BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0001] The present invention relates to exhaust systems for internal combustion engines,
and more particularly to a system for decomposing reductant and mixing together reductant
and exhaust gas in a selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalyst device of an exhaust
aftertreatment system.
[0002] Exhaust aftertreatment systems receive and treat exhaust gas generated from an internal
combustion engine such as a diesel engine. Typical exhaust aftertreatment systems
include any of various devices configured to reduce the level of harmful exhaust emissions
present in the exhaust gas. Some exhaust aftertreatment systems for diesel powered
internal combustion engines include various devices, such as a diesel oxidation catalyst
(DOC), particulate matter filter or diesel particulate filter (DPF), and a selective
catalytic reduction (SCR) catalyst device. In some exhaust aftertreatment systems,
exhaust gas first passes through the diesel oxidation catalyst, then passes through
the diesel particulate filter, and subsequently passes through the SCR catalyst.
[0003] Each of the DOC, DPF, and SCR catalyst devices is configured to perform a particular
exhaust emissions treatment operation on the exhaust gas passing through the devices.
Generally, the DOC reduces the amount of carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons present
in the exhaust gas via oxidation techniques. The DPF filters harmful diesel particulate
matter and soot present in the exhaust gas. Finally, the SCR catalyst device reduces
the amount of nitrogen oxides (NOx) present in the exhaust gas.
[0004] The SCR catalyst device is configured to reduce NOx into less harmful emissions,
such as N2 and H2O, in the presence of ammonia (NH3). Because ammonia is not a natural
byproduct of the combustion process, it must be artificially introduced into the exhaust
gas prior to the exhaust gas entering the SCR catalyst device. Typically, ammonia
is not directly injected into the exhaust gas due to safety considerations associated
with the storage of liquid ammonia. Accordingly, conventional systems are designed
to inject a urea-water solution, or diesel exhaust fluid (DEF) into the exhaust gas,
which is capable of decomposing into ammonia in the presence of the exhaust gas. SCR
systems typically include a urea source and a urea injector or doser coupled to the
source and positioned upstream of the SCR catalyst device.
[0005] Generally, the decomposition of the urea-water solution into gaseous ammonia occupies
three stages. First, urea evaporates or mixes with exhaust gas. Second, the temperature
of the exhaust causes a phase change in the urea and decomposition of the urea into
isocyanic acid (HNCO) and water. Third, the isocyanic acid reacts with water in a
hydrolysis process under specific pressure and temperature concentrations to decompose
into ammonia and carbon dioxide (CO2). The ammonia is then introduced at or near the
inlet face of the SCR catalyst device, flows through the catalyst, and is consumed
in the NOx reduction process. Any unconsumed ammonia exiting the SCR system can be
reduced to N
2 and other less harmful or less noxious components using an ammonia oxidation catalyst.
[0006] To sufficiently decompose into ammonia, the injected urea must be given adequate
time to complete the three stages. The time given to complete the three stages and
decompose urea into ammonia before entering the SCR catalyst device is conventionally
termed residence time. Some prior art exhaust aftertreatment systems utilize a long
tube of a fixed linear decomposition length that extends between the urea injector
and SCR catalyst device inlet face. The fixed linear decomposition length of prior
art systems must be quite long in order to provide the necessary residence time. Long
tubing for urea decomposition often takes up valuable space that could be occupied
by other vehicle components and influences the design of the exhaust aftertreatment
system. However, shorter decomposition tubes associated with some prior art end-in,
end-out and end-in, side-out SCR systems may not provide a sufficiently long residence
time to properly evaporate the injected urea.
[0007] Additionally, some prior art exhaust aftertreatment systems, particularly those systems
that utilize or require in-line or end-to-end or end-to-side devices, do not provide
adequate mixing of the urea/ammonia with the exhaust gas. Inadequate mixing results
in a low ammonia vapor uniformity index, which can lead to crystallization/polymerization
buildup inside the SCR catalyst device or other SCR system devices, localized aggregation
of ammonia, inadequate distribution of the ammonia across the SCR catalyst surface,
lower NO conversion efficiency, and other shortcomings.
[0008] Further, many exhaust aftertreatment systems with end-to-end or end-to-side SCR systems
fail to adequately distribute exhaust gas across the inlet face of the SCR catalyst
device. An uneven distribution of exhaust gas at the SCR catalyst device inlet can
result in excessive ammonia slip and less than optimal NOx conversion efficiency.
For example, a low exhaust flow distribution index at the SCR catalyst device inlet
results in a lower amount of SCR catalyst surface area in contact with the exhaust
gases. The lesser the catalyst surface area in contact with the exhaust gases, the
lower the NOx reduction efficiency of the SCR catalyst device.
