|
(11) | EP 3 524 709 A1 |
| (12) | EUROPEAN PATENT APPLICATION |
| published in accordance with Art. 153(4) EPC |
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (54) | NITRIDED COMPONENT AND METHOD FOR PRODUCING SAME |
| (57) A nitrided part excellent in bending straightening ability plus rotating bending
fatigue strength and a method of production of the same, the nitrided part having
a steel material having a predetermined chemical composition as a material, wherein
the nitrided part comprises a compound layer formed on the surface of the steel material,
the compound layer containing iron, nitrogen, and carbon, and a thickness of the compound
layer being 3 µm to less than 15 µm; a phase structure in the compound layer in a
range from the surface down to a depth of 5 µm contains γ' phases in an area ratio
of 50% or more, a pore area ratio in a range from the surface down to a depth of 3
µm is less than 1%, and a compressive residual stress of the compound layer surface
is 500 MPa or more. |
FIELD
[0001] The present invention relates to a gas nitrided steel part, in particular a gear, CVT sheave, or other nitrided part excellent in bending straightening ability and bending fatigue strength and a method of production of the same.
BACKGROUND
[0002] Steel parts used in automobiles and various industrial machinery etc. are improved in fatigue strength, wear resistance, seizing resistance, and other mechanical properties by carburizing and quenching, high-frequency quenching, nitriding, nitrocarburizing, and other surface hardening heat treatment.
[0003] Nitriding and nitrocarburizing are performed in the ferrite region of the A1 point or less. During treatment, there is no phase transformation, so it is possible to reduce the heat treatment strain. For this reason, nitriding and nitrocarburizing are often used for parts requiring high dimensional precision and large sized parts. For example, they are applied to the gears used for transmission parts in automobiles and the crankshafts used for engines.
[0004] Nitriding is a method of treatment diffusing nitrogen into the surface of a steel material. For the medium used for the nitriding, there are a gas, salt bath, plasma, etc. For the transmission parts of an automobile, gas nitriding is mainly being used since it is excellent in productivity. Due to gas nitriding, the surface of the steel material is formed with a compound layer of a thickness of 10 µm or more (layer at which Fe3N or other nitride is formed). Furthermore, the surface layer of the steel material at the lower side of the compound layer is formed with a nitrogen diffusion layer forming a hardened layer. The compound layer is mainly comprised of Fe2-3N (ε) and Fe4N (γ'). The hardness of the compound layer is extremely high compared with the steel of the base material. For this reason, the compound layer improves the wear resistance of a steel part in the initial stage of use.
[0005] PTL 1 discloses a nitrided part in which the γ' phase ratio in the compound layer is made 30 mol% or more to thereby improve the bending fatigue strength.
[0006] PTL 2 discloses a steel member having a low strain and excellent contact fatigue strength and bending fatigue strength obtained by forming an iron nitride compound layer having a predetermined structure on the steel member.
[0007] PTL 3 discloses a method of production of a nitrided part optimizing the amounts of elements to thereby raise the fatigue strength after nitriding and suppress deformation after nitriding.
[CITATION LIST]
[PATENT LITERATURE]
[0008]
[PTL 1] Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 2015-117412
[PTL 2] Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 2013-221203
[PTL 3] WO2016/098143A
SUMMARY
[TECHNICAL PROBLEM]
[0009] The nitrided part of PTL 1 is gas soft nitrided using CO2 for the atmospheric gas, so the surface layer side of the compound layer easily forms ε phases, therefore the bending fatigue strength is believed to be still not sufficient. Further, in the nitrided part of PTL 2, the atmosphere is controlled to NH3 gas: 0.08 to 0.34, H2 gas: 0.54 to 0.82, and N2 gas: 0.09 to 0.18 without regard as to the constituents of the steel, so there is a possibility that, depending on the constituents of the steel, the structure or thickness of the compound layer will not become as targeted.
[0010] The nitriding of PTL 3 does not suitably control the gas conditions at the time of treatment, becomes low in ratio of the γ' phases in the compound layer, becomes high in porosity, and leads to easy formation of starting points of pitting and bending fatigue fracture. Further, in the gas nitrocarburizing disclosed in PTL 3, the porosity easily becomes higher.
[0011] The object of the present invention is to provide a part excellent in bending straightening ability plus rotating bending fatigue strength and a method of production of the same.
[SOLUTION TO PROBLEM]
[0012] The inventors took note of the form of the compound layer formed on the surface of the steel material by nitriding and investigated the relationship with the fatigue strength.
[0013] As a result, the inventors discovered that by nitriding steel adjusted in constituents while controlling the nitriding potential considering the amount of C of the material, it is possible to make the vicinity of the surface a phase structure of mainly the γ' phases, suppress the formation of a porous layer, and make the compressive residual stress of the surface layer a constant value or more to thereby fabricate a nitrided part having an excellent bending straightening ability and rotating bending fatigue strength.
[0014] The present invention was made based on this discovery and after further study. Its gist is as follows:
[0015] A nitrided part having a steel material as a material, the steel material comprising, by mass%, C: 0.20% to 0.60% or less, Si: 0.05% to 1.5% or less, Mn: 0.2% to 2.5% or less, P: 0.025% or less, S: 0.003% to 0.05% or less, Cr: 0.05% to 0.50% or less, Al: 0.01% to 0.05% or less, N: 0.003% to 0.025% or less, Nb: 0% to 0.1% or less, B: 0% to 0.01% or less, Mo: 0% to less than 0.50%, V: 0% to less than 0.50%, Cu: 0% to less than 0.50%, Ni: 0% to less than 0.50%, Ti: 0% to less than 0.05% and a balance of Fe and impurities, wherein the nitrided part comprises a compound layer formed on a surface of the steel material, the compound layer containing iron, nitrogen, and carbon, a thickness of the compound layer being 3 µm to less than 15 µm; a phase structure in the compound layer in a range from the surface down to a depth of 5 µm contains γ' phases in an area ratio of 50% or more; a pore area ratio in a range from the surface down to a depth of 3 µm is less than 10%; and a compressive residual stress of the compound layer surface is 500 MPa or more.
