TECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] The present disclosure relates to an electrical bushing comprising a heat-pipe.
BACKGROUND
[0002] A bushing is a hollow electrical insulator through which a conductor may pass. Bushings
are used where high voltage lines must pass through a wall or other surface, on switchgear,
transformers, circuit breakers and other high voltage equipment. A bushing is e.g.
used for passing a high voltage line from an oil-filled transformer, whereby the bushing
is an oil-to-air bushing with a part in oil in the transformer and a part in air outside
of the transformer. Other bushings are air-to-air bushings e.g. passing high voltage
lines through a wall.
[0003] Resistive heat losses in a bushing arise evenly along the conductor. The heat is
primarily dissipated to the environment at the upper and lower ends of the bushing.
The heat is transported from the central part to the ends by conduction and sometimes
by convection. Even though it is rarely used, it is also known that the heat can be
transported by an evaporating medium, a so called heat pipe. In order to prevent high
temperature rise of the conductive rod, a thicker conductive rod can be used to reduce
the current density and thereby reduce the heat generated. However a thicker rod leads
to increased material consumption and cost.
[0004] A heat pipe or heat pin is a heat-transfer device that combines the principles of
both thermal conductivity and phase transition to efficiently manage the transfer
of heat between a hot interface and a cooler interface. The function of a heat pipe
is to evaporate a liquid at the hot interface of the pipe and to condense it at the
cooler interface where the heat is to be dissipated.
[0005] A given bushing with a defined central space for a conductor has different current
carrying capacity due to heat generation depending on what size conductor it is provided
with. Typically a flexible conductor gives comparatively low current carrying capacity
and a solid rod or tube conductor gives higher capacity. In the same way copper conductors
give higher capacity than aluminium. The same basic bushing can be given various current
ratings depending on which conductor it is equipped with. If the bushing is provided
with a heat-pipe, the rating can also be increased. Thus, a bushing can handle a higher
current, without the need to use a larger conductor, if the conductor is equipped
with a heat-pipe. However, a heat-pipe renders the bushing more expensive to produce
and maintain and may not be needed for regular bushings. Instead, special bushings
with heat pipes are produced especially for applications where such improved heat
transfer is needed.
[0006] CN 101369483 (application number
CN 2008 10115462.2) discloses a heat pipe bushing for transformers, comprising a conductive pipe, a
radiator, a main insulating layer, an insulating sleeve and a connecting bushing.
The conductive pipe is a hollow metal pipe that is connected to the radiator at one
end and filled with environmentally-friendly, non-combustible cooling liquid. The
exterior of the conductive pipe is wrapped with the main insulating layer, and the
insulating sleeve and the connecting flange are installed on the exterior of the main
insulating layer. The radiator is a hollow metal cavity whose internal cavity is connected
to hollow cavity of the conductive pipe. The cooling liquid absorbs the heat generated
by the conductive pipe and evaporates into gas, which rises to the radiator for external
heat discharge; following this, it is condensed upon cooling and reflows to the conductive
pipe.
[0007] WO 2007/107119 discloses a current carrier combined with heat-pipe which comprises a fluid with
low boiling point. The current carrier can be used for the bushing of electrical equipment,
the primary winding of a current transformer, a great current bus and so on.
[0008] EP 2 704 157 discloses an electrical insulator bushing wherein the conductor comprises a cavity
extending longitudinally along the conductor and having an opening at one end. The
cavity is arranged for accommodating a heat-pipe. The cavity is arranged for allowing
the heat-pipe to be introduced into and removed from said cavity via its opening.
[0009] A problem with using heat-pipes in the bushing is that if there is leakage from the
heat-pipe, the heat transfer fluid therein may, in liquid or gaseous form, leak into
the apparatus, e.g. a transformer, with which the bushing is used, potentially causing
flash-overs or other problems. In some cases e.g. where the heat-pipe is used with
an oil-filled transformer, the heat-pipe works under pressure, where the boiling temperature
of the heat transfer fluid in the heat-pipe, at atmosphere pressure, is lower than
the oil temperature of the transformer. This means that a leak of heat transfer fluid
on the oil side of the bushing will be in gas form. A release of gas in the highly
electrically stressed turret region of the transformer will likely cause a flash-over.
SUMMARY
[0010] It is an objective of the present invention to provide an improved electrical bushing
comprising a heat-pipe for cooling the conductor in the bushing, which reduced risk
of leakage of heat transfer fluid into the electrical apparatus to which the bushing
is attached.
