTM D2007 for saturates;
ASTM D2270 for viscosity index; and one of ASTM D2622, 4294, 4927 and 3120 for sulfur.
Detergent Composition (B)
[0044] A detergent is an additive that reduces formation of piston deposits, for example
high-temperature varnish and lacquer deposits, in engines; it has acid-neutralising
properties and is capable of keeping finely divided solids in suspension. It is based
on metal "soaps", that is metal salts of organic acids, also known as surfactants
herein.
[0045] A detergent comprises a polar head, i.e. the metal salt of the organic acid, with
a long hydrophobic tail for oil solubility. Therefore, the organic acids typically
have one or more functional groups, such as OH or COOH or SO
3H; and a hydrocarbyl substituent.
[0046] Examples of organic acids include sulfonic acids, phenols and sulfurised derivatives
thereof, and carboxylic acids including aromatic carboxylic acids.
[0047] It has been found, that a metal detergent composition comprising more than 50 mole
% of a metal salt of an aromatic carboxylic acid, based on the moles of the metal
salts of organic acids in the detergent composition, provides a wear benefit, such
as the ability to minimise the wear in an engine, to lubricating oil compositions
having a low phosphorus content, and optionally a low sulfur content, preferably to
lubricating oil compositions having low phosphorus and low sulfur contents.
[0048] The detergent composition comprises 100 mole % of a metal salt of an aromatic carboxylic
acid, based on the moles of the metal salts of organic acids in the detergent composition,
that is the detergent composition comprises only aromatic carboxylic acids as the
organic acids.
[0049] For better anti-wear properties of a lubricating oil composition, it is preferred
that a detergent composition contains a metal salt of an aromatic carboxylic acid
in an amount of more than 50 mole %, based on the moles of the organic acids in the
detergent composition.
[0050] The aromatic moiety of the aromatic carboxylic acid contains only carbon atoms; more
preferably the moiety contains six or more carbon atoms; for example benzene is a
preferred moiety.
[0051] The aromatic carboxylic acid may contain one or more aromatic moieties, such as one
or more benzene rings, either fused or connected via alkylene bridges.
[0052] The carboxylic moiety may be attached directly or indirectly to the aromatic moiety.
Preferably the carboxylic acid group is attached directly to a carbon atom on the
aromatic moiety, such as a carbon atom on the benzene ring.
[0053] More preferably, the aromatic moiety also contains a second functional group, such
as a hydroxy group or a sulfonate group, which can be attached directly or indirectly
to a carbon atom on the aromatic moiety.
[0054] Preferred examples of an aromatic carboxylic acids are salicylic acids and sulfurised
derivatives thereof, such as hydrocarbyl substituted salicylic acid and derivatives
thereof.
[0055] Processes for sulfurizing, for example a hydrocarbyl-substituted salicylic acid,
are known to those skilled in the art.
[0056] Salicylic acids are typically prepared by carboxylation, for example, by the Kolbe-Schmitt
process, of phenoxides, and in that case, will generally be obtained, normally in
a diluent, in admixture with uncarboxylated phenol.
[0057] Preferred substituents in oil-soluble salicylic acids are alkyl substituents. In
alkylsubstituted salicylic acids, the alkyl groups advantageously contain 5 to 100,
preferably 9 to 30, especially 14 to 20, carbon atoms. Where there is more than one
alkyl group, the average number of carbon atoms in all of the alkyl groups is preferably
at least 9 to ensure adequate oil-solubility.
[0058] The metal detergent may be neutral or overbased, such terms are known in the art.
[0059] The detergents can have a Total Base Number (TBN) in the range of 15 or 60 to 600,
preferably 100 to 450, more preferably 160 to 400. TBN is measured according to ASTM
D-2896.
[0060] For the avoidance of doubt, the detergent composition may also comprise an ashless
detergent,
i.
e. a non-metal containing detergent.
[0061] Preferably the detergent composition comprises at least one overbased metal detergent,
irrespective of whether the detergent contains metal salts of one type of organic
acid or metal salts of more than one type of organic acid.
[0062] A preferred overbased metal detergent comprises a metal salt of an aromatic carboxylic
acid, preferably a metal salt of a salicylic acid; or a metal salt of a phenol, preferably
a metal salt of a sulfurised alkyl phenol; or both a metal salt of an aromatic carboxylic
acid and a metal salt of a phenol.
