FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0001] The present disclosure relates to a hardmask composition, a method of forming a pattern,
and a hardmask formed from the hardmask composition.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] The semiconductor industry has developed an ultrafine technique for providing a pattern
having a size of several to several tens of nanometers. Such an ultrafine technique
benefits from effective lithographic techniques. A typical lithographic technique
includes providing a material layer on a semiconductor substrate, coating a photoresist
layer on the material layer, exposing and developing the same to provide a photoresist
pattern, and etching the material layer using the photoresist pattern as a mask.
[0003] In order to minimize or reduce the pattern to be formed, it may be difficult to provide
a fine pattern having a desirable profile by only using the typical lithographic technique
described above. Accordingly, a layer, called "a hardmask", may be formed between
the material layer for etching and the photoresist layer to provide a fine pattern.
The hardmask serves as an interlayer that transfers the fine pattern of the photoresist
to the material layer through a selective etching process. Thus, the hardmask layer
needs to have chemical resistance, thermal resistance, and etching resistance, so
that it may tolerate various types of etching processes.
[0004] As semiconductor devices have become highly integrated, a height of a material layer
has been maintained the same or has increased, but a line-width of the material layer
has gradually narrowed. Thus, an aspect ratio of the material layer has increased.
Because an etching process needs to be performed under such conditions, the heights
of a photoresist layer and a hardmask pattern also need to be increased. However,
there is a limit to the extent to which the heights of a photoresist layer and a hardmask
pattern may be increased. In addition, the hardmask pattern may be damaged during
the etching process for obtaining a material layer with a narrow line-width, and thus
electrical characteristics of the devices may deteriorate.
[0005] In this regard, methods have been proposed which use a single layer or multiple layers,
in which a plurality of layers of a conductive or insulating material are stacked,
e.g., a polysilicon layer, a tungsten layer, and a nitride layer, as a hardmask. However,
the single layer or the multiple layers require a relatively high deposition temperature,
and thus physical properties of the material layer may be modified. Therefore, a novel
hardmask material is needed.
[0006] EP 2 950 334 discloses a hardmask composition including a solvent and a 2-dimensional carbon nanostructure
containing about 0.01 atom% to about 40 atom% of oxygen or a 2-dimensional carbon
nanostructure precursor thereof.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0007] Provided is a hardmask composition with improved etching resistance.
[0008] Provided is a method of forming a pattern using the hardmask composition.
[0009] Provided is a hardmask formed from the hardmask composition.
[0010] Additional aspects will be set forth in part in the description which follows and,
in part, will be apparent from the description, or may be learned by practice of the
presented embodiments.
[0011] According to some example embodiments, a hardmask composition includes a solvent
and at least one of a derivative mixture and a composite. The derivative mixture may
include a derivative of a two-dimensional (2D) carbon nanostructure and a derivative
of a zero-dimensional (0D) carbon nanostructure. The composite may include a 2D carbon
nanostructure and a 0D carbon nanostructure.
[0012] According to some example embodiments, a method of forming a pattern includes: forming
an etching layer on a substrate; forming a hardmask on the etching layer, the forming
the hardmask including providing the hardmask composition on the etching layer, wherein
the hardmask includes a composite containing a 2D carbon nanostructure and a 0D carbon
nanostructure; forming a photoresist layer on the hardmask; forming a hardmask pattern,
the forming the hardmask pattern including etching the composite using the photoresist
layer as an etching mask; and etching the etching layer using the hardmask pattern
as an etching mask.
[0013] According to some example embodiments, a hardmask includes a composite containing
a 2D carbon nanostructure and a 0D carbon nanostructure.
[0014] According to some example embodiments, a hardmask composition includes at least one
of a two-dimensional (2D) carbon nanostructure and a derivative of the 2D carbon nanostructure.
The hardmask composition further includes at least one of a zero-dimensional (0D)
carbon nanostructure and a derivative of the 0D carbon nanostructure.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0015] These and/or other aspects will become apparent and more readily appreciated from
the following description of the embodiments, taken in conjunction with the accompanying
drawings in which:
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram that illustrates a structure of a composite, according
to one or more example embodiments, that may be used as a hardmask and includes a
two-dimensional (2D) carbon nanostructure and a zero-dimensional (0D) carbon nanostructure;
FIGS. 2A to 2E illustrate a method of forming a pattern using a hardmask composition
according to one or more example embodiments;
FIG. 2F illustrates a part of a method of forming a pattern using a hardmask composition
according to one or more example embodiments;
FIGS. 3A to 3D illustrate a method of forming a pattern using a hardmask composition
according to one or more example embodiments;
FIGS. 4A to 4D illustrate a method of forming a pattern using a hardmask composition
according to one or more example embodiments; FIGS. 5A to 5D illustrate a method of
forming a pattern using a hardmask composition according to one or more example embodiments.
FIGS. 6A and 6B respectively show Fourier transform (FT) transmission electron microscope
(TEM) images of a composite of Example 1 and a graphene nanoparticle (GNP) of Comparative
Example 1; and
FIG. 7 shows a Raman spectroscopy spectrum for OH-functionalized fullerene (C60) prepared
in Preparation Example 5;
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS
[0016] Reference will now be made in detail to embodiments, examples of which are illustrated
in the accompanying drawings, wherein like reference numerals refer to like elements
throughout. In this regard, the present embodiments may have different forms and should
not be construed as being limited to the descriptions set forth herein. Accordingly,
the embodiments are merely described below, by referring to the figures, to explain
aspects. As used herein, the term "and/or" includes any and all combinations of one
or more of the associated listed items.
[0017] Hereinafter, a hardmask composition according to one or more example embodiments,
a method of forming a pattern using the hardmask composition, and a hardmask formed
from the hardmask composition will be described in detail.
[0018] A hardmask composition may include a solvent and i) a derivative mixture including
a derivative of a two-dimensional (2D) carbon nanostructure and a derivative of a
zero-dimensional (0D) carbon nanostructure; and/or ii) a composite including the 2D
carbon nanostructure and the 0D carbon nanostructure. In other words, the hardmask
composition may include the solvent and at least one of the derivative mixture and
the composite.
[0019] The term "a derivative of a two-dimensional (2D) carbon nanostructure and a derivative
of a zero-dimensional (0D) carbon nanostructure" denotes an analogous compound that
is obtained by chemically modifying a two-dimensional (2D) carbon nanostructure and
the zero-dimensional (0D) carbon nanostructure.
[0020] The 2D carbon nanostructure and the 0D carbon nanostructure may be classified according
to the manner in which carbon atoms are connected. The definitions thereof are as
follows.
[0021] The term "2D carbon nanostructure" as used herein refers to a sheet structure of
a single atomic layer formed by a carbon nanostructure that forms polycyclic aromatic
molecules in which a plurality of carbon atoms are covalently bound and aligned into
a planar shape; a network structure in which a plurality of carbon structures each
having a plate shape as a small film piece are interconnected and aligned into a planar
shape; or a combination thereof. The covalently bound carbon atoms form repeating
units that include 6-membered rings, but may also form 5-membered rings and/or 7-membered
rings. The 2D carbon nanostructure may be formed by stacking a plurality of layers
including several sheet structures and/or network structures, and an average thickness
of the 2D carbon nanostructure may be 100 nanometers (nm) or less, for example, 10
nm or less, or in a range of 0.01 nm to 10 nm.
[0022] The 2D carbon nanostructure may be a graphene nanoparticle (GNP) having a size in
a range of 1 nm to 10 nm, for example, 5 nm to 8 nm, and the number of layers of the
GNP is 300 or less.
[0023] The 2D carbon nanostructure may have a 2D sheet form, a ratio of size to thickness
thereof may be in a range of 3 to 30, for example, 5 to 25. When the 2D carbon nanostructure
has a plate-like shape, the term "size" denotes a longitudinal length of the 2-dimensional
flat shape. When the 2D carbon nanostructure has an oval shape, the term "size" may
denote a major axis diameter.
[0024] For example, the 2D carbon nanostructure may be at least one of graphene, graphene
quantum dots, reduced graphene oxide, and a heteroatom derivative thereof.
[0025] The term "0D carbon nanostructure" as used herein may include, for example, fullerenes
(C20, C26, C28, C36, C50, C60, C70, and C2n, where n=12, 13, 14, or 100), boron buckyballs
(B80, B90, and B92), a carborane (C
2B
10H
12), and a derivative thereof. A particle size of the 0D carbon nanostructure may be
in a range of 0.6 nm to 2 nm.
[0026] The 0D carbon nanostructure may be, for example, fullerene having a particle size
of 1 nm or less, for example, 0.7 nm to 1 nm; and a density in a range of 1.5 grams
per cubic centimeter (g/cm
3) to 1.8 g/cm
3, for example, 1.7 g/cm
3. All fullerenes have sp
2 carbon.
[0027] The number of carbon atoms of the 0D carbon nanostructure may be 26 or greater, for
example, 60 or greater, for example, 60, 70, 76, 78, 80, 82, or 84.
[0028] The term "heteroatom derivative" as used herein refers to a derivative that contains
a heteroatom, e.g., boron (B) or nitrogen (N).
[0029] The 2D carbon nanostructure may be, for example, at least one of graphene, graphene
quantum dots, graphene nanoparticles, reduced graphene oxide, and a heteroatom derivative
thereof.
[0030] The 2D carbon nanostructure may have, for example, a 2D sheet form, a ratio of size
to thickness thereof may be in a range of 3 to 30.
