Field of the invention
[0001] The invention relates to a building element suitable for forming a wall of a building,
comprising, in a position of use:
- a bottom surface,
- a top surface positioned at a distance from the bottom surface,
- a first pair of opposite side surfaces, spaced-apart in a length direction,
- a second pair of opposite side surfaces, spaced-apart in a width direction, connecting
the first pair of side surfaces,
- wherein the first and second pairs of side surfaces connect the top surface and the
bottom surface,
- a central through-hole extending substantially vertically from the top surface to
the bottom surface, the central through-hole having a circumferential surface being
substantially impermeable to fluid concrete to be poured into the central through-hole,
- a side through-hole extending substantially vertically from the top surface to the
bottom surface, parallel to the central through-hole, having a width in width direction
smaller than a width of the central through-hole.
[0002] The invention also relates to an assembly of two or more of such building elements,
a wall comprising one or more of such building elements or assemblies of building
elements, a building comprising such a wall and a method for constructing a wall of
a building using such building elements.
Background of the invention
[0003] It is known in the art to construct walls or buildings by assembling building elements.
These building elements may comprise sandstone blocks, bricks, et cetera and can be
connected to form a wall e.g. by means of conventional masonry or otherwise.
[0004] Such a building element can be provided with the mentioned through-hole, allowing
for the bottom surface of one building element to be placed on the top surface of
another building element in such a way that the through-hole of the one building element
is aligned with the through-hole of the other building element, thereby forming a
continuous through-hole. This continuous through-hole can subsequently be filled with
concrete such that a rigid column is formed. On top of that concrete column a further
structure such as a floor or a roof can be placed (although intermediate steps may
have to be performed).
[0005] Due to the concrete column forming the load bearing structure, the material for the
building element (being essentially non-lead bearing) can be selected from a wide
range of building materials as the constructive demands pertaining to the building
element are lower: it is merely used to provide insulating properties to the building
element and not to provide substantial constructive strength. The function of the
building elements is essentially to constitute the formwork for the (cast) concrete
columns. The preceding features allow the building element to be produced locally,
decreasing cost.
[0006] Such a building element allows for fast and cost-effective construction: the building
elements can be assembled in a relatively short time span because the formation of
the actual load bearing structure in the form of the concrete columns takes only a
relatively small amount of time. Additionally, local construction personnel require
only a minimal amount of instruction to start using the building elements.
[0007] Furthermore, the concrete column of the building element can be provided with so-called
'side wings' to improve sound insulation. The side wings are usually made of concrete
and formed at the same time as the concrete column, i.e. in a single concrete pouring
step.
NL 2 009 796 C discloses such a building element according to the preamble of claim 1.
[0008] The inventor has found, however, that a severe disadvantage of the known way of forming
side wings is that the building element has a tendency to tearing and cracking at
the transition from the concrete column to the side wings. This is especially the
case when the building element comprises expanded polystyrene (EPS) as its main construction
material.
[0009] It is therefore an object of the invention to provide a building element suitable
for forming a wall of a building having a concrete column and side wings during use,
wherein cracking and tearing at the transition from the concrete column to the side
wings is prevented.
Summary of the invention
[0010] Hereto the building element suitable for forming a wall of a building is characterized
in that the circumference of the side through-hole is positioned at a horizontal distance
from the circumference of the central through-hole, such that the side through-hole
is substantially fluidly isolated from the central through-hole along a height of
the central through-hole, wherein between the top surface and the bottom surface a
sideways fluid connection (i.e. substantially horizontal) is present between the central
through-hole and the side through-hole for allowing fluid concrete poured into the
central through-hole to enter the side through-hole, a height of the fluid connection
being at most 20%, preferably at most 10% or even at most 5% of a height of the central
through-hole.
[0011] The inventor has found during experiments that the above measures solve the problem
of cracking and tearing at the transition from the central column to the side wings.
This is probably due to a reduced weight and/or contact area of fluid concrete pressing
against the main material of the building element during the concrete pouring step.
The protection conferred by the attached set of claims, however, does not depend on
the validity of this theory. At the same time sufficient exchange of fluid concrete
is realized between the central through-hole and the side through-hole.
[0012] Preferably, the building element has a brick-like shape. These brick-like building
elements are cheap to manufacture and easy to stack. The central through-hole preferably
has a substantially circular cross-section.
[0013] An embodiment relates to an aforementioned building element, wherein the horizontal
distance is at most 5-10 cm. The inventor has found from practice that this distance
provides an optimal balance between sound proofness (i.e. preventing sound from traveling
through the gap between the central through-hole) and ease of construction of the
side column in the side through-hole, i.e. the ease with which the fluid concrete
enters the side through-hole during the concrete pouring step.
[0014] An embodiment relates to an aforementioned building element, wherein in the length
direction a length of the side through-hole is larger than the width of the side through-hole
in the width direction, wherein a cross-sectional area of the side-through-hole is
at most 50% of the cross-sectional area of the central through-hole. The inventor
has found that more than sufficient sound insulation can be achieved by doing so,
without needing excessive amounts of concrete.
[0015] An embodiment relates to an aforementioned building element, wherein two side through-holes
are provided at opposite sides of the central through-hole. Thus, less central concrete
column are needed, since each concrete column fluidly connects to two side through-holes.
This also allows the two side though-holes to be filled with fluid concrete in a single
concrete pouring step.
[0016] An embodiment relates to an aforementioned building element, wherein a width of the
fluid connection is smaller than or equal to the width of the side through-hole. The
inventor has found this relatively small width of the fluid connection provides the
best resistance to cracking and tearing.
