[0001] This invention relates to chromium-chromium oxide (Cr-CrOx) coatings applied to steel
substrates for packaging applications and to a method for producing said coatings.
[0002] Tin mill products include tinplate, Electrolytic Chromium Coated Steel (ECCS, also
referred to as tin free steel or TFS), and blackplate, the uncoated steel. Packaging
steels are normally provided as tinplate, or as ECCS onto which an organic coating
can be applied. In case of tinplate this organic coating is usually a lacquer, whereas
in case of ECCS increasingly polymer coatings such as PET or PP are used, such as
in the case of Protact®.
[0003] Tinplate is characterised by its excellent corrosion resistance and weldability.
Tinplate is supplied within a range of coating weights, normally between 1.0 and 11.2
g/m
2, which are usually applied by electrolytic deposition. At present, most tinplate
is post-treated with fluids containing hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), using a dip or
electrolytically assisted application process. Aim of this post-treatment is to passivate
the tin surface to stop or reduce the growth of tin oxides, because too thick oxide
layers can eventually lead to problems with respect to adhesion of organic coatings,
like lacquers. It is important that the passivation treatment should not only suppress
or eliminate tin oxide growth, but should also be able to retain or improve organic
coating adhesion levels. The passivated outer surface of tinplate is extremely thin
(less than 1 micron thick) and consists of a mixture of tin and chromium oxides.
[0004] ECCS consists of a blackplate product which has been coated with a metallic chromium
layer overlaid with a film of chromium oxide, both applied by electrolytic deposition.
ECCS excels in adhesion to organic coatings and retention of coating integrity at
temperatures exceeding the melting point of tin (232°C). In those cases tinplated
material cannot be used. This is important for producing polymer coated packaging
steel because during the thermoplastic coating application process the steel substrate
may be heated to temperatures exceeding 232°C, with the actual maximum temperature
values used being dependent on the type of thermoplastic coating applied. This heat
cycle is required to enable initial heat sealing/bonding of the thermoplastic to the
substrate (pre-heat treatment) and is often followed by a post-heat treatment to modify
the properties of the polymer. The chromium oxide layer is believed to be responsible
for the excellent adhesion properties of thermoplastic coatings such as polypropylene
(PP) or polyester terephthalate (PET) to ECCS. ECCS can also be supplied within a
range of coating weights for both the Cr and CrOx coating, typically ranging between
20 - 110 and 2 - 20 mg/m
2 respectively. ECCS can be delivered with equal coating specification for both sides
of the steel strip, or with different coating weights per side, the latter being referred
to as differentially coated strip. The production of ECCS currently involves the use
of solutions on the basis of chromium in its hexavalent state, also known as hexavalent
chromium or Cr(VI).
[0005] Hexavalent chromium is nowadays considered a hazardous substance that is potentially
harmful to the environment and constitutes a risk in terms of worker safety. There
is therefore an incentive to develop alternative metal coatings that are able to replace
conventional tinplate and ECCS, without the need to resort to the use of hexavalent
chromium during manufacturing.
[0006] US4169022 discloses the deposition of a chromite conversion coating, which is a non-metallic
layer of Cr(III)-oxide (i.e. Cr2O3). US4169022 specifically discloses that the deposition of chromium metal must be suppressed. US3679554 and US3785940 disclose the deposition of a thin layer consisting of an inner portion of metallic
chromium and an outer portion of hydrated chromium oxide, deposited from an electrolyte
based on a hexavalent chromium compound such as chromium trioxide or sodium dichromate.
[0007] It is an objective of the invention to provide an alternative to the use of hexavalent
chromium for the passivation of tinplate.
[0008] It is an objective of the invention to provide an alternative to conventional tinplate
to improve the product properties e.g. in terms of corrosion performance and sulphur
staining resistance.
[0009] It is also an objective of the invention to provide an alternative substrate to tinplate
and ECCS which provides excellent dry adhesion to organic coatings in combination
with corrosion protection that does not rely on the use of hexavalent chromium during
manufacturing.
[0010] One or more of these objects are reached by providing a packaging steel substrate
as set out in the appended claims, the substrate containing:
- 1. a recrystallisation annealed single or double reduced packaging steel blackplate,
or
- 2. a cold-rolled and recovery annealed blackplate,
wherein one or both sides of the substrate is coated with a chromium metal - chromium
oxide (Cr-CrOx) coating layer produced in a single plating step by using a trivalent
chromium electroplating process.
[0011] The packaging steel substrate is preferably provided in the form of a strip.
[0012] For the production of ECCS generally three types of chromium plating processes are
in use throughout the world. The three processes are "one step vertical process" (V-1),
"two step vertical process" (V-2), and the "one step horizontal high current density
process" (HCD) and based on Cr(VI) electrolytes. The specifications of ECCS are standardized
under Euronorm EN 10202:2001. The two-step vertical process uses a sulphuric acid
free Cr(VI) electrolyte for applying the chrome oxide layer in the second step. Sulphuric
acid is needed for a good efficiency in applying chrome metal and is therefore always
used for the chrome metal plating step in these processes. The "one step vertical"
and the "one step horizontal high current density (HCD) process" always have sulphate
in the oxide layer because the chromium metal and chromium oxide are produced simultaneously
in the same electrolyte (
Boelen, thesis TU Delft 2009, page 8-9, ISBN 978-90-805661-5-6). In all cases the ECCS consists of a chromium oxide layer on top of the chromium
metal.
[0013] In the process according to the invention a coating layer comprising chromium metal
and chromium oxide is deposited, and not by first depositing a chromium metal layer,
and then providing a chromium oxide layer on top as a conversion layer. The Cr-CrOx
layer should consist of a mixture of Cr-oxide and Cr-metal and the Cr-oxide should
not be present as a distinct layer on the outermost surface, but mixed through the
whole layer Cr-CrOx. Of course there may be more than one of these single plating
steps one after the other if, for instance, a thicker coating layer comprising chromium
metal and chromium oxide layer is to be deposited. The phrase single plating step
is therefore not limited to mean that
only one of these single plating steps is used.
[0014] The packaging steel substrate is usually provided in the form of a strip of low carbon
(LC), extra low carbon (ELC) or ultra low carbon (ULC) with a carbon content, expressed
as weight percent, of between 0.05 and 0.15 (LC), between 0.02 and 0.05 (ELC) or below
0.02 (ULC) respectively. Alloying elements like manganese, aluminium, nitrogen, but
sometimes also elements like boron, are added to improve the mechanical properties
(see also e.g. EN 10 202, 10 205 and 10 239). In an embodiment of the invention the
substrate consists of an interstitial-free low, extra-low or ultra-low carbon steel,
such as a titanium stabilised, niobium stabilised or titanium-niobium stabilised interstitial-free
steel.
[0015] It was found that a chromium metal - chromium oxide (Cr-CrOx) coating produced from
a trivalent chromium based electroplating process provides excellent adhesion to organic
coatings. In this aspect, the chromium metal - chromium oxide (Cr-CrOx) coating produced
from a trivalent chromium electrodeposition process has very similar adhesion properties
compared to conventional ECCS produced via a hexavalent chromium electrodeposition
process. By increasing the thickness of the Cr-CrOx coating layer the porosity of
the coating is reduced and its corrosion resistance properties improve.