[0031] The term "derivative of a 2D carbon nanostructure" as used herein refers to a precursor
of a 2D carbon nanostructure or a 2D carbon nanostructure having a reactive functional
group. The term "derivative of a 0D carbon nanostructure" as used herein refers to
a precursor of a 0D carbon nanostructure or a 0D carbon nanostructure having a reactive
functional group. For example, when a 0D carbon nanostructure is fullerene, a derivative
of the 0D carbon nanostructure may be a start material for fullerene, or fullerene
having a reactive functional group such as OH-functionalized fullerene. When a 2D
carbon nanostructure is a GNP, a derivative of the 2D carbon nanostructure refers
to a GNP having a reactive functional group such as a COOH-functionalized GNP, or
a start material for a GNP.
[0032] A COOH-functionalized GNP may be obtained by adding chloroacetic acid to a bare GNP
or a OH functionalized GNP.
[0033] A OH-functionalized GNP may be obtained by a known method of introducing a hydroxyl
group to a GNP. For example, the OH-functionalized fullerene may be obtained by grinding
fullerene to a predetermined or given size followed by addition of a base and a oxidizing
agent and grinding the mixture. Examples of the base include sodium hydroxide. Examples
of the oxidizing agent include hydrogen peroxide.
[0034] The composite may be a structure in which a 2D carbon nanostructure is bound to a
0D carbon nanostructure via a linker; or a laminate of the 2D carbon nanostructure
and the 0D carbon nanostructure.
[0035] The composite may be a molecular composite, a covalent bonded structure, or a laminate.
[0036] The term "laminate of the 2D carbon nanostructure and the 0D carbon nanostructure"
as used herein refers to a structure in which the 2D carbon nanostructure and the
0D carbon nanostructure are stacked. The term "molecular composite" as used herein
refers to a composite form in which elements thereof are well-mixed in molecular unit
such as a single compound.
[0037] A hardmask may include the composite containing the 2D carbon nanostructure and the
0D carbon nanostructure. Because the composite has improved density relative to a
2D carbon nanostructure such as a GNP, the hardmask including the composite may have
improved etching resistance relative to a hardmask including a GNP only.
[0038] A mixture ratio of the 2D carbon nanostructure to the 0D carbon nanostructure in
the composite may be in a range of 1:1 to 99:1, for example, 50:50 to 90:10, for example,
3:1 to 5:1. When the mixture ratio of the 2D carbon nanostructure to the 0D carbon
nanostructure in the composite is within any of these ranges, a hardmask composition
may have a desirable solubility, and when this hardmask composition is used, a hardmask
having improved film uniformity and etching resistance may be prepared.
[0039] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram that illustrates a structure of a composite, according
to one or more example embodiments, that may be used as a hardmask and includes a
2D carbon nanostructure and a 0D carbon nanostructure. In FIG. 1, the 2D carbon nanostructure
may be, for example, a GNP (having a particle size in a range of 7 nm to 8 nm), and
the 0D carbon nanostructure may be, for example, fullerene, but example embodiments
are not limited thereto.
[0040] Referring to FIG. 1, a composite 10 has a structure in which fullerene 12 is present
between a plurality of 2D carbon nanostructures, e.g., GNPs, as a complex. The GNPs
11 and the fullerene 12 may form covalent bonds through a coupling reaction and be
bound to each other via these covalent bonds. The composite 10 having such a structure
may have an excellent density in a range of 1.6 g/cm
3 to 1.8 g/cm
3 because the fullerene 12 complements micropores of the GNPs 11. In addition, excellent
solubility of the GNPs 11 and etching resistance of the fullerene 12 may exhibit a
synergistic effect, and thus, a hardmask prepared using the composite may have improved
etching resistance.
[0041] In the composite 10, the 2D carbon nanostructure may be bound to the 0D carbon nanostructure
by a linker. The linker may be derived from reactive functional groups included in
the 2D carbon nanostructure and the 0D carbon nanostructure. For example, the 2D carbon
nanostructure may include a first reactive functional group and the 0D carbon nanostructure
may include a second reactive functional group, which may be the same as or different
than the first reactive functional group.
[0042] The reactive functional group (e.g., first reactive functional group and/or second
reactive functional group) may be any suitable functional group that enables a coupling
reaction between the 2D carbon nanostructure and the 0D carbon nanostructure. Examples
of the reactive functional group (e.g., first reactive functional group and/or second
reactive functional group) may include at least one of a halogen atom, a hydroxyl
group, an alkoxy group, a cyano group, an amino group, an azide group, a carboxamidine
group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group. a a carbamoyl group, a thiol group, an
ester group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a
salt thereof, and a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof.
[0043] The linker may be one of an ester group (-C(=O)O-), an ether group (-O-), a thioether
group (-S-), a carbonyl group ((-C)=O)-), an amide group (-C(=O)NH-), an imide group,
and an organic group derived therefrom.
[0044] The composite may be a product of a reaction between the 2D carbon nanostructure
having a reactive functional group and the 0D carbon nanostructure having a reactive
functional group.
[0045] According to analysis of the fullerene by Raman spectroscopy, a maximum absorption
peak may be observed at a Raman shift of 1,455 centimeters
-1 (cm
-1) to 1,500 cm
-1. This peak corresponds to a pentagonal pinch mode, which indicates that fullerene
is included in the composite.
[0046] The composite may be, for example, a composite represented by Formula 1, a composite
represented by Formula 2, or a composite represented by Formula 3:
wherein, in Formula 1, A indicates fullerene, B indicates graphene and a linker is
-O-C(=O)-O-,
[0047] The composite represented by Formula 1 may be a product of a reaction between graphene
to which a hydroxyl group is bound and fullerene to which a carboxyl group is bound,
wherein in Formula 2, R indicates a group represented by Formula 2a:
wherein, in Formula 3, n may be an integer from 1 to 10, for example, 1.
[0048] The GNP used as a 2D carbon nanostructure may have a 2D plate-like shape or a spherical
shape. For example, the GNP may have a spherical shape. Here, the term "spherical"
denotes all types of shape that is substantially close to a sphere. For example, the
spherical shape may be a spherical shape or an oval shape.
[0049] When the GNP has a spherical shape, the term "size" denotes an average particle diameter
of the GNP. When the GNP has a plate-like shape, the term "size" denotes a longitudinal
length of the 2-dimensional flat shape. When the GNP has an oval shape, the term "size"
may denote a major axis length. A size of the GNP may be in a range of 1 nanometers
(nm) to 10 nm, for example, 5 nm to 10 nm, or 7 nm to 8 nm. When a size of the GNP
is within any of these ranges, an amount of the edge carbon is greater than 20 atom%
based on the total amount of carbon of the GNP, and thus an etching rate of a hardmask
formed from the hardmask composition may be excessively high. Also, when a size of
the GNP is within any of these ranges, an etching rate of the hardmask may be appropriately
controlled, and dispersibility of the GNP in the hardmask composition may be improved.
[0050] The number of layers of the GNP may be 300 or less, for example, 100 or less, or
in some embodiments, in a range of 1 to 20. Also, a thickness of the GNP may be 100
nm.
[0051] When a size, the number of layers, and a thickness of the GNP are within any of these
ranges above, the hardmask composition may have improved stability.
[0052] The GNP contains an edge carbon (edge C) existing at an edge site and a center carbon
(center C) existing at a center site. The edge carbon has an sp
3 bonding structure, and the center carbon has an sp
2 bonding structure. Since a functional group (e.g., oxygen or nitrogen) may be bound
to the edge carbon, reactivity of the edge carbon with respect to an etching solution
may be greater than that of the center carbon.
[0053] In a GNP according to one or more example embodiments, an amount of the edge carbon
may be about 20 atom% or less, for example, in a range of 1.2 atom% to 19.1 atom%.
[0054] In the GNP, an amount of the edge carbon and the center carbon may be calculated
using a carbon-carbon bond length in the GNP.
[0055] An amount of oxygen contained in the GNP may be in a range of 0.01 atom% to 40 atom%.
An amount of oxygen may be in a range of 6.5 atom% to 19.9 atom%, for example, 10.33
atom% to 14.28 atom%. The amount of oxygen may be measured using, for example, an
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis. When the amount of oxygen is within
any of these ranges, degassing may not occur during an etching process of the hardmask
formed from the hardmask composition, and the hardmask may have desirable etching
resistance. When the amount of oxygen of the GNP is within any of these ranges, the
GNP has hydrophilic property, and thus an adhesive strength of the GNP to another
layer may improve. Also, solvent dispersibility of the GNP improves, and thus a hardmask
composition may be more easily manufactured. In addition, etching resistance with
respect to an etching gas may improve due to a high bond dissociation energy of the
functional group including an oxygen atom.
[0056] Each of D50, D90, and D10 of the GNPs denotes a particle size when the GNPs are accumulated
at a volume ratio of 50%, 90%, or 10%. Here, a particle size may refer to an average
particle diameter when the GNPs have a spherical shape, or a longitudinal length when
the GNPs do not have a spherical shape (e.g., have an oval or a rectangular shape).
[0057] In a hardmask according to one or more example embodiments, light scattering does
not occur in a range of visible light, and a transmittance of the hardmask at a wavelength
of 633 nm is 99% or higher. When a hardmask having improved transmittance as such
is used, sensing of a hardmask pattern and an align mask for patterning an etching
layer may become easier, and thus the etching layer may be patterned at a finer and
more compact pattern size.
[0058] The GNPs contained in the hardmask may have k that is 0.5 or lower, for example,
0.3 or lower, or in some embodiments, 0.1 or lower, at a wavelength of 633 nm. For
comparison, k of graphite is in a range of 1.3 to 1.5, and k of graphene, which is
only formed of an sp
2 bond structure, is in a range of 1.1 to 1.3.