[0017] An embodiment relates to an aforementioned building element, wherein the fluid connection
is embodied by a groove or channel provided at the bottom surface or the top surface
of the building element. Thus, no additional drilling of holes is needed to create
the sideways fluid connection. The top or bottom surface can be conveniently used
as a(n upper or lower) delimitation for the sideways fluid connection.
[0018] An embodiment relates to an aforementioned building element, wherein the groove or
channel is formed by a dam-like protrusion, extending upwardly from the top surface,
having a U-like shape when seen from above, the side through-hole being positioned
in a concave part of the U-shape, wherein legs of the U-shape extend to the circumference
of the central through-hole, such that fluid concrete poured into the central through-hole
is guided towards the side through-hole by the dam-like protrusion. At the same time,
the protrusion may be used advantageously to accurately position another building
element on top of the building element.
[0019] An embodiment relates to an aforementioned building element, wherein a height of
the dam-like protrusion is 1-5 cm. The inventor has found that this height allows
sufficient fluid concrete flow through the sideways fluid connection.
[0020] An embodiment relates to an aforementioned building element, wherein the width of
the side through-hole is at most 50%, more preferably at most 40%, even more preferably
at most 30%, most preferably at most 25% of the width of the central through-hole.
Sufficient sound proofness is achieved in this way, without needing excessive mounts
of concrete.
[0021] An embodiment relates to an aforementioned building element, wherein the top surface
is provided with one or more rows of protrusions extending along the intersection
of the top surface and the second pair of side surfaces for connecting to one or more
corresponding rows of recesses comprised by a bottom surface of a further building
element to be placed on top of the building element. Thus, accurate positioning can
be achieved, especially for creating a proper fluid-tight fluid connection at the
upper surface of the building element.
[0022] An embodiment relates to an aforementioned building element, comprising expanded
polystyrene (EPS). EPS has good insulation properties, with respect to sound insulation
as well as thermal insulation and, in most countries, can be produced locally. Furthermore,
it has low density thus decreasing the weight of the final structure. Another advantage
is that the EPS used is fire/flame retardant. A yet further advantage is that EPS
is not susceptible to rot or problems relating to fungus deposits. Preferably, the
EPS has a volumetric mass of 20 kg/m3. More preferably, the heat conduction coefficient
is about 0,038 W/m.K. Even more preferably, the compressive strength/stiffness is
about 100 kPa at a deformation of 10%. Most preferably, the EPS also has a deflective
strength of 150 kPa. Other light-weight materials can, however, also be used, especially
materials having a relatively low density of for instance lower than 50 kg/m3, such
a lower than 40 kg/m3, more preferably lower than 30 kg/m3, most preferably 20 kg/m3
or lower.
[0023] An embodiment concerns an aforementioned building element, wherein a lower surface
of the sideways fluid connection is downwardly sloped in a direction from the central
through-hole to the side through-hole. Thus, fluid concrete is encouraged to flow
from the central through-hole into the side through-hole. At the same time, the pressure
exerted by the fluid concrete on the main material of the building element is lowered,
further preventing crack formation.
[0024] Preferably, the slope with respect to the vertical is 30-60°, for instance around
45°.
[0025] The invention also relates to an assembly of two or more aforementioned building
elements, wherein the bottom surface of one building element is placed on the top
surface of another building element in such a way that the central through-hole of
the one building element is aligned with the central through-hole of the other building
element, thereby forming a continuous central through-hole and the side through-hole
of the one building element is aligned with the side through-hole of the other building
element, thereby forming a continuous side through-hole. This assembly of building
elements facilitates the creation of a central concrete column to be formed in the
continuous through-hole and a side concrete column to be formed in the continuous
side through-hole.
[0026] An embodiment relates to an aforementioned assembly, wherein the continuous central
through-hole is filled with concrete forming a central concrete column extending through
the building elements and the continuous side through-hole is filled with concrete
forming a side concrete column extending through the building elements.
[0027] An embodiment relates to an aforementioned assembly, wherein the central concrete
column comprises reinforcement in longitudinal direction of the central column, whereas
the side concrete column is reinforcement-free. This saves substantial amounts of
reinforcement material, since the inventor has found that in practice only the central
concrete column will be used to absorb axial (vertical) construction forces. The inventor
has found that 3-5 reinforcement rods running in the longitudinal direction of the
concrete column, more preferably 4 rods, provides optimal strength.
[0028] The invention also relates to a wall comprising one or more aforementioned building
elements or assemblies of building elements.
[0029] An embodiment relates to an aforementioned wall, wherein an outer surface of the
wall is provided with a covering layer comprising a resin mortar or a loam, the layer
having a thickness of at most 3 cm, preferably at most 2 cm. This covering layer provides
a good basis for applying a finishing layer, which can be of any type, such as a simple
layer of paint, a layer of wood or stone strips. Preferably, a wire gauze or wire
mesh, for instance comprising glass fibers, is distributed over the wall surface to
facilitate attachment and strength of the covering layer. If desired, a layer of mineral
mortar can be put on top of the layer of resin mortar. The inventor has found the
stated thickness to be optimal for connecting the covering layer thereto.
[0030] An embodiment relates to an aforementioned wall, wherein the side concrete column
is provided with one or more anchorings projecting transversely from the concrete
column and connecting to one or more layers of plaster on the covering layer. For
durable attachment to the wall, the one or more layers of plaster is connected to
anchorings attached to the concrete columns.
[0031] An embodiment furthermore concerns an aforementioned wall, comprising a window frame,
wherein, when a groove or channel is present in the top surface or the bottom surface
of the building element, a horizontal concrete supporting beam is formed in the groove
or channel of the building element, wherein the concrete supporting beam is arranged
underneath a lower horizontal bar of the window frame when the groove or channel is
formed in the top surface of the building element, or the supporting beam is arranged
on top of an upper horizontal bar of the window frame, when the groove or channel
is formed in the bottom surface of the building element.