[0016] In an embodiment not being part of the invention, the Cr-CrOx coating can be applied
onto conventional, non-passivated, electrolytic, and optionally flowmelted,
tinplate (ETP, Electrolytic Tinplate). The Cr-CrOx layer ensures that the growth of tin oxides
is suppressed, i.e. it has a passivation function. With increasing Cr-CrOx thickness
it was unexpectedly found that the wet adhesion performance, i.e. the organic coating
adhesion after sterilisation, outperforms conventional hexavalent chromium passivated
tinplate. In addition, the resistance to so-called sulphur staining, i.e. the brown
discolouration of tinplate due to contact with sulphur containing fill-goods, can
be fully suppressed by applying a sufficiently thick Cr-CrOx coating. The material
according to the invention is therefore very suitable for replacement of hexavalent
chromium passivated tinplate, optionally exceeding the technical performance limits
of standard tinplate. From a process point of view, the fact that the Cr-CrOx coating
layer is applied in a single process step means that two process steps are combined,
which is beneficial in terms of process economy and in terms of environmental impact.
[0017] The Cr-CrOx coating is applied directly onto the
blackplate packaging steel substrate, without prior application of a tin coating, i.e. directly
applied onto the bare steel surface. According to Merriam Webster blackplate is defined
as sheet steel that has not yet been made into tin plate by being coated with tin
or that is used uncoated where the protection afforded by tin is unnecessary. It was
found that the dry adhesion levels to organic coatings for both thermoset lacquers
and thermoplastic coatings, of this material can approach those normally associated
with the use of ECCS. The material according to the invention can be used to directly
replace ECCS for applications that require a moderate corrosion resistance.
[0018] The big advantage, both in terms of environmental impact and health and safety is
the fact that with this invention the use of hexavalent chromium chemistry is prevented,
while it is possible to retain the product performance properties normally attributed
to ECCS and tinplate.
[0019] These embodiments aim to replace hexavalent chromium passivated tinplate. The major
advantage besides the elimination of hexavalent chromium from manufacturing is the
potential to create a product with superior sulphur staining resistance and improved
corrosion resistance.
[0020] It was found that the colour of the material changes with increasing Cr-CrOx layer
thickness, with the product becoming darker (i.e. lower L-value) with increasing coating
thickness. As the optical properties of packaging steels are very important to create
an attractive aesthetic appearance of metal containers, like aerosol cans, this could
be considered a drawback of the invention for specific applications. However, one
way to circumvent these issues would be to use a differential coating, e.g. to use
a low Cr-CrOx coating weight on one side of the material, while applying a thicker
Cr-CrOx coating weight at the other side. The surface containing a thicker Cr-CrOx
coating weight should be used for the inside of the container, to make use of the
benefits of the improved corrosion resistance properties. In that case, the surface
with the lower Cr-CrOx coating weight is on the outside of the container, for which
the corrosion resistance requirements are usually less severe, ensuring optimal optical
properties.
[0021] The Cr-CrOx coating layer applied onto blackplate is at least 40 and more preferably
at least 60 mg Cr/m
2. The maximum thickness is 140 mg Cr/m
2. The Cr-CrOx coating layer applied onto blackplate contains at least 40 to 140 mg
Cr/m
2, more preferably at least 60 mg Cr/m
2. In an embodiment a suitable maximum is 110 mg Cr/m
2.
[0022] The Cr-CrOx coated blackplate aims to replace ECCS. The major advantage besides the
elimination of hexavalent chromium from manufacturing is the potential to create a
product for applications for which the superior corrosion resistance properties of
tinplate are not required. From a process point of view, the fact that the Cr-CrOx
coating layer is applied in a single process step means that two process steps are
combined, which is beneficial in terms of process economy and in terms of environmental
impact.
[0023] The Cr-CrOx coating can also be applied to a cold-rolled and recovery annealed blackplate,
or to a cold-rolled and recovery annealed electrolytic, and optionally flowmelted,
tinplate. These substrates have a recovery annealed substrate, rather than the recystallised
single reduced ETP or blackplate or the double reduced blackplate. The difference
in microstructure of the substrate was not found to materially affect the Cr-CrOx
coating.
[0024] It was found that the material according to the invention can be used in combination
with thermoplastic coatings, but also for applications where traditionally ECCS is
used in combination with lacquers (i.e. for bakeware such as baking tins, or products
with moderate corrosion resistance requirements) or as a substitute for conventional
tinplate for applications where requirements in terms of corrosion resistance are
moderate.
[0025] In an embodiment the coated substrate is further provided with an organic coating,
consisting of either a thermoset organic coating, or a thermoplastic single layer
polymer coating, or a thermoplastic multi-layer polymer coating. The Cr-CrOx layer
provides excellent adhesion to the organic coating similar to that achieved by using
conventional ECCS.
[0026] In a preferred embodiment the thermoplastic polymer coating is a polymer coating
system comprising one or more layers comprising the use of thermoplastic resins such
as polyesters or polyolefins, but can also include acrylic resins, polyamides, polyvinyl
chloride, fluorocarbon resins, polycarbonates, styrene type resins, ABS resins, chlorinated
polyethers, ionomers, urethane resins and functionalised polymers. For clarification:
[0027] Polyester is a polymer composed of dicarboxylic acid and glycol. Examples of suitable
dicarboxylic acids include therephthalic acid, isophthalic acid, naphthalene dicarboxylic
acid and cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid. Examples of suitable glycols include ethylene
glycol, propane diol, butane diol, hexane diol, cyclohexane diol, cyclohexane dimethanol,
neopentyl glycol etc. More than two kinds of dicarboxylic acid or glycol may be used
together.
[0028] Polyolefins include for example polymers or copolymers of ethylene, propylene, 1-butene,
1-pentene, 1-hexene or 1-octene.
[0029] Acrylic resins include for example polymers or copolymers of acrylic acid, methacrylic
acid, acrylic acid ester, methacrylic acid ester or acrylamide.
[0030] Polyamide resins include for example so-called Nylon 6, Nylon 66, Nylon 46, Nylon
610 and Nylon 11.
[0031] Polyvinyl chloride includes homopolymers and copolymers, for example with ethylene
or vinyl acetate.
[0032] Fluorocarbon resins include for example tetrafluorinated polyethylene, trifluorinated
monochlorinated polyethylene, hexafluorinated ethylenepropylene resin, polyvinyl fluoride
and polyvinylidene fluoride.
[0033] Functionalised polymers for instance by maleic anhydride grafting, include for example
modified polyethylenes, modified polypropylenes, modified ethylene acrylate copolymers
and modified ethylene vinyl acetates.
[0034] Mixtures of two or more resins can be used. Further, the resin may be mixed with
anti-oxidant, heat stabiliser, UV absorbent, plasticiser, pigment, nucleating agent,
antistatic agent, release agent, anti-blocking agent, etc. The use of such thermoplastic
polymer coating systems have shown to provide excellent performance in can-making
and use of the can, such as shelf-life.
[0035] According to a second aspect, the invention is embodied in a process for producing
a coated steel substrate for packaging applications, the process comprising the electro-deposition
of a chromium metal - chromium oxide coating on the substrate with the electrolytic
deposition on said substrate of said chromium metal - chromium oxide coating occurring
in a single plating step from a plating solution comprising a trivalent chromium compound,
an optional chelating agent, an optional conductivity enhancing salt, an optional
depolarizer, an optional surfactant and to which an acid or base can be added to adjust
the pH.
[0036] In an embodiment the electro-deposition of the Cr-CrOx coating is achieved by using
an electrolyte in which the chelating agent comprises a formic acid anion, the conductivity
enhancing salt contains an alkali metal cation and the depolarizer comprises a bromide
containing salt.
[0037] In an embodiment the cationic species in the chelating agent, the conductivity enhancing
salt and the depolarizer is potassium. The benefit of using potassium is that its
presence in the electrolyte greatly enhances the electrical conductivity of the solution,
more than any other alkali metal cation, thus delivering a maximum contribution to
lowering of the cell voltage required to drive the electro-deposition process.