[0059] k is an extinction coefficient which is measured using a spectroscopic ellipsometer.
When k of the GNPs is within the range above, and a hardmask formed using the GNPs
is used, an align mark may be more easily sensed.
[0060] The total thickness of the GNP may be, for example, in a range of 0.34 nm to 100
nm. When GNPs have a thickness as such, the GNPs may have a stable structure. A GNP
according to one or more example embodiments includes some oxygen atoms in addition
to carbon atoms, rather than having a complete C=C/C-C conjugated structure. Also,
a carboxyl group, a hydroxyl group, an epoxy group, or a carbonyl group may be present
at the terminus of a 2-dimensional carbon nanostructure in the GNP.
[0061] The GNP may have improved solvent dispersibility, and thus manufacture of a hardmask
composition with improved stability is convenient. Also, the GNP may improve etching
resistance against an etching gas.
[0062] At least one functional group selected from a hydroxyl group, an epoxy group, a carboxyl
group, a carbonyl group, an amine group, and an imide group may be bound at the terminus
of the GNP. When the functional group is bound at the terminus of the GNP as described
above, etching resistance of a hardmask formed from the hardmask composition may be
better than that of a hardmask in which the functional group is present in the center
of the GNP as well as at the terminus of the GNP.
[0063] An amount of the GNPs is in a range of about 0.1 percent by weight (wt%) to 40 wt%.
When the amount of the graphene nanoparticles is within this range, the GNP may have
improved stability and etching resistance.
[0064] The GNP according to one or more example embodiments may have peaks observed at 1,340
cm
-1 to 1,350 cm
-1, 1,580 cm
-1, and 2,700 cm
-1 in Raman spectroscopy analysis. These peaks provide information of a thickness, a
crystallinity, and a charge doping status of the GNP. The peak observed at 1,580 cm
-1 is a "G mode" peak, which is generated by a vibration mode corresponding to stretching
of a carbon-carbon bond. Energy of the "G mode" is determined by a density of excess
charge doped in the carbon nanostructure. Also, the peak observed at 2,700 cm
-1 is a "2D mode" peak that is useful in the evaluation of a thickness of the GNP. The
peak observed at 1,340 cm
-1 to 1,350 cm
-1 is a "D mode" peak, which appears when an sp
2 crystal structure has defects and is mainly observed when many defects are found
around edges of a sample or in the sample per se. Also, a ratio of a D peak intensity
to a G peak intensity (an D/G intensity ratio) provides information of a degree of
disorder of crystals of the GNP.
[0065] An intensity ratio (I
D/I
G) of a D mode peak to a G mode peak obtained from Raman spectroscopy analysis of the
GNPs is 2 or lower, for example, in a range of 0.001 to 2.0.
[0066] An intensity ratio (I
2D/I
G) of a 2D mode peak to a G mode peak obtained from Raman spectroscopy analysis of
the GNPs is 0.01 or higher. For example, the intensity ratio (I
2D/I
G) is within a range of 0.01 to 1.0, or 0.05 to 0.5.
[0067] When the intensity ratio of a D mode peak to a G mode peak and the intensity ratio
of a 2D mode peak to a G mode peak are within any of these ranges, the GNP may have
a relatively high crystallinity and a relatively small defect, and thus a bonding
energy increases so that a hardmask formed using the GNP may have desirable etching
resistance.
[0068] X-ray diffraction analysis using CuKα is performed on the GNP, and as a result of
the X-ray diffraction analysis, the GNP may include a 2D layered structure having
a (002) crystal face peak. The (002) crystal face peak may be observed within a range
of 20° to 27°.
[0069] An interlayer distance (d-spacing) of the GNP obtained from the X-ray diffraction
analysis may be in a range of about 0.3 nm to about 0.7 nm, for example, about 0.334
nm to about 0.478 nm. When the interlayer distance (d-spacing) is within this range,
the hardmask composition may have desirable etching resistance.
[0070] The GNP may be formed as a single layer of 2D nanocrystalline carbon, or formed by
stacking multiple layers of 2D nanocrystalline carbon.
[0071] The GNP according to one or more example embodiments has a higher content of sp
2 carbon than that of sp
3 carbon and a relatively high content of oxygen, as compared with a conventional amorphous
carbon layer. An sp
2 carbon bond, e.g., a bond of an aromatic structure, has a higher bonding energy than
that of an sp
3 carbon bond.
[0072] The sp
3 structure is a 3-dimensional (3D) bonding structure of diamond-like carbon in a tetrahedral
shape. The sp
2 structure is a 2D bonding structure of graphite in which a carbon to hydrogen ratio
(a C/H ratio) increases and thus may secure resistance to dry etching.
[0073] In the 2D carbon nanostructure, an sp
2 carbon fraction may be equal to or a multiple of an sp
3 carbon fraction. For example, an sp
2 carbon fraction may be a multiple of an sp
3 carbon fraction by 1.0 to 10, or by 1.88 to 3.42.
[0074] An amount of the sp
2 carbon atom bonding structure is 30 atom% or greater, for example, 39.7 atom% to
62.5 atom%, in the C1s XPS analysis. Due to the mixing ratio, bond breakage of the
GNP may be difficult because carbon-carbon bond energy is relatively high. Thus, when
a hardmask composition including the GNP is used, etching resistance characteristics
during the etching process may improve. A bond strength between the hardmask and adjacent
layers may also increase.
[0075] A hardmask obtained using conventional amorphous carbon mainly includes an sp
2-centered carbon atom bonding structure and thus may have desirable etching resistance
and relatively low transparency. Therefore, when the hardmasks are aligned, problems
may occur, and particles may be generated during a deposition process, and thus a
hardmask formed using a diamond-like carbon having an sp
3-carbon atom bonding structure has been developed. However, the hardmask has relatively
low etching resistance and thus has a limit in process application.
[0076] A k value of graphite is in a range of 1.3 to 1.5, and a k value of graphene having
an sp
2 structure is in a range of 1.1 to 1.3. A GNP according to one or more example embodiments
has a k value that is 1.0 or lower, for example, in a range of 0.1 to 0.5 at a predetermined
or given wavelength. Thus the GNP has improved transparency. Thus, when a hardmask
including the GNP is used, an align mark may be more easily sensed during formation
of a pattern of an etching layer. Therefore, the pattern may be more finely and evenly
formed, and the hardmask may have desirable etching resistance.
[0077] In a hardmask composition according to one or more example embodiments, any suitable
solvent capable of dispersing a 2D carbon nanostructure and a 0D carbon nanostructure
may be used. For example, the solvent may be at least one of water, an alcohol-based
solvent, and an organic solvent.
[0078] Examples of the alcohol-based solvent include methanol, ethanol, and isopropanol.
Examples of the organic solvent include N,N-dimethylformamide, N-methylpyrrolidone,
dichloroethane, dichlorobenzene, dimethylsulfoxide, xylene, aniline, propylene glycol,
propylene glycol diacetate, 3-methoxy1,2-propanediol, diethylene glycol, gamma-butyrolactone,
acetylacetone, cyclohexanone, propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate, γ-butyrolactone,
dichloroethane, O-dichlorobenzene, nitromethane, tetrahydrofuran, nitromethane, dimethyl
sulfoxide, nitrobenzene, butyl nitrite, methyl cellosolve, ethyl cellosolve, diethylether,
diethylene glycol methyl ether, diethylene glycol ethyl ether, dipropylene glycol
methyl ether, toluene, hexane, methylethylketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, hydroxymethylcellulose,
and heptane.
[0079] An amount of the solvent may be in a range of 100 parts to 100,000 parts by weight
based on 100 parts by weight of the total weight of the 2D carbon nanostructure and
the 0D carbon nanostructure. When the amount of the solvent is within this range,
the hardmask composition may have an appropriate viscosity and thus may more easily
form a layer.
[0080] A hardmask composition according to one or more example embodiments may have improved
stability.
[0081] The hardmask composition may further include a first material selected from a monomer
containing an aromatic ring and a polymer containing a repeating unit including the
monomer; a second material selected from one of a hexagonal boron nitride, a chalcogenide-based
material, and their precursors; or a mixture of the first material and the second
material.
[0082] The first material may not be combined with the second material, or the first material
may be combined to the second material by a chemical bond. The first material and
the second material combined by a chemical bond may form a composite structure. The
first material and the second material having the aforementioned functional groups
may be bound to each other through a chemical bond.
[0083] The chemical bond may be, for example, a covalent bond. The covalent bond may include
at least one selected from an ester group (-C(=O)O-), an ether group (-O-), a thioether
group (-S-), a carbonyl group ((-C)=O)-), and an amide group (-C(=O)NH-).
[0084] The first material and the second material may include at least one of a hydroxyl
group, a carboxyl group, an amino group, -Si(R
1)(R
2)(R
3) (wherein each of R
1, R
2, and R
3 are independently one of hydrogen, a hydroxyl group, a C
1-C
30 alkyl group, a C
1-C
30 alkoxy group, a C
6-C
30 aryl group, a C
6-C
30 aryloxy group, or a halogen atom), a thiol group (-SH), -Cl, -C(=O)Cl, -SCH
3, a glycidyloxy group, a halogen atom, an isocyanate group, an aldehyde group, an
epoxy group, an imino group, a urethane group, an ester group, an amide group, an
imide group, an acryl group, a methacryl group, -(CH
2)
nCOOH (wherein n is an integer from 1 to 10), - CONH
2, a C
1-C
30 saturated organic group having a photosensitive functional group, and a C
1-C
30 unsaturated organic group having a photosensitive functional group.