[0011] According to an aspect of the present invention, there is provided an electrical
bushing comprising an electrically insulating sleeve having a central longitudinal
through hole surrounding a central longitudinal axis of the bushing, and an electrical
conductor positioned through the central longitudinal through hole of the sleeve.
The conductor comprises a longitudinal outer tube and a longitudinal inner tube, concentrically
located within the outer tube, such that a tubular space is formed between the outer
tube and the inner tube. A first end of the tubular space is delimited by a tube spacer
between the outer tube and the inner tube, and a second end of the tubular space is
capped to form an enclosed tubular space. The enclosed tubular space contains a heat
transfer fluid whereby a heat-pipe is formed between the outer tube and the inner
tube of the conductor. The outer tube extends longitudinally beyond the heat-pipe
delimited by the tube spacer at the first end of the tubular space, and the inner
tube has a design at said first end such that fluid can pass from between the outer
tube and the inner tube into a central longitudinal space formed in the inner tube,
without passing longitudinally beyond the extension of the outer tube.
[0012] According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided an electrical
apparatus comprising an embodiment of the bushing of the present disclosure.
[0013] It is an advantage of the present invention that the inner tube of the conductor
is designed, at the end which is intended to be attached to/inserted into an electrical
apparatus, such that the risk of heat transfer fluid entering the electrical apparatus
is reduced in case of leakage thereof from the heat-pipe. In accordance with the present
invention, the inner tube has a design at said end such that the heat transfer fluid
(typically in gas form) can pass from the space between the outer tube and the inner
tube to the central longitudinal space formed in the inner tube, without passing longitudinally
beyond the extension of the outer tube. This implies that the outer tube may extend
into the electrical apparatus but that any leaking fluid may escape into the inner
tube instead of being forced into the electrical apparatus by being trapped between
the inner and outer tubes. In accordance with embodiments of the present invention,
this design of the inner tube may be achieved e.g. by the inner tube being shorter
than the outer tube, whereby the inner tube may end before entering the electrical
apparatus when the bushing is in use. Thus, that the inner tube is shorter at the
end of the conductor than the outer tube herein means that the outer tube extends
further in the longitudinal direction beyond the heat-pipe than the inner tube does.
As discussed herein, it may (depending on the design of the conductor and its heat-pipe,
and on how the bushing is mounted to the electrical apparatus) be enough that the
inner tube is shorter along a part of its circumference, to let the leaking fluid
into the central space. Additionally or alternatively, the mantle of the inner tube
may be provided with hole(s) connecting the space between the inner and outer tubes
with the central space inside the inner tube beyond (typically below, when the bushing
is mounted) the heat-pipe, to allow the leaking fluid to pass through the hole(s)
and into the central space.
[0014] Generally, all terms used in the claims are to be interpreted according to their
ordinary meaning in the technical field, unless explicitly defined otherwise herein.
All references to "a/an/the element, apparatus, component, means, step, etc." are
to be interpreted openly as referring to at least one instance of the element, apparatus,
component, means, step, etc., unless explicitly stated otherwise. The steps of any
method disclosed herein do not have to be performed in the exact order disclosed,
unless explicitly stated. The use of "first", "second" etc. for different features/components
of the present disclosure are only intended to distinguish the features/components
from other similar features/components and not to impart any order or hierarchy to
the features/components.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0015] Embodiments will be described, by way of example, with reference to the accompanying
drawings, in which:
Fig 1 is a schematic side view of a transformer with an embodiment of a bushing of
the present invention.
Fig 2 is a schematic longitudinal section of an embodiment of a bushing of the present
invention.
Fig 3a is a schematic perspective view in longitudinal section of an embodiment of
a conductor in accordance with the present invention.
Fig 3b is a schematic cross-sectional view of an embodiment of a conductor in accordance
with the present invention.
Fig 3c is a schematic view in longitudinal section of an embodiment of a part of a
conductor in accordance with the present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0016] Embodiments will now be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying
drawings, in which certain embodiments are shown. However, other embodiments in many
different forms are possible within the scope of the present disclosure. Rather, the
following embodiments are provided by way of example so that this disclosure will
be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the disclosure to those
skilled in the art. Like numbers refer to like elements throughout the description.
[0017] The bushing of the present invention may be used for a transformer, e.g. a power
transformer, as exemplified herein, but the inventive bushing may alternatively be
used for other electrical devices, especially fluid-filled (e.g. oil) electrical devices,
such as electrical motors or switches.