[0038] In an embodiment of the invention the composition of the electrolyte used for the
Cr-CrOx deposition was: 120 g/l basic chromium sulphate, 250 g/l potassium chloride,
15 g/l potassium bromide and 51.2 g/l potassium formate. The pH was adjusted to values
between 2.3 and 2.8 measured at 25°C by the addition of sulphuric acid.
[0039] According to the invention the chromium containing coating is preferably deposited
from the trivalent chromium based electrolyte at a bath temperature of between 40
and 70°C, preferably of at least 45°C and/or at most 60°C.
[0040] Surprisingly, it was found that it is possible to electro-deposit a chromium metal
- chromium oxide coating layer from this electrolyte in a single process step. From
prior art, it follows that addition of a buffering agent to the electrolyte, like
e.g. boric acid, is strictly required to enable the electro-deposition of chromium
metal to take place. In addition, it has been reported that it is not possible to
deposit chromium metal and chromium oxide from the same electrolyte, due to this buffering
effect (with a buffering agent being required for the electro-deposition of the chromium
metal but excluding the formation of chromium oxides and vice versa). However, it
was found that no such addition of a buffering agent was required to deposit chromium
metal, provided that a sufficiently high cathodic current density is being applied.
[0041] XPS depth profiles were measured and the peaks that are measured are Fe2p, Cr2p,
O1s, Sn3d, C1s. It was observed that the Cr-layer consists of a mixture of Cr-oxide
and Cr-metal and that the Cr-oxide is not present as a distinct layer on the outermost
surface, but is mixed through the whole layer. This is also indicated by the O-peak
that is present in the whole Cr-layer. In all cases the Cr-CrOx layer has a shiny
metallic appearance.
[0042] It is believed that a certain threshold value for the current density must be exceeded
for the electro-deposition of chromium metal to occur, which is closely linked to
pH at the strip surface reaching certain values as a result of the evolution of hydrogen
gas and the equilibration of various (chelated) poly chromium hydroxide complexes.
It was found that after crossing this threshold value for the current density that
the electro-deposition of the chromium metal - chromium oxide coating layer increases
virtually linearly with increasing current density, as observed with conventional
electro-deposition of metals, following Faraday's law. The actual value for the threshold
current density seems to be closely linked to the mass transfer conditions at the
strip surface: it was observed that this threshold value increases with increasing
mass transfer rates. This phenomenon can be explained by changes in pH values at the
strip surface: at increasing mass transfer rates the supply of hydronium ions to the
strip surface is increased, necessitating an increase in cathodic current density
to maintain a specific pH level (obviously higher than the bulk pH) at the strip surface
under steady-state process conditions. The validity of this hypothesis is supported
by results obtained from experiments in which the pH of the bulk electrolyte was varied
between a value of 2.5 and 2.8: the threshold value for the current density decreases
with increasing pH value.
[0043] Concerning the electro-deposition process of Cr-CrOx coatings from trivalent chromium
based electrolytes, it is important to prevent/minimise the oxidation of trivalent
chromium to its hexavalent state at the anode and a suitable anode or anode material
must be selected. By using a hydrogen gas diffusion anode as described below and in
copending application
EP12193623, the formation of Cr(IV) can be prevented.
[0044] In an embodiment of the invention the formation of Cr(IV) can be prevented by using
one, more or only hydrogen gas diffusion anodes at which hydrogen gas (H
2(g)) is oxidised. H
+ (protons) in an aqueous solution bind to one or more water molecules, e.g. as hydronium
ions (H
3O
+). The oxidation of H
2(g) to H
+(aq) prevents the occurrence of undesirable oxidation reactions, such as the formation
of Cr(IV), which occur at a higher anodic overpotential when using an anode at which
water (H
2O) is oxidised to oxygen (O
2(g)).
[0045] The reaction H
2(g) → 2H
+(aq) + 2e
- occurs at an anode potential of 0.00 V (SHE). The reaction 2H
2O → 4H
+(aq) + O
2(g) + 4e
- occurs at an anode potential of 1.23 V (SHE). When an anode at which water is oxidised
to oxygen is used, then reactions are possible which would not have been possible
when using an anode at which hydrogen gas is oxidised.
[0046] One of such undesirable oxidation reactions is the oxidation of Cr(III) to Cr(VI)
and this oxidation reaction can be completely excluded by using a hydrogen gas diffusion
anode (GDA) at which H
2(g) is oxidised to H
+.
[0047] In an embodiment of the method H
2(g) is oxidised at the gas diffusion anode to H
+(aq) with a current efficiency of at least 99%, preferably of 100%. The higher the
current efficiency, the smaller the likelihood of undesirable side reactions. It is
therefore preferable that the current efficiency is at least 99%, and preferably 100%.
Based on thermodynamic and kinetic considerations it can be argued that using a hydrogen
gas diffusion anode completely eliminates the risk of Cr(III) oxidation as the anode
operating potential is much too low for Cr(III) oxidation to occur.
[0048] Thermodynamically, under standard conditions (i.e. a temperature of 25 °C and a pressure
of 1 atm) an electrode potential of > 0 V is already sufficient for oxidising H
2(g) to H
+(aq), whereas an electrode potential of > 1.23 V is required for oxidising H
2O to O
2(g). Cr(III) can only be oxidised to Cr(VI) when the electrode potential is > 1.35
V.
[0049] The electrode potential is measured against the standard hydrogen electrode. The
standard hydrogen electrode (abbreviated SHE), is a redox electrode which forms the
basis of the thermodynamic scale of oxidation-reduction potentials. Its absolute electrode
potential is estimated to be 4.44 ± 0.02 V at 25 °C, but to form a basis for comparison
with all other electrode reactions, hydrogen's standard electrode potential (E
0) is declared to be zero at all temperatures. Potentials of any other electrodes are
compared with that of the standard hydrogen electrode at the same temperature.
[0050] The prevailing equilibrium (zero current) potential can be calculated from the Nernst
equation by filling in the appropriate temperature, pressure and activities of the
electro-active species. The anode operating (non-zero current) potential needed to
generate a specific anodic current is determined by the activation overpotential (i.e.
the potential difference required for driving the electrode reaction) and the concentration
overpotential (i.e. the potential difference required to compensate for concentration
gradients of electro-active species at the electrode).
[0051] Due to the low anode overpotential required for the oxidation of H
2(g) to H
+(aq), the anode operating potential will always stay far below the value at which
Cr(III) oxidation can take place (see Fig. 4 where the current is plotted against
the anode potential in SHE). Firstly this results in a lower energy consumption of
the electrodeposition process. Secondly, at an anode potential below about 1.35 V
oxidation of Cr(III) to Cr(VI) is not possible (indicated with the crossed through
arrow).
[0052] In an embodiment no depolariser is added to the electrolyte. When a hydrogen gas
diffusion anode is used then the addition of a depolariser to the electrolyte is no
longer needed.
[0053] The use of a hydrogen gas diffusion anode has the added advantage that the use of
a chloride containing electrolyte becomes possible without the risk of chlorine formation.
This chlorine gas is potentially harmful to the environment and to the workers and
is therefore undesirable. This means that in the case of a Cr(III) electrolyte the
electrolyte could be partly or entirely based on chlorides. The advantage of using
a chloride based electrolyte is that the conductivity of the electrolyte is much higher
compared to a sulphate only based electrolyte, which leads to a lower cell voltage
that is required to run the electrodeposition, which results in a lower energy consumption.
[0054] The oxidation reaction of dissolved hydrogen on an active electrocatalyst surface
is a very fast process. As the solubility of hydrogen in a liquid electrolyte is often
low, this oxidation reaction can easily become controlled by mass transfer limitations.
Porous electrodes have been specifically designed to overcome mass transfer limitations.
