BACKGROUND
Technical Field
[0001] The present invention relates to an analysis device.
Related Art
[0002] As methods for measuring various substances contained in biological samples such
as blood, for example, methods with enzyme sensors using enzymes are known. In an
enzyme sensor utilizing an electrochemical reaction system in which a general enzyme
is used. a signal is obtained by detecting, on an electrode surface, a transfer of
electrons generated based on an enzymatic catalytic reaction. Even when a colorimetric
reaction system, which depends on changes in the optical properties of a pigment,
is used as a detection method, its basic reaction is derived from the enzymatic catalytic
reaction (oxidation-reduction) and involves electron transfer. In these reaction systems,
electron transport efficiency in the reaction systems influences detection sensitivities.
Various techniques in which the electron transport efficiency is improved in order
to increase the sensitivity of enzyme sensors are known.
[0003] For example, National phase publication (Translation of
PCT Application) No. 2002-514305 discloses a sensor in which a surface of an electrode is modified with a substance
having a helical structure, such as nucleic acid, as a conductive polymer, to promote
electron transfer to or from an enzyme molecule to be targeted.
[0004] Since electron transfer between an electrode and an enzyme occurs through the active
center of the enzyme, the manner of the arrangement of a site, in which the active
center is present, with respect to the electrode is important. In order to decrease
influences on the orientation of the active center of an enzyme and therefore to transport
electrons efficiently, molecules which function like an electron transport mediator
which is oxidized/reduced to transport electrons, for example, complexes having, as
an active center, a transition metal such as iron, copper, osmium, or ruthenium, are
known, and sensors using such a complex are also known (for example, see
Japanese National phase publication (Translation of PCT Application) Nos. 2006-509837 and
2005-520172).
[0005] As an enzyme electrode, a system in which a polypyrrole is used is known (for example,
Biosensors & Bioelectronics, Vol. 7, (1992) pp. 461-471 and
Sensors and Actuators B, Vol. 106, (2005) pp. 289-295). Since pyrrole, which is a monomer, has poor water-solubility, it is not possible
to directly mix pyrrole with an enzyme liquid to prepare an enzyme electrode on the
surface of an electrode material. Therefore, for example, in these documents (i.e.,
Biosensors & Bioelectronics, Vol. 7, (1992) pp. 461-471 and
Sensors and Actuators B, Vol. 106, (2005) pp. 289-295), a polymerization reaction is carried out using ferric chloride and a pyrrole solution
in a track etched membrane and, thereafter, the membrane is impregnated with an enzyme
liquid to obtain an electrode.
[0006] WO 88/08447 discloses a metal electrode designed to measure reduction of NADH to monitor the
activity of glucose hydrogenase in the presence of glucose.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0007] However, there is still room for improvement with respect to the sensitivity of analysis
devices such as sensors for detecting analytes in samples. In a sensor, a higher detection
sensitivity not only allows detection of a small amount of analyte in a sample, but
also becomes advantageous when miniaturization of the sensor in itself is required.
In addition, a metal complex used as an electron transport mediator is generally an
expensive material and may become unstable as a substance or interfere with a reaction
potential since the metal complex in itself is oxidized and reduced.
[0008] Further, with respect to an enzyme eletrode in which a polypyrrole is used, a manufacturing
method thereof is complicated. Moreover, when voltage is continuously applied to polypyrrole
in an aqueous system environment, polypyrrole may be decomposed (see
Sensors and Actuators B, Vol. 106, (2005) pp. 289-295), and, therefore, the long-time use reliability may be low when using an enzyme electrode
in which polypyrrole is used.
[0009] Thus, an analysis device that has higher sensitivity and reliability than those conventionally
used in the art by using an electron transporting substance with stability has been
demanded.
[0010] Accordingly, it is an object of embodiments of the invention to provide an analysis
device that has higher sensitivity and reliability than those conventionally used
in the art; and also to provide an analysis method using the analysis device.
[0011] The present invention is an analysis device as defined in Claim 1 of the appended
claims. Also provided is an analysis method as defined in Claim 7.
[0012] Exemplary embodiments of the present invention include the followings, but the present
invention is not limited to the following exemplary embodiments.
- <1> An analysis device comprising:
an electron detection medium for obtaining information needed for analyzing an analyte
in correlation with an electron transfer level; and
a reagent part which is disposed on the electron detection medium and comprises an
oxidoreductase for transferring an electron to or from the analyte, and an electron
transporting substance for transporting electrons between the oxidoreductase and the
electron detection medium, the electron transporting substance being 4-aminomethyl
pyridine or 5-amino-4-imidazolecarboxamide.
- <2> The analysis device according to <1>, wherein a concentration of the electron
transporting substance is from 10 mass% to 60 mass% based on a total mass of the reagent
part.
- <3> The analysis device according to <1> or <2>, wherein the reagent part comprises
a crosslinked substance.
- <4> The analysis device according to any one of <1 > to <3>, wherein the reagent part
comprises a crosslinked substance obtained by crosslinking using at least one selected
from the group consisting of glutaraldehyde, carbodiimide compounds and succinimide
esters.
- <5> The analysis device according to any one of <1> to <4>, wherein the electron detection
medium is an electric conductor.