[0063] Group 1 and Group 2 metals are preferred as metals in the detergents, more preferably
calcium and magnesium, especially calcium.
[0064] Detergent compositions comprising, preferably consisting essentially of, at least
one calcium salicylate-based detergent, preferably at least one overbased calcium
salicylate-based detergent, have been found to particularly effective in providing
anti-wear benefits, provided the proportion of the metal salt of an aromatic carboxylic
acid, in this instance the metal salt of the salicylic acid, is satisfied. Therefore,
detergent compositions comprising only calcium salicylate-based detergents, whether
neutral or overbased, would be advantageous.
[0065] Preferably, the detergent composition, in respect of each aspect, is present in the
oil composition in an amount, based on surfactant content, of at least 5, preferably
at least 10, such as at least 20 or at least 30, more preferably at least 50, most
especially at most 75, millimoles of surfactant per kilogram of the oil composition
(mmol/kg). In an embodiment, the amount of detergent composition, based on surfactant
content, in the oil composition is 10 to 15 mmol/kg.
[0066] Suitable methods for measuring the total metal content are well known in the art
and include X-ray fluorescence and atomic absorption spectrometry.
[0067] Suitable methods for determining the amount of metal associated with the organic
acids include potentiometric acid titration of the metal salt to determine the relative
proportions of the different basic constituents (for example, metal carbonate and
metal organic acid salts); hydrolysis of a known amount of metal salt and then the
potentiometric base titration of the organic acids to determine the equivalent moles
of organic acids; and determination of the non-organic acid anions, such as carbonate,
by measuring the CO
2 content.
[0068] In the case of a metal sulfonate, ASTM D3712 may be used to determine the metal associated
with the sulfonate.
[0069] In the instance where a composition comprises a detergent and one or more co-additives,
then the detergent may be separated from the co-additives, for example, by using dialysis
techniques and then the detergent may be analysed as described above to determine
the metal ratio. Background information on suitable dialysis techniques is given by
Amos, R. and Albaugh, E. W. in "Chromatography in Petroleum Analysis" Altgelt, K.
H. and Gouw, T. H., Eds., pages 417 to 421, Marcel Dekker Inc., New York and Basel,
1979.
[0070] Means for determining the amount of surfactant and the amount of metal salt of an
aromatic carboxylic acid are known to those skilled in the art.
EP-A-O 876 449 describes methods for determining the number of moles of a calcium salt of an organic
acid, which disclosure is incorporated herein.
[0071] A skilled person can also calculate the amounts in the final lubricating oil composition
from information concerning the amount of raw materials (e.g., organic acids) used
to make the detergent(s) and from information concerning the amount of detergent(s)
used in the final oil composition. Analytical methods (e.g., potentiometric titration
and chromatography) can also be used to determine the amounts of surfactant and metal
salt of an aromatic carboxylic acid.
[0072] It will be appreciated by a skilled person in the art that the methods to determine
the amount of metal salts of organic acids (also known as surfactants), including
the amount of metal salts of aromatic carboxylic acids, are at best approximations
and that differing methods will not always give exactly the same result; they are,
however, sufficiently precise to allow the practice of the present invention.
Co-additives (C)
[0073] A dispersant additive (C1) maintains oil-insoluble substances, resulting from oxidation
during use, in suspension in the fluid, thus preventing sludge flocculation and precipitation
or deposition on metal parts. So-called ashless dispersants are organic materials
which form substantially no ash on combustion, in contrast to metal-containing (and
thus ash-forming) detergents. Borated metal-free dispersants are also regarded herein
as ashless dispersants. Suitable dispersants include, for example, derivatives of
long chain hydrocarbyl-substituted carboxylic acids, in which the hydrocarbyl group
has a number average molecular weight tends of less than 15,000, such as less than
5000; examples of such derivatives being derivatives of high molecular weight hydrocarbyl-substituted
succinic acid. Such hydrocarbyl-substituted carboxylic acids may be reacted with,
for example, a nitrogen-containing compound, advantageously a polyalkylene polyamine,
or with an ester. Particularly preferred dispersants are the reaction products of
polyalkylene amines with alkenyl succinic anhydrides. Examples of specifications disclosing
dispersants of the last-mentioned type are
US-A-3 202 678,
3 154 560,
3 172 892,
3 024 195,
3 024 237,
3 219 666,
3 216 936 and
BE-A-662 875.