[ADVANTAGEOUS EFFECTS OF INVENTION]
[0016] According to the present invention, it is possible to obtain a nitrided part excellent in bending straightening ability plus rotating bending fatigue strength.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
[0017]
FIG. 1 is a view explaining a method of measurement of a depth of a compound layer.
FIG. 2 is one example of a structural photograph of a compound layer and diffusion layer.
FIG. 3 is a view showing a state of formation of pores in a compound layer.
FIG. 4 is one example of a structural photograph where pores are formed in a compound layer.
FIG. 5 is a view showing the relationships of nitriding potential with the phase structure of a compound layer and rotating bending fatigue strength.
FIG. 6 shows the shape of a four-point bending test piece used for evaluating a bending straightening ability.
FIG. 7 shows the shape of a columnar test piece for evaluating rotating bending fatigue strength.
DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS
[0018] Below, the requirements of the present invention will be explained in detail. First, the chemical composition of the steel material used as a material will be explained. Below, the "%" showing the contents of the component elements and concentrations of elements at the part surface should be deemed to mean "mass%".
C: 0.20% to 0.60%
[0019] C is an element required for securing the core hardness of a part. If the content of C is less than 0.20%, the core strength becomes too low, so the bending straightening ability and bending fatigue strength greatly fall. Further, if the content of C exceeds 0.60%, the compound layer thickness becomes larger and the bending straightening ability and bending resistance greatly fall. The preferable range of the C content is 0.30 to 0.50%.
Si: 0.05 to 1.5%
[0020] Si raises the core hardness by solution strengthening. To obtain this effect, 0.05% or more is included. On the other hand, if the content of Si exceeds 1.5%, in bars and wire rods, the strength after hot forging becomes too high, so the machinability greatly falls. The preferable range of the Si content is 0.08 to 1.3%.
Mn: 0.2 to 2.5%
[0021] Mn raises the core hardness by solution strengthening. Furthermore, Mn forms fine nitrides (Mn3N2) in the hardened layer at the time of nitriding and improves the wear resistance and bending fatigue strength by precipitation strengthening. To obtain these effects, Mn has to be 0.2% or more. On the other hand, if the content of Mn exceeds 2.5%, not only does the effect of raising the bending fatigue strength become saturated, but also the bars and wire rods used as materials become too high in hardness after hot forging, so the machinability greatly falls. The preferable range of the Mn content is 0.4 to 2.3%.
P: 0.025% or less
[0022] P is an impurity and segregates at the grain boundaries to make a part brittle, so the content is preferably small. If the content of P is over 0.025%, sometimes the bending straightening ability and bending fatigue strength fall. The preferable upper limit of the content of P for preventing a drop in the bending fatigue strength is 0.018%. It is difficult to make the content completely zero. The practical lower limit is 0.001%.
S: 0.003 to 0.05%
[0023] S bonds with Mn to form MnS and raise the machinability. To obtain this effect, S has to be 0.003% or more. However, if the content of S exceeds 0.05%, coarse MnS easily forms and the bending straightening ability and bending fatigue strength greatly fall. The preferable range of the S content is 0.005 to 0.03%.
Cr: 0.05% to 0.50%
[0024] Cr forms fine nitrides (CrN) in the hardened layer during nitriding and improves the bending fatigue strength by precipitation strengthening. To obtain the effect, Cr has to be 0.05% or more. On the other hand, if the content of Cr is over 0.5%, the bars and wire rods used as materials become too high in hardness after hot forging, so the bending straightening ability falls. The preferable range of the Cr content is 0.10 to 0.30%.
Al: 0.01 to 0.05%
[0025] Al is a deoxidizing element. For sufficient deoxidation, 0.01% or more is necessary. On the other hand, Al easily forms hard oxide inclusions. If the content of Al exceeds 0.05%, the bending fatigue strength remarkably falls. Even if other requirements are met, the desired bending fatigue strength can no longer be obtained. The preferable range of the Al content is 0.02 to 0.04%.
N: 0.003% to 0.025%
[0026] N bonds with Al and V to form AlN and VN. Due to their actions of pinning austenite grains, AlN and VN have the effect of refining the structure of the steel material before nitriding and reducing the variation in mechanical characteristics of the nitrided part. If the content of N is less than 0.003%, this effect is difficult to obtain. On the other hand, if the content of N exceeds 0.025%, coarse AlN easily forms, so the above effect becomes difficult to obtain. The preferable range of the content of N is 0.005 to 0.020%.
[0027] The chemical constituents of the steel used as the material for the nitrided part of the present invention contain the above-mentioned elements and have a balance of Fe and unavoidable impurities. The "unavoidable impurities" mean constituents contained in the raw materials or entering in the process of manufacture which are not intentionally included in the steel.
[0028] However, the steel used as the material for the nitrided steel part of the present invention may also contain the elements shown below in place of part of the Fe.
Nb: 0% to 0.1%
[0029] Nb bonds with C or N to form NbC or NbN. Due to the pinning actions of NbC and NbN, it has the effect of suppressing coarsening of the austenite grains, refining the structure of the steel material before nitriding, and reducing variation of the mechanical characteristics of the nitrided part. This effect is obtained if adding Nb in a trace amount, but to obtain the effect more reliably, Nb is preferably made 0.01% or more. If the content of Nb exceeds 0.1%, coarse NbC and NbN are easily formed, so the above effect becomes difficult to obtain.
B: 0 to 0.01%
[0030] B has the effect of suppressing the segregation of P at the grain boundaries and improving the toughness. Further, it bonds with N to form BN and improve the machineability. These effects are obtained by adding B in a trace amount, but to obtain the effect more reliably, B is preferably made 0.0005% or more. If the content of B exceeds 0.01%, not only does the above effect become saturated, but also a large amount of BN segregates and sometimes cracks form in the steel material.