- <6> The analysis device according to any one of <1 > to <5>, wherein the analyte is
a saccharide.
- <7> An analysis method comprising obtaining information needed for analyzing an analyte
based on an electron transfer level of the analyte using the analysis device according
to any one of <1> to <6>.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0013] Exemplary embodiments of the present invention are described in detail based on the
following figures, wherein:
FIG. 1 is a conception diagram of an analysis device according to an exemplary embodiment
of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a graph indicating glucose response currents from enzyme electrodes in Example
1 of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a voltammogram (oxidation wave) indicating glucose response currents from
enzyme electrodes in Example 2 of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a graph indicating glucose response currents from enzyme electrodes in Example
3 of the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a graph in which stability is confirmed in continuous measurement of enzyme
electrodes in Example 4 of the present invention:
FIG. 6 is a graph indicating glucose response currents from enzyme electrodes in Example
5 of the present invention; and
FIG. 7 is a graph indicating glucose response currents from enzyme electrodes in Comparative
Example 1 of the present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0014] An analysis device according to the present invention includes: an electron detection
medium to obtain information needed for analyzing an analyte in correlation with an
electron transfer level; and a reagent part which is disposed on the electron detection
medium and includes an oxidoreductase and an electron transporting substance to transport
electrons between the oxidoreductase and the electron detection medium, the electron
transporting substance being 4-aminomethyl pyridine or 5-amino-4-imidazole carboxamide.
[0015] An analysis method according to the present invention includes obtaining information
needed for analyzing an analyte based on an electron transfer level of the analyte
using the analysis device.
[0016] According to the present invention, electrons are efficiently transported between
the analyte and the electron detection medium since the electron transporting substance
in the reagent part includes a water-soluble aromatic heterocycle compound (hereinafter,
may also be simply referred to as an "aromatic heterocycle compound"). Since the aromatic
heterocycle compound may simply function as a field for transporting electrons and
it is not necessary that the aromatic heterocycle compound in itself is subjected
to oxidation-reduction as in the case of a metal complex, the aromatic heterocycle
compound is considered to have no dependency on a reaction potential in a system and
to be a stable compound. As a result, the analysis device according to the present
invention including the reagent part containing such a water-soluble aromatic heterocycle
compound can have higher sensitivity and reliability than those conventionally used
in the art, for example, when being applied to a sensor and/or the like.
[0017] In addition, by using such an analysis device, an analyte can be analyzed with better
sensitivity and higher reliability than those conventionally used in the art.
[0018] More specifically, it is supposed that, when the water-soluble aromatic heterocycle
compound is present in the reagent part, the molecules of the aromatic heterocycle
compound are close to each other, the electron cloud of pi-electrons present to be
perpendicular to the surfaces of the molecules of the aromatic heterocycle compound
becomes an electron-transporting path, and, therefore, electrons are efficiently transported.
In addition, it is supposed that the reason for not involving any oxidation-reduction
reaction of the water-soluble aromatic heterocyclic compounds in itself is that the
electron cloud of delocalized pi-electrons is utilized as the electron-transporting
path.
[0019] An analysis device according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention
is described taking as an example the case of using as an enzyme electrode, with reference
to FIG. 1. However, the present invention is not bound by the following theory.
[0020] An electron transfer layer 14 as the reagent part is disposed on an electrode 12
as the electron detection medium in the enzyme electrode 10 and molecules of electron
transfer compound(s) such as a oxidoreductase 16 are present to be independent of
each other in the electron transfer layer 14. The active centers 18 of the molecules
of the oxidoreductase 16 are not oriented in the same direction with respect to the
electrode 12 because the active center 18 is often localized in a part of a molecule
of the oxidoreductase 16. That is, in one molecule of the oxidoreductase, the active
center 18 is placed in the vicinity of the electrode 12, and in another molecule of
the oxidoreductase 16, the active center 18 is placed in a place away from the electrode
12. Therefore, the distances of electron transfer (directions of arrows in FIG. 1)
between the active centers 18 of the oxidoreductase 16 and the electrode 12 are considered
to be varied. When a distance from the active center 18 of a molecule of the oxidoreductase
16 to the electrode 12 is long, electron transfer between the oxidoreductase 16 and
the electrode 12 by the oxidoreductase 16 alone becomes difficult.
[0021] According to the exemplary embodiment of the present invention, it is supposed that
an aromatic heterocycle compound 20 (nitrogen-containing aromatic heterocycle compound
in FIG. 1) is present between an oxidoreductase 16 and the electrode 12 in the electron
transfer layer 14. Therefore, it is supposed that even when a distance between the
active center 18 of an oxidoreductase 16 and the electrode 12 is long, if an aromatic
heterocycle compound 20 is present therebetween, the aromatic heterocycle compound
20 enters into a gap between the oxidoreductase 16 and the electrode 12 and the aromatic
heterocycle compound 20 and the oxidoreductase 16 overlap one another to construct
an electron transfer pathway with the pi-electrons of the aromatic heterocycle compound
20.
[0022] Construction of such an electron transfer pathway allows electron transfer via the
electron transfer pathway with an aromatic heterocycle compound 20 not only between
an oxidoreductase 16 present at a position near to the electrode 12 and the electrode
12 but also between an oxidoreductase 16 present at a position farther away from the
electrode 12 and the electrode 12.