[0009] What is needed in the art is a more efficient mixing of the exhaust gases prior to
or at the inlet of the SCR device.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0010] The present invention seeks to provide apparatus more completely and uniformly mixing
exhaust gas components in an exhaust aftertreatment system.
[0011] In one form, the invention is an inlet for exhaust gases to a selective catalytic
reduction (SCR) device having a generally cylindrical or oval cross section shape
with a central longitudinal axis. The inlet includes an axially directed inlet radially
offset from the central longitudinal axis and having an axially directed upstream
end and directing exhaust gases in a tangential direction at its downstream end relative
to the central longitudinal axis of the SCR component.
[0012] In another form, the invention is an exhaust aftertreatment system including a selective
catalytic reduction (SCR) device having a generally cylindrical or oval cross sectional
shape and a central longitudinal axis. A plurality of catalysts are housed within
the SCR device for exhaust gas flow therethrough. An inlet is radially offset from
the central axis and has an axially directed upstream and directing gases in a tangential
direction at its downstream end relative to the central axis of the SCR device.
[0013] In an embodiment, the inlet has a curved section adjacent its downstream outlet for
imparting a tangential direction to exhaust the exhaust gases.
[0014] In an embodiment, the inlet is, at least, partially formed from a tube in its upstream
end.
[0015] In an embodiment, the curved section is a scroll section extending from the circumference
of the tube to impart the tangential component and the tube has an end wall.
[0016] In an embodiment, the inlet has a porous bulkhead between the inlet and the interior
of the SCR device.
[0017] In an embodiment, the porosity of the bulkhead is provided by a plurality of generally
circular openings.
[0018] In an embodiment, the total area of the openings is approximately _% of the circumferential
cross sectional area of the bulkhead.
[0019] In another embodiment, the inlet is combined with an exhaust aftertreatment system
having a housing for the SCR device inlet.
[0020] In an embodiment, each catalyst has a separate flow path from the inlet through the
housing .for the SCR device.
[0021] In an embodiment, the catalysts are arranged in tandem within the housing for the
SCR device.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0022] The above-mentioned and other features and advantages of this invention, and the
manner of attaining them, will become more apparent and the invention will be better
understood by reference to the following description of embodiments of the invention
taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein:
Fig. 1 is a perspective view of an exhaust aftertreatment system incorporating a mixer
according to the present invention; and
Fig. 2 is an expanded fragmentary perspective view of a portion of the exhaust aftertreatment
system of Fig. 1 showing a mixer according to the present invention.
[0023] Corresponding reference characters indicate corresponding parts throughout the several
views. The exemplifications set out herein illustrate embodiments of the invention,
and such exemplifications are not to be construed as limiting the scope of the invention
in any manner.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0024] Referring now to the drawings, and more particularly to Fig. 1, there is shown an
exhaust aftertreatment system 110 for an agricultural vehicle, such as a combine harvester
shown schematically as dashed line 111. The aftertreatment system 110 generally includes
exhaust pipe sections 112A, 112B, 112C, a first exhaust aftertreatment device 114
coupled to the exhaust pipe section 112 at a connection point 118, and a second exhaust
aftertreatment device 120. Typically, the agricultural vehicle 111 will include additional
internal systems for the separation and handling of collected crop material, but these
additional systems are omitted from view for brevity of description. It should be
appreciated that the aftertreatment system 110 described and illustrated herein does
not necessarily need to be included on combine harvesters, but can be incorporated
in other industrial vehicles or agricultural vehicles such as windrowers, tractors,
etc.
[0025] The exhaust pipe 112A may link the exhaust of an engine, shown schematically as 116,
to the first aftertreatment device 114, or the exhaust pipe 112 may link multiple
aftertreatment devices 114 together. The exhaust pipe section 112B may have an insulation
122 surrounding it. The insulation 122 may extend along a portion or up to the entire
length of the exhaust pipe section 112B. As shown, the insulation 122 spans the length
of the exhaust pipe 112B and extends approximately up to the connection point 118.
The insulation 122 may be in the form of any known insulation that desirably insulates
the exhaust pipe section 112B.
[0026] The aftertreatment device 114 may be coupled to the exhaust pipe 112A in order to
reduce nitrous oxides (NOx) and/or diesel particulate matter (DPM). The aftertreatment
device 114 may be in the form of an exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) device, a diesel
particulate filter (DPF), a selective catalytic reduction (SCR) device, or a catalytic
converter such as a diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC).
[0027] The aftertreatment device 114 includes at its outlet section a DEF injection device
124 for injecting diesel exhaust fluid into the exhaust for mixing and reaction with
the exhaust stream flowing through exhaust pipe 112B. The resulting gas enters the
second exhaust aftertreatment device 120 through the inlet end wall 128 of an outer
housing 126 which leads to an outlet end wall 130 connecting with exhaust pipe 112C
through connector 118. Exhaust aftertreatment device 120 is an SCR device and it includes
a forward SCR catalyst 132 and an aft SCR catalyst 134 oriented in tandem and configured
so that parallel exhaust flows pass separately through each of the SCR catalysts 132
and 134. It is important to obtain uniform and complete mixing of DEF with the exhaust
gases so that it may allow the systems to properly reduce the oxides of nitrogen.