Mo: 0% to less than 0.50%
[0031] Mo forms fine nitrides (Mo2N) in the hardened layer during nitriding and improves the bending fatigue strength by precipitation strengthening. Further, Mo has the action of age hardening and improves the core hardness at the time of nitriding. The content of Mo for obtaining these effects is preferably 0.01% or more. On the other hand, if the content of Mo is 0.50% or more, the bars and wire rods used as materials become too high in hardness after hot forging, so the machinability remarkably falls. In addition, the alloy costs increase. The preferable upper limit of the Mo content for securing machinability is less than 0.40%.
V: 0% to less than 0.50%
[0032] V forms fine nitrides (VN) at the time of nitriding and nitrocarburizing, improves the bending fatigue strength by precipitation strengthening, and raises the core hardness of the parts. Further, it has the effect of refining the structure. To obtain these actions, V is preferably made 0.01% or more. On the other hand, if the content of V is 0.50% or more, the bars and wire rods used as materials become too high in hardness after hot forging, so the machinability remarkably falls. In addition, the alloy costs increase. The preferable range of the V content for securing machinability is less than 0.40%.
Cu: 0% to less than 0.50%
[0033] Cu improves the core hardness of the part and the hardness of the nitrogen diffusion layer as a solution strengthening element. To realize this action of solution strengthening of Cu, inclusion of 0.01% or more is preferable. On the other hand, if the content of Cu is 0.50% or more, the bars and wire rods used as materials become too high in hardness after hot forging, so the machinability remarkably falls. In addition, the hot ductility falls, so this causes the occurrence of surface defects at the time of hot rolling and at the time of hot forging. The preferable range of the Cu content for maintaining the hot ductility is less than 0.40%.
Ni: 0% to less than 0.50%
[0034] Ni improves the core hardness and the surface layer hardness by solution strengthening. To realize this action of solution strengthening of Ni, inclusion of 0.01% or more is preferable. On the other hand, if the content of Ni is 0.50% or more, the bars and wire rods used as materials become too high in hardness after hot forging, so the machinability remarkably falls. In addition, the alloy costs increase. The preferable range of the Ni content for securing sufficient machinability is less than 0.40%.
Ti: 0% to less than 0.05%
[0035] Ti bonds with N to form TiN and improves the core hardness and surface layer hardness. To obtain this action, Ti is preferably made 0.005% or more. On the other hand, if the content of Ti is 0.05% or more, the effect of improving the core hardness and surface layer hardness becomes saturated. In addition, the alloy costs increase. The preferable range of the Ti content is 0.007 to less than 0.04%.
Thickness of compound layer: 3 µm to less than 15 µm
[0037] The "compound layer" is the layer of iron nitride formed by the nitriding. Its thickness affects the bending straightening ability and bending strength of the nitrided part. If the compound layer is too thick, it easily becomes the starting point of bending fatigue fracture. If the compound layer is too thin, the residual stress of the surface is not sufficiently obtained and the bending straightening ability and bending fatigue strength fall. In the nitrided part of the present invention, from the viewpoint of the bending straightening ability and bending strength, the thickness of the compound layer is made 3 µm to less than 15 µm.
[0038] The thickness of the compound layer is found by gas nitriding then polishing the vertical cross-section of the test material, etching it, and observing it by an optical microscope. The etching is performed by a 3% Nital solution for 20 to 30 seconds. The compound layer is present at the surface layer of the low alloy steel and observed as a white uncorroded layer. Five fields of a structural photograph captured by the optical microscope by 500X (field area: 2.2×104 µm2) are observed. In each field, four points are measured every 30 µm in the horizontal direction. The average value of the values of the 20 points measured is defined as the "compound thickness (µm)". FIG. 1 shows an outline of the method of measurement, while FIG. 2 shows one example of a structural photograph of the compound layer and diffusion layer.
γ' phase ratio of compound layer from surface to 5 µm: 50% or more
[0039] If the ratio of the γ' phases is low and the ε phase ratio is high at the compound layer from the surface to 5 µm, the compound layer easily becomes the starting point of fracture at the time of bending straightening and bending fatigue. This is because the fracture toughness value of the ε phases is lower than the γ' phases. Further, when the phases near the surface are γ' phases, compared to when they are ε phases, the later explained compressive residual stress is easily introduced into the surface and the fatigue strength can be improved.
[0040] The γ' phase ratio in the compound layer is found by electron back scatter diffraction (EBSD). Specifically, the area of 150 µm2 from the outermost surface of compound layer down to a depth of 5 µm is measured by EBSD and an analysis diagram for discriminating the γ' phases and ε phases is prepared. Further, the obtained EBSD analysis image is used to find the area ratio of the γ' phases using an image processing application. This is defined as the "γ' phase ratio (%)". In EBSD measurement, it is suitable to measure about 10 fields by a power of about 4000X.
[0041] The above γ' phase ratio means the ratio of the γ' phases of the "compound layer" from the surface to a depth of 5 µm. That is, if the thickness of the compound layer is less than 5 µm from the surface, the γ' phase ratio at the region of the compound layer thickness is calculated. As one example, if the thickness of the compound is 3 µm from the surface, the ratio of γ' phases of the compound layer from the surface to a depth of 3 µm becomes the γ' phase ratio.
[0042] The γ' phase ratio is preferably 60% or more, more preferably 65% or more, still more preferably 70% or more.
[0043] The γ' phase ratio may be found by the method of using X-ray diffraction. However, measurement by X-ray diffraction becomes vague in measurement region and cannot find the accurate γ' phase ratio. Therefore, in the present invention, the γ' phase ratio of the compound layer is made one found by EBSD.
Pore area ratio of compound layer of surface to 3 µm: less than 10%
[0044] If there are pores in the compound layer of the surface to 3 µm, stress concentrates and becomes starting points of bending fatigue fracture. For this reason, the pore area ratio has to be made less than 10%.