[0074] An ashless succinimide or a derivative thereof, obtainable from a polyisobutenylsuccinic
anhydride produced from polybutene and maleic anhydride by a thermal reaction method
using neither chlorine nor a chlorine atom-containing compound, is a preferred dispersant.
[0075] Preferably, the lubricating oil composition comprises a dispersant additive.
[0076] Alternatively, or in addition, dispersancy may be provided by polymeric compounds
capable of providing viscosity index improving properties and dispersancy, such compounds
are known as a dispersant viscosity index improver additive or a multifunctional viscosity
index improver (C1). Such polymers differ from conventional viscosity index improvers
in that they provide performance properties, such as dispersancy and/or antioxidancy,
in addition to viscosity index improvement.
[0077] Dispersant olefin copolymers and dispersant polymethacrylates are examples of dispersant
viscosity index improver additives. Dispersant viscosity index improver additives
are prepared by chemically attaching various functional moieties, for example amines,
alcohols and amides, onto polymers, which polymers preferably tend to have a number
average molecular weight of at least 15,000, such in the range from 20,000 to 600,000,
as determined by gel permeation chromatography or light scattering methods. The polymers
used may be those described below with respect to viscosity modifiers. Therefore,
amine molecules may be incorporated to impart dispersancy and/or antioxidancy characteristics,
whereas phenolic molecules may be incorporated to improve antioxidant properties.
A specific example, therefore, is an inter-polymer of ethylene-propylene post grafted
with an active monomer such as maleic anhydride and then derivatized with, for example,
an alcohol or amine.
[0078] EP-A-24146 and
EP-A-0 854 904 describe examples of dispersants and dispersant viscosity index improvers, which
are accordingly incorporated herein.
[0079] In a preferred embodiment of appropriate aspects of the present invention, independently
of the other embodiments, the lubricating oil composition comprises a dispersant viscosity
index improver additive instead of or in addition to a dispersant additive.
[0080] An antioxidant additive (C2) reduces the tendency of mineral oils to deteriorate
in service, evidence of such deterioration being, for example, the production of varnish-like
deposits on metal surfaces and of sludge, and viscosity increase. Suitable antioxidant
additives include sulfurized alkyl phenols and alkali or alkaline earth metal salts
thereof; hindered phenols including alkylene bridged phenols; diphenylamines; phenyl-naphthylamines;
and phosphosulfurized or sulfurized hydrocarbons. A preferred antioxidant is an alkylene
bridged phenol,
[0081] Other antioxidants which may be used in lubricating oil compositions include oil-soluble
copper compounds. The copper may be blended into the oil as any suitable oil-soluble
copper compound. By oil-soluble it is meant that the compound is oil-soluble under
normal blending conditions in the oil or additive package. The copper may, for example,
be in the form of a copper dihydrocarbyl thio- or dithio-phosphate. Alternatively,
the copper may be added as the copper salt of a synthetic or natural carboxylic acid,
for example, a C
8 to C
18 fatty acid, an unsaturated acid, or a branched carboxylic acid. Also useful are oil-soluble
copper dithiocarbamates, sulfonates, phenates, and acetylacetonates. Examples of particularly
useful copper compounds are basic, neutral or acidic copper Cu
I and/or Cull salts derived from alkenyl succinic acids or anhydrides.
[0082] Copper antioxidants will generally be employed in an amount of from about 5 to 500
ppm by weight of the copper, in the final lubricating composition.
[0083] An antiwear additive (C3), as its name implies, reduces wear of metal parts. Zinc
dihydrocarbyl dithiophosphates (ZDDPs) are very widely used as antiwear additives.
Examples of ZDDPs for use in oil-based compositions are those of the formula Zn[SP(S)(OR
1)(OR
2)]
2 wherein R
1 and R
2 contain from 1 to 18, and preferably 2 to 12, carbon atoms.
[0084] Particularly preferred is a ZDDP which has more secondary alkyl groups than primary
alkyl groups, for example a ZDDP which has at least 50, preferably at least 75, advantageously
85-100, such as 100, mass % of secondary alkyl groups, based on the mass of the total
alkyl groups.
[0085] Sulfur-containing and molybdenum-containing compounds are also examples of anti-wear
additives. Also suitable are ashless phosphorus-containing and sulfur-containing compounds.