A hydrogen gas diffusion anode is a porous anode containing a three-phase interface
of hydrogen gas, the electrolyte fluid and a solid electrocatalyst (e.g. platinum)
that has been applied to the electrically conducting porous matrix (e.g. porous carbon
or a porous metal foam). The main advantage of using such a porous electrode is that
it provides a very large internal surface area for reaction contained in a small volume
combined with a greatly reduced diffusion path length from the gas-liquid interface
to the reactive sites. Through this design the mass transfer rate of hydrogen is greatly
enhanced, while the true local current density is reduced at a given overall electrode
current density, resulting in a lower electrode potential.
[0055] A gas diffusion anode assembly to be used in the proposed electrodeposition method,
typically comprises the use of the following functional components (see Fig. 5): a
gas feeding chamber 1, a current collector 2 and a gas diffusion anode, which consists
of an hydrophobic porous gas diffusion transport layer 3 combined with an hydrophilic
reaction layer 4 (see Fig. 5). The latter is made up of a network of micropores that
are (partly) drowned with liquid electrolyte. Optionally, the reaction layer is provided
with a proton exchange membrane on the outside 5, like a Nafion® membrane, to prevent
the diffusion of chemical species (like anions or large neutral molecules) present
in the bulk liquid electrolyte inside the gas diffusion anode, as these compounds
can potentially poison the electrocatalyst sites, causing degradation in electrocatalytic
activity.
[0056] The main function of the gas feeding chamber is to supply hydrogen gas evenly to
the hydrophobic backside of the hydrogen gas diffusion anode. The gas feeding chamber
needs two connections: one to feed hydrogen gas and one to enable purging of a small
amount of hydrogen gas to prevent the build-up of gas phase contaminations potentially
present in trace amounts in the hydrogen gas supplied. The gas feeding chamber often
contains a channel type structure to ensure that hydrogen gas is distributed evenly
over the hydrophobic backside.
[0057] The electrical current collector 2 is (usually) attached to the hydrophobic backside
3 of the hydrogen gas diffusion anode to enable the transport of the electrical current
generated inside the anode to a rectifier (not shown in Fig. 5). This current collector
plate must be designed in such a way to enable the hydrogen gas to contact the backside
of the hydrogen gas diffusion anode so it can be transported to the reactive side
inside the gas diffusion anode. Usually this is accomplished by using an electrically
conductive plate with a large number of holes, a mesh or an expanded metal sheet made
from e.g. titanium.
[0058] The functionality of gas feeding channels and electrical current collector can also
be combined into a single component, which is then pressed against the hydrophobic
back-side of the gas diffusion anode.
[0059] Once the hydrogen gas diffuses through the hydrophobic backside of the hydrogen gas
diffusion anode it comes into contact with the electrolyte, which is present in the
hydrophilic part of the anode, i.e. the reaction layer (see Fig. 5, right hand side).
At the gas-liquid interface (between 3 and 4) the hydrogen gas dissolves into the
electrolyte and is transported by diffusion to the electrocatalytic active sites of
the hydrogen gas diffusion anode. Usually platinum is used as electrocatalyst, but
also other materials like platinum-ruthenium or platinum-molybdenum alloys can be
used. At the electrocatalytic sites the dissolved hydrogen is oxidised: the electrons
that are generated are transported through the conductive matrix of the gas diffusion
anode (usually a carbon matrix) to the current collector 2, while the hydronium ions
(H
+) diffuse through the proton exchange membrane into the electrolyte.
[0060] In an embodiment the coated substrate is further provided on one or both sides with
an organic coating, consisting of a thermosetting organic coating by a lacquering
step, or a thermoplastic single layer, or a thermoplastic multi-layer polymer by a
film lamination step or a direct extrusion step.
[0061] In an embodiment the thermoplastic polymer coating is a polymer coating system comprising
one or more layers comprising the use of thermoplastic resins such as polyesters or
polyolefins, but can also include acrylic resins, polyamides, polyvinyl chloride,
fluorocarbon resins, polycarbonates, styrene type resins, ABS resins, chlorinated
polyethers, ionomers, urethane resins and functionalised polymers; and/or copolymers
thereof; and/or blends thereof.
[0062] Preferably the substrate is cleaned prior to Cr-CrOx electrodeposition by dipping
the substrate in a sodium carbonate solution containing between 1 to 50 g/l of Na
2CO
3 at a temperature of between 35 and 65°C, and wherein the cathodic current density
of between 0.5 and 2 A/dm
2 is applied for a period of between 0.5 and 5 seconds.
[0063] Preferably the sodium carbonate solution containing at least 2 and/or at most 5 g/l
of Na
2CO
3.
[0064] The invention is now further explained by means of the following, nonlimiting examples
and figures.
Example 1 and 2 are not part of the invention.
[0065] Example 1: Sheets of conventional, non-passivated, flow melted tinplate (common steel
grade and temper), with a tin coating weight of 2.8 g Sn/m
2 on both sides, were first given an electrolytic pre-treatment to minimise the tin
oxide layer thickness. This was done by dipping the sheets into a sodium carbonate
solution (3.1 g/l of Na
2CO
3, temperature of 50°C) and applying a cathodic current density of 0.8 A/dm
2 for 2 seconds. After rinsing with de-ionised water, the samples were dipped into
a trivalent chromium electrolyte kept at 50°C composed of: 120 g/l of basic chromium
sulphate, 250 g/l of potassium chloride, 15 g/l of potassium bromide and 51.2 g/l
of potassium formate. The pH of this solution was adjusted to 2.3 measured at 25°C
by adding sulphuric acid. A Cr-CrOx coating containing between 21 - 25 mg Cr/m
2 (measured by XRF) was deposited on the surface by applying a cathodic current density
of 10 A/dm
2 for approximately 1 second, using a platinised titanium anode as counter electrode.
The samples so produced showed a shiny metallic appearance.
[0066] The study the passivating action of the thin Cr-CrOx coating on tinplate, the samples
were subjected to a long-term storage test at 40°C at a static humidity level of 80%
RH. The amount of tin oxide developed on the tinplate surface during storage is then
measured after 2 weeks and after 4 weeks of exposure, and compared to the amount of
tin oxide present on the sample before the storage test (denoted as '0 weeks'). Determination
of tin oxide layer thickness is done using a coulometric method, as described in
S. C. Britton, "Tin vs corrosion", ITRI Publication No. 510 (1975), Chapter 4. The tin oxide layer is reduced by a controlled small cathodic current in a 0.1%
solution of hydrobromic acid (HBr) that is freed from oxygen by scrubbing with nitrogen.
The progress of the reduction of the oxide is followed by potential measurement and
the charge passed for the complete reduction (expressed as Coulomb/m
2 or C/m
2) serves as a measure of the tin oxide layer thickness. The results for the sample
according to Example 1 are presented in Table 1, including the performance of the
reference material, which is the same tinplate material that was passivated using
hexavalent chromium, i.e. so-called 311 passivated tinplate.
Table 1 - Tin oxide layer thickness (in C/m
2)
Storage at 40°C, 80% RH |
ETP-311 (ref) |
ETP - Cr-CrOx according to Example 1 (25 mg/m2 Cr) |
0 weeks |
12 |
11 |
2 weeks |
12 |
12 |
4 weeks |
13 |
11 |
[0067] The results show that non-passivated tinplate treated according to the present invention
to obtain a light Cr-CrOx coating shows perfect stability in tin oxide growth and
is fully comparable in performance to traditional 311 passivated tinplate.