[0045] Pores are formed due to N2 gas desorbing from the surface of the steel material along the grain boundaries from the grain boundaries and other energy stable locations at the surface of the steel material where the binding force by the matrix is small. N2 is more easily generated the higher the later explained nitriding potential KN. This is because as the KN becomes higher, a bcc→γ'→ε phase transformation occurs and the ε phases become larger in amount of solid solution of N2 compared with the γ' phases and thus more easily generate N2 gas. FIG. 3 shows an outline of formation of pores in the compound layer, while FIG. 4 shows a structural photograph of the formation of pores.
[0046] The pore area ratio can be measured by observation by an optical microscope. Specifically, the span from the surface to 3 µm at the cross-section of a test material is measured at five fields by a power of 1000X (field area: 5.6×103µm2). At each field, the ratio of the pores in the range from the outermost surface to a depth of 3 µm is made the "pore area ratio".
[0047] The pore area ratio is preferably less than 5%, more preferably less than 2%, still more preferably less than 1%. 0 is most preferable.
Compressive residual stress of surface of compound layer: 500 MPa or more
[0048] The nitrided part of the present invention is nitrided to harden the surface of the steel and given compressive residual stress at the surface layer part of the steel to improve the fatigue strength and wear resistance of the part. The nitrided part of the present invention becomes one having an excellent bending fatigue strength by improving the compound layer in the above way and further introducing compressive residual stress of 500 MPa or more into the surface. The method of production for introducing such compressive residual stress into the surface of the part will be explained later.
[0049] Next, one example of a method of production of a nitrided part of the present invention will be explained.
[0050] In the method of production of a nitrided part of the present invention, a steel material having the above-mentioned constituents is gas nitrided. The treatment temperature of the gas nitriding is 550 to 620°C, while the treatment time of the gas nitriding as a whole is 1.5 to 10 hours.
Treatment temperature: 550 to 620°C
[0051] The temperature of the gas nitriding (nitriding temperature) is mainly correlated with the diffusion rate of the nitrogen and affects the surface hardness and hardened layer depth. If the nitriding temperature is too low, the diffusion rate of the nitrogen becomes slower, the surface hardness becomes lower, and the hardened surface depth becomes shallower. On the other hand, if the nitriding temperature exceeds the AC1 point, austenite phases (γ phases) with diffusion rates of nitrogen smaller than the ferrite phases (α phases) are formed in the steel, the surface hardness becomes lower, and the hardened layer depth becomes shallower. Therefore, in the present embodiment, the nitriding temperature is the 550 to 620°C around the ferrite temperature region. In this case, the surface hardness can be kept from becoming lower and the hardened layer depth can be kept from becoming shallower.
Treatment time of gas nitriding as whole: 1.5 to 10 hours
[0052] The gas nitriding is performed in an atmosphere containing NH3, H2, and N2. The time of the nitriding as a whole, that is, the time from the start to the end of the nitriding (treatment time), is correlated with formation and breakdown of the compound layer and the diffusion and cementation of nitrogen and affects the surface hardness and hardened layer depth. If the treatment time is too short, the surface hardness becomes lower and the hardened layer depth becomes shallower. On the other hand, if the treatment time is too long, denitrification and decarburization occur and the surface hardness of the steel falls. If the treatment time is too long, further, the production cost rises. Therefore, the treatment time of the nitriding as a whole is 1.5 to 10 hours.
[0053] Note that, the atmosphere of the gas nitriding of the present embodiment includes NH3, H2, and N2 and also unavoidably oxygen, carbon dioxide, and other impurities. The preferable atmosphere contains NH3, H2, and N2 in a total of 99.5% (vol%) or more.
[0054] If performing the gas nitrocarburizing in an atmosphere containing about several percent of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide, the ε phases with high solid solubility limits of C are preferentially formed. The γ' phases cannot take in almost any C in solid solution, so if performing the nitrocarburizing, the compound layer becomes the single ε phases. Further, since the growth rate of the ε phases is faster than the γ' phases, with gas nitrocarburizing where ε phases are stably formed, the compound layer is formed thicker than required. Therefore, in the present invention, rather than gas nitrocarburizing, as explained later, it is necessary to perform gas nitriding controlling the nitriding potential KN.
Gas conditions of nitriding
[0055] In the nitriding method of the present invention, the nitriding is performed at a nitriding potential controlled considering the amount of C of the material. Due to this, it is possible to make the phase structure at the compound layer from the surface to a depth of 5 µm a γ' phase ratio of 50% or more, make the pore area ratio from the surface to a depth of 3 µm less than 1%, and make the compressive residual stress of the surface of the compound layer 500 MPa or more.
[0057] The partial pressures of the NH3 and H2 of the atmosphere of the gas nitriding can be controlled by adjusting the flow rates of the gases. To form a compound layer by nitriding, it is necessary that the KN at the time of gas nitriding be a certain value or more, but as explained above, if the KN becomes too high, the ratio of the ε phases easily generating N2 gas becomes greater and the pores become greater. Therefore, it is important to provide the condition of KN and suppress the formation of pores.
[0058] As a result of study of the inventors, it was discovered that the nitriding potential of the gas nitriding has an effect on the phase structure of the compound layer and the rotating bending fatigue strength of the nitrided part and that the optimal nitriding potential is determined by the C content of the steel.
[0059] Specifically, when making the C content of the steel (mass%) the (mass%C), it was discovered that if the nitriding potential at the time of gas nitriding continuously satisfies 0.15≤KN≤-0.17×ln (mass%C)+0.20 during the gas nitriding, the phase structure of the compound layer becomes one with a γ' phase ratio of 50% or more and further the nitrided part has a high bending straightening ability and rotating bending fatigue strength.
[0060] Even if the average nitriding potential of the gas nitriding satisfies the above formula, if obtaining a nitriding potential not satisfying the above formula even temporarily, the γ' phase ratio at the compound layer will not become 50% or more.
[0061] FIG. 5 shows the results of investigation of the relationships of the nitriding potential with the γ' ratio of the compound layer and rotating bending fatigue strength. FIG. 5 relates to the steel "a" (Table 1) of the later described examples.