[0086] A preferred type of molybdenum compound is a trinuclear molybdenum compound, which
advantageously has a sulfur-containing core. The compound may provide at least 1,
for example 1 to 2000, such as 5 to 1000, preferably 20 to 1000, such as 30 to 500,
especially 75 to 200, advantagesously 50 to 150, ppm by mass of the Mo, expressed
as Mo atoms, based on the mass of the composition.
[0087] In an embodiment, the trinuclear molybdenum compound has a core, preferably a sulfur-containing
core, and bonded thereto one or more monoanionic ligands capable of rendering the
compound oil-soluble or oil-dispersible, wherein the ratio of the number of molybdenum
atoms in the core to the number of said ligands is greater than 1:1, such as 3:2 or
greater.
[0088] In another embodiment, the trinuclear molybdenum compound is represented by the formula
Mo
3S
kL
nQ
z and mixtures thereof wherein the L are independently selected ligands having organo
groups with a sufficient number of carbon atoms to render the compound soluble in
the oil, n is from 1 to 4, k varies from 4 to 7, Q is selected from the group of neutral
electron donating compounds such as water, amines, alcohols, phosphines, and ethers,
and z ranges from 0 to 5 and includes non-stoichiometric values. At least 21 total
carbon atoms should be present among all the ligands' organo groups, such as at least
25, at least 30, or at least 35 carbon atoms.
[0089] Importantly, the organo groups of the ligands have a sufficient number of carbon
atoms to render the compound soluble in the oil. For example, the number of carbon
atoms in each group will generally range between 1 to 100, preferably from 1 to 30,
and more preferably between 4 to 20. Preferred ligands include dialkyldithiophosphate,
alkylxanthate, carboxylates, dialkyldithiocarbamate ("dtc"), and mixtures thereof.
Most preferred are the dialkyldithiocarbamates. Those skilled in the art will realize
that formation of the compounds of the present invention requires selection of ligands
having the appropriate charge to balance the core's charge.
[0090] In an aspect of the present invention, a lubricating oil composition according to
the fourth aspect further comprises (C4) a trinuclear molybdenum compound, in a minor
amount, but wherein (C1) is a dispersant additive and/or a dispersant viscosity index
improver additive.
[0091] Further, in a preferred embodiment of appropriate aspects of the present invention,
independently of the other embodiments, the lubricating oil composition further comprises
(C4) a trinuclear molybdenum compound, in a minor amount.
[0092] WO 98/26030 and
US-A-6,232,276 describe trinuclear molybdenum compounds and are, therefore, incorporated herein
with respect to their disclosure relating to structures and compositions of trinuclear
molybdenum compounds.
[0093] Viscosity index improvers (or viscosity modifiers) impart high and low temperature
operability to a lubricating oil and permit it to remain shear stable at elevated
temperatures and also exhibit acceptable viscosity or fluidity at low temperatures.
Therefore, viscosity index improvers are useful in multigrade lubricant oil compositions.
Suitable compounds for use as viscosity modifiers are generally high molecular weight
hydrocarbon polymers, including polyesters, such as polymethacrylates; poly(ethylene-co-propylene)
polymers and closely related modifications (so called olefin copolymers); hydrogenated
poly(styrene-co-butadiene or -isoprene) polymers and modifications; and esterified
poly(styrene-co-maleic anhydride) polymers. Oil-soluble viscosity modifying polymers
generally have number average molecular weights of at least 15,000 to 1,000,000, preferably
20,000 to 600,000, as determined by gel permeation chromatography or light scattering
methods. The disclosure in Chapter 5 of "Chemistry & Technology of Lubricants", edited
by R.M. Mortier and S.T. Orzulik, First edition, 1992, Blackie Academic & Professional,
is incorporated herein.
[0094] Other co-additives suitable in the present invention include corrosion inhibitors,
friction modifiers, rust inhibitors or rust prevention agents, pour point depressants,
demulsifiers, and anti-foaming agents.
[0095] Some of the above-mentioned additives may provide a multiplicity of effects; thus
for example, a single additive may act as a dispersant-oxidation inhibitor. This approach
is well known and need not be further elaborated herein.