[0018] Figure 1 is a schematic illustration of a transformer 8 where a bushing 1 is used
for conducting an electrical current (I, U) through the casing of the transformer
8. The transformer may be an oil-filled transformer, e.g. filled with mineral oil
or an ester-based oil. The transformer may be a high-voltage power transformer, whereby
a high-voltage current is passed from the transformer through the conductor of the
bushing 1. The bushing 1 may thus have an inner oil-immersed part at a lower end of
the bushing inside the transformer 8, and an outer part in air at an upper end of
the bushing outside of the transformer, or the outer part may also be fluid-filled.
The bushing, by means of its conductor, may conduct current from e.g. a winding of
the transformer, through the casing of the transformer and to e.g. an air-borne line
of a power distribution network, the bushing 1 insulating the current from the casing
and any other external structures.
[0019] Figure 2 schematically illustrates an embodiment of a bushing 1 of the present invention.
The bushing 1 is schematically shown in a longitudinal section along the central longitudinal
axis 5 of the bushing. The bushing 1 is a tubular or essentially cylindrical device
wherein an electrically insulating sleeve 2 forms an envelope surface surrounding
the bushing in its longitudinal direction in parallel with the longitudinal axis 5.
The sleeve 2 insulates an electrical conductor 3 from external structures, such as
a wall through which the bushing is to be arranged. The conductor 3 is arranged within
and through a longitudinal central through hole 4 of the sleeve, through which hole
4 also the central longitudinal axis 5 runs. The conductor 3 is configured to conduct
an electrical current (AC or DC) through the bushing 1 (in the figure this is schematically
illustrated by a current (I, U) entering at the lower end of the bushing from an electrical
apparatus 8, e.g. a liquid-filled transformer, and exiting at the upper end of said
bushing, but the opposite direction, or alternating current, is of course equally
possible).
[0020] In the embodiment of the figure, the conductor 3 is in the form of two concentrically
positioned hollow tubes (could be called pipes or hollow cylinders), an outer tube
3a and an inner tube 3b, the inside of which inner tube 3b forms a central space or
cavity 9 through which the central longitudinal axis 5 passes. At least part of the
conductor 3 is configured for conducting the electrical current I, thus being made
of an electrically conducting material such as copper, which is preferred, or aluminium.
Typically, the outer tube 3a is made of a conducting material. The inner tube 3b may
be electrically connected to the outer tube 3a e.g. via a tube spacer 10, and may
be of a conductive material or a non-conducting material such as a non-conducting
ceramic or synthetic/plastic material.
[0021] The outer and inner tubes 3a and 3b form an annular/tubular longitudinal space there
between which functions as a heat-pipe 6 when at least partly filled with a heat transfer
fluid. The tubular space is capped (e.g. by means of a tube spacer, lid or the like)
at the upper end of the bushing 1, and delimited at the lower end of the bushing by
means of the annular tube spacer 10 which is fastened to both the outer surface of
the inner tube 3b and the inner surface of the outer tube 3a, e.g. by soldering or
welding, whereby the tubular space is an enclosed space forming the heat-pipe 6 such
that the heat transfer fluid does not escape the heat-pipe unless there is an undesired
leak. In accordance with the present invention, the tube spacer 10 delimits the lower
end of the heat-pipe 6 some distance above the apparatus 8, allowing the inner tube
3b to also at least partially end some distance above the apparatus 8, thereby allowing
any gas leaking through or past the tube spacer 10 to enter the central space 9, rising
upwards there through, without entering the apparatus 8, e.g. the turret region of
a transformer 8, thereby avoiding flash-overs in the apparatus caused by such leaking
gas.
[0022] The central space 9 may be used for different things, such as a draw rod or the like,
or for accommodating additional heat-pipes. The central space 9 may be at least partially
filled by a liquid, typically a cooling and insulating liquid of the electrical apparatus
8 such as a transformer oil of a fluid-filled transformer 8. The liquid in the central
space 9 may contribute to the cooling of and heat distribution in the bushing and
may thus cooperate with the heat-pipe 6 for this.
[0023] Figure 3a schematically illustrates an end part of an embodiment of a conductor 3
of the present invention, in longitudinal section. The end of the conductor 3 shown
is the end which is configured to be connected to/inserted in the electrical apparatus
8, and is thus typically a lower end of the conductor when the bushing 1 is mounted
to the apparatus. The outer tube 3a forms the outside of the conductor 3 and may have
an essentially circular cross-section with essentially the same radius along its whole
longitudinal extension. The inner tube 3b is concentrically positioned inside the
outer tube 3a, defining a tubular space between the inner and outer tubes 3b and 3a,
as well as defining a central longitudinal space 9 inside the inner tube 3b, through
which central longitudinal space the central longitudinal axis 5 runs. Also the inner
tube 3b may have an essentially circular cross-section with essentially the same radius
(smaller than the radius of the outer tube) along its whole longitudinal extension.
