Technical Field
[0001] The present disclosure generally relates to an audio device, a control method, and
a program, and more particularly relates to an audio device configured to alert the
user to the presence of a particular event, and a method and program for controlling
such an audio device.
Background Art
[0002] Patent Literature 1 discloses a known residential fire alarm. The residential fire
alarm includes a smoke detecting unit with a smoke inlet, which is provided at the
center of its cover, and detects the outbreak of a fire when the concentration of
smoke produced by a fire reaches a predetermined concentration. The residential fire
alarm further has sound holes on a lower left-hand side of the smoke detecting unit
on the cover. A loudspeaker is arranged behind the sound holes to emit an alarm sound
and a voice warning message. The residential fire alarm may be installed on, for example,
the wall surface of a resident's room or bedroom in a dwelling house to detect, in
the event of the outbreak of a fire, the fire and start sounding a fire warning.
Citation List
Patent Literature
Summary of Invention
[0004] There has been an increasing demand for residential fire alarms (typically in the
form of audio devices) that could evacuate, when a particular event such as a fire
breaks out, residents of a house in an even shorter time after they have learned about
the presence of the particular event.
[0005] In view of the foregoing background, it is therefore an object of the present disclosure
to provide an audio device, a control method, and a program, all of which are configured
or designed to contribute to evacuating residents in an even shorter time.
[0006] An audio device according to an aspect of the present disclosure is to be installed
in a structural component. The audio device includes a control unit, a first emission
unit, and a second emission unit. The control unit determines, in accordance with
information provided about a particular event, whether or not the particular event
is present. The first emission unit emits, when the control unit determines that the
particular event be present, a sound to alert a person to the presence of the particular
event. The second emission unit emits light in accordance with the information. A
time lag is provided between a first timing when the sound starts being emitted and
a second timing when the light starts being emitted.
[0007] A control method according to another aspect of the present disclosure is a method
for controlling an audio device installed in a structural component. The method includes
a decision step, a first emission step, and a second emission step. The decision step
includes determining, in accordance with information provided about a particular event,
whether or not the particular event is present. The first emission step includes making,
when a decision is made that the particular event be present, a first emission unit
emit a sound to alert a person to the presence of the particular event. The second
emission step includes making a second emission unit emit light in accordance with
the information. A time lag is provided between a first timing when the sound starts
being emitted and a second timing when the light starts being emitted.
[0008] A program according to still another aspect of the present disclosure is designed
to cause a computer system to carry out the control method described above.
Brief Description of Drawings
[0009]
FIG. 1 illustrates the appearance of an audio device according to an exemplary embodiment;
FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating a configuration for the audio device;
FIG. 3 is a sequence chart illustrating how the audio device operates;
FIGS. 4A and 4B illustrate how the audio device works when installed in a bedroom;
FIG. 5 illustrates a first variation of the audio device and also illustrates schematic
configurations for external devices;
FIG. 6 is a sequence chart illustrating how a second variation of the audio device
operates; and
FIGS. 7A and 7B illustrate the appearance of a fourth variation of the audio device.
Description of Embodiments
(1) Overview
[0010] Note that the embodiment to be described below is only an exemplary one of various
embodiments of the present disclosure and should not be construed as limiting. Rather,
the exemplary embodiment to be described below may be readily modified in various
manners depending on a design choice or any other factor without departing from the
scope of the present disclosure. The drawings to be referred to in the following description
of embodiments are all schematic representations. That is to say, the ratio of the
dimensions (including thicknesses) of respective constituent elements illustrated
on the drawings does not always reflect their actual dimensional ratio.
[0011] As shown in FIGS. 4A and 4B, an audio device 1 according to this embodiment is to
be installed in a structural component C1 (i.e., a building component such as a ceiling
or a wall). The audio device 1 includes a control unit 10, a first emission unit 11,
and a second emission unit 12 as shown in FIG. 2. The control unit 10 determines,
in accordance with information provided about a particular event, whether or not the
particular event is present.
[0012] In this example, the "particular event" is supposed to be a fire, for example. Therefore,
the audio device 1 may be implemented as, for example, a fire alarm that emits an
alarm sound or any other type of sound at the outbreak of the fire. However, this
is only an example of the present disclosure and should not be construed as limiting.
Alternatively, the particular event does not have to be a fire but may also be gas
leakage, a tsunami, an earthquake, or intrusion of a suspicious person as long as
the event requires sounding an alarm.
[0013] As shown in FIG. 2, the audio device 1 according to this embodiment includes a photoelectric
sensor (as a detecting unit 2) for detecting smoke as a built-in component thereof.
However, this is only an example of the present disclosure and should not be construed
as limiting. Alternatively, the detecting unit 2 may also be a fixed temperature sensor
for detecting heat. Optionally, the detecting unit 2 may also be provided separately
from the audio device 1. In that case, the control unit 10 of the audio device 1 may
be provided with information about the fire by communicating with another audio device
(fire alarm) including the detecting unit.