[0085] The monomer containing an aromatic ring may be at least one of a monomer represented
by Formula 4 and a monomer represented by Formula 5:
wherein, in Formula 4, R is a mono-substituted or a multi-substituted substituent
that is at least one of a general photosensitive functional group, hydrogen, a halogen
atom, a hydroxyl group, an isocyanate group, a glycidyloxy group, a carboxyl group,
an aldehyde group, an amino group, a siloxane group, an epoxy group, an imino group,
a urethane group, an ester group, an epoxy group, an amide group, an imide group,
an acryl group, a methacryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C
1-C
30 saturated organic group, and a substituted or unsubstituted C
1-C
30 unsaturated organic group.
[0086] The C
1-C
30 saturated organic group and the C
1-C
30 unsaturated organic group may have a photosensitive functional group. Examples of
the photosensitive functional group include an epoxy group, an amide group, an imide
group, a urethane group, and an aldehyde group.
[0087] Examples of the C
1-C
30 saturated organic group and the C
1-C
30 unsaturated organic group include a substituted or unsubstituted C
1-C
30 alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C
1-C
30 alkoxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C
2-C
30 alkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C
2-C
30 alkynyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C
6-C
30 aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C
6-C
30 aryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C
2-C
30 heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C
2-C
30 heteroaryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C
4-C
30 carbocyclic group, a substituted or unsubstituted C
4-C
30 carbocyclic-oxy group, and a substituted or unsubstituted C
2-C
30 heterocyclic group.
[0088] In Formula 4, a binding site of R is not limited. Although only one R is shown in
Formula 4 for convenience of description, R may be substituted at any site where substitution
is possible.
Formula 5 A-L-A'
wherein, in Formula 5, each of A and A' may be identical to or different from each
other and may independently be a monovalent organic group derived from one of the
monomers represented by Formula 4 and
[0089] L may be a linker which represents a single bond or is one of a substituted or unsubstituted
C
1-C
30 alkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C
2-C
30 alkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C
2-C
30 alkynylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C
7-C
30 arylene-alkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C
6-C
30 arylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C
2-C
30 heteroarylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C
2-C
30 heteroarylene-alkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C
1-C
30 alkylene-oxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C
7-C
30 arylene-alkylene-oxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C
6-C
30 arylene-oxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C
2-C
30 heteroarylene-oxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C
3-C
30 heteroarylene-alkylene-oxy group, - C(=O)-, and -SO
2-.
[0090] In L, the substituted C
1-C
30 alkylene group, the substituted C
2-C
30 alkenylene group, the substituted C
2-C
30 alkynylene group, the substituted C
7-C
30 arylene-alkylene group, the substituted C
6-C
30 arylene group, the substituted C
2-C
30 heteroarylene group, the substituted C
3-C
30 heteroarylene-alkylene group, the substituted C
1-C
30 alkylene-oxy group, the substituted C
7-C
30 arylene-alkylene-oxy group, the substituted C
6-C
30 arylene-oxy group, the substituted C
2-C
30 heteroarylene-oxy group, and the substituted C
3-C
30 heteroarylene-alkylene-oxy group may be substituted with at least one substituent
selected from a halogen atom, a hydroxyl group, an isocyanate group, a glycidyloxy
group, a carboxyl group, an aldehyde group, an amino group, a siloxane group, an epoxy
group, an imino group, a urethane group, an ester group, an epoxy group, an amide
group, an imide group, an acryl group, and a methacryl group, or may be substituted
with a photosensitive functional group.
[0091] The first material may be at least one of a compound represented by Formula 7 and
a compound represented by Formula 8:
wherein, in Formula 7, R is the same as described with reference to Formula 4.
wherein, in Formula 8, R is the same as described with reference to Formula 4, and
L is the same as described with reference to Formula 5.
[0092] In Formulae 7 and 8, a binding site of R is not limited. Although only one R is included
in Formulae 7 and 8 for convenience of description, R may be substituted at any site
where substitution is possible.
[0093] A weight average molecular weight of the polymer containing a repeating unit including
a monomer containing an aromatic ring may be 300 to 30,000. When a polymer having
a weight average molecular weight within this range is used, a thin film may be more
easily formed, and a transparent hardmask may be manufactured.
[0094] In one or more example embodiments, the first material may be a compound represented
by Formula 9:
wherein, in Formula 9, A may be a substituted or unsubstituted C
6-C
30 arylene group,
[0095] L may be a single bond or a substituted or unsubstituted C
1-C
6 alkylene group, and n may be an integer from 1 to 5.
[0096] The arylene group may be selected from groups of Group 1:
[0097] In some embodiments, the compound of Formula 9 may be represented by Formulae 9a
to 9c:
wherein, in Formulae 9a, 9b, and 9c, each of L
1 to L
4 may independently be a single bond or a substituted or unsubstituted C
1-C
6 alkylene group.
[0098] The first material may be selected from compounds represented by Formulae 9d to 9f:
[0099] The first material may be a copolymer represented by Formula 10:
[0100] R
1 may be a C
1-C
4 substituted or unsubstituted alkylene; R
2, R
3, R
7, and R
8 may each independently be hydrogen, a hydroxy group, a C
1-C
10 linear or branched cycloalkyl group, an C
1-C
10 alkoxy group, a C
6-C
30 aryl group, or a mixture thereof; R
4, R
5, and R
6 may each independently be hydrogen, a hydroxy group, a C
1-C
4 alkoxy group, an alkylphenylalkyleneoxy group, or a mixture thereof; and R
9 may be an alkylene group, an alkylenephenylenealkylene group, a hydroxyphenylalkylene
group, or a mixture thereof, wherein x and y may each independently be a mole fraction
of two repeating units in part A which is 0 to 1, where x+y=1; n may be an integer
from 1 to 200; and m may be an integer from 1 to 200.
[0101] The first material may be represented by Formula 10a, 10b or 10c:
wherein, in Formula 10a, x may be 0.2, and y may be 0.8;
wherein, in Formula 10b, x may be 0.2, y may be 0.8, n=90, and m=10; and
wherein, in Formula 10c, x may be 0.2, y may be 0.8, n=90, and m=10.
[0102] The first material may be a copolymer represented by Formula 11 or 12:
wherein, in Formulae 11 and 12, m and n may each be an integer from 1 to 190, R
1 may be one of hydrogen (-H), a hydroxy group(-OH), a C
1-C
10 alkyl group, a C
6-C
10 aryl group, an allyl group, and a halogen atom, R
2 may be one of a group represented by Formula 9A, a phenyl group, a chrysene group,
a pyrene group, a fluoroanthene group, an anthrone group, a benzophenone group, a
thioxanthone group, an anthracene group, and their derivatives; R
3 may be a conjugated diene; and R
4 may be an unsaturated dienophile.
wherein, in Formulae 11 and 12, R
3 may be a 1,3-butadienyl group, or a 1,6-cyclopentadienylmethyl group, and R
4 may be a vinyl group or a cyclopentenylmethyl group.
[0103] The first material may be a polymer represented by one of Formulae 13 to 16.
wherein, in Formula 13, m+n=21, a weight average molecular weight thereof may be 0,000
g/mol, and a polydispersity thereof may be 2.1;
wherein, in Formula 14, a weight average molecular weight thereof may be 11,000 g/mol,
and a polydispersity thereof may be 2.1;
wherein, in Formula 15, a weight average molecular weight thereof may be 10,000 g/mol,
a polydispersity thereof may be 1.9, l+m+n=21, and n+m:l=2:1; and
wherein, in Formula 16, a weight average molecular weight thereof may be 10,000 g/mol,
a polydispersity thereof may be 2.0, and n may be 20.
[0104] The GNP has a relatively low reactivity with respect to a C
xF
y gas, which is an etching gas used to perform etching on a material layer such as
SiO
2 or SiN, and thus etching resistance of the GNP may increase. When an etching gas
with a relatively low reactivity with respect to SiO
2 or SiN
x, such as SF
6 or XeF
6, is used, etching may be more easily performed on the GNP, and thus ashing may be
more easily performed thereon as well. Moreover, the 2D layered nanostructure is a
transparent material having a band gap, and thus the preparation process may be more
easily carried out because an additional align mask may not be necessary.
[0105] The hexagonal boron nitride derivative is a hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) or a hexagonal
boron carbonitride (h-BxCyNz) (wherein the sum of x, y, and z may be 3). In the hexagonal
boron nitride derivative, boron and nitrogen atoms may be regularly included in a
hexagonal ring, or some of boron and nitrogen atoms may be substituted with carbon
atoms while maintaining the hexagonal ring.
[0106] The metal chalcogenide-based material is a compound including at least one Group
16 (chalcogenide) element and at least one electropositive element. For example, the
metal chalcogenide-based material may include one or more metal elements selected
from molybdenum (Mo), tungsten (W), niobium (Nb), vanadium (V), tantalum (Ta), titanium
(Ti), zirconium (Zr), hafnium (Hf), technetium (Tc), rhenium (Re), copper (Cu), gallium
(Ga), indium (In), tin (Sn), germanium (Ge), and lead (Pb) and one chalcogen element
selected from sulfur (S), selenium (Se), and tellurium (Te).
[0107] The metal chalcogenide-based material may be selected from molybdenum sulfide (MoS
2), molybdenum selenide (MoSe
2), molybdenum telluride (MoTe
2), tungsten sulfide (WS
2), tungsten selenide (WSe
2), and tungsten telluride (WTe
2). In some embodiments, the metal chalcogenide-based material may be molybdenum sulfide
(MoS
2).