A heat-pipe 6 is formed in the tubular space between the outer and inner tubes 3a
and 3b. Thus, the tubular space is delimited at both longitudinal ends to form an
enclosed space in which the heat transfer fluid can be enclosed to form the heat-pipe
6. At the depicted (lower) end a, typically annular, tube spacer 10 is used both for
fixing the outer and inner tubes in relation to each other and for delimiting the
heat-pipe 6 at this end. The tube spacer is typically soldered in place, but may alternatively
be welded in place or wedged immobile between the inner and outer tubes. As can be
seen in the figure, the inner tube 3b is substantially shorter than the outer tube
3a. The outer tube 3a extends a substantial distance beyond (below) the heat-pipe
6 delimited by the tube spacer 10, while the inner tube 3b ends at or shortly after
the tube spacer 10. By this shorter design of the inner tube 3b, any gaseous or liquid
(typically gaseous, due to the high temperature of the apparatus 8 and the conductor
3) heat transfer fluid leaking through or past the tube spacer 10, e.g. due to a crack
in the soldering, is not forced into the apparatus 8 by being trapped between the
inner and outer tubes 3b and 3a. Instead, the leaking fluid is, as illustrated with
the curved arrow from the heat-pipe 6 to the central space 9, allowed to enter the
central space 9 without having to pass longitudinally beyond (typically below) the
longitudinal extension of the outer tube 3a. The central longitudinal space may, when
the bushing is mounted and in use, typically be at least partly filled with the insulation
fluid, e.g. oil, of the apparatus 8, e.g. a fluid (e.g. oil) filled transformer or
electrical motor.
[0024] Figures 3b and 3c schematically illustrates the conductor of figure 3a but without
showing the special design of the inner tube at the end of the conductor. Rather,
the figures are used to illustrate how the heat-pipe may be formed in the conductor,
between the outer tube 3a and the inner tube 3b.
[0025] Figure 3b schematically illustrates the embodiment of the conductor 3 shown in figure
3a. The conductor 3 is shown in a cross-section perpendicular to the longitudinal
axis 5. The conductor 3 comprises two concentrically arranged hollow tubes (could
also be called pipes or hollow cylinders) of an electrically conducting material.
The inner hollow tube 3b of the conductor 3 forms the central space 9 through which
the central longitudinal axis 5 of the bushing runs. The eccentrically located cavity
6 is formed between the inner tube 3b and the outer tube 3a of the conductor 3. The
cavity 6 is configured for forming a heat-pipe, as discussed herein, when filled with
a heat transfer fluid. In this embodiment, the heat-pipe 6 extends, in the transvers
plane, 360° around the central space 9 within the conductor 3, allowing the heat to
be exchanged more evenly in the conductor 3. However, it is also contemplated that
one or more discrete heat-pipes 6 may be formed between the inner tube 3b and the
outer tube 3a, e.g. a plurality of parallel longitudinal heat-pipes. Additionally
or alternatively, the central space 9 can be used for accommodating one or more heat-pipes.
[0026] Figure 3c is a schematic longitudinal section of a part of the conductor 3 also shown
in figures 3a and 3b. The concentric outer tube 3a and inner tube 3b form the heat-pipe
6 there between. The longitudinal axis 5 runs through the inner space 9 formed within
the hollow inner tube 3b, the inner space 9 typically being oil-filled when the conductor
is mounted in a bushing of an oil-filled electrical apparatus 8 e.g. a transformer.
[0027] In some embodiments of the present invention, the design of the of the inner tube
3b at the first end (i.e. the end configured for being connected to the apparatus
8, typically the lower (or bottom) end when the bushing is in use) is such that at
least some circumferential parts of the inner tube are shorter than corresponding
circumferential parts of the outer tube 3a thus extending longitudinally beyond the
inner tube at the first end. As mentioned above, this is one way of allowing the leaking
heat transfer fluid to pass from the space between the outer tube 3a and the inner
tube 3b into the central longitudinal space 9, without passing longitudinally beyond
the extension of the outer tube 3a at said first end. In some embodiments, the inner
tube 3b is simply shorter (around its whole circumference) than the outer tube 3a
which thus extends longitudinally beyond the inner tube at the first end.