[0023] As a result, electrons depending on the amount of an analyte which is present are
transferred between the oxidoreductase 16 and the electrode 12 and are converted into
the amount of the analyte in a sample by a detection system which is not illustrated,
so that the presence or absence and amount of the analyte can be detected.
[0024] In the analysis device, the concentration of the electron transporting substance
in the reagent part may be a concentration that allows transportation of electrons
between the electron transfer compound and the electron detection medium and, for
example, the concentration of the electron transporting substance may be from 10 mass%
to 60 mass%, preferably from 10mass% to 50mass%, based on the total mass of the reagent
part, when the electron transfer compound is present. When the concentration of the
electron transporting substance is such a concentration, the molecules of the aromatic
heterocycle compound included in the electron transporting substance around the analyte
can become close to each other to construct the electron transfer pathway with a thickness
enabling better electron transport. As a result, the analysis device with better sensitivity
can be made.
[0025] In the analysis device, the aromatic heterocycle compound is 4-aminomethyl pyridine
or 5-amino-4-imidazolecarboxamide.
[0026] In the analysis device, the reagent part includes an electron transfer compound which
transfers electrons to or from an analyte and the electron transfer compound is, namely
an oxidoreductase. A naturally-occurring substance or a substance derived from a living
body can easily be detected with higher sensitivity by incorporating the electron
transfer compound such as an oxidoreductase into the reagent part. In the analysis
device, the analyte may be, for example, a saccharide, and in this case, a saccharide
can be detected with good sensitivity.
[0027] The term "step" as used herein encompasses not only an individual step but also a
step in which an expected effect of this step is attained even when the step cannot
be clearly dinstinguished from other step(s).
[0028] A numerical value range indicated by using "from A to B" as used herein refers to
a range including A and B as the the minimum and maximum values, respectively.
[0029] In the present invention, when a plurality of substances corresponding to one component
are present in a composition, the amount of the component in the composition means
the total amount of the plurality of substances present in the composition unless
otherwise specified.
[0030] The present invention is described bellow.
[0031] The analysis device according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention
includes: an electron detection medium for obtaining information needed for analyzing
an analyte in correlation with an electron transfer level; and a reagent part which
is disposed on the electron detection medium and includes an electron transporting
substance for transporting electrons between the analyte and the electron detection
medium, wherein the electron transporting substance includes a water-soluble aromatic
heterocycle compound, with the proviso that the electron transporting substance is
4-aminomethyl pyridine or 5-amino-4-imidazolecarboxamide.
[0032] The electron detection medium is for obtaining information needed for analyzing an
analyte in correlation with an electron transfer level, and preferably includes a
conductive layer which can transfer electrons to or from the analyte and a supporting
member for defining or ensuring physical characteristics of the electron detection
medium, for example, defining a shape or ensuring rigidity, which are disposed in
this order.
[0033] The reagent part is disposed on the electron detection medium and includes the electron
transporting substance for transporting electrons between the analyte and the electron
detection medium. In the reagent part, the electron transporting substance may be
included in a layer placed on the electron detection medium. A layer that corresponds
to the reagent part and includes the electron transporting substance is referred to
herein as "electron transfer layer."
Electron Detection Medium
(1) Supporting Member
[0034] The material of the supporting member may be either a material having insulating
properties or a material having conductivity. As the supporting member having insulating
properties, a commercially available engineering plastic such as polyethylene terephthalate,
polyimide, polystyrene, or Duracon (registered trademark from Polyplastics Co., Ltd.)
may be used.
[0035] As the supporting member having conductivity, for example, conductive carbon paper,
a carbon fiber web, or a metal in plate, bar, or thin film form (e.g., gold or platinum)
may be used. When the supporting member having conductivity is used, the supporting
member may also function as a lead for taking an output from the analysis device.
[0036] The supporting member may be a member having sufficient rigidity in measurement.
The supporting member may optionally have flexibility. The form of the supporting
member is not particularly limited. The supporting member may have, for example, the
form of a film or a rod, the form may variously be changed depending on a purpose.
[0037] The thickness of the supporting member may generally be from 0.1 mm to 1 mm, depending
on the application of the analysis device, but is not limited thereto.
(2) Conductive Layer
[0038] The conductive layer in the electron detection medium is placed on the supporting
member and includes a conductive substance which can transfer electrons to or from
the electron transfer layer described below. By containing such a conductive substance,
there are such advantages that, for example, the electron detection medium becomes
an electric conductor and electrons can easily be detected as electric signals.
[0039] As the conductive substance, which is not particularly limited, a known substance
which can transfer electrons may be used. Examples of such substances may include
carbon materials, metals, metal-supported carbon, and the like, and one substance
may be used singly or two or more substances may be used in combination.
[0040] A carbon material used as the conductive material may be used in the form of carbon
particles or a structure in which carbon particles are high-density arranged or integrated.