[0032] The invention also relates to a method for constructing a wall of a building using
aforementioned building elements, comprising the following steps:
- placing the bottom surface of one building element on the top surface of another building
element,
- aligning the central through-hole of the one building element with the through-hole
of the other building element, thereby forming a continuous central through-hole,
and aligning the side through-hole of the one building element with the side through-hole
of the other building element, thereby forming a continuous side through-hole,
- repeating the previous steps until the desired wall height is achieved,
- filling the continuous central through-hole with concrete such that a central concrete
column and a side concrete column are formed.
[0033] An embodiment relates to an aforementioned method, furthermore comprising the step
of inserting reinforcement into the continuous central through-hole in the longitudinal
direction of the continuous through-hole, whereas the continuous side through-hole
remains reinforcement-free, before filling the continuous central through-hole with
concrete.
[0034] The Dutch patent publication
NL 2.009.796 C discloses a building block similar to the one disclosed in the present patent application.
However, problems related to tearing and cracking are particularly prevalent with
this building element.
[0035] The British patent publication
GB 2.472.068 A discloses a wall structure formed by insulating blocks. The blocks are provided with
multiple vertical through-holes to be filled with concrete, and sideways connection
channels to connect the vertical through-holes. As opposed to the present invention,
the sideways channels of
GB 2.472.068 A extend along the full height/length of the through-holes.
Brief description of the drawings
[0036] Embodiments of a building comprising building elements according to the invention,
as well as embodiments of a wall and an assembly of such building elements, will by
way of non-limiting example be described in detail with reference to the accompanying
drawings. In the drawings:
Figure 1 shows an embodiment of a building comprising building elements according
to the invention;
Figure 2 shows an assembly in perspective view of multiple buildings blocks according
to the invention;
Figure 3 shows a perspective cut-away view of a building element 7 according to the
invention;
Figure 4a shows a top view of an embodiment of a building element according to the
invention;
Figure 4b shows a side view of a cross-sectional plane of an embodiment of a building
element according to the invention;
Figure 4c shows a front view of an embodiment of a building element according to the
invention;
Figure 5 shows a cross-section of an assembly of building elements in side view;
Figure 6 shows an embodiment, wherein a building element is shown that is to be used
as corner element of a wall; and
Figure 7 shows building elements according to the invention used in conjunction with
a window frame.
Detailed description of the invention
[0037] Figure 1 shows an embodiment of a building 1 comprising building elements 7, 8 according
to the invention. Figure 1 shows a perspective view of a building 1 positioned on
a piece of land 2 having front walls and side surfaces, of which only one front wall
5 and one side wall 4 are visible. In front of the front wall 5 three roof support
columns 3 are arranged for supporting a roof 6 near the front wall 5. Please note
that when the exemplary building is seen in top view, the roof extends past all side
walls, not just the front wall 5. The roof support columns 3 are also constructed
using the building elements 7. Although a specific building type is shown in figure
1, comprising the building elements 7, the person skilled in the art will understand
that many building types can be realized with the building elements 7 according to
the invention. The embodiment of the building element according to the invention is
denoted by reference numeral 7 in figures 1-7. A variant of the building element 7
having half the height of that building element 7 is indicated by reference numeral
8. Please note that the building element according to the invention can be used in
an endless variety of building designs. Furthermore, the corner of the building is
preferably to be formed by using corner building elements as depicted in figure 6,
which will lead to a building corner structure slightly different from the one shown
in figure 1.
[0038] Figure 2 shows an assembly 14 in perspective view of multiple buildings blocks 7
according to the invention. The building elements 7 are arranged in three layers L1,
L2 and L3, staggered along by a length Lb of half a building element 7. The length
of a typical building element 7 as shown is for instance 1-2 m, whereas the typical
height Hb is 0.25 - 1 m and the typical width Wb is 10-40 cm, preferably around 30
cm. The building elements 7 as shown each comprise a bottom surface 18, a parallel
top surface 17 and four side surfaces, of which two side surfaces are longitudinal
side surfaces 21 and two side surfaces are transversal side surfaces 19. Each building
element 7 as shown is provided with two central through-holes 10 having a cylindrical
shape. The inner circumferential wall 20 of a central through-hole 10 forms an outer
surface of a respective building element 7. The building element 7 preferably comprises
expanded polystyrene (EPS) or a similar light-weight material having a relatively
low density. The central through-holes 10 of the building elements 7 in the different
layers L1-L3 are aligned to form single, continuous through-holes 16. In each continuous
through-hole 16 a concrete column 13 is present. The concrete columns 13 are reinforced
with reinforcement rods 11. However, the skilled person will understand that other
types of concrete, especially reinforced concrete with different types of reinforcement,
are also conceivable.
[0039] Furthermore, the building elements 7 are provided with two parallel rows of protrusions
12 on their top surfaces, these protrusions 12 being designed for engaging two rows
of recesses of building elements 7 in the layer above the layer in which the respective
building element 7 is arranged.
[0040] The central through-holes 10 have a circumferential surface 20 being substantially
impermeable to fluid concrete to be poured into the central through-hole 10. As can
be seen, a side through-hole 9 extends substantially vertically from the top surface
17 to the bottom surface 18, parallel to the central through-hole 10, having a width
in width direction smaller than a width of the central through-hole 10. Preferably,
each central through-hole 10 is accompanied by a side through-hole 9, or more preferably
a pair thereof. Each side through-hole 19 comprises a side concrete column 30. Preferably,
the central concrete column 13 comprises reinforcement cables or wires 11 in longitudinal
direction, such as 3-8, for instance 4.