[0068] Example 2: Sheets of conventional, non-passivated, flow melted tinplate (common steel
grade and temper), with a tin coating weight of 2.8 g Sn/m
2 on both sides, were first given an electrolytic pre-treatment to minimise the tin
oxide layer thickness. This was done by dipping the sheets into a sodium carbonate
solution (3.1 g/l of Na
2CO
3, temperature of 50 °C) and applying a cathodic current density of 0.8 A/dm
2 for 2 seconds. After rinsing with de-ionised water, the samples were dipped into
a trivalent chromium electrolyte kept at 50°C composed of: 120 g/l of basic chromium
sulphate, 250 g/l of potassium chloride, 15 g/l of potassium bromide and 51.2 g/l
of potassium formate. The pH of this solution was adjusted to 2.3 measured at 25 °C
by adding sulphuric acid. A Cr-CrOx coating containing between 65 - 75 mg Cr/m
2 (measured by XRF) was deposited on the surface by applying a cathodic current density
of 15 A/dm
2 for approximately 1 second, using a platinised titanium anode as counter electrode.
All samples so produced showed a shiny metallic appearance. A typical SEM image is
shown in Figure 1 & 2, which shows the deposition of very fine grains of chromium
metal - chromium oxide on the tin surface.
[0069] The sheets were subsequently lacquered, applying a commercially available epoxy-anhydride
lacquer system (Vitalure™ 120 supplied by AkzoNobel). Subsequently, the lacquered
sheets were locally deformed by Erichsen cupping.
[0070] To analyse the performance of the chromium - chromium oxide coated tinplate several
sterilisation tests were done to assess the wet adhesion performance on flat and deformed
material. In total 5 different sterilisation media were used during these tests, as
shown in Table 2.
Table 2 - Conditions of sterilisation tests
Type |
Sterilisation medium |
Temperature [°C] |
Time [min] |
Saline |
3.6 wt% NaCl |
121 |
90 |
Acetic acid |
1 wt% CH3COOH |
121 |
90 |
Cysteine |
3.56 g/l KH2PO4 + 7.22 g/l Na2HPO4.2H2O + 0.5 g/l C3H7NO2S.HCl.H2O (in buffer solution, pH=7) |
121 |
90 |
Salt-Acid |
18.7 g/l NaCl + 30 g/l CH3COOH |
121 |
60 |
Lactic acid |
22.5 g/l C3H6O3 |
121 |
60 |
[0071] After sterilisation the level of lacquer adhesion of the panels was evaluated (by
the Cross-cut and tape test (ISO 2409:1992(E)), blister formation (size and number
of blisters) and visual discolouration. The overall results are presented in Table
3, including the performance of the reference material, which is the same tinplate
material that was passivated using hexavalent chromium, i.e. so-called 311 passivated
tinplate. The performance ranking is on a scale from 0 to 5, with 0 being an excellent
performance and 5 a very bad performance. The results are averaged over a number of
observations, leading to scores with a decimal value.
Table 3 - Results of lacquer adhesion tests
|
Sterilisation type |
ETP-311 (ref) |
ETP - Cr-CrOx |
Flat |
Saline |
2 |
1.5 |
Acetic acid |
4 |
1.5 |
Cysteine |
1 |
1 |
Salt-Acid |
5 |
1 |
Lactic acid |
3 |
2 |
Dome |
Saline |
2 |
1 |
Acetic acid |
3.5 |
1.5 |
Cysteine |
4.5 |
0.5 |
Salt-Acid |
4 |
0.5 |
Lactic acid |
3 |
2.5 |
[0072] The inventors found that the tinplate variant manufactured according to the invention
performed consistently equal or better compared to the standard tinplate that is passivated
using hexavalent chromium (i.e. the reference). Striking is the fact that no sulphur
staining was found for the material according to the invention, which is difficult
to achieve with conventional passivated tinplate and notoriously difficult to achieve
with alternative passivations for tinplate that are free of hexavalent chromium.
[0073] Example 3: A coil of blackplate (common steel grade and temper), not containing any
metal coating, was treated in a processing line running at a line speed of 20 m/min.
The processing sequence started with alkaline cleaning of the steel by running the
strip for approximately 10 seconds through a solution containing 30 ml/l of a commercial
cleaner (Percy P3) and 40 g/l of NaOH, which was kept at 60 °C. During cleaning of
the strip an anodic current density of 1.3 A/dm
2 was applied. After rinsing with de-ionised water, the steel strip was passed through
an acid solution for approximately 10 seconds, to activate the surface. The acid solution
consisted of 50 g/l H
2SO
4, which was kept at 25 °C. After rinsing with de-ionised water, the steel strip was
passed into an electroplating tank containing the trivalent chromium based electrolyte
kept at 50°C. This electrolyte consisted of: 120 g/l of basic chromium sulphate, 250
g/l of potassium chloride, 15 g/l of potassium bromide and 51.2 g/l of potassium formate.
The pH of this solution was adjusted to 2.3 measured at 25 °C by adding sulphuric
acid. The electroplating tank contained a set of anodes consisting of platinised titanium.
During processing of the strip a cathodic current density of approximately 17 A/dm
2 was applied for just over 1 second to electro-deposit a chromium-chromium oxide coating
of 60 - 70 mg Cr/m
2 (measured by XRF) onto the blackplate surface. All samples so produced showed a shiny
metallic appearance. A typical SEM image is shown in Figure 1 and 2, which shows the
deposition of very fine grains of chromium metal - chromium oxide on the steel surface.
[0074] The material so produced, was passed through a coating line to apply a commercially
available 20 micrometer thick PET film, through heat sealing. After film lamination,
the coated strip was post-heated to temperatures above the melting point of PET, and
subsequently quenched in water at room temperature, as per a usual processing method
for the PET lamination of metals. The same procedure was followed for the manufacturing
of reference material, using a commercially produced coil of ECCS.
[0075] The laminated materials were used to produce standard food DRD cans (211 x 400).
In all cases the dry adhesion of the PET film to the can wall was excellent. This
was confirmed by measuring the T-peel forces of the PET film on the can wall, which
showed similar values for the PET film applied to both the material according to the
invention and commercial ECCS (∼ 7 N/15 mm).
[0076] The DRD cans were subsequently filled with different media, closed and exposed to
a sterilisation treatment. Some cans were processed that contained a scratch made
on the can wall, to simulate and observe the effect of incidental coating damage.
An overview of the type of sterilisation tests done is presented in Table 4.
Table 4 - Conditions of sterilisation tests
Type |
Sterilisation medium |
Temperature [°C] |
Time [min] |
Saline |
3.6 wt% NaCl |
121 |
60 |
Acetic acid |
1 wt% CH3COOH |
121 |
60 |
Cysteine |
3.56 g/l KH2PO4 + 7.22 g/l Na2HPO4.2H2O + 0.5 g/l C3H7NO2S.HCl.H2O (in buffer solution, pH=7) |
130 |
60 |
[0077] After the sterilisation treatment the DRD cans were cooled to room temperature, emptied,
rinsed and dried for one day. The bottom and can wall were judged visually on the
presence of corrosion spots and blisters. The results, as presented in Table 5, show
that the sterilisation performance of the material according to the invention is in
general somewhat less compared to the ECCS reference. The material seems especially
more susceptible to corrosion/coating delamination after coating damage. However,
these sterilisation tests are quite severe, so in practice the material according
to the invention can be used in specifically selected applications involving sterilisation.
[0078] The performance ranking is on a scale from 0 to 5, with 0 being an excellent performance
and 5 a very bad performance.
Table 5 - Results of sterilisation tests
Sterilisation type |
ECCS (ref) |
BP + Cr-CrOx |
Saline |
1 (1)* |
1 (4)* |
Acetic acid |
1 |
3 |
Cysteine |
0 |
0 |
* Symbol in brackets relates to DRD cans with a scratch on the can wall. |
[0079] Example 4: A coil of blackplate (common steel grade and temper), not containing any
metal coating, was treated in a processing line identical to that described in the
previous example to apply a Cr-CrOx coating.