[0096] When lubricating compositions contain one or more of the above-mentioned additives,
including the detergents, each additive is typically blended into the base oil in
an amount which enables the additive to provide its desired function. Representative
effective amounts of such additives, when used in lubricants, are as follows:
Additive |
Mass % a.i.* (Broad) |
Mass % a.i.* (Preferred) |
Viscosity Index Improver |
0.01-6 |
0.01-4 |
Corrosion Inhibitor |
0.01-5 |
0.01-1.5 |
Antioxidant additive |
0.01-5 |
0.01-3 |
Friction Modifier |
0.01-5 |
0.01-1.5 |
Dispersant additive |
0.1-20 |
0.1-8 |
Dispersant Viscosity Index Improver additive |
0.01 -5 |
0.05-5 |
Detergent composition |
0.01-10 |
0.01-6 |
Antiwear additive |
0.01-6 |
0.01-4 |
Pour Point Depressant |
0.01-5 |
0.01-1.5 |
Rust Inhibitor |
0.001-0.5 |
0.01-0.2 |
Anti-Foaming Agent |
0.001-0.3 |
0.001-0.15 |
Demulsifier |
0.001-0.5 |
0.01-0.2 |
* Mass % active ingredient based on the final lubricating oil composition. |
[0097] The additives may be incorporated into a base oil in any convenient way. Thus, each
of the additive can be added directly to the oil by dispersing or dissolving it in
the oil at the desired level of concentration. Such blending may occur at ambient
temperature or at an elevated temperature.
[0098] When a plurality of additives are employed it may be desirable, although not essential,
to prepare one or more additive packages (also known as additive compositions or concentrates)
comprising the additives, whereby several additives, with the exception of viscosity
modifiers, multifuntional viscosity modifiers and pour point depressants, can be added
simultaneously to the base oil to form the lubricating oil composition. Dissolution
of the additive package(s) into the lubricating oil may be facilitated by solvents
and by mixing accompanied with mild heating, but this is not essential.
[0099] The additive package(s) will typically be formulated to contain the additive(s) in
proper amounts to provide the desired concentration in the final formulation when
the additive package(s) is/are combined with a predetermined amount of base lubricant.
Thus, one or more detergents may be added to small amounts of a carrier fluid or diluent,
such as a base oil or another compatible solvent together with other desirable additives
to form additive packages containing active ingredients in an amount, based on the
mass of the additive package, of, for example, from about 2.5 to about 90, preferably
from about 5 to about 75, most preferably from about 8 to about 60, mass %, of additives
in the appropriate proportions with the remainder being carrier fluid or diluent.
[0100] In a preferred embodiment, the amount of phosphorus is at least 0.01 mass %, based
on the mass of the additive composition.
[0101] In a preferred embodiment, the amount of sulfur is at least 0.01 mass %, based on
the mass of the additive composition.
[0102] The amount of additives in the final lubricating oil composition is generally dependent
on the type of the oil composition, for example, a heavy duty diesel engine lubricating
oil composition has 2 to 20, preferably 7 to 18, more preferably 8 to 16, such as
8 to 14, mass % of additives based on the mass of the oil composition. A passenger
car engine lubricating oil composition, for example, a gasoline or a diesel engine
oil composition, may have a lower amount of additives, for example 3 to 10, preferably
4 to 9, especially 6 to 8, mass % of additives based on the mass of the oil composition.
[0103] Preferably the additive compositions of the present invention give a sulfated ash
level of at most 10, more preferably at most 8, advantageously at most 7, mass %.
[0104] Preferably, the amount of anti-oxidant additives in the additive composition is in
the range of from 1 to 20 parts, the amount of phosphorus-containing and/or sulfur-containing
additives in the additive composition is in the range of from 1 to 9 parts.
[0105] It should be appreciated that interaction may take place between any two or more
of the additives, including any two or more detergents, after they have been incorporated
into the oil composition. The interaction may take place in either the process of
mixing or any subsequent condition to which the composition is exposed, including
the use of the composition in its working environment. Interactions may also take
place when further auxiliary additives are added to the compositions of the invention
or with components of oil. Such interaction may include interaction which alters the
chemical constitution of the additives. Thus for example the compositions of the invention
include compositions in which interaction, for example, between any of the additives,
has occurred, as well as compositions in which no interaction has occurred, for example,
between the components mixed in the oil.