[0108] The hexagonal boron nitride has a flat hexagonal crystal structure, the vertices
of which are occupied alternatively by boron and nitrogen atoms. A layered structure
of the hexagonal boron nitride is a structure in which a boron atom and a nitrogen
atom neighboring each other overlap due to their polarities, and this structure is
also referred as "an AB stacking". The hexagonal boron nitride may have a layered
structure in which nanolevel-thin sheets are stacked in layers, and these layers may
be separated or detached from each other to form a single layer or multiple layers
of a hexagonal boron nitride sheet.
[0109] The hexagonal boron nitride according to one or more example embodiments may have
a peak observed at 1360 cm
-1 in Raman spectroscopy analysis.
[0110] This location of the peak may reveal the number of layers in the hexagonal boron
nitride. Through atomic force microscopic (AFM) analysis, Raman spectroscopy analysis,
and transmission electron microscope (TEM) analysis performed on the hexagonal boron
nitride, it may be found that the hexagonal boron nitride has a nanosheet structure.
[0111] X-ray diffraction analysis using CuKα is performed on the hexagonal boron nitride,
and as a result of the X-ray diffraction analysis, the hexagonal boron nitride may
include a 2D layered structure having a (002) crystal face peak. The (002) crystal
face peak may be observed within a range of 20° to 27°.
[0112] An interlayer distance (d-spacing) of the hexagonal boron nitride obtained from the
X-ray diffraction analysis may be in a range of 0.3 nm to 0.7 nm, for example, 0.334
nm to 0.478 nm. An average particle diameter of the hexagonal boron nitride crystals
obtained from the X-ray diffraction analysis may be 1 nm or greater, for example,
in a range of 23.7 Angstroms (Å) to 43.9 Å. When the interlayer distance (d-spacing)
is within this range, the hardmask composition may have desirable etching resistance.
[0113] The hexagonal boron nitride may be formed as a single layer of 2D boron nitride,
or formed by stacking multiple layers of 2D boron nitride.
[0114] Hereinafter, a method of preparing a hardmask using the hardmask composition according
to one or more example embodiments will further be described.
[0115] A hardmask composition according to one or more example embodiments may include a
derivative mixture including a derivative of a 2D carbon nanostructure, a derivative
of a 0D carbon nanostructure, and a solvent. In some embodiments, the hardmask composition
may include a composite including a 2D carbon nanostructure and a 0D carbon nanostructure;
and a solvent. When the hardmask composition includes a derivative of a 2D carbon
nanostructure, a derivative of a 0D carbon nanostructure, and a solvent, a derivative
mixture (or composite) including the derivative of the 2D carbon nanostructure and
the derivative of the 0D carbon nanostructure may be formed in-situ when forming a
pattern using the hardmask composition.
[0116] An etching layer may be coated with the hardmask composition and dried to form a
hardmask.
[0117] Examples of the derivative of the 2D carbon nanostructure include a COOH-functionalized
GNP and a GNP precursor. Examples of the derivative of the 0D carbon nanostructure
include a OH-functionalized fullerene.
[0118] During or after the coating the etching layer with the hardmask composition, heat
treatment may be performed on the hardmask composition. Conditions for the heat treatment
may vary depending on a material for the etching layer, but a temperature of the heat
treatment may be from room temperature (20°C to 25°C) to 1,500°C.
[0119] The heat treatment may be performed in an inert gas atmosphere or in vacuum.
[0120] A heating source of the heat treatment may be induction heating, radiant heat, lasers,
infrared rays, microwaves, plasma, ultraviolet rays, or surface plasmon heating.
[0121] The inert gas atmosphere may be prepared by mixing a nitrogen gas and/or an argon
gas.
[0122] After the heat treatment, the solvent may be removed. Subsequently, c-axis arrangement
of graphene may be performed. The resultant from which the solvent is removed may
be baked at a temperature of 400°C or lower, for example, 100°C to 400°C. Then, another
heat treatment may be further performed on the baked resultant at a temperature of
800°C or lower, for example, in a range of 400°C to 800°C.
[0123] A thermal reduction process may proceed during the heat treatment. When the GNP undergoes
the thermal reduction process, a content of oxygen in the GNP may decrease.
[0124] In some embodiments, the baking process may not be performed, and the heat treatment
may only be performed.
[0125] When the temperatures of the heat treatment and the baking process are within any
of these ranges, the prepared hardmask may have desirable etching resistance. A temperature
increasing rate in the heat treatment and the baking process may be 1°C/min to 1,000°C/min.
When a temperature increasing rate is within this range, the deposited layer may not
be damaged due to a rapid temperature change, and thus process efficiency may be desirable.
[0126] A thickness of the hardmask may be in a range of 10 nm to 10,000 nm.
[0127] Hereinafter, a method of preparing a GNP that may be used as a 2D carbon nanostructure
will further be described.
[0128] In a first preparation method, an interlayer insertion material may be intercalated
into graphite to prepare a graphite intercalation compound (GIC), and a GNP may be
obtained therefrom.
[0129] The interlayer insertion material may be, for example, potassium sodium tartrate.
When potassium sodium tartrate is used as the interlayer insertion material, the material
may intercalate into graphite without an additional surfactant or a solvent during
a solvo-thermal reaction to prepare a GIC, and then desired GNPs may be obtained by
selecting particles according to a particle size of the resultant. Potassium sodium
tartrate may serve as an interlayer insertion material and as a solvent at the same
time.
[0130] The solvo-thermal reaction may be performed in, for example, an autoclave. The solvo-thermal
reaction may be performed at a temperature, for example, in a range of 25°C to 400°C,
or in some embodiments, at 250°C.
[0131] Examples of graphite as a starting material include natural graphite, kish graphite,
synthetic graphite, expandable graphite or expanded graphite, or a mixture thereof.
[0132] A third preparation method may be a method of preparing a GNP to which a functional
group is attached. The functional group may be, for example, a hydroxyl group. A GNP
to which a hydroxyl group is attached may be highly soluble in a solvent, and thus
may be utilized in various applications.
[0133] A GNP to which a hydroxyl group is attached according to one or more example embodiments
may be prepared as follows.
[0134] A hydrothermal fusion reaction may be performed on a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
under an alkali aqueous solution condition, which may result in a GNP having a single
crystal.
[0135] A hydrothermal reaction under the alkali aqueous solution condition may be performed
at a temperature in a range of 90°C to 200°C. In the hydrothermal reaction, when alkaline
species, e.g., OH
-, are present, hydrogen removal, condensation, or graphitization, and edge functionalization
may occur.
[0136] Examples of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon may include a pyrene and a 1-nitropyrene.
[0137] Before performing the hydrothermal reaction, a nitration reaction may be performed
on the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon. The nitration reaction may be performed using
a hot nitrate
salt or hot nitric acid (
e.g., hot HNO
3).
[0138] During the hydrothermal reaction, an amine-based material, e.g., NH
3, NH
2NH
2, may be added. When such an amine-based material is added thereto, water-soluble
OH
- and an amine-functionalized GNP may be obtained.
[0139] According to a second preparation method, a GNP may be obtained by acid-treating
graphite. For example, an acid and an oxidizing agent may be added to graphite, heated
and allowed to react, and cooled to room temperature (25°C) to obtain a mixture containing
a GNP precursor. An oxidizing agent may be added to the mixture containing the precursor
to undergo an oxidizing process, and the resultant may be worked up to prepare a desired
GNP.
[0140] Examples of the acid include sulfuric acid, nitric acid, acetic acid, phosphoric
acid, hydrofluoric acid, perchloric acid, trifluoroacetic acid, hydrochloric acid,
m-chlorobenzoic acid, and a mixture thereof. Examples of the oxidizing agent include,
potassium permanganate, potassium perchlorate, ammonium persulfate, and a mixture
thereof. Examples of the acid and the oxidizing agent are as described above. An amount
of the oxidizing agent may be in a range of 0.00001 parts to 30 parts by weight based
on 100 parts by weight of graphite.
[0141] The reaction may proceed by adding the acid and the oxidizing agent to graphite and
heating the resultant using, for example, microwave. The microwave may have an output
in a range of 50 Watts (W) to 1,500 W and a frequency in a range of 2.45 gigahertz
(GHz) to 60 GHz. Time for applying the microwave may vary depending on the frequency
of the microwave, but the microwave may be applied for 10 minutes to 30 minutes.
[0142] The work-up process may include controlling the resultant underwent the oxidizing
process to room temperature, adding deionized water to dilute the resultant, and adding
a base thereto to neutralize the resultant.
[0143] The work-up process may also include a process of selecting particles from the resultant
according to a particle size to obtain desired GNPs.
[0144] Hereinafter, a method of forming a pattern using a hardmask composition according
to one or more example embodiments will be described by referring to FIGS. 2A to 2E.
[0145] Referring to FIG. 2A, an etching layer 11 may be formed on a substrate 10. A hardmask
composition according to one or more example embodiments may be provided on the etching
layer 11 to form a hardmask 12.
[0146] A process of providing the hardmask composition may include at one of spin coating,
air spraying, electrospraying, dip coating, spray coating, doctor blade coating, and
bar coating.
[0147] In some embodiments, the hardmask composition may be provided using a spin-on coating
method. The hardmask composition may coat the substrate 10 at a thickness of, for
example, in a range of 10 nm to 10,000 nm, and in some embodiments, 10 nm to 1,000
nm, but the thickness of the hard composition is not limited thereto.