[0062] In this way, with the present nitriding method, gas nitriding is performed at a nitriding potential KN corresponding to the amount of C of the steel used as a material. Due to this, it becomes possible to stably impart γ' phases to the surface of the steel and obtain a nitrided part having excellent bending straightening ability and rotating bending fatigue strength, preferably a bending straightening ability of 1.2% or more and a rotating bending fatigue strength of 520 MPa or more.
EXAMPLES
[0063] Steels "a" to "aa" having the chemical constituents shown in Table 1 were melted in 50 kg amounts in a vacuum melting furnace to produce molten steels. The molten steels were cast to produce ingots. Note that, in Table 1, "a" to "s" are steels having the chemical constituents prescribed in the present invention. On the other hand, steels "t" to "aa" are steels of comparative examples off from the chemical constituents prescribed in the present invention in at least one element.
Table 1
| Steel | Chemical composition (mass%) *1 | Remarks | ||||||||||||||
| C | Si | Mn | P | S | Cr | Al | N | Mo | V | Cu | Ni | Nb | Ti | B | Inv. ex. | |
| a | 0.49 | 0.35 | 1.71 | 0.013 | 0.010 | 0.25 | 0.026 | 0.009 | ||||||||
| b | 0.56 | 0.21 | 1.41 | 0.012 | 0.012 | 0.23 | 0.023 | 0.010 | ||||||||
| c | 0.35 | 1.35 | 0.78 | 0.013 | 0.008 | 0.22 | 0.020 | 0.009 | ||||||||
| d | 0.42 | 0.28 | 2.41 | 0.010 | 0.007 | 0.11 | 0.028 | 0.015 | ||||||||
| e | 0.54 | 0.20 | 1.25 | 0.022 | 0.022 | 0.35 | 0.025 | 0.021 | ||||||||
| f | 0.31 | 0.18 | 0.78 | 0.010 | 0.013 | 0.46 | 0.025 | 0.018 | ||||||||
| g | 0.47 | 0.26 | 1.44 | 0.010 | 0.038 | 0.25 | 0.047 | 0.022 | ||||||||
| h | 0.36 | 0.42 | 1.65 | 0.013 | 0.014 | 0.14 | 0.021 | 0.012 | ||||||||
| i | 0.33 | 1.00 | 1.20 | 0.008 | 0.006 | 0.09 | 0.028 | 0.014 | ||||||||
| j | 0.46 | 0.19 | 1.52 | 0.011 | 0.008 | 0.22 | 0.023 | 0.006 | ||||||||
| k | 0.28 | 0.55 | 1.30 | 0.015 | 0.019 | 0.18 | 0.029 | 0.010 | 0.13 | |||||||
| l | 0.45 | 0.33 | 0.75 | 0.019 | 0.028 | 0.44 | 0.020 | 0.015 | 0.05 | 0.0010 | ||||||
| m | 0.52 | 0.07 | 0.95 | 0.018 | 0.010 | 0.23 | 0.022 | 0.008 | 0.11 | |||||||
| n | 0.38 | 0.29 | 0.38 | 0.012 | 0.010 | 0.42 | 0.024 | 0.011 | 0.20 | |||||||
| o | 0.36 | 0.64 | 1.20 | 0.010 | 0.007 | 0.07 | 0.021 | 0.018 | 0.31 | |||||||
| p | 0.40 | 0.33 | 0.85 | 0.010 | 0.010 | 0.12 | 0.019 | 0.008 | 0.010 | |||||||
| q | 0.25 | 0.30 | 1.11 | 0.017 | 0.010 | 0.10 | 0.020 | 0.013 | 0.13 | 0.10 | 0.009 | 0.0050 | ||||
| r | 0.31 | 0.25 | 0.66 | 0.009 | 0.011 | 0.21 | 0.024 | 0.006 | 0.15 | 0.10 | 0.009 | |||||
| s | 0.25 | 0.06 | 0.38 | 0.014 | 0.010 | 0.07 | 0.022 | 0.011 | 0.23 | 0.23 | 0.09 | 0.12 | 0.006 | |||
| t | 0.62 | 0.20 | 1.50 | 0.011 | 0.012 | 0.22 | 0.022 | 0.010 | Comp. ex. | |||||||
| u | 0.18 | 0.22 | 1.36 | 0.015 | 0.011 | 0.06 | 0.021 | 0.012 | ||||||||
| v | 0.35 | 1.53 | 1.25 | 0.013 | 0.033 | 0.44 | 0.018 | 0.003 | ||||||||
| w | 0.31 | 0.15 | 0.18 | 0.015 | 0.012 | 0.15 | 0.021 | 0.015 | ||||||||
| x | 0.46 | 0.77 | 1.65 | 0.027 | 0.052 | 0.49 | 0.025 | 0.011 | ||||||||
| y | 0.31 | 0.12 | 1.85 | 0.019 | 0.015 | 0.04 | 0.022 | 0.013 | 0.04 | |||||||
| z | 0.53 | 0.99 | 1.74 | 0.011 | 0.010 | 0.23 | 0.053 | 0.024 | ||||||||
| aa | 0.19 | 1.45 | 2.52 | 0.012 | 0.010 | 0.51 | 0.024 | 0.016 | 0.09 | 0.10 | 0.11 | |||||
| *1 Balance of chemical composition is Fe and impurities. *2 Empty fields indicate no alloy elements intentionally added. *3 Underlines indicate outside scope of present invention. |
[0064] The ingots were hot forged to obtain round bars of a diameter of 25 mm. Next, each round bar was annealed, then machined to fabricate rectangular test pieces shown in FIG. 2 for evaluation of the bending straightening ability. Furthermore, columnar test pieces were fabricated for evaluation of the bending fatigue resistance shown in FIG. 3.
[0065] Each sampled test piece was gas nitrided under the next conditions. The test piece was loaded into a gas nitriding furnace, NH3, H2, and N2 gases were introduced into the furnace, and nitriding was carried out under the conditions shown in Table 2. However, in Test No. 32, CO2 gas was added to the atmosphere by a volume ratio of 3% for performing gas nitrocarburizing. The gas nitrided test piece was oil cooled using 80°C oil.