Examples of such carbon particles may include activated carbon, graphite, carbon black,
and particles forming a higher-order structure, represented by diamond-like carbon,
a carbon nanotube, or fullerene. Such structures in which carbon particles are high-density
arranged or integrated include glassy carbon, pyrolytic graphite carbon, plastic-formed
carbon, and/or the like. For example, such an advantage that molding to a desirable
shape is enabled can be obtained by using such a carbon material. The carbon particles,
which have primary particle sizes, for example, ranging from 3 nm to 150 nm, more
preferably from 3 nm to 50 nm, are used. The conductive substance in which the carbon
particles have such particle diameters has such an advantage that the specific surface
area of the electron detection medium is increased or three-dimensional interaction
of a fine structure may easily occur in electron transfer.
[0041] The metal as the conductive material may be present as metal particles in the conductive
layer. When the metal particles are used, the metal particles may be present independently
of the carbon particles or supported on the carbon particles.
[0042] Typical examples of such metal may include noble metals such as platinum (Pt), rhodium
(Rh), gold (Au), silver (Ag), palladium (Pd), ruthenium (Ru), iridium (Ir), or osmium
(Os), and one of these noble metals may be used alone or two or more thereof may be
used in combination. Preferably, platinum is used alone or platinum and any one or
more other noble metal(s) are used in combination.
[0043] When the metal is supported as the metal particles on the carbon particles, the particle
size of the metal such a size that allows the metal particles to be suitably supported
on the carbon particles, for example, a size of a colloid level ranging from 1 nm
to 20 µm, preferably from 1 nm to 4 nm. The amount of the metal particles supported
on the carbon particles may be, for example, from 0.1 part by mass to 60 parts by
mass based on 100 parts by mass of the carbon particles. The amount of the metal particles
supported on the carbon particles of not less than 0.1 part by mass can further improve
sensitivity while the amount of not more than 60 parts by mass of the metal particles
may provide, for example, a better relationship between the amount of the metal used
and the sensitivity, and thus provide an economical advantage. Preferably, the amount
of the metal particles supported on the carbon particles is from 0.5 part by mass
to 40 parts by mass based on 100 parts by mass of the carbon particles.
[0044] The metal contained in the conductive layer may be present as a component in a different
layer from that of the carbon particles. The conductive layer in this case may be
composed of the layer having the carbon particles (carbon-containing layer) and the
layer having the metallic element (metal-containing layer). As the kinds of metals
which may be contained in the metal-containing layer, the above-mentioned metals may
be applied as is. Such a metal-containing layer is preferably placed between the supporting
member and the carbon-containing layer.
[0045] The forms of the above-mentioned carbon material and metal are not particularly limited
and may be the forms of particles and any of other forms such as plate, rod, and thin
film forms. The forms of the carbon and the metal may be identical to each other or
different.
[0046] The thickness of the conductive layer may generally be from 0.01 µm to 10 µm but
is not limited thereto, although varying according to the application of the analysis
device.
Electron Transfer Layer
[0047] The electron transfer layer includes the electron transporting substance 4-aminomethyl
pyridine or 5-amino-4-imidazolecarboxamide and further includes an electron transfer
compound oxidoreductase which transfers electrons to or from an analyte.
[0048] The electron transfer layer may preferably be placed at a position allowing electron
transfer to or from the electron detection medium. The electron transfer layer may
be disposed in contact with the electron detection medium, but is not necessarily
in contact with the electron detection medium, and, for example, another layer which
does not interfere with electron transporting may be disposed between the electron
transfer layer and the electron detection medium.
[0049] The thickness of the electron transfer layer may generally be from 0.1 µm to 5 µm
but is not limited thereto, although varying according to the application of the analysis
device.
(1) Electron Transfer Compound, oxidoreductase
[0050] The electron transfer compound is an oxidoreductase. In the analysis device using
the enzyme as the electron transfer compound, electrons transferred between an analyte
and the electron transfer compound can simply and easily be assessed as electrons
depending on the amount of the analyte which is present, based on an enzyme-substrate
relationship. Therefore, the analysis device is suitable for quantitatively measuring
the concentration of a certain analyte in a sample, in which various substances are
mixed, by a specific enzymatic reaction.
[0051] The oxidoreductase is an enzyme that catalyzes an oxidation-reduction reaction and
a single enzyme or a combination of a plurality of different enzymes may be used in
the same analysis device depending on the kind of an analyte and the details of detection
of interest. Examples of the oxidoreductase include glucose oxidase (GOD), galactose
oxidase, bilirubin oxidase, pyruvate oxidase, D- or L-amino acid oxidase, amine oxidase,
cholesterol oxidase, choline oxidase, xanthine oxidase, sarcosine oxidase, L-lactate
oxidase, ascorbate oxidase, cytochrome oxidase, alcohol dehydrogenase, glutamate dehydrogenase,
cholesterol dehydrogenase, aldehyde dehydrogenase, glucose dehydrogenase (GDH), fructose
dehydrogenase, sorbitol dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase,
glycerol dehydrogenase, 17B-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, estradiol 17B-dehydrogenase,
amino acid dehydrogenase, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, 3-hydroxysteroid
dehydrogenase, diaphorase, cytochrome oxidoreductase, catalase, peroxidase, and glutathione
reductase.
[0052] Especially, an oxidoreductase for a saccharide is preferable, and examples such oxideredutase
include glucose oxidase (GOD), galactose oxidase, glucose dehydrogenase (GDH), fructose
dehydrogenase, and sorbitol dehydrogenase.
[0053] The amount of the enzymes used is not particularly limited and may appropriately
be set.