[0148] The substrate 10 is not particularly limited. For example, the substrate 10 may be
at least one selected from a Si substrate; a glass substrate; a GaN substrate; a silica
substrate; a substrate including at least one selected from nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co),
iron (Fe), platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), gold (Au), aluminum (Al), chromium (Cr),
copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), molybdenum (Mo), rhodium (Rh), iridium (Ir), tantalum
(Ta), titanium (Ti), tungsten (W), uranium (U), vanadium (V), and zirconium (Zr);
and a polymer substrate.
[0149] A photoresist layer 13 may be formed on the hardmask 12.
[0150] As shown in FIG. 2B, a photoresist pattern 13a may be formed by exposing and developing
the photoresist layer 13 using a known method.
[0151] The process of exposing the photoresist layer 13 may be performed using, for example,
ArF, KrF, or extreme ultra violet (EUV). After the exposing process, heat treatment
may be performed on the exposed photoresist layer 13 at a temperature in a range of
200°C to 500°C.
[0152] In the developing process, a developing solution, e.g., an aqueous solution of tetramethylammonium
hydroxide (TMAH), may be used.
[0153] Subsequently, the hardmask 12 may be etched using the photoresist pattern 13a as
an etching mask to form a hardmask pattern 12a on the etching layer 11 (FIG. 2C).
[0154] A thickness of the hardmask pattern 12a may be in a range of 10 nm to 10,000 nm.
When the thickness of the hardmask pattern 12a is within this range, the layer may
have desirable etching resistance as well as desirable homogeneousness.
[0155] For example, the etching process may be performed using a dry etching method using
an etching gas. Examples of the etching gas include at least one selected from CF
4, CHF
3, C
2F6, C
4F
8, CHF
3, Cl
2, and BCl
3.
[0156] In some embodiments, when a mixture gas of C
4F
8 and CHF
3 is used as an etching gas, C
4F
8 may be mixed with CHF
3 at a volume ratio in a range of 1:10 to 10:1.
[0157] The etching layer 11 may be formed as a plurality of patterns. The plurality of patterns
may vary, for example, may be a metal pattern, a semiconductor pattern, and an insulator
pattern. For example, the plurality of patterns may be various patterns applied to
a semiconductor integrated circuit device.
[0158] The etching layer 11 may contain a material that is to be finally patterned. The
material of the etching layer 11 may be, for example, a metal (e.g., aluminum or copper),
a semiconductor (e.g., silicon), or an insulator (e.g., silicon oxide or silicon nitride).
The etching layer 11 may be formed using various methods (e.g., sputtering, electronic
beam deposition, chemical vapor deposition, and physical vapor deposition). For example,
the etching layer 11 may be formed using a chemical vapor deposition method.
[0159] As shown in FIGS. 2D and 2E, the etching layer 11 may be etched using the hardmask
pattern 12a as an etching mask to later form an etching layer pattern 11a having a
desired fine pattern.
[0160] When the hardmask composition according to one or more example embodiments is used,
a solution process may be available, coating equipment may not be necessary, ashing-off
may be easily performed in an oxygen atmosphere, and mechanical properties may be
excellent.
[0161] The hardmask according to one or more example embodiments may be a structure in which
a 2D carbon nanostructure and a 0D carbon nanostructure are stacked.
[0162] The hardmask according to one or more example embodiments may be inserted between
other layers so as to use the hardmask as a stopper in the manufacture of a semiconductor
device.
[0163] FIG. 2F illustrates a part of a method of forming a pattern using a composition according
to one or more example embodiments.
[0164] Referring to FIG. 2F, as previously-described with reference to FIG. 2A, an etching
layer 11 may be formed on a substrate 10 and a hardmask 12 and a photoresist layer
13 may be formed on the etching layer 11. Then, as previously-described with reference
to FIG. 2B, a photoresist pattern 13a may be formed on the hardmask 12. Thereafter,
the hardmask 12 may be etched using the photoresist pattern 13a as an etching mask
to form a hardmask pattern 12a on the etching layer 11. As shown in FIG. 2F, a portion
of the photoresist pattern 13a may remain after the hardmask pattern 12a is formed.
[0165] Then, the etching layer 11 may be etched to form an etched layer pattern 11a having
a desired fine pattern using a remaining portion of the photoresist pattern 13a and
the hardmask pattern 12a as an etching mask. Afterwards, the hardmask pattern 12a
and any residual portion of photoresist pattern 13a may be removed using O
2 ashing and/or wet stripping to form a structure including the etched layer pattern
11a on the substrate 10 (see FIG. 2E). For example, the wet stripping may be performed
by using alcohol, acetone, or a mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid.
[0166] Hereinafter, a method of forming a pattern using a hardmask composition according
to one or more example embodiments will be described by referring to FIGS. 3A to 3D.
[0167] Referring to FIG. 3A, an etching layer 21 may be formed on a substrate 20. The substrate
20 may be a silicon substrate, but is not limited thereto.
[0168] The etching layer 21 may be formed as, for example, a silicon oxide layer, a silicon
nitride layer, a silicon nitroxide layer, a silicon carbide (SiC) layer, or a derivative
layer thereof. Then, a hardmask composition according to one or more example embodiments
may be provided on the etching layer 21 to form a hardmask 22.
[0169] An anti-reflection layer 30 may be formed on the hardmask 22. The anti-reflection
layer 30 may include an inorganic anti-reflection layer, an organic anti-reflection
layer, or a combination thereof. FIGS. 3A to 3C illustrate embodiments in which the
anti-reflection layer 30 includes an inorganic anti-reflection layer 32 and an organic
anti-reflection layer 34.
[0170] The inorganic anti-reflection layer 32 may be, for example, a SiON layer, and the
organic anti-reflection layer 34 may be a polymer layer commonly used in the art having
an appropriate refraction index and a relatively high absorption coefficient on a
photoresist with respect to a wavelength of light.
[0171] A thickness of the anti-reflection layer 30 may be, for example, in a range of 100
nm to 500 nm.
[0172] A photoresist layer 23 may be formed on the anti-reflection layer 30.
[0173] A photoresist pattern 23a may be formed by exposing and developing the photoresist
layer 23 using a known method. Subsequently, the anti-reflection layer 30 and the
hardmask 22 may be sequentially etched using the photoresist pattern 23a as an etching
mask to form an anti-reflection pattern 30a and a hardmask pattern 22a on the etching
layer 21. The anti-reflection pattern 30a may include an inorganic anti-reflection
pattern 32a and an organic anti-reflection pattern 34a.
[0174] FIG. 3B illustrates that the photoresist pattern 23a and an anti-reflection pattern
30a remain after forming the hardmask pattern 22a. However, in some cases, part of
or the whole photoresist pattern 23a and the anti-reflection pattern 30a may be removed
during an etching process for forming the hardmask pattern 22a.
[0175] In FIG. 3C, only the photoresist pattern 23a is removed.
[0176] The etching layer 21 may be etched using the hardmask pattern 22a as an etching mask
to form a desired etching layer pattern 21a (see FIG. 3D).
[0177] As described above, the hardmask pattern 22a is removed after forming the etching
layer pattern 21a. In the preparation of the hardmask pattern 22a according to one
or more example embodiments, the hardmask pattern 22a may be more easily removed using
a known method, and little residue may remain after removing the hardmask pattern
22a.
[0178] The removing process of the hardmask pattern 22a may be performed by, but not limited
to, O
2 ashing and wet stripping. For example, the wet stripping may be performed using alcohol,
acetone, or a mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid.
[0179] A GNP in the hardmask prepared as above may have an amount of sp
2 carbon structures higher than the amount of sp
3 carbon structures. Thus, the hardmask may secure sufficient resistance to dry etching.
In addition, such a hardmask may have desirable transparent properties, and thus an
align mask for patterning may be more easily sensed.
[0180] FIGS. 4A to 4D illustrate a method of forming a pattern using a hardmask composition
according to one or more example embodiments.Referring to FIG. 4A, an etching layer
61 may be formed on a substrate 60. Then, a hardmask 62 may be formed on the etching
layer 61 and a first photoresist pattern 63a may be formed on the hardmask 62.
[0181] A material of the substrate 60 is not particularly limited, and the substrate 60
may be at least one of a Si substrate; a glass substrate; a GaN substrate; a silica
substrate; a substrate including at least one of nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), iron (Fe),
platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), gold (Au), aluminum (Al), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu),
manganese (Mn), molybdenum (Mo), rhodium (Rh), iridium (Ir), tantalum (Ta), titanium
(Ti), tungsten (W), uranium (U), vanadium (V), and zirconium (Zr); and a polymer substrate.
The substrate 60 may be semiconductor-on-insulator (SOI) substrate such as a silicon-on-insulator
substrate.
[0182] The etching layer 61 may be formed as, for example, a silicon oxide layer, a silicon
nitride layer, a silicon nitroxide layer, a silicon oxynitride (SiON) layer, a silicon
carbide (SiC) layer, or a derivative thereof. However, example embodiments are not
limited thereto.
[0183] Thereafter, a hardmask composition according to one or more example embodiments may
be provided on the etching layer 61 to form a hardmask 62.
[0184] Thereafter, as shown in FIG. 4B, a second photoresist pattern 63b may be formed on
top of the hardmask 62. The first and second photoresist patterns 63a and 63b may
be alternately arranged.
[0185] In FIG. 4C, the hardmask layer 62 may be etched using the first and second photoresist
patterns 63a and 63b as an etch mask to form a hardmask pattern 62a. Then, in FIG.