[0041] Figure 3 shows a perspective cut-away view of a building element 7 according to the
invention. Figure 4a shows a top view of an embodiment of a building element 7 according
to the invention. Figure 4b shows a side view of an embodiment of a building element
7 according to the invention. Figure 5 shows a cross-section of an assembly of building
elements in side view.
[0042] In figure 4b a section plane PS is shown dividing the building element 7 in two substantially
symmetrical portions. Between the section plane PS and both transversal side surfaces
19 two central through-holes 10 are arranged, each central through-hole 10 being accompanied
by two opposite side through-holes 9. Each central through-hole 10 is arranged halfway
between the section plane PS and the respective transversal side surface 19 to facilitate
the staggering along by half a building element's length (i.e. at a length of 1/4L
and 3/4L to facilitate staggering of 1/2L).
[0043] As shown in figures 3-5, according to the invention, the circumference 24 of the
side through-hole 9 is positioned at a horizontal distance d from the circumference
of the central through-hole 10, such that the side through-hole 9 is substantially
fluidly isolated from the central through-hole 10 along a height Hc of the central
through-hole 10. Somewhere between (or at) the top surface 17 and the bottom surface
18 the sideways fluid connection 27 is present. The sideways fluid connection 27 between
the central through-hole 10 and the side through-hole 9 allows fluid concrete poured
into the central through-hole 10 to enter the side through-hole 9 to form a side concrete
column 30. A height Hfc of the fluid connection 27 therein is at most 20%, preferably
at most 10% of a height of the central through-hole 10 in a building element 7. The
horizontal distance d preferably is at most 5-10 cm.
[0044] The length direction a length Ls of the side through-hole 9 is larger than the width
Ws of the side through-hole 9 in the width direction, wherein a cross-sectional area
of the side-through-hole 9 is at most 50% of the cross-sectional area of the central
through-hole 10. A width Wfc of the fluid connection is preferably smaller than or
equal to the width Ws of the side through-hole 9. The fluid connection 27 can be embodied
by a groove or channel 28 provided at the bottom surface 18 or the top surface 17
of the building element 7. The lower surface of the fluid connection 27 may be downwardly
sloped in a direction from the central through-hole 10 to the side through-hole 9,
having a slope of for instance 30-60°, for instance around 45° with respect to the
vertical. Thus, fluid concrete is encouraged to flow from the central through-hole
10 into the side through-hole 9. At the same time, the pressure exerted by the fluid
concrete on the main material of the building element 7 is lowered, further preventing
crack formation.
[0045] Therein, the groove or channel 28 can be formed by a dam-like protrusion 29, extending
upwardly from the top surface 17. The dam-like protrusion 29 may have a U-like shape
when seen from above. The side through-hole 9 is preferably positioned in a concave
part of the U-shape, wherein legs of the U-shape extend to the circumference 20 of
the central through-hole 10, such that fluid concrete poured into the central through-hole
10 is guided towards the side through-hole 9 by the dam-like protrusion and the groove
28. The height Hd of the dam-like protrusion is for instance 1-5 cm.
[0046] The width Ws of the side through-hole 9 is preferably at most 50%, more preferably
at most 40%, even more preferably at most 30%, most preferably at most 25% of the
width Wc of the central through-hole 10.
[0047] Figure 4c shows a front view of an embodiment of a building element 7 according to
the invention. The top surface is provided with a raised part 25 extending in the
viewing direction, which simultaneously forms or comprises the dam-like protrusion
29. The bottom surface 18 is provided with a groove 26. When placing one building
element 7 on top of another building element 7, the raised part/groove 25, 26 construction
significantly simplifies positioning. Analogously, the transversal side surfaces 19
may be provided with a vertical groove 34, or a pair of vertical grooves 34, wherein
an adjacent building element is provided with a corresponding elongated protrusion
35.
[0048] Figure 6 shows an embodiment, wherein another exemplary embodiment of a building
element is shown that is to be used as corner element of a wall. In principle, the
only thing being different from the previous embodiment is that a pair of corner side
through-holes 9 are placed at an angle of around 90° with respect to each other in
the actual corner, resembling an L-shape when seen from above. The central through-hole
10, positioned in the corner, is fluidly connected to both perpendicular side through-holes
9. Preferably, the corner element of figure 6 is to be used in the building shown
in figure 1.
[0049] Figure 7 shows another advantageous aspect of using the building element 7 according
to the invention. Figure 7 shows the situation around a window frame 32. When the
building element 7 is provided below the window frame 32, i.e. supports the window
frame 32, a longitudinal recess can be provided in the top surface thereof, i.e. running
parallel to the respective beam of the window frame. The longitudinal recess can be
advantageously filled with concrete to form a supporting beam 33 as shown. This can
be done simultaneously with the filling of the central-through-hole of the building
element, i.e. in a single filling step. Analogously, a building element can be provided
on top of the window frame 32 having a recess in its bottom surface. During the filling
of the central through-hole of this building element with fluid concrete, a supporting
beam 33 will be formed on top of the window frame 32. Instead of a window frame, the
above may also apply to other types of frames, such a door frames, or in general to
a frame having a lower and/or an upper horizontal beam.
[0050] Thus, the invention has been described by reference to the embodiments discussed
above. It will be recognized that the embodiments are susceptible to various modifications
and alternative forms well known to those of skill in the art without departing from
the scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. Accordingly, although
specific embodiments have been described, these are examples only and are not limiting
upon the scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
Reference numerals
[0051]
- 1.