In this specification:
[0106] The term "hydrocarbyl" as used herein means that the group concerned is primarily
composed of hydrogen and carbon atoms and is bonded to the remainder of the molecule
via a carbon atom, but does not exclude the presence of other atoms or groups in a
proportion insufficient to detract from the substantially hydrocarbon characteristics
of the group.
[0107] The term "oil-soluble" or "oil-dispersible", as used herein, does not mean that the
additives are soluble, dissolvable, miscible or capable of being suspended in the
oil in all proportions. They do mean, however, that the additives are, for instance,
soluble or stable dispersible in the oil to an extent sufficient to exert their intended
effect in the environment in which the oil composition is employed. Moreover, the
additional incorporation of other additives such as those described above may affect
the solubility or dispersibility of the additives.
[0108] "Major amount" means in excess of 50 mass % of the composition.
[0109] "Minor amount" means less than 50 mass % of the composition, both in respect of the
stated additive and in respect of the total mass % of all of the additives present
in the composition, reckoned as active ingredient of the additive or additives.
[0110] All percentages reported are mass % on an active ingredient basis, i.e., without
regard to carrier or diluent oil, unless otherwise stated.
[0111] The abbreviation SAE stands for Society of Automotive Engineers, who classify lubricants
by viscosity grades.
[0112] The amount of phosphorus, sulfur and molybdenum in the lubricating oil composition
is measured according to ASTM D5185; the amount of nitrogen in the lubricating oil
composition is measured according to ASTM D4629; and the amount of chlorine in the
lubricating oil composition is measured according to Institute of Petroleum Proposed
Method AK/99.
[0113] The invention is illustrated by, but in no way limited to, the following examples.
Examples
[0114] Lubricating oil compositions respectively containing 0.07, 0.04 and 0, mass % of
phosphorus, were prepared by blending methods known in the art. The oil compositions
contained a detergent composition, a dispersant additive, an anti-oxidant additive,
and an anti-wear additive (e.g., a zinc dithiophosphate) in varying amounts, including
none in one case, to provide the different phosphorus levels. Each oil composition
was a SAE 5W30 lubricating oil composition.
[0115] Comparative Examples 1 to 3 contained, as detergents, a phenate detergent and a sulfonate
detergent only (in a surfactant ratio of about 73:27), and, as antioxidant, a phenolic
antioxidant only. In contrast, Examples 1 to 3 of the invention contained, as detergents,
a salicylate detergent only and, as antioxidant, an aminic antioxidant only. Table
1 shows the properties of the compositions.
[0116] The film thickness and wear performance of the compositions were measured on an elastohydrodynamic
film thickness rig, a traction rig adapted to the pin on disc option, and in a four
ball extreme pressure test.
[0117] Briefly, the elastohydrodynamic rig measures film thickness between a steel ball
and a coated glass disc that are in rolling contact. The test conditions are a varying
rolling speed; a temperature of 100 °C; 100 % rolling contact (0 % slide/roll ratio)
and a load of 20 N. Full details of the apparatus and test procedure are described
in
Tribology International, 33 (2000), 241-247; SAE 962037; SAE 961142; and SAE 962640.
[0118] Oil compositions that exhibit larger film thickness are more likely to provide better
wear performance; this is because thicker films are more likely to a) separate contacting
surfaces and b) shear at lower stress than the underlying metal, thereby mitigating
adhesive wear.
[0119] For the pin on disc option, the traction rig is as described in SAE 962037, SAE 961142,
and SAE 962640, but where the steel ball is replaced by a steel pin of 0.5 mm diameter
which contacts the steel disc at a constant load and temperature as described in SAE
981406. The disc is driven at a constant speed and the wear is measured by a linear
voltage displacement transducer. The test conditions are: a time of 1 hour; a temperature
of 100 °C, a load of 30 N; and a sliding speed of 1 m/s.
[0120] The apparatus used in the four ball extreme pressure test is that used in the industry
test IP239. The conditions are specified in the Peugeot D55-1136 method, and briefly
these are: a rotating speed of 1500 rpm; a time of 60 seconds; and a load of either
100kg or 85 kg.
[0121] Both the pin on disc option and four ball extreme pressure test measure wear under
high pressure sliding contact conditions. Therefore, oil compositions that exhibit
less wear in these tests are more likely to provide better wear performance.