4D, the etching layer 61 may be etched to form an etching layer pattern 61a.
[0186] Even though FIGS. 4C and 4D illustrate the first and second photoresist patterns
63a and 63b remain on top of the hardmask pattern 62a after forming the hardmask pattern
62a, example embodiments are not limited thereto. A portion and/or an entire portion
of the first and second photoresist patterns 63a and 63b may be removed during (and/or
after) the process of forming the hardmask pattern 62a and/or the etching layer pattern
61a in FIGS. 4C and 4D.
[0187] FIGS. 5A to 5D illustrate a method of forming a pattern using a hardmask composition
according to one or more example embodiments.
[0188] Referring to FIG. 5A, as previously described with reference to FIG. 3A, a stacked
structure including the substrate 20, etching layer 21, hardmask layer 22, anti-reflection
layer 30, and photoresist layer 23 may be formed.
[0189] Thereafter, the photoresist layer may be exposed and developed to form a photoresist
pattern 23a. The anti-reflection layer 30 may be etched by using the photoresist pattern
23a as an etching mask to form an anti-reflection layer pattern 30a on the etching
layer 21. The anti-reflection layer pattern 30a may include an inorganic anti-reflection
layer pattern 32a and an organic anti-reflection layer pattern 34a.
[0190] As shown in FIG. 5B, a dielectric layer 70 (e.g., silicon oxide) may be coated on
the photoresist pattern 23a.
[0191] Referring to FIG. 5C, spacers 72 may be formed by etching the dielectric layer 70.
A hardmask pattern 22b may be formed by etching the hard mask layer 22 using the photoresist
pattern 23a and spacers 72 as an etch mask.
[0192] Referring to FIG. 5D, the photoresist pattern 23a and anti-reflection layer pattern
30a may be removed using the spacers 72 as an etch mask. Next, a second hardmask pattern
22c may be formed by etching the hardmask pattern 22b using the spacers as an etch
mask.
[0193] Thereafter, the etching layer 21 may be etched to form a pattern corresponding to
the second hardmask pattern 22c using the spacers 72 and the second hardmask pattern
22c as an etch mask. Additionally, the spacers 72 and second hardmask pattern 22c
may be subsequently removed after patterning the etching layer 21.
[0194] According to one or more example embodiments, a pattern formed using a hardmask composition
may be used in the manufacture and design of an integrated circuit device according
to a preparation process of a semiconductor device. For example, the pattern may be
used in the formation of a patterned material layer structure, e.g., metal lining,
holes for contact or bias, insulation sections (for example, a Damascene Trench (DT)
or shallow trench isolation (STI)), or a trench for a capacitor structure.
[0195] Hereinafter, one or more example embodiments will be described in detail with reference
to the following examples. However, these examples are not intended to limit the scope
of the one or more example embodiments.
[0196] Preparation Example 1: Preparation of graphene nanoparticle (GNP)
[0197] 20 milligrams (mg) of graphite (available from Aldrich Co., Ltd.) and 100 mg of potassium
sodium tartrate were added to an autoclave vessel, and the mixture was allowed to
react at a temperature of 250°C for 60 minutes.
[0198] Once the reaction was complete, the resultant was centrifuged using a filter (8,000
nominal molecular weight limit (NMWL) and 10,000 NMWL, Amicon Ultra-15) to select
a particle size, and this underwent dialysis to remove residues. Then the resultant
was dried to obtain a spherical GNP having a particle diameter of 10 nm.
Preparation Example 2: Preparation of GNP
[0199] 20 mg of graphite (available from Alfa Aesar Co.,Ltd.) was dissolved in 100 milliliters
(mL) of concentrated sulfuric acid, and the mixture was sonicated for about 1 hour.
1 gram (g) of KMnO
4 was added thereto, and a temperature of the reaction mixture was adjusted to be 25°C
or lower.
[0200] At atmospheric pressure, microwaves (power: 600 W) were applied to the resultant
while refluxing the resultant for 10 minutes. The reaction mixture was cooled so that
a temperature of the reaction mixture was 25°C, and then 700 mL of deionized water
was added to the reaction mixture to dilute the reaction mixture. Next, a sodium hydroxide
was added to the reaction mixture in an ice bath so that a pH of the reaction mixture
was adjusted to 7.
[0201] The reaction mixture was filtered through a porous membrane having a pore diameter
of 200 nm to separate and remove graphene having a large size. Residues was removed
from the obtained filtrate by performing dialysis, and the resultant was dried to
obtain a spherical GNP having an average particle diameter of 5 nm.
Preparation Example 3: Preparation of GNP to which hydroxyl group (OH) is bound
[0202] 160 ml of nitric acid was added to 2 g of pyrene, and the mixture was refluxed at
a temperature of 80°C for 12 hours to obtain a reaction mixture containing 1,3,6-trinitropyrene.
The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, and 1 L of deionized water were
added thereto to dilute the reaction mixture. Subsequently, this mixture was filtered
through a fine porous film having a pore diameter of 0.22
µm.
[0203] 1.0 g of 1,3,6-trinitropyrene obtained after the filtration was dispersed in 0.6
L of a 0.2 molar (M) NaOH aqueous solution, and ultrasonic waves (500 W, 40 kHz) were
then applied thereto for about 2 hours to obtain a suspension. The obtained suspension
was placed in an autoclave vessel and was allowed to react at a temperature of 200°C
for 10 hours. The resultant was cooled to room temperature, and filtered through a
fine porous film having a pore diameter of 0.22
µm to remove an insoluble carbon product. Dialysis was performed on the resultant thus
obtained after the filtration for 2 hours to obtain a GNP to which an OH group was
bound. The GNP having OH group had an average particle diameter of 15 nm.
[0204] The GNPs prepared in Preparation Examples 1 and 3 had a structure in which a functional
group containing oxygen was positioned at an edge thereof. The GNP prepared in Preparation
Example 2 had a structure in which a functional group containing oxygen was positioned
at an edge and on a plane thereof by using microwaves during the preparation process.
Preparation Example 4: Preparation of COOH-functionalized GNP
[0205] Chloroacetic acid was added to the GNP to which an OH group is bound prepared in
Preparation Example 3, followed by heat treatment at a temperature of 80°C for 60
minutes. After the heat-treatment, a coupling reaction was performed to obtain a COOH-functionalized
GNP. The GNP having COOH group had an average particle diameter of 15 nm.
Preparation Example 5: Preparation of OH-functionalized fullerene (C60)
[0206] 0.1 g of fullerene (C60) was ground in mortar, and 1 g of sodium hydroxide and 1
g of hydrogen peroxide (H
2O
2) was added thereto to obtain a mixture. The mixture was ground for 10 minutes to
obtain OH-functionalized fullerene (C60).
Example 1: Preparation of hardmask composition
[0207] The OH-functionalized fullerene (C60) (particle size: 0.7 nm) prepared in Preparation
Example 5 and the COOH-functionalized GNP (particle size: 7 nm to 8 nm) prepared in
Preparation Example 4 were mixed together. Dichlorobenzene was added thereto as a
solvent, and the resulting mixture underwent heat treatment at a temperature of about
80°C to thereby prepare a hardmask composition including a composite containing the
OH-functionalized fullerene (C60) prepared in Preparation Example 5 and the COOH-functionalized
GNP prepared in Preparation Example 4. In the hardmask composition, the OH-functionalized
fullerene (C60) prepared in Preparation Example 5 was mixed with the COOH-functionalized
GNP prepared in Preparation Example 4 at a weight ratio of 2:8. An amount of dichlorobenzene
was 10 mL for 1 g of the OH-functionalized fullerene (C60) prepared in Preparation
Example 5.
Example 2: Preparation of hardmask composition
[0208] The OH-functionalized fullerene (C60) prepared in Preparation Example 5 was mixed
with a GNP precursor, e.g., pyrene. Water and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) were added thereto
to obtain a mixture. The mixture was heat-treated at a temperature of about 250°C
for 5 hours to perform a hydrothermal reaction to obtain a hardmask composition. In
the hardmask composition, the OH-functionalized fullerene (C60) prepared in Preparation
Example 5 was mixed with the COOH-functionalized GNP prepared in Preparation Example
4 at a weight ratio of 2:8. In the hardmask composition, an amount of the water was
600 mL for 1 g of the OH-functionalized fullerene (C60) prepared in Preparation Example
5, and an amount of the sodium hydroxide was 12 g for 1 g of the OH-functionalized
fullerene (C60) prepared in Preparation Example 5.
Example 3: Preparation of silicon substrate on which silicon oxide pattern was formed
[0209] The hardmask composition prepared in Example 1 was spin coated on a silicon substrate
on which a silicon oxide had been formed. Subsequently, baking was performed thereof
at a temperature of 400°C for 2 minutes, to form a hardmask having a thickness of
200 nm and including the composite containing fullerene and GNP. The fullerene was
mixed with the GNP at a weight ratio of 2:8.
[0210] The hardmask was coated with an ArF photoresist at a thickness of about 1,700 (Angstroms)
A and then pre-baked at a temperature of 110°C for 60 seconds. The resultant was then
exposed to light using a light exposing instrument available from ASML (XT: 1400,
NA 0.93) and post-baked at a temperature of 110°C for 60 seconds. Next, the photoresist
was developed using an aqueous solution of 2.38 wt% tetramethylammonium hydroxide
(TMAH) to form a photoresist pattern.
[0211] Dry etching was performed using the photoresist pattern as a mask, and a CF
4/CHF
3 mixture gas. The etching conditions included 2.67 Pa (20 mTorr) of a chamber pressure,
1,800 W of a RT power, a 4/10 volume ratio of C
4F
8/CHF
3, and an etching time of 120 seconds.