- Building
- 2.
- Ground
- 3.
- Roof support column
- 4.
- Building side surface
- 5.
- Building front wall
- 6.
- Roof
- 7.
- Building element (block)
- 8.
- Building element (1/2 height)
- 9.
- Side through-hole
- 10.
- Central through-hole
- 11.
- Reinforcement rod
- 12.
- Protrusion
- 13.
- Concrete column
- 14.
- Assembly of building elements
- 15.
- Recess
- 16.
- Continuous central through-hole
- 17.
- Building element top surface
- 18.
- Building element bottom surface
- 19.
- Building element transversal side surface
- 20.
- Central through-hole circumferential wall
- 21.
- Building element longitudinal side surface
- 22.
- -
- 23.
- -
- 24.
- Circumference of the side-through-hole
- 25.
- Raised part
- 26.
- Groove
- 27.
- Sideways fluid connection
- 28.
- Fluid channel
- 29.
- Dam-like protrusion
- 30.
- Side concrete column
- 31.
- Continuous side through-hole
- 32.
- Window frame
- 33.
- Supporting beam
- 34.
- Vertical groove in transversal side surface
- 35.
- Vertical protrusion in transversal side surface
- Ws
- = width of side through-hole in width direction
- Wc
- = width of central through-hole in width direction
- Hc
- = height of the central through-hole
- Hfc
- = height fluid connection
- Wfc
- = width of fluid connection
- Ls
- = length side through-hole
- Hd
- = height of dam-like protrusion
- d
- = horizontal distance
1. Building element (7) suitable for forming a wall (3, 4, 5) of a building (1), comprising,
in a position of use:
- a bottom surface (18),
- a top surface (17) positioned at a distance (Hb) from the bottom surface (18),
- a first pair of opposite side surfaces (19), spaced-apart in a length direction
(X),
- a second pair of opposite side surfaces (21), spaced-apart in a width direction
(Y), connecting the first pair of side surfaces, wherein the first and second pairs
of side surfaces connect the top surface (17) and the bottom surface (18),
- a central through-hole (10) extending substantially vertically from the top surface
(17) to the bottom surface (18), the central through-hole (10) having a circumferential
surface (20) being substantially impermeable to fluid concrete to be poured into the
central through-hole (10),
- a side through-hole (9) extending substantially vertically from the top surface
(17) to the bottom surface (18), parallel to the central through-hole (10), having
a width (Ws) in width direction smaller than a width (Wc) of the central through-hole,
characterized in that the circumference (24) of the side through-hole is positioned at a horizontal distance
(d) from the circumference of the central through-hole (10), such that the side through-hole
is substantially fluidly isolated from the central through-hole along a height (He)
of the central through-hole, wherein between the top surface and the bottom surface
a sideways fluid connection (27) is present between the central through-hole and the
side through-hole for allowing fluid concrete poured into the central through-hole
to enter the side through-hole, a height (Hfc) of the fluid connection being at most
20%, preferably at most 10% of a height of the central through-hole.
2. Building element (7) according to claim 1 or 2, wherein in the length direction a
length (Ls) of the side through-hole is larger than the width (Ws) of the side through-hole
in the width direction, wherein a cross-sectional area of the side-through-hole is
at most 50% of the cross-sectional area of the central through-hole.
3. Building element (7) according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein two side
through-holes are provided at opposite sides of the central through-hole.
4. Building element (7) according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein a width
(Wfc) of the fluid connection is smaller than or equal to the width (Ws) of the side
through-hole.
5. Building element (7) according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the fluid
connection is embodied by a groove or channel (28) provided at the bottom surface
or the top surface of the building element.
6. Building element (7) according to claim 5, wherein the groove or channel is formed
by a dam-like protrusion (29), extending upwardly from the top surface, having a U-like
shape when seen from above, the side through-hole being positioned in a concave part
of the U-shape, wherein legs of the U-shape extend to the circumference of the central
through-hole, such that fluid concrete poured into the central through-hole is guided
towards the side through-hole by the dam-like protrusion.
7. Building element (7) according to any one of the preceding claims, when dependent
on claim 3, wherein the width (Ws) of the side through-hole is at most 50%, more preferably
at most 40%, even more preferably at most 30%, most preferably at most 25% of the
width (Wc) of the central through-hole.
8. Building element (7) according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the top
surface (17) is provided with one or more rows of protrusions (12) extending along
the intersection of the top surface and the second pair of side surfaces (21) for
connecting to one or more corresponding rows of recesses (15) comprised by a bottom
surface (18) of a further building element (7) to be placed on top of the building
element (7).
9. Building element (7) according to one of the preceding claims, wherein a lower surface
of the sideways fluid connection (27) is downwardly sloped in a direction from the
central through-hole (10) to the side through-hole (9).
10. Assembly (14) of two or more building elements (7) according to any one of the preceding
claims, wherein the bottom surface (18) of one building element (7) is placed on the
top surface (17) of another building element (7) in such a way that the central through-hole
(10) of the one building element (7) is aligned with the central through-hole (10)
of the other building element (7), thereby forming a continuous central through-hole
(16) and the side through-hole (9) of the one building element (7) is aligned with
the side through-hole (9) of the other building element (7), thereby forming a continuous
side through-hole (31).
11. Assembly (14) according to claim 10, wherein the continuous central through-hole (16)
is filled with concrete forming a central concrete column (13) extending through the
building elements (7) and the continuous side through-hole (31) is filled with concrete
forming a side concrete column (30) extending through the building elements (7).