[0066] The H2 partial pressure in the atmosphere was measured using a heat conduction type H2 sensor directly attached to the gas nitriding furnace body. The difference in heat conductivities of the standard gas and measured gas was measured converted to the gas concentration. The H2 partial pressure was measured continuously during the gas nitriding.
[0067] Further, the NH3 partial pressure was measured by attaching a manual glass tube-type NH3 analyzer to the outside of the furnace.
[0068] The partial pressure of the residual NH3 was measured every 10 minutes. Simultaneously, the nitriding potential KN was calculated. The NH3 flow and N2 flow were adjusted so that these converged to the target values. Every 10 minutes when measuring the NH3 partial pressure, the nitriding potential KN was calculated and the NH3 flow and N2 flow were adjusted so that these converged to the target values.
Table 2
| Test no. | Steel | Gas nitriding | Compound layer thickness | Compound layer g' phase ratio | Compound layer pore area ratio | Compound layer residual stress | Bending straightening ability | Rotating bending fatigue strength | Remarks | ||||
| Temp. | Time | Nitriding potential KN | |||||||||||
| Lower limit | Upper limit | Upper limit target | |||||||||||
| (°C) | (h) | (atm-1/2) | (µm) | (%) | (%) | (MPa) | (%) | (MPa) | |||||
| 1 | a | 590 | 5.0 | 0.18 | 0.26 | 032 | 4 | 65 | 2 | -550 | 1.7 | 560 | |
| 2 | a | 590 | 5.0 | 0.18 | 0.29 | 0.32 | 6 | 60 | 5 | -530 | 1.5 | 540 | |
| 3 | a | 590 | 5.0 | 0.16 | 0.20 | 0.32 | 3 | 90 | 0 | -550 | 2.0 | 540 | |
| 4 | a | 590 | 5.0 | 0.25 | 0.31 | 0.32 | 8 | 55 | 8 | -520 | 1.3 | 520 | |
| 5 | a | 570 | 8.0 | 0.17 | 0.25 | 0.32 | 12 | 65 | 2 | -530 | 1.4 | 580 | |
| 6 | a | 610 | 3.0 | 0.19 | 0.26 | 0.32 | 6 | 65 | 5 | -560 | 1.6 | 550 | |
| 7 | a | 590 | 5.0 | 0.18 | 0.27 | 0.32 | 4 | 75 | 4 | -570 | 1.6 | 550 | |
| 8 | b | 590 | 5.0 | 0.18 | 0.25 | 0.30 | 9 | 50 | 2 | -510 | 1.2 | 570 | |
| 9 | c | 590 | 5.0 | 0.19 | 0.32 | 0.38 | 5 | 60 | 3 | -540 | 1.3 | 550 | |
| 10 | d | 590 | 5.0 | 0.18 | 0.30 | 0.35 | 5 | 65 | 3 | -560 | 1.4 | 560 | |
| 11 | e | 590 | 5.0 | 019 | 0.25 | 0.30 | 4 | 75 | 1 | -550 | 1.2 | 520 | Inv. ex. |
| 12 | f | 590 | 5.0 | 0.20 | 0.35 | 0.40 | 5 | 65 | 3 | -560 | 1.3 | 550 | |
| 13 | g | 590 | 5.0 | 0.17 | 0.27 | 0.33 | 4 | 70 | 1 | -520 | 1.2 | 520 | |
| 14 | h | 590 | 5.0 | 0.21 | 0.32 | 0.37 | 6 | 80 | 3 | -570 | 1.5 | 570 | |
| 15 | i | 590 | 5.0 | 0.19 | 0.33 | 0.39 | 7 | 70 | 5 | -550 | 1.5 | 590 | |
| 16 | j | 590 | 5.0 | 0.20 | 0.25 | 0.33 | 8 | 60 | 8 | -560 | 1.4 | 560 | |
| 17 | k | 590 | 5.0 | 0.21 | 0.36 | 0.42 | 5 | 65 | 3 | -560 | 1.6 | 550 | |
| 18 | l | 590 | 5.0 | 0.18 | 0.33 | 0.34 | 8 | 60 | 4 | -530 | 1.3 | 540 | |
| 19 | m | 590 | 5.0 | 0.19 | 0.26 | 0.31 | 5 | 75 | 3 | -560 | 1.5 | 530 | |
| 20 | n | 590 | 5.0 | 0.23 | 0.30 | 0.36 | 7 | 60 | 5 | -520 | 1.6 | 540 | |
| 21 | o | 590 | 5.0 | 0.18 | 0.29 | 0.37 | 5 | 70 | 2 | -540 | 1,5 | 550 | |
| 22 | P | 590 | 5.0 | 0.20 | 0.28 | 0.36 | 4 | 70 | 1 | -540 | 1.3 | 530 | |
| 23 | q | 590 | 5.0 | 0.19 | 0.33 | 0.40 | 5 | 65 | 1 | -570 | 1.2 | 520 | |
| 24 | r | 590 | 5.0 | 0.20 | 0.30 | 0.44 | 4 | 80 | 0 | -600 | 1.3 | 590 | |
| 25 | s | 590 | 5.0 | 0.21 | 0.35 | 0.44 | 5 | 75 | 3 | -560 | 1.3 | 590 | |
| 26 | a | 700 | 5.0 | 0.17 | 0.25 | 0.32 | 4 | 0* | 30* | 10* | 1.4 | 450* | |
| 27 | a | 500 | 5.0 | 0.19 | 0.27 | 0.32 | 0* | 0* | 0 | -140* | 2.2 | 400* | |
| 28 | a | 590 | 15.0 | 0.25 | 0.29 | 0.32 | 14 | 50 | 55* | -250* | 1.5 | 480* | |
| 29 | a | 590 | 1.0 | 0.16 | 0.24 | 0.32 | 1* | 85 | 0 | -380* | 2.0 | 440* | |
| 30 | a | 590 | 5.0 | 0.14 | 0.26 | 0.32 | 1* | 90 | 0 | -460* | 1.9 | 510* | |
| 31 | a | 590 | 5.0 | 0.05 | 0.20 | 0.32 | 0* | 0* | 0 | -210* | 2.3 | 420* | |
| 32 | a | 590 | 5.0 | 0.25 | 0.38 | 0.32 | 12 | 50 | 15* | -510 | 1.0* | 400* | |
| 33 | a | 590 | 5.0 | 0.25 | 1.10 | 0.32 | 23* | 10* | 35* | 80* | 1.1* | 430* | Comp. ex. |
| 34*1 | a | 590 | 5.0 | 0.22 | 0.30 | 0.32 | 15 | 5* | 7 | -80* | 1.0* | 410* | |
| 35 | t | 590 | 7.0 | 0.19 | 0.26 | 0.28 | 18* | 50 | 8 | -510 | 1.1* | 490* | |
| 36 | u | 590 | 5.0 | 0.21 | 0.40 | 0.49 | 8 | 60 | 7 | -520 | 1.4 | 490* | |
| 37 | v | 590 | 5.0 | 0.18 | 0.31 | 0.38 | 6 | 65 | 5 | -540 | 1.0* | 540 | |
| 38 | w | 590 | 5.0 | 0.20 | 0.33 | 0.40 | 7 | 60 | 5 | -510 | 1.5 | 470* | |
| 39 | x | 590 | 5.0 | 0.17 | 0.28 | 0.33 | 5 | 70 | 3 | -530 | 0.8* | 450* | |
| 40 | y | 590 | 5.0 | 0.19 | 0.35 | 0.40 | 7 | 55 | 5 | -530 | 1.5 | 460* | |
| 41 | z | 590 | 5.0 | 0.16 | 0.25 | 0.31 | 3 | 75 | 0 | -520 | 0.9* | 460* | |
| 42 | aa | 590 | 5.0 | 0.22 | 0.40 | 0.48 | 1O | 60 | 9 | -550 | 0.7* | 500* | |
| Underlines indicate outside scope of present invention. * indicate not satisfying target of present invention. *1 gas nitrocarburizing adding 3% volume ratio CO2 gas to atmosphere. |