(2) Aromatic Heterocycle Compound as Electron Transporting Substance, 4-aminomethyl
pyridine or 5-amino-4-imidazolecarboxamide
[0054] The aromatic heterocycle compound included in the electron transfer layer is a water-soluble
aromatic heterocycle compound. Incorporating the water-soluble aromatic heterocycle
compounds in the electron transfer layer allows transportation of electrons between
the electron transfer compound and the electron detection medium. An analysis device
with favorable stability under aqueous environment, higher reliability and better
sensitivity can be provided by incorporating such an aromatic heterocycle compound
rather than a metal complex into the electron transfer layer. In addition, there is
also such an advantage that the aromatic heterocycle compound does not depend on a
reaction potential in a system.
[0055] In the present invention, the term "water-soluble" means dissolving in pure water
of 20°C in a mass ratio of 6% or higher under the environment at 20°C.
[0056] Since the water-soluble aromatic heterocycle compound includes an aromatic heterocycle,
the electron clouds of pi-electrons can be formed to transport electrons.
[0057] The electron transfer layer may be a layer including the aromatic heterocycle compound(s)
in a concentration that allows transportation of electrons between the electron transfer
compound and the electron detection medium. As used herein, "concentration that allows
transportation of electrons between an electron transfer compound and an electron
detection medium" means a concentration at which at least between the electron transfer
compound and the electron detection medium in the electron transfer layer the electron
cloud of pi-electrons is present to be delocalized. Thus, when only a part of the
electron transfer layer is in contact with the electron detection medium in the analysis
device, the concentration of the aromatic heterocycle compound(s) may be a concentration
that allows the transportation of electrons between the electron transfer compound
and the electron detection medium in the region of the electron transfer layer in
contact with the electron detection medium, and is not necessarily a concentration
in the whole electron transfer layer.
[0058] The concentration that allows transportation of electrons between the electron transfer
compound and the electron detection medium can specifically be varied according to
the kind or concentration of the electron transfer compound used and, in an embodiment,
the concentration of the aromatic heterocycle compound(s) may be 10 mass% or more,
from 10 mass% to 60 mass%, preferably from 15 mass% to 50 mass%, based on the total
mass of the electron transfer layer (reagent part) (when the whole electron transfer
layer is in contact with the electron detection medium). The concentration of the
aromatic heterocycle compound(s) according to the present invention means mass% based
on the total mass that is the mass of the electron transfer layer including the aromatic
heterocycle compound(s) together with an electron transfer compound and another additive
that has been developed on the electron detection medium and has been dried.
[0059] The aromatic heterocycle compound may be subjected to crosslinking treatment or contained
in and coated with a polymer. By being subjected to such treatment, the aromatic heterocycle
compound is crosslinked between the molecules thereof or the aromatic heterocycle
compound is crosslinked with an electron transfer compound, and can be maintained
in an electron transfer layer for a long term. An analysis device having the electron
transfer layer (reagent part) which is such a crosslinked substance allows the aromatic
heterocycle compound to remain around a conductive layer and an analyte, for example,
even in continuous measurement for a long term, so that a relative position to the
conductive layer or the analyte can be further favorably maintained, for example,
such an advantage as to be able to maintain a stable output is obtained.
[0060] The crosslinking treatment may be a crosslinking treatment that is commonly used
in crosslinking of. for example, protein. Examples of crosslinking agents used for
such crosslinking treatment may include glutaraldehyde and carbodiimide compounds,
and succinimide esters. One of these crosslinking agents may be used alone or two
or more thereof may be used in combination.
[0061] The amount of such an added crosslinking agent is not particularly limited if being
a commonly used amount and may appropriately be set in a sufficient range such as,
for example, 10 times or more that of a material to be crosslinked.
[0062] An electron transporting substance in the electron transfer layer includes the aromatic
heterocycle compound, the electron transporting substance is free of a metal complex.
Example of such a metal complex which is not included in the electron transporting
substance according to the present invention include metal complexes conventionally
used as so-called electron transport mediators. Specific examples of such a metal
complex include osmium complexes.
Other Layers
[0063] The analysis device according to the present invention may include another layer(s)
at any position as far as electron transfer between the electron detection medium
and the electron transfer layer is possible. Examples of such other layers may include
a protective layer, a layer for restricting penetration of substances, and a functional
layer for modifying the surface of the electron detection medium; and the analysis
device may include one or two or more in combination thereof.
[0064] The protective layer is not particularly limited as long as being able to protect
the surface of the electron transfer layer or the analysis device. Examples of the
protective layer may include cellulose acetate polymer, polyurea, polyamide, polyester,
polyethylene oxide, polyvinyl alcohol, and lipid bilayer membranes.
[0065] The thickness of the protective layer is not particularly limited and may be, for
example, from 0.5 µm to 5 µm.
[0066] Examples of a membrane for restricting penetration of substances in the analysis
device, which membranes are intended to adjust the detection concentration range of
an analyte, may include polyurea, polyamide, polyester, polyethylene oxide, and polyvinyl
alcohol.
[0067] The thickness of the membrane for restricting penetration of substances is not particularly
limited and may be, for example, from 0.5 µm to 5 µm.