12. Assembly (14) according to claim 11, wherein the central concrete column (13) comprises
reinforcement (11) in longitudinal direction of the central column (13), whereas the
side concrete column (30) is reinforcement-free.
13. Wall (3, 4, 5) comprising one or more building elements (7) or assemblies (14) of
building elements (7) according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein an outer
surface of the wall is provided with a covering layer comprising a resin mortar or
a loam, the layer having a thickness of at most 3 cm, preferably at most 2 cm.
14. Wall (3, 4, 5) according to claim 13, when dependent on claim 9, wherein the side
concrete column (30) is provided with one or more anchorings projecting transversely
from the concrete column and connecting to one or more layers of plaster on the covering
layer.
15. Method for constructing a wall (3, 4, 5) of a building (1) using building elements
(7) according to any one of the claims 1-9, comprising the following steps:
- placing the bottom surface (18) of one building element (7) on the top surface (17)
of another building element (7),
- aligning the central through-hole (10) of the one building element (7) with the
through-hole (10) of the other building element (7), thereby forming a continuous
central through-hole (16), and aligning the side through-hole of the one building
element with the side through-hole of the other building element, thereby forming
a continuous side through-hole,
- repeating the previous steps until the desired wall height is achieved,
- filling the continuous central through-hole (16) with concrete such that a central
concrete column (13) and a side concrete column (30) are formed.
1. Bauelement (7), das zum Bilden einer Wand (3, 4, 5) eines Gebäudes (1) geeignet ist,
wobei das Bauelement in einer Gebrauchsposition aufweist:
- eine Bodenfläche (18),
- eine Deckfläche (17), die in einem Abstand (Hb) von der Bodenfläche (18) angeordnet
ist,
- ein erstes Paar gegenüberliegende Seitenflächen (19), die in einer Längsrichtung
(X) beabstandet angeordnet sind,
- ein zweites Paar gegenüberliegende Seitenflächen (21), die in einer Breitenrichtung
(Y) beabstandet angeordnet sind und das erste Paar Seitenflächen verbinden, wobei
das erste und zweite Paar Seitenflächen die Deckfläche (17) und die Bodenfläche (18)
verbinden,
- ein zentrales Durchgangsloch (10), das sich im Wesentlichen vertikal von der Deckfläche
(17) zur Bodenfläche (18) erstreckt, wobei das zentrale Durchgangsloch (10) eine Umfangsfläche
(20) aufweist, die im Wesentlichen undurchlässig für Flüssigbeton ist, der in das
zentrale Durchgangsloch (10) gegossen werden soll,
- ein seitliches Durchgangsloch (9), das sich im Wesentlichen vertikal von der Deckfläche
(17) zur Bodenfläche (18) und parallel zum zentralen Durchgangsloch (10) erstreckt,
mit einer Breite (Ws) in Breitenrichtung, die kleiner ist als eine Breite (Wc) des
zentralen Durchgangslochs,
dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Rand (24) des seitlichen Durchgangslochs in einem horizontalen Abstand (d) vom
Rand des zentralen Durchgangslochs (10) angeordnet ist, so dass das seitliche Durchgangsloch
entlang einer Höhe (Hc) des zentralen Durchgangslochs im Wesentlichen fluidisch von
dem zentralen Durchgangsloch isoliert ist, wobei zwischen der Deckfläche und der Bodenfläche
eine seitliche Fluidverbindung (27) zwischen dem zentralen Durchgangsloch und dem
seitlichen Durchgangsloch vorgesehen ist, so dass in das zentrale Durchgangsloch gegossener
Flüssigbeton in das seitliche Durchgangsloch eintreten kann, wobei eine Höhe (Hfc)
der Fluidverbindung höchstens 20%, vorzugsweise höchstens 10% einer Höhe des zentralen
Durchgangslochs beträgt.
2. Bauelement (7) nach Anspruch 1, wobei eine Länge (Ls) des seitlichen Durchgangslochs
in der Längsrichtung größer ist als die Breite (Ws) des seitlichen Durchgangslochs
in der Breitenrichtung, wobei eine Querschnittsfläche des seitlichen Durchgangslochs
höchstens 50% der Querschnittsfläche des zentralen Durchgangslochs beträgt.
3. Bauelement (7) nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, wobei zwei seitliche Durchgangslöcher
an gegenüberliegenden Seiten des zentralen Durchgangslochs angeordnet sind.
4. Bauelement (7) nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, wobei eine Breite (Wfc) der
Fluidverbindung kleiner oder gleich der Breite (Ws) des seitlichen Durchgangslochs
ist.
5. Bauelement (7) nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, wobei die Fluidverbindung
in Form einer Nut oder eines Kanals (28) ausgebildet ist, die an der Bodenfläche oder
der Deckfläche des Bauelements angeordnet ist.
6. Bauelement (7) nach Anspruch 5, wobei die Nut oder der Kanal durch einen dammartigen
Vorsprung (29) gebildet ist, der sich von der Deckenfläche nach oben erstreckt und
von oben gesehen eine U-ähnliche Form aufweist, wobei das seitliche Durchgangsloch
in einem konkaven Teil der U-Form positioniert ist, wobei sich die Schenkel der U-Form
bis zum Rand des zentralen Durchgangslochs erstrecken, so dass in das zentrale Durchgangsloch
gegossener Fluidbeton durch den dammartigen Vorsprung zur seitlichen Durchgangsöffnung
geführt wird.
7. Bauelement (7) nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, wenn abhängig von Anspruch
3, wobei die Breite (Ws) des seitlichen Durchgangslochs höchstens 50%, stärker bevorzugt
höchstens 40%, noch stärker bevorzugt höchstens 30%, am stärksten bevorzugt höchstens
25% der Breite (Wc) des zentralen Durchgangslochs beträgt.