[0122] Table 2 shows that the films formed in the test on Examples 1 to 3 (salicylate-containing
oil compositions) are thicker than those formed in the corresponding Comparative Examples
1 to 3. The salicylate-containing oil compositions (Examples 2 and 3) show a surprising
and significant advantage at lower phosphorus levels. In particular the salicylate-containing
oil compositions substantially maintain the film thickness as the phosphorus level
is reduced. This effect is demonstrated in the elastohydrodynamic rig at three different
rolling speeds at least.
[0123] Similarly, the data from the traction rig adapted to the pin on disc option in Table
3 support the superior and unexpected performance of salicylate-containing oil compositions
at low phosphorus levels: the salicylate-containing oil compositions exhibit less
wear in compositions containing 0.04 mass % or less of phosphorus.
[0124] The data from the four ball extreme pressure test contained in Table 4 also confirm
that salicylate-containing oil compositions provide improved wear performance, in
particular in oils containing no phosphorus at two different loads (100 and 85 kg)
at least.
Table 1: Properties of oil compositions
|
Comparative Examples |
Examples of Invention |
|
Comp. 1 |
Comp. 2 |
Comp. 3 |
1 |
2 |
3 |
mass %1 P, ASTM D5185 |
0.07 |
0.04 |
0.00 |
0.07 |
0.04 |
0.00 |
mass %1 S, ASTM D5185 |
0.55 |
0.45 |
0.35 |
0.20 |
0.15 |
0.10 |
mass %1 N (calculated) |
0.088 |
0.088 |
0.088 |
0.102 |
0.102 |
0.102 |
Antioxidant content, mass %1 |
0.35 |
0.35 |
0.35 |
0.21 |
0.21 |
0.21 |
Surfactant content, mmol/kg2 |
13.39 |
13.39 |
13.39 |
9.02 |
9.02 |
9.02 |
TBN |
9.8 |
9.8 |
9.7 |
9.9 |
9.9 |
9.8 |
Ash, % |
1.06 |
1.00 |
0.93 |
0.99 |
0.94 |
0.86 |
HTHS, Ravensfield CEC L-36-A-90 |
3.60 |
3.58 |
3.52 |
3.48 |
3.45 |
3.42 |
KV @ 100 °C, ASTM D445 |
11.61 |
11.61 |
11.50 |
12.21 |
12.17 |
12.02 |
CCS @ -25 °C, ASTM D5293 |
2949 |
2901 |
2812 |
2971 |
2939 |
2806 |
1 - The mass percentage is based on the mass of the oil composition; 2 - mmollkg is
millimoles of surfactant per kilogram of the oil composition. |
Table 2: Film thickness, in nanometres, from the Elastohydrodynamic Rig
|
P content, mass % |
Comp. Examples 1 to 3 |
Examples of invention 1 to 3 |
Rolling speed of 0.107 m/s |
0.07 |
12.7 |
16.9 |
|
0.04 |
14.0 |
17.4 |
|
0 |
10.0 |
15.4 |
|
|
|
|
Rolling speed of 0.29 m/s |
0.07 |
22.5 |
30.4 |
|
0.04 |
24.3 |
31.4 |
|
0 |
18.6 |
27.6 |
|
|
|
|
Rolling speed of 0.57 m/s |
0.07 |
33.2 |
44.5 |
|
0.04 |
36.2 |
45.3 |
|
0 |
30.8 |
42.0 |
Table 3: Wear, in nanometres, from the Traction rig adapted to the pin on disc option
|
P content, mass % |
Comp. Examples 1 to 3 |
Examples of invention 1 to 3 |
Wear after 3600 seconds |
0.07 |
40.8 |
44.1 |
|
0.04 |
150.7 |
81.7 |
|
0 |
302.9 |
230.8 |
Table 4: Average wear scar, in millimetres, from the Four Ball Extreme Pressure Test
|
P content, mass % |
Comp. Examples 1 to 3 |
Examples of invention 1 to 3 |
Average wear scar at 100 kg load |
0.07 |
2.05 |
1.87 |
0.04 |
2.18 |
2.14 |
0 |
∞* |
2.23 |
|
|
|
|
Average wear scar at 85 kg load |
0.07 |
1.87 |
0.45 |
0.04 |
2.06 |
2.04 |
0 |
∞* |
2.29 |
* the balls welded together, thereby giving an infinite wear scar |