[0068] Examples of the functional layers for modifying the surface of the electron detection
medium, which layers are intended to improve the reactivity of a conductive member,
may include thiol compounds, silane coupling agents, and lipid bilayer membranes.
[0069] The thickness of the functional layer is not particularly limited and may be, for
example, from 0.001 µm to 5 µm.
Analyte
[0070] An analyte to be detected by the analysis device is not particularly limited as long
as being a substance which can transfer electrons, depending on the amount of an electron
transfer compound which is present, to or from the electron transfer compound and
may be appropriately set according to the kind of the electron transfer compound.
[0071] For example, when the analysis device is used in a clinical application, various
substrates contained in a clinical sample may be analytes. Examples of such clinical
sample may include blood, serum, plasma, interstitial fluid, urine, sweat, tears,
and saliva. Typical examples of the substrate may include glucose, uric acid, and
glycosylated proteins.
[0072] For example, when the analysis device is utilized in a non-clinical application such
as monitoring of fermentation, control of an industrial process, or environmental
monitoring (e.g., suppression of efflux of liquid and gas and contamination), a food
test, or veterinary medicine, various substrates contained in a non-clinical sample
such as fermentation liquid, effluent, waste fluid, food, or milk may be an analyte.
Method for Producing Analysis Device
[0073] As a method for producing an analysis device, which is not particularly limited,
any method in which each layer or each member as described above can be placed may
be applied.
[0074] For example, by molding, shaping, or printing a mixture of components for a conductive
layer, the conductive layer may be disposed on a supporting member to form an electrode,
followed by disposing a layer of a liquid reaction mixture for an electron transfer
layer containing an enzyme and an aromatic heterocycle compound.
[0075] In a case where crosslinking treatment of an electron transfer compound and an aromatic
heterocycle compound in an electron transfer layer is performed, the method of crosslinking
may vary depending on the kinds of the crosslinking agent and the aromatic compound.
A crosslinking agent may be incorporated into a reaction mixture, and the crosslinking
may be performed simultaneously with forming an electron transfer layer. Alternatively,
the crosslinking agent may be incorporated into a treatment liquid which is different
from the reaction mixture, and after an analysis device is obtained without crosslinking
as described above, the treatment liquid containing the crosslinking agent is applied
to the electron transfer layer by adding, spraying, or immersing the liquid to perform
crosslinking treatment.
[0076] As a print medium, for example, a film-or plate-like print medium may be used. The
analysis device may be used after being removed from the prim medium or may be used
while being supported on the print medium. In the latter case, the print medium may
function as a supporting member. The print medium may include a recess which is formed
in the printed part of the mixture. In this case, a mask may be omitted.
[0077] It will be appreciated that drying during the production is preferably performed
at a lower temperature than a temperature at which substantial deactivation of an
enzyme occurs.
[0078] The analysis device according to the present invention can basically be formed only
in a simple step such as forming a mixture, molding, and drying. That is, it can be
expected to reduce a production cost to such a degree that a high mass-production
technology can be utilized and a disposable analysis device can be produced.
[0079] The analysis method according to the present invention includes obtaining information
needed for analyzing an analyte based on the electron transfer level of the analyte
using the analysis device (referred to as an information obtaining step). In the analysis
method, information for analyzing the analyte can be obtained with good sensitivity
and high reliability because the analysis device as described above is used.
[0080] In the information obtaining step in the analysis method, the information needed
for performing analysis is obtained based on the electron transfer level of the analyte.
As used herein, "information needed" includes, for example, the amount, kind, and
oxidation-reduction state of the analyte, time-dependent change in the analyte, and
the like.
[0081] The analysis device as described above as an exemplary embodiment includes the conductive
layer in the electron detection medium but the electron detection medium in the analysis
toll of the present invention is not limited thereto. For example, the electron detection
medium may include a color former.
[0082] When the electron detection medium includes a color former, the electron detection
medium preferably has a configuration in which the color former is retained in a porous
material insoluble in a sample. Typical examples of such a porous material may include
a gelled material of, for example, polyacrylamide or polyvinyl alcohol. Examples of
a color former include MTT (3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium
bromide), INT (2-(4-iodophenyl)-3-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-phenyl-2H-tetrazolium chloride),
WST-4 (2-(4-iodophenyl)-3-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)-5-(2,4-disulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium,
monosodium salt), and 4AA (4-aminoantipyrine).
Application
[0083] The analysis device according to the present invention is applicable to various applications
because of having such an advantage that electrons can efficiently be transported
to an electron detection medium through an electron transporting substance. Examples
of such applications may include uses in, for example, an enzyme electrode: a sensor
by which, as a platform, measurement of a substance by a colorimetric reaction system
utilizing a color former and/or the like is performed; or the reaction system of a
bio-fuel cell.
EXAMPLES
[0084] The present invention is described in detail below with reference to Examples. However,
the present invention is not limited thereto at all. Unless otherwise specified, "%"
is based on a mass.
Example 1
(1) Production of Enzyme Electrode
[0085] For an enzyme electrode, Pt (Au) was sputtered on a polyimide (PI) film to obtain
a substrate having a platinum layer. As an electrode material, a printing ink in which
40 wt% Ketjen black (manufactured by Lion Corporation) was mixed with 40 wt% polyester
resin as a binder and 20 wt% isophorone as a solvent was used. The surface of the
polyimide film was printed with the printing ink so that the printing ink had a thickness
of 10 µm.