8. Bauelement (7) nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, wobei die Deckfläche (17)
mit einer oder mehreren Reihen von Vorsprüngen (12) versehen ist, die entlang der
Schnittfläche der Deckfläche und des zweiten Paares von Seitenflächen (21) angeordnet
sind, um mit einer oder mehreren entsprechenden Reihen von Aussparungen (15) einer
Bodenfläche (18) eines weiteren Bauelements (7) verbunden zu werden, das auf das Bauelement
(7) aufgesetzt werden soll.
9. Bauelement (7) nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, wobei eine untere Oberfläche
der seitlichen Fluidverbindung (27) in einer Richtung von dem zentralen Durchgangsloch
(10) zu dem seitlichen Durchgangsloch (9) abwärts geneigt ausgebildet ist.
10. Baugruppe (14) aus zwei oder mehreren Bauelementen (7) nach einem der vorhergehenden
Ansprüche, wobei die Bodenfläche (18) eines Bauelements (7) derart auf der Deckfläche
(17) eines anderen Bauelements (7) angeordnet ist, dass das zentrale Durchgangsloch
(10) des einen Bauelements (7) mit dem zentralen Durchgangsloch (10) des anderen Bauelements
(7) übereinstimmt und dadurch ein durchgehendes zentrales Durchgangsloch (16) bildet
und das seitliche Durchgangsloch (9) des einen Bauelements (7) mit dem seitlichen
Durchgangsloch (9) des anderen Bauelements (7) übereinstimmt und dadurch ein durchgehendes
seitliches Durchgangsloch (31) bildet.
11. Baugruppe (14) nach Anspruch 10, wobei das durchgehende zentrale Durchgangsloch (16)
mit Beton gefüllt ist, der eine zentrale Betonsäule (13) bildet, die sich durch die
Bauelemente (7) erstreckt, und das durchgehende seitliche Durchgangsloch (31) mit
Beton gefüllt ist, der eine seitliche Betonsäule (30) bildet, die sich durch die Bauelemente
(7) erstreckt.
12. Baugruppe (14) nach Anspruch 11, wobei die zentrale Betonsäule (13) eine Verstärkung
(11) in Längsrichtung der zentralen Säule (13) aufweist, während die seitliche Betonsäule
(30) verstärkungsfrei ausgebildet ist.
13. Wand (3, 4, 5), die ein oder mehrere Bauelemente (7) oder Baugruppen (14) von Bauelementen
(7) nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche aufweist, worin eine Außenfläche der Wand
mit einer Deckschicht versehen ist, die einen Harzmörtel oder einen Lehm aufweist,
wobei die Schicht eine Dicke von höchstens 3 cm, vorzugsweise höchstens 2 cm aufweist.
14. Wand nach Anspruch 13, wenn abhängig von Anspruch 9, wobei die seitliche Betonsäule
(30) mit einer oder mehreren Verankerungen versehen ist, die quer zu der Betonsäule
vorstehen und mit einer oder mehreren Putzschichten auf der Deckschicht verbunden
sind.
15. Verfahren zum Herstellen einer Wand (3, 4, 5) eines Gebäudes (1) unter Verwendung
von Bauelementen (7) nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 9, mit folgenden Schritten:
- Platzieren der Bodenfläche (18) eines Bauelements (7) auf der Deckfläche (17) eines
anderen Bauelements (7),
- Ausrichten des zentralen Durchgangslochs (10) des einen Bauelements (7) mit dem
Durchgangsloch (10) des anderen Bauelements (7), wodurch ein durchgehendes zentrales
Durchgangsloch (16) gebildet wird, und Ausrichten des seitlichen Durchgangslochs des
einen Bauelements mit dem seitlichen Durchgangsloch des anderen Bauelements, wodurch
ein durchgehendes seitliches Durchgangsloch gebildet wird,
- Wiederholen des vorherigen Schrittes, bis die gewünschte Wandhöhe erreicht ist,
- Füllen des durchgehenden zentralen Durchgangslochs (16) mit Beton, so dass eine
zentrale Betonsäule (13) und eine seitliche Betonsäule (30) gebildet werden.
1. Élément de construction (7) approprié pour former un mur (3, 4, 5) d'un bâtiment (1),
comprenant, dans une position d'utilisation :
- une surface inférieure (18),
- une surface supérieure (17) située à une distance (Hb) de la surface inférieure
(18),
- une première paire de surfaces latérales (19) opposées, espacées dans le sens de
la longueur (X),
- une deuxième paire de surfaces latérales (21) opposées, espacées dans le sens de
la largeur (Y), reliant la première paire de surfaces latérales, les première et deuxième
paires de surfaces latérales reliant la surface supérieure (17) et la surface inférieure
(18),
- un trou traversant central (10) s'étendant sensiblement verticalement de la surface
supérieure (17) à la surface inférieure (18), le trou traversant central (10) comportant
une surface circonférentielle (20) étant sensiblement imperméable au béton fluide
devant être versé dans le trou traversant central (10),
- un trou traversant latéral (9) s'étendant sensiblement verticalement de la surface
supérieure (17) à la surface inférieure (18), parallèlement au trou traversant central
(10), ayant une largeur (Ws) dans le sens de la largeur inférieure à une largeur (Wc)
du trou traversant central, caractérisé en ce que la circonférence (24) du trou traversant latéral est située à une distance horizontale
(d) de la circonférence du trou traversant central (10), de manière que le trou traversant
latéral soit sensiblement isolé de manière fluidique du trou traversant central le
long d'une hauteur (Hc) du trou traversant central, où, entre la surface supérieure
et la surface inférieure est présente une connexion de fluide latérale (27) entre
le trou traversant central et le trou traversant latéral pour permettre au béton fluide
versé dans le trou traversant central de pénétrer dans le trou traversant latéral,
une hauteur (Hfc) de la connexion de fluide représentant au plus 20 %, de préférence
au plus 10 %, d'une hauteur du trou traversant central.