Measurement of compound layer thickness and pore area ratio
[0069] The cross-section of a gas nitrided small roller in the direction vertical to the length direction was polished to a mirror surface and etched. The etched cross-section was examined using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), measured for compound layer thickness, and checked for any pores in the surface layer part. The etching was performed by a 3% Nital solution for 20 to 30 seconds.
[0070] The compound layer can be confirmed as a white uncorroded layer present at the surface layer. The compound layer was observed from 10 fields of a structural photograph taken at 4000X (field area: 6.6×102 µm2). The thicknesses of the compound layer at three points were respectively measured every 10 µm. The average value of the 30 points measured was defined as the compound thickness (µm).
[0071] Similarly, the ratio of the total area of the pores in an area of 90 µm2 in a range of 3 µm depth from the outermost surface ("pore area ratio", unit: %) was found by binarization by an image processing application. Further, the average value of 10 fields measured was defined as the pore area ratio (%). Even in the case of a compound layer of less than 3 µm, the span from the surface to a depth of 3 µm was similarly measured.
Measurement of γ' phase ratio
[0072] The γ' phase ratio in the compound layer was found by electron back scatter diffraction (EBSD). The area of 150 µm2 from the outermost surface of the compound layer to a depth of 5 µm was measured by EBSD to prepare an analysis diagram for discriminating between the γ' phases and ε phases. The obtained EBSD analysis image was measured for the γ' phase ratio (%) using an image processing application. In EBSD measurement, 10 fields were measured at 4000X power.
[0073] Further, the average value of the γ' phase ratios of the 10 fields measured was defined as the "γ' phase ratio (%)". If the compound layer is less than 5 µm, the γ' phase ratio at the region of the compound layer thickness part was calculated.
Compound layer residual stress
[0074] The nitrided small roller contact part was measured for the residual stresses σγ', σε, and σm of the γ' phases, ε phases, and matrix under the conditions of Table 3 using a micro-area X-ray residual stress measurement system. Furthermore, the residual stress σc found by the following formula using the area ratios Vγ', Vε, and Vm of the γ' phases, ε phases, and matrix in the area 90 µm2 in the range from the outermost surface to a depth of 3 µm found by EBSD was defined as the "residual stress of the surface".
Table 3
| Tester | X-ray residual stress measuring device |
| X-ray tube | Cr |
| Characteristic X-rays | Kα rays |
| Measurement method | Iso-inclination method |
| Collimator size | ϕ4 mm |
| Counted time | 30 sec |
| Diffraction peaks | γ' (220) |
| ε (113) | |
| bcc-Fe (200) |
Bending straightening ability
[0075] The square test piece used for gas nitriding was subjected to a static bending test. The static bending test was performed by four-point bending by a distance between inside support points of 30 mm and a distance between outside support points of 80 mm. The strain rate was made 2 mm/min. A strain gauge was attached to the R part in the longitudinal direction of the square test piece. The maximum strain (%) when the R part cracked and measurement by the strain gauge becomes no longer possible was found as the "bending straightening ability".
[0076] In a part of the present invention, a bending straightening ability of 1.2% or more was targeted.
Rotating bending fatigue strength
[0077] Columnar test pieces used for gas nitriding were tested by an Ono-type rotating bending fatigue test. The speed was 3000 rpm, the cutoff of the test was made 1x107 cycles showing the fatigue limit of general steel, and the maximum stress in a rotating bending fatigue test piece when reaching 1x107 cycles without fracture was made the fatigue limit of the rotating bending fatigue test piece.
[0078] In a part of the present invention, a maximum stress at the fatigue limit of 520 MPa or more was targeted.
Test results
[0079] The results are shown in Table 2. In Test Nos. 1 to 23, the constituents of the steel and the conditions of gas nitriding were within the ranges of the present invention, the compound thickness was 3 to 15 µm, the γ' layer ratio of the compound layer was 50% or more, the compound layer pore area ratio was less than 10%, and the compressive residual stress of the compound layer became 500 MPa or more, so as a result, good results of a bending straightening ability of 1.2% or more and a rotating bending fatigue strength of 520 MPa or more were obtained.