[0086] Then, an enzyme liquid containing 1,250 U/ml of a wild-type GDH solution (0.1M MES
buffer solution), 1% adonitol as a stabilizer, and 1 wt% of 4-aminomethyl pyridine
as a water-soluble aromatic heterocycle compound was prepared.
[0087] The prepared enzyme liquid was dropwise added to the surface of the electrode using
a precise syringe, and thereafter, the resulting electrode was left to stand for 4
hours under the environment of 23°C and a relative humidity of <8% to be dried, whereby
an enzyme electrode was obtained.
[0088] As a comparative enzyme electrode, a comparative enzyme electrode was produced in
substantially the same manner as described above except that 4-aminomethyl pyridine
was not added.
(2) Measurement by Enzyme Electrode
[0089] Electrode responses to glucose (100 mg/dL or 600 mg/dL) in 0.1 M phosphate buffer
(pH 7.4) at 23°C and +0.6 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) were detected by an amperometric method
using the enzyme electrodes obtained as described above. The results are shown in
FIG. 2. In FIG. 2, the black circles and the black triangles indicate measurements
using the enzyme electrode added with 17% 4-aminomethyl pyridine and the comparative
enzyme electrode added with no 4-aminomethyl pyridine, respectively.
[0090] As indicated in FIG. 2, about 13 times higher current density was detected in the
glucose response current from the enzyme electrode containing 4-aminomethyl pyridine
than that in the response current from the comparative enzyme electrode added with
no 4-aminomethyl pyridine. This indicates that sensitivity is increased using 4-aminomethyl
pyridine as the aromatic heterocycle compound.
Example 2
(1) Production of Enzyme Electrode
[0091] For an enzyme electrode, Au was sputtered on a polyetherimide (PEI) film to obtain
a substrate having a gold layer. As an electrode material, a printing ink in which
40 wt% Ketjen black (manufactured by Lion Corporation) was mixed with 40 wt% polyester
resin as a binder and 20 wt% isophorone as a solvent was used. The surface of the
polyetherimide film was printed with the printing ink so that the printing ink had
a thickness of 10 µm, whereby a a working electrode was obtained.
[0092] Then, enzyme liquid containing 2,500 U/ml of a wild-type GDH solution (0.1 M MES
buffer solution), 2% sucrose as a stabilizer, 1 v/v% glutaraldehyde as a crosslinking
agent, and 1% of 4-aminomethyl pyridine as the aromatic heterocycle compound was prepared.
[0093] The prepared enzyme liquid was dropwise added to an electrode surface using a precise
syringe and the resulting electrode was left to stand for 10 minutes at a normal temperature
(23°C) and a normal relative humidity (40% RH) to dry the surface. Then, the electrode
was heat-treated at 40°C for 15 minutes for drying, and then was left to stand for
2 hours under the environment of 23°C and <2% RH for further drying, whereby an enzyme
electrode was obtained.
[0094] As a comparative enzyme electrode, a comparative enzyme electrode was produced in
substantially the same manner as described above except that 4-aminomethyl pyridine
was not added.
(2) Measurement by Enzyme Electrode
[0095] Electrode responses to glucose in 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) were detected by
voltammetry using the enzyme electrode obtained as described above. The voltammetry
was performed at a sweep speed of 20 mV/s using the enzyme electrode produced in the
above described (1), Pt, and Ag/AgCl as working, counter, and reference electrodes,
respectively, at a measurement temperature of 37°C. A glucose concentration was 100
mg/dL or no glucose was added.
[0096] The results are shown in FIG. 3 (third scan is indicated). In FIG. 3, the lozenges,
the quadrangles, the circles, and the triangles indicate the measurement results in
the case of 100 mg/dL glucose using the enzyme electrode added with 4-aminomethyl
pyridine, the measurement results in the case of 0 mg/dL glucose using the enzyme
electrode added with 4-aminomethyl pyridine, the measurement results in the case of
100 mg/dL glucose using the comparative enzyme electrode added with no 4-aminomethyl
pyridine, and the measurement results in the case of 0 mg/dL glucose using the comparative
enzyme electrode added with no 4-aminomethyl pyridine, respectively.
[0097] As indicated in FIG. 3, since a potential at which oxidization of glucose begins
to occur is around -0.2 V with or without the addition of 4-aminomethyl pyridine and
any specific peaks are not observed in the other potential regions, the oxidation-reduction
of 4-aminomethyl pyridine in itself is not considered to occur.
[0098] Thus, it was exhibited that, in the enzyme electrodes added with 4-aminomethyl pyridine,
oxidation-reduction of a compound in itself did not occur to transport electrons as
in the case of a metal complex, and glucose was able to be stably detected with good
sensitivity in the absence of an electron transfer mediator such as a metal complex.
Example 3
[0099] Enzyme electrodes 3A to 3F were obtained in substantially the same manner as in Example
2 (1) except that the concentrations of 4-aminomethyl pyridine were in the range of
from 1% to 6% in preparation of enzyme solutions. In the final form of the enzyme
electrodes, the concentrations of from 1% to 6% correspond to dry masses of from 23%
to 64%, respectively.