[0028] Additionally or alternatively, in some embodiments of the present invention, the
design of the inner tube 3b at the first end (bottom end) is such that the lateral
surface (also called the mantel) of the inner tube 3b, longitudinally beyond the heat-pipe
6, comprises at least one aperture (also called through hole or hole). As mentioned
above, this is another way (optionally combinable with a shorter inner tube) of allowing
the leaking heat transfer fluid to pass from the space between the outer tube 3a and
the inner tube 3b into the central longitudinal space 9, without passing longitudinally
beyond the extension of the outer tube 3a at said first end.
[0029] The circumferential position or size of the shortening or aperture/hole of the inner
tube 3b may depend on how the bushing 1 is mounted to the apparatus 8, e.g. if it
is mounted vertically or inclined to the apparatus, bearing in mind that leaking gas
will attempt to move upwards in the liquid (oil).
[0030] In some embodiments of the present invention, the central cavity 9 is at least partly
liquid-filled, typically with a cooling/insulation liquid with which the electrical
apparatus 8 is filled. This improves the cooling of and heat transfer in the bushing
1, especially the inner tube 3b.
[0031] In some embodiments of the present invention, the heat-pipe 6 comprises a condenser
extending beyond the sleeve 2. Thus, in some embodiments, the heat-pipe may extend,
at it second (typically upper) end, beyond (above) the sleeve 2, and typically also
beyond the inner and outer tubes 3b and 3a of the conductor 3, in order to more easily
cool down and condense the heat transfer fluid away from the heat insulating effect
of the sleeve 2. The condenser may e.g. be formed as part of the capping of the heat-pipe
6 discussed herein.
[0032] The heat transfer fluid 11 may be any suitable fluid which has a boiling point at
a desired operating temperature of the electrical conductor 3. The fluid may e.g.
be water or a fluorocarbon. As an example, the heat transfer fluid may have a boiling
point at 75-80°C at atmospheric pressure, which implies that if the oil temperature
of the apparatus is higher, e.g. around 90°C, any leakage of the heat transfer fluid
will be in gas form. The heat transfer fluid in the heat-pipe 6 will be subjected
to an over pressure allowing for the suitable two-phase system of a heat-pipe.
[0033] The present disclosure has mainly been described above with reference to a few embodiments.
However, as is readily appreciated by a person skilled in the art, other embodiments
than the ones disclosed above are equally possible within the scope of the present
disclosure, as defined by the appended claims.
1. An electrical bushing (1) comprising:
an electrically insulating sleeve (2) having a central longitudinal through hole (4)
surrounding a central longitudinal axis (5) of the bushing; and
an electrical conductor (3) positioned through the central longitudinal through hole
(4) of the sleeve;
wherein the conductor (3) comprises a longitudinal outer tube (3a) and a longitudinal
inner tube (3b), concentrically located within the outer tube (3a), such that a tubular
space is formed between the outer tube (3a) and the inner tube (3b);
wherein a first end of the tubular space is delimited by a tube spacer (10) between
the outer tube (3a) and the inner tube (3b), and a second end of the tubular space
is capped to form an enclosed tubular space;
wherein the enclosed tubular space contains a heat transfer fluid whereby a heat-pipe
(6) is formed between the outer tube (3a) and the inner tube (3b) of the conductor;
and
wherein the outer tube (3a) extends longitudinally beyond the heat-pipe (6) delimited
by the tube spacer (10) at the first end of the tubular space, and the inner tube
(3b) has a design at said first end such that fluid can pass from between the outer
tube (3a) and the inner tube (3b) into a central longitudinal space (9) formed in
the inner tube (3b), without passing longitudinally beyond the extension of the outer
tube (3a).
2. The bushing of claim 1, wherein said design of the of the inner tube (3b) at the first
end is such that at least some circumferential parts of the inner tube are shorter
than corresponding circumferential parts of the outer tube (3a) thus extending longitudinally
beyond the inner tube at the first end.
3. The bushing of claim 2, wherein the inner tube (3b) is shorter than the outer tube
(3a) which thus extends longitudinally beyond the inner tube at the first end.
4. The bushing of claim 1, wherein said design of the of the inner tube (3b) at the first
end is such that the lateral surface of the inner tube, longitudinally beyond the
heat-pipe 6, comprises at least one aperture.
5. The bushing of any preceding claim, wherein the central cavity (9) is at least partly
liquid-filled.
6. The bushing of any preceding claim, wherein the heat-pipe (6) comprises a condenser
extending beyond the sleeve (2).
7. An electrical apparatus (8) comprising the bushing (1) of any preceding claim.
8. The electrical apparatus of claim 7, wherein the electrical apparatus is a power transformer.
9. The electrical apparatus of claim 7 or 8, wherein the electrical apparatus is liquid-filled.