[0080] The sheets cut from this coil were subsequently lacquered, applying a commercially
available epoxy-phenol lacquer system (VitalureTM 345 supplied by AkzoNobel). Subsequently,
the lacquered sheets were locally deformed by Erichsen cupping.
[0081] To analyse the performance of the chromium - chromium oxide coated blackplate several
sterilisation tests were done to assess the wet adhesion performance on flat and deformed
material. In total 5 different sterilisation media were used during these tests, as
shown in Table 6.
Table 6 - Conditions of sterilisation tests
Type |
Sterilisation medium |
Temperature [°C] |
Time [min] |
Saline |
3.6 wt% NaCl |
121 |
60 |
Acetic acid |
1 wt% CH3COOH |
121 |
60 |
Cysteine |
3.56 g/l KH2PO4 + 7.22 g/l Na2HPO4.2H2O + 0.5 g/l C3H7NO2S.HCl.H2O (in buffer solution, pH=7) |
130 |
60 |
Salt-Acid |
18.7 g/l NaCl + 30 g/l CH3COOH |
121 |
60 |
Lactic acid |
22.5 g/l C3H6O3 |
100 |
30 |
[0082] After sterilisation the panels were evaluated with respect to the level of lacquer
adhesion (by the Cross-cut and tape test (ISO 2409:1992(E))), blister formation (size
and number of blisters) and visual discolouration. The overall results are presented
in Table 7, including the performance of the reference material, for which commercially
available ECCS was used. The performance ranking is on a scale from 0 to 5, with 0
being an excellent performance and 5 a very bad performance.
Table 7 - Results of sterilisation tests
|
Sterilisation type |
ECCS (ref) |
BP + Cr-CrOx |
Flat |
Saline |
0 |
0 |
Acetic acid |
0 |
0 |
Cysteine |
0 |
0 |
Salt-Acid |
0 |
0 |
Lactic acid |
0 |
0 |
Dome |
Saline |
0 |
0 |
Acetic acid |
5 |
4 |
Cysteine |
0 |
0 |
Salt-Acid |
0 |
0 |
Lactic acid |
0 |
0 |
[0083] The inventors found that the Cr-CrOx coated blackplate material manufactured according
to the invention performed consistently similar to conventional ECCS.
Brief description of drawings:
[0084]
Fig. 1 and 2 show typical SEM images, which show the deposition of very fine grains
of chromium metal-chromium oxide onto the surface. Figure 1 relates to a tinplate
substrate and figure 2 relates to a blackplate substrate.
Figure 3 shows an overview of various packaging applications. On the X-axis are packaging
steel grades, and on the Y-axis a typical thickness range is shown for these applications
for which the packaging steel substrate according to the invention could be used.
Figure 4 shows where the current is plotted against the anode potential in SHE and
Figure 5 shows a schematic drawing of a gas diffusion anode.
1. Process for producing a coated steel substrate for packaging applications by depositing
a chromium metal - chromium oxide coating on the substrate for packaging applications
containing
1. a recrystallisation annealed single or double reduced packaging steel blackplate,
or
2. a cold-rolled and recovery annealed blackplate,
comprising electrolytically depositing on said substrate said chromium metal - chromium
oxide coating in a single process step from a plating solution comprising a mixture
of a trivalent chromium compound, a chelating agent, an optional conductivity enhancing
salt, an optional depolarizer, an optional surfactant, to which an acid or base is
optionally added to adjust the pH, wherein the plating solution does not contain a
buffering agent, and wherein a sufficiently high cathodic current density is being
applied to deposit chromium metal.
2. Process according to claim 1 wherein the chelating agent comprises a formic acid anion,
the conductivity enhancing salt contains an alkali metal cation and the depolarizer
comprises a bromide containing salt.
3. Process according to any one of claims 1 to 2 wherein the cationic species in the
chelating agent, the conductivity enhancing salt and the depolarizer is potassium.
4. Process according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the electrolytic deposition
deposits a chromium metal - chromium oxide layer on the blackplate containing a total
chromium content of at least 20 mg/m2, preferably at least 40 mg/m2 and more preferably at least 60 mg/m2.
5. Process according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the electrolytic deposition
deposits a chromium metal - chromium oxide layer on the blackplate containing a total
chromium content of at least 20 mg/m2 and at most 140 mg/m2, preferably at most 110 mg/m2.
6. Process according to any one of claims 1 to 5 wherein the coated substrate is further
provided on one or both sides with an organic coating, consisting of a thermosetting
organic coating by a lacquering step, or a thermoplastic single layer, or a thermoplastic
multi-layer polymer by a film lamination step or a direct extrusion step, preferably
wherein the thermoplastic polymer coating is a polymer coating system comprising one
or more layers comprising thermoplastic resins such as polyesters or polyolefins,
acrylic resins, polyamides, polyvinyl chloride, fluorocarbon resins, polycarbonates,
styrene type resins, ABS resins, chlorinated polyethers, ionomers, urethane resins
and functionalised polymers; and/or copolymers thereof; and/or blends thereof.
7. Process according to any one of claims 1 to 6 wherein the organic coating consists
of a thermoplastic single or multi-layer polymer coating, wherein the thermoplastic
polymer coating is a polymer coating system comprising one or more layers comprising
polyester and/or copolymers thereof and/or blends thereof.
8. Process according to any one of claims 1 to 5 wherein the coated substrate is further
provided with an organic coating, consisting of a thermoset organic coating.
9. Process according to any one of the claims 1 to 8 wherein an anode is chosen that
reduces or eliminates the oxidation of Cr(III) ions to Cr(VI) ions during the plating
step, such as a hydrogen gas diffusion anode.
10. Coated steel substrate for packaging applications containing
1. a recrystallisation annealed single or double reduced packaging steel blackplate,
or
2. a cold-rolled and recovery annealed blackplate,
wherein one or both sides of the substrate is coated with a chromium metal - chromium
oxide coating layer produced in a single process step from a trivalent chromium electroplating
process from a plating solution comprising a mixture of a trivalent chromium compound,
a chelating agent, an optional conductivity enhancing salt, an optional depolarizer,
an optional surfactant, to which an acid or base is optionally added to adjust the
pH, wherein the plating solution does not contain a buffering agent, wherein a sufficiently
high cathodic current density is being applied to deposit chromium metal,
wherein the chromium metal - chromium oxide layer contains a chromium content of at
least 40 mg/m
2, and a total chromium content of at most 140 mg/m
2, wherein the Cr-CrOx layer consists of a mixture of Cr-oxide and Cr-metal and wherein
the Cr-oxide is not present as a distinct layer on the outermost surface, but mixed
through the Cr-CrOx layer, and wherein the Cr-CrOx coating is applied directly onto
the blackplate packaging steel substrate.
11. Coated substrate for packaging applications according to claim 10 wherein the chromium
metal - chromium oxide layer contains a chromium content of at least 60 mg/m2.
12. Coated substrate for packaging applications according to claim 10 or 11, wherein the
coated substrate is further provided with an organic coating consisting of a thermoplastic
single layer coating, or of a thermoplastic multi-layer polymer coating, preferably
wherein the thermoplastic polymer coating is a polymer coating system comprising one
or more layers comprising thermoplastic resins such as polyesters or polyolefins,
acrylic resins, polyamides, polyvinyl chloride, fluorocarbon resins, polycarbonates,
styrene type resins, ABS resins, chlorinated polyethers, ionomers, urethane resins
and functionalised polymers.