[0080] In Test No. 26, the nitriding temperature was too high, so as a result the γ' phase ratio of the compound layer was low, the pore area ratio was large, the residual stress became the tensile stress, and the rotating bending fatigue strength became low.
[0081] In Test No. 27, the nitriding temperature was too low, the compound layer was not formed, and the residual stress of the surface also became low, so the rotating bending fatigue strength became low.
[0082] In Test No. 28, the nitriding time was too long, the pore area ratio became large, and along with this the residual stress of the surface was released and became lower, so the rotating bending fatigue strength became low.
[0083] In Test No. 29, the nitriding time was too short, a sufficient compound layer thickness could not be obtained, the residual stress of the surface became lower, and the hardened layer depth also became shallower, so the part fractured early starting from the matrix.
[0084] In Test No. 30, the lower limit of the nitriding potential was low, a sufficient compound layer thickness could not be obtained, and the residual stress of the surface was low, so the rotating bending fatigue strength became low.
[0085] In Test No. 31, the lower limit of the nitriding potential was too low, the compound layer was not formed, and the residual stress of the surface was low, so the rotating bending fatigue strength became low.
[0086] In Test No. 32, the upper limit of the nitriding potential was high, the pore area ratio increased, and the bending straightening ability and rotating bending fatigue strength became low.
[0087] In Test No. 33, the upper limit of the nitriding potential was too high, the compound layer thickness became thick, the γ' phase ratio was low, and the pore area ratio increased, so the bending straightening ability and rotating bending fatigue strength became low.
[0088] In Test No. 34, the nitriding was nitrocarburizing, the surface was not formed with almost any γ' phases, and the residual stress became low, so the bending straightening ability and rotating bending fatigue strength became low.
[0089] In Test No. 35, the amount of C of the steel was too high and the compound layer thickness became thick, so the bending straightening ability and rotating bending fatigue strength became low.
[0090] In Test No. 36, the amount of C of the steel was too low and a sufficient core strength was not obtained, so the part fractured early starting from the matrix.
[0091] In Test No. 37, the amount of Si of the steel was too high and the hardness of the matrix became too high, so the bending straightening ability became low.
[0092] In Test No. 38, the amount of Mn of the steel was too low and a sufficient hardened layer hardness and core hardness were not obtained, so the part fractured early starting from the matrix.
[0093] In Test No. 39, the amounts of P and S of the steel were too high, P segregated at the grain boundaries, and coarse MnS was formed, so the part fractured early.
[0094] In Test No. 40, the amount of Cr of the steel was too low and a sufficient diffusion layer hardness and core hardness were not obtained, so the part fractured early starting from the matrix.
[0095] In Test No. 41, the amount of Al of the steel was too high and oxide-based inclusions were formed, so the part fractured early starting from the matrix.
[0096] In Test No. 42, the amount of C and amount of Mn were low and the amount of Cr was high in the steel, so the matrix became higher in hardness and the bending straightening ability and rotating bending fatigue strength became low.
[0097] Above, embodiments of the present invention were explained. However, the above-mentioned embodiments are only illustrations for working the present invention. Therefore, the present invention is not limited to the above-mentioned embodiments. The above-mentioned embodiments can be suitably changed within a scope not departing from the gist of the invention.
1. A nitrided part having a steel material as a material, the steel material comprising,
by mass%,
C: 0.20% to 0.60% or less,
Si: 0.05% to 1.5% or less,
Mn: 0.2% to 2.5% or less,
P: 0.025% or less,
S: 0.003% to 0.05% or less,
Cr: 0.05% to 0.50% or less,
Al: 0.01% to 0.05% or less,
N: 0.003% to 0.025% or less,
Nb: 0% to 0.1% or less,
B: 0% to 0.01% or less,
Mo: 0% to less than 0.50%,
V: 0% to less than 0.50%,
Cu: 0% to less than 0.50%,
Ni: 0% to less than 0.50%,
Ti: 0% to less than 0.05% and
a balance of Fe and impurities,
wherein
the nitrided part comprises a compound layer formed on a surface of the steel material, the compound layer containing iron, nitrogen, and carbon, a thickness of the compound layer being 3 µm to less than 15 µm;
a phase structure in the compound layer in a range from the surface down to a depth of 5 µm contains γ' phases in an area ratio of 50% or more;
a pore area ratio in a range from the surface down to a depth of 3 µm is less than 10%; and
a compressive residual stress of the compound layer surface is 500 MPa or more.
C: 0.20% to 0.60% or less,
Si: 0.05% to 1.5% or less,
Mn: 0.2% to 2.5% or less,
P: 0.025% or less,
S: 0.003% to 0.05% or less,
Cr: 0.05% to 0.50% or less,
Al: 0.01% to 0.05% or less,
N: 0.003% to 0.025% or less,
Nb: 0% to 0.1% or less,
B: 0% to 0.01% or less,
Mo: 0% to less than 0.50%,
V: 0% to less than 0.50%,
Cu: 0% to less than 0.50%,
Ni: 0% to less than 0.50%,
Ti: 0% to less than 0.05% and
a balance of Fe and impurities,
wherein
the nitrided part comprises a compound layer formed on a surface of the steel material, the compound layer containing iron, nitrogen, and carbon, a thickness of the compound layer being 3 µm to less than 15 µm;
a phase structure in the compound layer in a range from the surface down to a depth of 5 µm contains γ' phases in an area ratio of 50% or more;
a pore area ratio in a range from the surface down to a depth of 3 µm is less than 10%; and
a compressive residual stress of the compound layer surface is 500 MPa or more.
REFERENCES CITED IN THE DESCRIPTION
This list of references cited by the applicant is for the reader's convenience only. It does not form part of the European patent document. Even though great care has been taken in compiling the references, errors or omissions cannot be excluded and the EPO disclaims all liability in this regard.
Patent documents cited in the description