In the event of inadequate mixing or mal-distribution between catalysts 132 and 134,
the amount of DEF consumed is increased thereby taking away from the efficiency of
the aftertreatment system 110.
[0028] Referring to Figs. 1 and 2, an inlet 136 is provided for the aftertreatment device
120 to provide efficient and effective mixing in accordance with an aspect of the
present invention..
[0029] Fig. 2 shows a perspective view of the inlet 136 with adjacent and interacting components
in dashed lines. Inlet 136 may include a tubular upstream inlet 138 having a central
axis B offset from the central axis A of housing 126. Housing 126 may have a circular
or oval cross section configuration. Tube 138 extends to a bulkhead 140 separating
the interior of housing 126 into a section 139 adjacent the inlet 136 and a section
141 containing SCR catalyst 132 and 134. Bulkhead 140 is perforated by a series of
circular openings 142 providing a multiplicity of flows to the SCR catalysts 132 and
134. The relative porosity of the bulkhead 140 may be selected for particular operating
conditions and may be up to approximately 45 % of the surface area of the bulkhead
140. The openings may be circular, as shown, or any other shape proving a plurality
of flow paths from section 139 to section 141.
[0030] Tube 138 terminates in an end wall 144, shown as integral with bulkhead 140. A curved
scroll section 146 begins at the circumference of tube 138 and extends outward to
a point at or adjacent the circumference 143 of the bulkhead 140. The scroll section
146 imparts a tangential direction to a single stream through downstream outlet 148.
Although the scroll section 146 is shown as integral with the tube 138, it may be
provided as a separate element. The scroll section may be any one of a number of forms
that direct exhaust flow to a tangential direction from the upstream end of tube 138.
[0031] In operation, the tangentially directed exhaust flow through inlet 136 creates a
vortex inside the housing 126 resulting in strong shear driven mixing of DEF with
the exhaust gas. As a result, the DEF is well mixed with the exhaust gas and results
less wastage or slippage of the DEF. A benefit resulting from this flow is a uniform
distribution and split between the separate exhaust flows directed toward the catalysts
132 and 134. One advantage of the present invention is a more efficient mixing of
exhaust gases at the inlet of an SCR device. Another advantage is that the inlet is
simplified, compact and has fixed geometry.
[0032] While this invention has been described with respect to at least one embodiment,
the present invention can be further modified within the spirit and scope of this
disclosure. This application is therefore intended to cover any variations, uses,
or adaptations of the invention using its general principles. Further, this application
is intended to cover such departures from the present disclosure as come within known
or customary practice in the art to which this invention pertains and which fall within
the limits of the appended claims.
1. An inlet (136) for exhaust gases to a selective catalytic reduction (SCR) device (120)
having a generally cylindrical or oval cross section shape with a central longitudinal
axis A;
said inlet (136) being characterized by:
said inlet (136) being radially offset from said central axis A and having an axially
directed upstream end (138) and directing exhaust gases in a tangential direction
at its downstream outlet (148) relative to the central longitudinal axis A of said
SCR device (120).
2. The inlet (136) as claimed in claim 1, further comprising a curved section (146) adjacent
its downstream outlet (148) for imparting said tangential direction to exhaust the
exhaust gases.
3. The inlet (136) as claimed in claim 2, wherein said inlet (136) is at least partially
formed from a tube (138) in its upstream end.
4. The inlet (136) as claimed in claim 3, wherein said curved section is a scroll section
(146) extending from the circumference of said tube (138) to impart said tangential
component and said tube (138) has an end wall (144).
5. The inlet (136) as claimed in any one of claims 1-5 further comprising a porous bulkhead
(140) between said inlet (136) and the interior of the SCR device (120).
6. The inlet (136) as claimed in claim 5, wherein the porosity of the bulkhead (140)
is provided by a plurality of generally circular openings (142).
7. The inlet (136) as claimed in claim 6, wherein the total area of the openings (142)
is approximately 45 % of the circumferential cross sectional area of the bulkhead
(140).
8. An inlet (136) as claimed in any one of the preceding claims further comprising an
exhaust aftertreatment system (110) having a housing (126) for said SCR device (120)
and a plurality of catalysts (132, 134) housed therein over which the exhaust flows
from said inlet (136).
9. The inlet (136) as claimed in claim 8, wherein each catalyst (132, 134) has a separate
flow path from said inlet (136).
10. The inlet (136) as claimed in claim 9, wherein said catalysts (132, 134) are arranged
in tandem within said housing (126).