[0100] Measurement for 100 mg/dL glucose in 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) was performed
using the enzyme electrodes 3A to 3F and the comparative enzyme electrode containing
no 4-aminomethyl pyridine produced in Example 2 (1), at a measurement temperature
of 37°C. The enzyme electrodes 3A to 3F and the comparative enzyme electrode; Pt;
and Ag/AgCl were used as working, counter, and reference electrodes, respectively.
The results are shown in FIG. 4.
[0101] As indicated in FIG. 4, it is found that glucose can be detected by setting the concentrations
of 4-aminomethyl pyridine added in the enzyme solutions to the range of from 1 % to
6% (from 23% to 64% on a dry mass basis in final form). It is also found that respective
sensitivities are improved by setting the concentrations of 4-aminomethyl pyridine
into the range of from 2% to 5% (from 38 to 60% on a dry mass basis in final form),
especially to 4% (55% on a dry mass basis in final form).
Example 4
[0102] Crosslinked enzyme electrodes 4A and 4B were obtained in substantially the same manner
as in Example 2 (1) except that after dropwise adding of the prepared enzyme liquid
to the electrode surface using a precise syringe and drying, glutaraldehyde was added
to perform crosslinking treatment.
[0103] The crosslinking treatment was performed as described below. A dried electrode surface
was gently rinsed with dH
2O and the electrode was immersed in 1 v/v% glutaraldehyde (GA) solution (containing
1% adonitol). After the immersion for 45 minutes or 120 minutes, each electrode was
taken out and incubation was performed overnight in the environment of a room temperature
and a low humidity (23°C and <2% RH). As a result, each of the enzyme electrodes 4A
(treatment time of 45 minutes) and 4B (treatment time of 120 minutes) was obtained.
[0104] Continuous measurement for glucose at a predetermined concentration was performed
using each of the obtained enzyme electrodes 4A and 4B. For the continuous measurement,
electrode responses to glucose in a phosphate buffer were detected by an amperometric
method at 25°C and +0.6 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) for 100 mg/dL glucose. The evaluation for
a change in relative value over time, based on a current density just after the start
of the measurement as an initial value of 100%, was performed. The results are shown
in FIG. 5. In FIG. 5, the quadrangles, the triangles, and the lozenges indicate the
cases of using the enzyme electrode 4A, the enzyme electrode 4B, and an uncrosslinked
enzyme electrode, respectively.
[0105] As indicated in FIG. 5, it is found that, by performing the crosslinking treatment
of 4-aminomethyl pyridine with glutaraldehyde, the localization of 4-aminomethyl pyridine
is suppressed, the efflux from the electron transfer layer can also be prevented,
and more stable outputs than that from the untreated enzyme electrode is maintained.
Example 5
[0106] Electrode responses to glucose were detected in substantially the same manner as
in Example 1 except that 5-amino-4-imidazolecarboxamide/HCl, instead of 4-aminomethyl
pyridine, was added to be 17%. The results are shown in FIG. 6. In FIG. 6, the black
quadrangles and the black lozenges indicate the cases of using the enzyme electrode
added with 17% of 5-amino-4-imidazolecarboxamide and the comparative enzyme electrode
added with no aromatic heterocycle compound, respectively.
[0107] As indicated in FIG. 6, it is found that the current densities are further favorably
detected compared with the comparative enzyme electrode by using 5-amino-4-imidazolecarboxamide/HCl
instead of 4-aminomethyl pyridine, as in the case of using 4-aminomethyl pyridine,
and it was found that glucose can be detected with good sensitivity by using an imidazole
derivative.
Comparative Example 1
[0108] Enzyme electrodes in Comparative Example were obtained in substantially the same
manner as in Example 4 except that from 0.01% to 1.0% of poly(2-vinylpyridine) (weight
molecular weight of about 21,000, Fluka Corporation) was used instead of 4-aminomethyl
pyridine, Responses to 100 mg/dL of glucose were compared with relative values for
an enzyme electrode containing no water-soluble aromatic heterocycle compound in substantially
the same manner as in Example 4 except that the comparative enzyme electrodes were
used. The results are shown in FIG. 7.
[0109] As indicated in FIG. 7, it was found that the responsiveness in the case of using
poly(2-vinylpyridine) was similar to that in the enzyme electrode containing no water-soluble
aromatic heterocycle compound or, at a concentration of 0.1% or more, was lower than
that in the case of using the enzyme electrode containing no water-soluble aromatic
heterocycle compound.
[0110] As described above, it is found that glucose in a sample can be detected with high
sensitivity without treatment of adjusting the orientation of enzymes and without
using any metal complex and/or the like, by using the enzyme electrodes of the present
examples containing 4-aminomethyl pyridine. In addition, it is found that stable measurement
is possible since 4-aminomethyl pyridine in itself is not involved in oxidation-reduction.
Furthermore, the enzyme electrodes are hard to be affected by a reaction potential,
unlike a metal complex and/or the like, and are applicable to a wide application such
as a sensing device in a clinical situation represented by SMBG (self-monitoring of
blood glucose), continuous blood glucose monitoring (CGM), or the like, a reaction
system such as a bio-fuel cell, or a sensing device for industrial or environmental
use in a non-clinical situation.