13. Coated substrate for packaging applications according to any one of claims 10 to 12
wherein the organic coating consists of a thermoplastic single or multi-layer polymer
coating, wherein the thermoplastic polymer coating is a polymer coating system comprising
one or more layers comprising polyester and/or copolymers thereof and/or blends thereof.
14. Coated substrate for packaging applications according to claim 10 or 11 wherein the
coated substrate is further provided with an organic coating, consisting of a thermoset
organic coating.
15. Coated substrate for packaging applications according to any one of claims 10 to 14
wherein the chromium metal - chromium oxide layer contains a total chromium content
of at most 110 mg/m2.
1. Verfahren zum Produzieren eines beschichteten Stahlsubstrats für Verpackungsanwendungen
durch Abscheiden einer Chrommetall-Chromoxid-Beschichtung auf dem Substrat für Verpackungsanwendungen,
enthaltend:
1. ein rekristallisationsgeglühtes einfach- oder doppelreduziertes Verpackungsstahl-Feinstblech
oder
2. ein kaltgewalztes und erholungsgeglühtes Feinstblech,
beinhaltend elektrolytisches Abscheiden auf dem genannten Substrat der genannten Chrommetall-Chromoxid-Beschichtung
in einem einzelnen Verfahrensschritt aus einer Plattierungslösung, beinhaltend ein
Gemisch aus einer trivalenten Chromverbindung, einem Chelatbildner, einem optionalen
leitfähigkeitserhöhenden Salz, einem optionalen Depolarisator, einem optionalen Tensid,
der optional eine Säure oder Base hinzugefügt wird, um den pH-Wert anzupassen, wobei
die Plattierungslösung kein Puffermittel enthält und wobei eine ausreichend hohe kathodische
Stromdichte angewandt wird, um Chrommetall abzuscheiden.
2. Verfahren gemäß Anspruch 1, wobei der Chelatbildner ein Ameisensäureanion enthält,
das leitfähigkeitserhöhende Salz ein Alkalimetallkation enthält und der Depolarisator
ein bromidenthaltendes Salz enthält.
3. Verfahren gemäß einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 2, wobei die kationische Spezies in dem
Chelatbildner, dem leitfähigkeitserhöhenden Salz und dem Depolarisator Kalium ist.
4. Verfahren gemäß einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, wobei die elektrolytische Abscheidung
eine Chrommetall-Chromoxid-Lage auf dem Feinstblech abscheidet, enthaltend einen Gesamtchromgehalt
von mindestens 20 mg/m2, bevorzugt mindestens 40 mg/m2 und bevorzugter mindestens 60 mg/m2.
5. Verfahren gemäß einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, wobei die elektrolytische Abscheidung
eine Chrommetall-Chromoxid-Lage auf dem Feinstblech abscheidet, enthaltend einen Gesamtchromgehalt
von mindestens 20 mg/m2 und höchstens 140 mg/m2 , bevorzugt höchstens 110 mg/m2.
6. Verfahren gemäß einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 5, wobei das beschichtete Substrat ferner
auf einer oder beiden Seiten mit einer organischen Beschichtung versehen wird, bestehend
aus einer duroplastischen, organischen Beschichtung, durch einen Lackierungsschritt,
oder einem thermoplastischen Einzellagen- oder einem thermoplastischen Multilagen-Polymer,
durch einen Folienkaschierungsschritt oder einen Direktextrusionsschritt, wobei die
thermoplastische Polymerbeschichtung bevorzugt ein Polymerbeschichtungssystem ist,
beinhaltend eine oder mehrere Lagen, beinhaltend thermoplastische Harze, wie etwa
Polyester oder Polyolefine, Acrylharze, Polyamide, Polyvinylchlorid, Fluorcarbonharze,
Polycarbonate, Styrol-Typ-Harze, ABS-Harze, chlorierte Polyether, Ionomere, Urethanharze
und funktionalisierte Polymere; und/oder Copolymere davon; und/oder Mischungen davon.
7. Verfahren gemäß einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 6, wobei die organische Beschichtung aus
einer thermoplastischen Einzel- oder Multilagen-Polymerbeschichtung besteht, wobei
die thermoplastische Polymerbeschichtung ein Polymerbeschichtungssystem ist, beinhaltend
eine oder mehrere Lagen, beinhaltend Polyester und/oder Copolymere davon und/oder
Mischungen davon.
8. Verfahren gemäß einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 5, wobei das beschichtete Substrat ferner
mit einer organischen Beschichtung versehen wird, bestehend aus einer organischen
Duroplast-Beschichtung.
9. Verfahren gemäß einem der Ansprüche1 bis 8, wobei eine Anode gewählt wird, die die
Oxidation von Cr(III)-Ionen bis Cr(VI)-Ionen während des Plattierungsschritts reduziert
oder eliminiert, wie etwa eine Wasserstoffgas-Diffusionsanode.
10. Beschichtetes Stahlsubstrat für Verpackungsanwendungen, enthaltend:
1. ein rekristallisationsgeglühtes einfach- oder doppelreduziertes Verpackungsstahl-Feinstblech
oder
2. ein kaltgewalztes und erholungsgeglühtes Feinstblech,
wobei eine oder beide Seiten des Substrats mit einer Chrommetall-Chromoxid-Beschichtungslage
beschichtet wird/werden, produziert in einem einzelnen Verfahrensschritt aus einem
Elektroplattierungsverfahren mit trivalentem Chrom aus einer Plattierungslösung, beinhaltend
ein Gemisch aus einer trivalenten Chromverbindung, einem Chelatbildner, einem optionalen
leitfähigkeitserhöhenden Salz, einem optionalen Depolarisator, einem optionalen Tensid,
der optional eine Säure oder Base hinzugefügt wird, um den pH-Wert anzupassen, wobei
die Plattierungslösung kein Puffermittel enthält, wobei eine ausreichend hohe kathodische
Stromdichte angewandt wird, um Chrommetall abzuscheiden,
wobei die Chrommetall-Chromoxid-Lage einen Chromgehalt von mindestens 40 mg/m
2 und einen Gesamtchromgehalt von höchstens 140 mg/m
2 enthält, wobei die Cr-CrOx-Lage aus einer Mischung aus Cr-Oxid und Cr-Metall besteht
und wobei das Cr-Oxid auf der äußersten Fläche nicht als eigene Lage vorliegt, sondern
durch die Cr-CrOx-Lage durchgemischt ist, und wobei die Cr-CrOx-Beschichtung direkt
auf dem Feinstblech-Verpackungsstahl-Substrat angewandt wird.
11. Beschichtetes Substrat für Verpackungsanwendungen gemäß Anspruch 10, wobei die Chrommetall-Chromoxid-Lage
einen Chromgehalt von mindestens 60 mg/m2 enthält.
12. Beschichtetes Substrat für Verpackungsanwendungen gemäß Anspruch 10 oder 11, wobei
das beschichtete Substrat ferner mit einer organischen Beschichtung versehen wird,
bestehend aus einer thermoplastischen Einzellagen-Beschichtung oder aus einer thermoplastischen
Multilagen-Polymer-Beschichtung, wobei die thermoplastische Polymerbeschichtung bevorzugt
ein Polymerbeschichtungssystem ist, beinhaltend eine oder mehrere Lagen, beinhaltend
thermoplastische Harze, wie etwa Polyester oder Polyolefine, Acrylharze, Polyamide,
Polyvinylchlorid, Fluorcarbonharze, Polycarbonate, Styrol-Typ-Harze, ABS-Harze, chlorierte
Polyether, Ionomere, Urethanharze und funktionalisierte Polymere.