2. Élément de construction (7) selon la revendication 1 ou 2, dans lequel, dans le sens
de la longueur, une longueur (Ls) du trou traversant latéral est supérieure à la largeur
(Ws) du trou traversant latéral dans le sens de la largeur, dans lequel une section
transversale du trou traversant latéral représente au plus 50 % de la section transversale
du trou traversant central.
3. Élément de construction (7) selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes,
dans lequel deux trous traversants latéraux sont prévus sur les côtés opposés du trou
traversant central.
4. Élément de construction (7) selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes,
dans lequel une largeur (Wfc) de la connexion de fluide est inférieure ou égale à
la largeur (Ws) du trou traversant latéral.
5. Élément de construction (7) selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes,
dans lequel la connexion de fluide est réalisée par une gorge ou un canal (28) se
trouvant au niveau de la surface inférieure ou la surface supérieure de l'élément
de construction.
6. Élément de construction (7) selon la revendication 5, dans lequel la gorge ou le canal
est formé par une saillie de type barrage (29), s'étendant vers le haut depuis la
surface supérieure, ayant la forme d'un U lorsque vue de dessus, le trou traversant
latéral étant situé dans une partie concave de la forme en U, les jambages du U s'étendant
jusqu'à la circonférence du trou traversant central, de manière que le béton fluide
versé dans le trou traversant central soit guidé vers le trou traversant latéral par
la saillie de type barrage.
7. Élément de construction (7) selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes,
lorsque dépendante de la revendication 3, dans lequel la largeur (Ws) du trou traversant
latéral représente au plus 50 %, de préférence au plus 40 %, davantage de préférence
au plus 30 %, de manière hautement préférée au plus 25 %, de la largeur (Wc) du trou
traversant central.
8. Élément de construction (7) selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes,
dans lequel la surface supérieure (17) est pourvue d'une ou de plusieurs rangées de
saillies (12) s'étendant le long de l'intersection de la surface supérieure et la
deuxième paire de surfaces latérales (21) pour connexion à une ou plusieurs rangées
correspondantes d'évidements (15) contenues par une surface inférieure (18) d'un élément
de construction (7) supplémentaire devant être placé sur le dessus de l'élément de
construction (7).
9. Élément de construction (7) selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes,
dans lequel une surface inférieure de la connexion de fluide latérale (27) est inclinée
vers le bas dans une direction du trou traversant central (10) au trou traversant
latéral (9).
10. Ensemble (14) de deux ou plus de deux éléments de construction (7) selon l'une quelconque
des revendications précédentes, dans lequel la surface inférieure (18) d'un élément
de construction (7) est placée sur la surface supérieure (17) d'un autre élément de
construction (7) de manière que le trou traversant central (10) du premier élément
de construction (7) soit aligné avec le trou traversant central (10) de l'autre élément
de construction (7), grâce à quoi est formé un trou traversant central continu (16)
et le trou traversant latéral (9) du premier élément de construction (7) est aligné
avec le trou traversant latéral (9) de l'autre élément de construction (7), grâce
à quoi est formé un trou traversant latéral continu (31).
11. Ensemble (14) selon la revendication 10, dans lequel le trou traversant central continu
(16) est rempli de béton formant une colonne de béton centrale (13) s'étendant à travers
les éléments de construction (7) et le trou traversant latéral continu (31) est rempli
de béton formant une colonne de béton latérale (30) s'étendant à travers les éléments
de construction (7).
12. Ensemble (14) selon la revendication 11, dans lequel la colonne de béton centrale
(13) comprend un renfort (11) dans la direction longitudinale de la colonne centrale
(13), tandis que la colonne de béton latérale (30) est dépourvue de renfort.
13. Mur (3, 4, 5) comprenant un ou plusieurs éléments de construction (7) ou ensembles
(14) d'éléments de construction (7) selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes,
dans lequel une surface externe du mur est pourvue d'une couche de couverture comprenant
un mortier de résine ou un limon, la couche ayant une épaisseur d'au plus 3 cm, de
préférence d'au plus 2 cm.
14. Mur (3, 4, 5) selon la revendication 13, lorsque dépendante de la revendication 9,
dans lequel la colonne de béton latérale (30) est pourvue d'un ou de plusieurs ancrages
faisant saillie transversalement depuis la colonne de béton et se raccordant à une
ou plusieurs couches de plâtre sur la couche de couverture.
15. Procédé pour construire un mur (3, 4, 5) d'un bâtiment (1) en utilisant des éléments
de construction (7) selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 9, comprenant les
étapes suivantes :
- placer la surface inférieure (18) d'un élément de construction (7) sur la surface
supérieure (17) d'un autre élément de construction (7),
- aligner le trou traversant central (10) du premier élément de construction (7) avec
le trou traversant (10) de l'autre élément de construction (7) de manière à former
un trou traversant central continu (16), et aligner le trou traversant latéral du
premier élément de construction avec le trou traversant latéral de l'autre élément
de construction, de manière à former un trou traversant latéral continu,
- répéter les étapes précédentes jusqu'à ce que la hauteur de mur souhaitée soit atteinte,
- remplir le trou traversant central continu (16) de béton de manière qu'une colonne
de béton centrale (13) et une colonne de béton latérale (30) soient formées.