[0212] O
2 ashing and wet stripping were performed on a post hardmask and an organic material
remaining after the dry etching to obtain a silicon substrate, on which a desired
silicon oxide pattern was formed as a final pattern.
Example 4: Preparation of silicon substrate on which silicon oxide pattern was formed
[0213] A silicon substrate, on which a silicon oxide pattern was formed, prepared in the
same manner as in Example 3, except that the hardmask composition prepared in Example
2 was used in place of the hardmask composition prepared in Example 1.
Examples 5 and 6: Preparation of hardmask composition
[0214] Hardmask compositions were prepared in the same manner as in Example 2, except that
the OH-functionalized fullerene (C60) prepared in Preparation Example 5 was mixed
with the COOH-functionalized GNP prepared in Preparation Example 4 at a weight ratio
of about 1:3 and about 1:2, respectively in the hardmask composition.
Examples 7 and 8: Preparation of silicon substrate on which silicon oxide pattern
was formed
[0215] Silicon substrates, on which a silicon oxide pattern was formed, were prepared in
the same manner as in Example 4, except that the hardmask compositions prepared in
Examples 5 and 6 were respectively used in place of the hardmask composition prepared
in Example 1.
Comparative Example 1
[0216] 10 g of a graphite powder was added to 50 mL of sulfuric acid (H
2SO
4), and the mixture was stirred at a temperature of 80°C for 4 hours to 5 hours.
[0217] The stirred mixture was diluted with 1 L of deionized water and stirred for about
12 hours. Then, the resultant was filtered to obtain pre-treated graphite.
[0218] Phosphorus pentoxide (P
2O
5) was dissolved in 80 mL of water, 480 mL of sulfuric acid was added thereto, 4 g
of the pre-treated graphite was added thereto, and 24 g of potassium permanganate
(KMnO
4) was added thereto. The mixture was stirred and sonicated for about 1 hour, and 600
mL of water (H
2O) was added thereto. When 15 mL of hydrogen peroxide (H
2O
2) was added to the reaction mixture, color of the reaction mixture changed from purple
to light yellow, and the mixture was sonicated while being stirred. The reaction mixture
was filtered to remove non-oxidized remaining graphite. In order to remove manganese
(Mn) from the filtrate, 200 mL of HCI, 200 mL of ethanol, and 200 mL of water were
added to the filtrate, and the mixture was stirred. The mixture was centrifuged to
obtain a 2D carbon nanostructure precursor.
[0219] 0.5 g of the 2D carbon nanostructure precursor thus obtained was dispersed in 1 L
of water to obtain a hardmask composition. While spray coating a silicon substrate,
on which a silicon oxide had been formed, with the hardmask composition, the substrate
was heat-treated at a temperature of 200 °C. Subsequently, the resultant was baked
at a temperature of 400°C for 1 hour, and vacuum heat-treated at a temperature of
600°C for 1 hour to prepare a hardmask having a thickness of 200 nm and containing
a GNP.
Comparative Example 2
[0220] fullerene was mixed with dichlorobenzene as a solvent to obtain a hardmask composition.
In the hardmask composition, an amount of the dichlorobenzene was 10 mL for 1 g of
fullerene.
[0221] In this case, solubility of fullerene to the solvent was poor, and thus it was difficult
to obtain a homogeneous hardmask composition. A hardmask containing fullerene was
prepared in the same manner as in Comparative Example 1, except that the foregoing
hardmask composition was used in place of the hardmask composition prepared in Example
1.
[0222] In Comparative Example 2, it was difficult to form a hardmask in film form because
solubility of fullerene to the solvent was poor.
Comparative Example 3
[0223] Fullerene (C60), a GNP (particle size: 7 nm to 8 nm), and solvent were mixed together
to obtain a hardmask composition. The fullerene was mixed with the GNP at a weight
ratio of 2:8.
[0224] A hardmask was prepared in the same manner as in Comparative Example 1, except that
the foregoing hardmask composition was used in place of the hardmask composition prepared
in Comparative Example 1.
Evaluation Example 1: Etching resistance
[0225] Etching resistance was evaluated by measuring a thickness difference between before
and after the dry etching on the hardmasks and the silicon oxide layers using the
hardmasks prepared in Examples 3 and 4 and Comparative Examples 1 and 3 and calculating
an etch rate and an etching selection ratio according to Equations 1 and 2. The results
of etching resistance evaluation are shown in Table 1. In Equation 1, the thin film
comprises only the hardmask.
Table 1
Example |
Etch rate (nm/sec) |
Etching selectivity ratios |
Example 3 |
0.8 |
2.5 |
Example 4 |
0.8 |
2.5 |
Comparative Example 1 |
1.0 |
2 |
Comparative Example 3 |
1.0 |
2 |
[0226] Referring to Table 1, it was found that the hardmasks prepared in Examples 3 and
4 had low etch rates and high etching selectivity ratios, as compared with those of
the hardmasks prepared in Comparative Examples 1 and 3. Accordingly, the hardmask
compositions used in Examples 3 and 4 were found to have improved etching resistance,
as compared with the hardmask compositions used in Comparative Examples 1 and 3.
Evaluation Example 2: Density
[0227] Film densities of the hardmasks prepared in Examples 3 and 4 and Comparative Examples
1 and 3 are shown in Table 2.
Table 2
Example |
Film density (g/cm3) |
Example 3 |
1.8 |
Example 4 |
1.8 |
Comparative Example 1 |
1.4 |
Comparative Example 3 |
1.4 |
Evaluation Example 3: TEM analysis
[0228] TEM analysis was performed on the composite of Example 1 containing the OH-functionalized
fullerene (C60) prepared in Preparation Example 5 and the COOH-functionalized GNP
prepared in Preparation Example 4 and the GNP prepared in Comparative Example 1. The
TEM analysis was performed by using Osiris available from Tecnai Co.,Ltd..
[0229] FIGS. 6A and 6B respectively show Fourier transform (FT) TEM images of the composite
of Example 1 and the GNP of Comparative Example 1.
[0230] As shown in FIGS. 6A and 6B, a crystalline ring pattern was observed in the composite
of Example 1, whereas a crystalline ring pattern was not observed in the GNP of Comparative
Example 1.
Evaluation Example 4: Raman spectrum analysis
[0231] Raman spectroscopy analysis was performed for the OH-functionalized fullerene (C60)
prepared in Preparation Example 5. Raman spectroscopy analysis was performed by using
RM-1000 Invia instrument (514 nm, Ar
+ ion laser). The results of Raman spectroscopy analysis is shown in FIG. 7.
[0232] As shown in FIG. 7, the OH-functionalized fullerene (C60) prepared in Preparation
Example 5 exhibited a maximum absorption peak observed at a Raman shift of 1,459 cm
-1. The maximum absorption peak at 1,459 cm
-1 has relevance to a pentagonal pinch mode. When a composite is included in a hardmask,
the composite including fullerene having a maximum absorption peak as such, the hardmask
may have excellent etching resistance.
Evaluation Example 5: Transmittance
[0233] Transmittances of the hardmasks prepared in Examples 3 and 4 and Comparative Examples
1 to 3were measured by light exposure at a wavelength of 633 nm.
[0234] As the result, it was found that transmittances of the hardmask patterns prepared
in Examples 3 and 4 were improved 99% or higher relative to transmittances of the
hardmask patterns prepared in Comparative Examples 1 to 3. When a hardmask having
improved transmittance as such is used, sensing of a hardmask pattern and an align
mask for patterning an etching layer may become easier, and thus the etching layer
may be patterned at a finer and more compact pattern size.
Evaluation Example 6: Pattern shape analysis
[0235] Etching was performed using the hardmasks prepared in Examples 3, 4, 7, and 8 and
Comparative Examples 1 to 3. Then, surfaces of silicon substrates on which a silicon
oxide pattern had been formed were observed using field emission scanning electron
microscope (FE-SEM). The results thereof are shown in Table 3.
Table 3
Example |
Pattern shape of the hardmask after etching thereon |
Pattern shape of the silicon oxide after etching thereon |
Example 3 |
Vertical shape |
Vertical shape |
Example 4 |
Vertical shape |
Vertical shape |
Example 7 |
Vertical shape |
Vertical shape |
Example 8 |
Vertical shape |
Vertical shape |
Comparative Example 1 |
Arc shape |
Tapered shape |
Comparative Example 2 |
Arc shape |
Tapered shape |
Comparative Example 3 |
Arc shape |
Tapered shape |
[0236] As shown in Table 3, the pattern shapes of the silicon oxides formed using the hardmasks
of Examples 3, 4, 7, and 8 were found to be vertical, whereas those formed using the
hardmasks Comparative Examples 1 to 3 were not vertical.
[0237] As apparent from the foregoing description, a hardmask including a hardmask composition
according to one or more example embodiments may have desirable stability, and improved
etching resistance and mechanical strength relative to those of a polymer or an amorphous
carbon generally used, and the hardmask may be more easily removed after an etching
process. When the hardmask is used, a pattern may be finely and evenly formed, and
efficiency of a semiconductor process may be improved relative to when the hardmask
is not used.
[0238] It should be understood that embodiments described herein should be considered in
a descriptive sense only and not for purposes of limitation. Descriptions of features
or aspects within each embodiment should typically be considered as available for
other similar features or aspects in other embodiments.
[0239] While one or more example embodiments have been described with reference to the figures,
it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that various changes in
form and details may be made therein without departing from the scope as defined by
the following claims.