13. Beschichtetes Substrat für Verpackungsanwendungen gemäß einem der Ansprüche 10 bis
12, wobei die organische Beschichtung aus einer thermoplastischen Einzel- oder Multilagen-Polymerbeschichtung
besteht, wobei die thermoplastische Polymerbeschichtung ein Polymerbeschichtungssystem
ist, beinhaltend eine oder mehrere Lagen, beinhaltend Polyester und/oder Copolymere
davon und/oder Mischungen davon.
14. Beschichtetes Substrat für Verpackungsanwendungen gemäß Anspruch 10 oder 11, wobei
das beschichtete Substrat ferner mit einer organischen Beschichtung versehen wird,
bestehend aus einer organischen Duroplast-Beschichtung.
15. Beschichtetes Substrat für Verpackungsanwendungen gemäß einem der Ansprüche 10 bis
14, wobei die Chrommetall-Chromoxid-Lage einen Gesamtchromgehalt von höchstens 110
mg/m2 enthält.
1. Procédé de production d'un substrat en acier revêtu destiné à des applications d'emballage
en déposant un revêtement de chrome métal - oxyde de chrome sur le substrat destiné
à des applications d'emballage contenant
1. un fer noir d'acier d'emballage à simple ou double réduction recuit de recristallisation,
ou
2. un fer noir laminé à froid et recuit de récupération,
comprenant le dépôt électrolytique sur ledit substrat dudit revêtement de chrome métal
- oxyde de chrome dans une seule étape de procédé à partir d'une solution de plaquage
comprenant un mélange d'un composé chrome trivalent, un agent de chélation, un sel
améliorant la conductivité facultatif, un dépolarisant facultatif, un tensioactif
facultatif, auquel un acide ou une base est facultativement ajouté pour ajuster le
pH, dans lequel la solution de plaquage ne contient pas d'agent tampon, et dans lequel
une densité de courant cathodique suffisamment élevée est appliquée pour déposer le
chrome métal.
2. Procédé selon la revendication 1 dans lequel l'agent de chélation comprend un anion
d'acide formique, le sel améliorant la conductivité contient un cation de métal alcalin
et le dépolarisant comprend un sel contenant du bromure.
3. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 2 dans lequel l'espèce cationique
dans l'agent de chélation, le sel améliorant la conductivité et le dépolarisant est
le potassium.
4. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes dans lequel le dépôt
électrolytique dépose une couche de chrome métal - oxyde de chrome sur le fer noir
contenant une teneur totale en chrome d'au moins 20 mg/m2, préférablement au moins 40 mg/m2 et plus préférablement au moins 60 mg/m2.
5. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes dans lequel le dépôt
électrolytique dépose une couche de chrome métal - oxyde de chrome sur le fer noir
contenant une teneur totale en chrome d'au moins 20 mg/m2 et au plus 140 mg/m2, préférablement au plus 110 mg/m2.
6. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 5 dans lequel le substrat revêtu
est pourvu en outre sur un côté ou les deux côtés d'un revêtement organique, constitué
par un revêtement organique thermodurcissable par une étape de laquage, ou une couche
unique thermoplastique, ou un polymère multicouche thermoplastique par une étape de
laminage de film ou une étape d'extrusion directe, préférablement dans lequel le revêtement
polymère thermoplastique est un système de revêtement polymère comprenant une ou plusieurs
couches comprenant des résines thermoplastiques telles que des polyesters ou des polyoléfines,
des résines acryliques, des polyamides, du chlorure de polyvinyle, des résines de
fluorocarbone, des polycarbonates, des résines de type styrène, des résines ABS, des
polyéthers chlorés, des ionomères, des résines d'uréthane, et des polymères fonctionnalisés
; et/ou des copolymères de ceux-ci ; et/ou des mélanges de ceux-ci.
7. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 6 dans lequel le revêtement
organique est constitué par un revêtement polymère thermoplastique simple couche ou
multicouche, dans lequel le revêtement polymère thermoplastique est un système de
revêtement polymère comprenant une ou plusieurs couches comprenant du polyester et/ou
des copolymères de celui-ci et/ou des mélanges de celui-ci.
8. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 5 dans lequel le substrat revêtu
est pourvu en outre d'un revêtement organique, constitué d'un revêtement organique
thermodurci.
9. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 8 dans lequel une anode est
choisie qui réduit ou élimine l'oxydation d'ions Cr(III) en ions Cr(VI) pendant l'étape
de plaquage, telle qu'une anode de diffusion de gaz hydrogène.
10. Substrat en acier revêtu destiné à des applications d'emballage contenant
1. un fer noir d'acier d'emballage à simple ou double réduction recuit de recristallisation,
ou
2. un fer noir laminé à froid et recuit de récupération,
dans lequel un côté ou les deux côtés du substrat sont revêtus avec une couche de
revêtement de chrome métal - oxyde de chrome produite dans une seule étape de procédé
à partir d'un procédé de plaquage électrolytique de chrome trivalent à partir d'une
solution de plaquage comprenant un mélange d'un composé chrome trivalent, un agent
de chélation, un sel améliorant la conductivité facultatif, un dépolarisant facultatif,
un tensioactif facultatif, auquel un acide ou une base est facultativement ajouté
pour ajuster le pH, dans lequel la solution de plaquage ne contient pas d'agent tampon,
dans lequel une densité de courant cathodique suffisamment élevée est appliquée pour
déposer le chrome métal,
dans lequel la couche de chrome métal - oxyde de chrome contient une teneur en chrome
d'au moins 40 mg/m
2, et une teneur totale en chrome d'au plus 140 mg/m
2, dans lequel la couche de Cr-CrOx est constituée par un mélange d'oxyde de Cr et
de Cr métal et dans lequel l'oxyde de Cr n'est pas présent comme une couche distincte
sur la surface la plus extérieure, mais mélangé à travers la couche de Cr-CrOx, et
dans lequel le revêtement de Cr-CrOx est appliqué directement sur le substrat en acier
d'emballage de fer noir.
11. Substrat revêtu destiné à des applications d'emballage selon la revendication 10 dans
lequel la couche de chrome métal - oxyde de chrome contient une teneur en chrome d'au
moins 60 mg/m2.
12. Substrat revêtu destiné à des applications d'emballage selon la revendication 10 ou
11, dans lequel le substrat revêtu est pourvu en outre d'une couche organique constituée
par un revêtement thermoplastique simple couche, ou un revêtement polymère thermoplastique
multicouche, préférablement dans lequel le revêtement polymère thermoplastique est
un système de revêtement polymère comprenant une ou plusieurs couches comprenant des
résines thermoplastiques telles que des polyesters ou des polyoléfines, des résines
acryliques, des polyamides, du chlorure de polyvinyle, des résines de fluorocarbone,
des polycarbonates, des résines de type styrène, des résines ABS, des polyéthers chlorés,
des ionomères, des résines d'uréthane, et des polymères fonctionnalisés.
13. Substrat revêtu destiné à des applications d'emballage selon l'une quelconque des
revendications 10 à 12 dans lequel le revêtement organique est constitué d'un revêtement
polymère thermoplastique simple couche ou multicouche, dans lequel le revêtement polymère
thermoplastique est un système de revêtement polymère comprenant une ou plusieurs
couches comprenant du polyester et/ou des copolymères de celui-ci et/ou des mélanges
de celui-ci.
14. Substrat revêtu destiné à des applications d'emballage selon la revendication 10 ou
11 dans lequel le substrat revêtu est pourvu en outre d'un revêtement organique, constitué
par un revêtement organique thermodurci.
15. Substrat revêtu destiné à des applications d'emballage selon l'une quelconque des
revendications 10 à 14 dans lequel la couche de chrome métal - oxyde de chrome contient
une teneur totale en chrome d'au plus 110 mg/m2.