[0014] The audio device 1 may be installed on a surface (such as a ceiling surface or wall
surface) of a structural component C1 such as a resident's room, a bedroom, stairs,
or a hallway in a dwelling house. The dwelling house may be a single-family dwelling
house or a multi-family dwelling house (i.e., what is called a "mansion" in Japan).
Alternatively, the audio device 1 may also be installed (on the ceiling surface or
wall surface) in a non-residential structural component C1, instead of those dwelling
houses. Examples of such non-dwelling structural components include office buildings,
theaters, movie theaters, public halls, amusement facilities, complex facilities,
restaurants, department stores, schools, hotels, inns, hospitals, nursing homes for
the elderly, kindergartens, libraries, museums, art museums, underground shopping
malls, railway stations, and airports.
[0015] When the control unit 10 determines that a fire as the particular event should be
present, the first emission unit 11 emits an alarm sound to alert the user to the
presence of the fire. Meanwhile, the second emission unit 12 emits light in accordance
with the information about the fire. In the following description, the light emitted
from the second emission unit 12 will be hereinafter referred to as "illuminating
light." Note that the light emitted from the second emission unit 12 has lower intensity
than illuminating light emitted from a general light fixture and may be bright enough
to indicate an evacuation route. As used herein, the "light" is supposed to be illuminating
light that irradiates the surrounding region R1 as an example. However, the light
does not have to be such illuminating light but may also be the light emitted from
an indicating lamp that either lights or flickers when the alarm is sounded (i.e.,
when activated). Also, the "surrounding region R1" may be, if the audio device 1 is
installed on a ceiling surface, a region that faces the ceiling surface (such a floor
surface). On the other hand, if the audio device 1 is installed on a wall surface,
the surrounding region R1 may be a region (such as another wall surface) that faces
the former wall surface.
[0016] In addition, according to this embodiment, a time lag T0 is provided between a first
timing T1 when the sound starts being emitted and a second timing T2 when the light
starts being emitted (see FIG. 3).
[0017] According to this configuration, not only a sound but also light are emitted and
a time lag T0 is provided between the timing when the sound starts being emitted and
the timing when the light starts being emitted. This allows the user (such as the
resident 100) to recognize the current situation where the particular event is present
and follow the evacuation procedure more quickly. Consequently, this contributes to
evacuating the user in an even shorter time when a particular event is present.
(2) Details
(2.1) Overall configuration
[0018] Next, an overall configuration for an audio device 1 according to this embodiment
will be described in detail. In this embodiment, the audio device 1 may be implemented
as, for example, a battery-operated fire alarm. However, this is only an example of
the present disclosure and should not be construed as limiting. Alternatively, the
audio device 1 may also be implemented as a fire alarm which is electrically connected
to an external power supply (such as a commercial power grid) and which is operated
by converting AC power (with an effective voltage of 100 V, for example) supplied
from the external power supply into a direct current.
[0019] In the example to be described below, the audio device 1 is supposed to be installed
on a ceiling surface (which is an exemplary surface of the structural component C1)
of a bedroom in a resident's 100 dwelling house as shown in FIGS. 4A and 4B. Thus,
the arrangement and operation of respective constituent elements of the audio device
1 in upward, downward, rightward, and leftward directions will be described as being
defined by the up, down, right, and left arrows shown in FIG. 1. Note that the arrows
indicating these directions are just shown there as an assistant to description and
are insubstantial ones. It should also be noted that these directions do not define
the direction in which the audio device 1 should be used.
[0020] As shown in FIG. 2, the audio device 1 includes not only the control unit 10, the
first emission unit (sound emission unit) 11, the second emission unit (light emitting
unit) 12, and the detecting unit 2 but also a battery 13, an operating unit 3, a housing
4, and a light-transmitting portion 5 (see FIG. 1) as well. In the following description,
the audio device 1 is supposed to be implemented as an independently operating fire
alarm with no capability of communicating with other fire alarms.
(2.2) Housing
[0021] The housing 4 houses the control unit 10, the first emission unit 11, the second
emission unit 12, the battery 13, the detecting unit 2, and a circuit board (not shown)
on which the control unit 10 and other circuit components that form various other
circuits are assembled together. Although not shown, as used herein, the various other
circuits include an audio circuit, a first lighting circuit, a second lighting circuit,
and a power supply circuit as will be described later.
[0022] The housing 4 is made of a synthetic resin and may be made of flame-retardant ABS
resin, for example. The housing 4 is formed in the shape of a generally compressed
cylinder. The housing 4 includes, on the upper surface thereof, a mounting portion,
with which the housing 4 is mounted on one surface (installation surface) of the structural
component C1.
[0023] As shown in FIG. 1, the housing 4 has holes 401, which are provided through a peripheral
wall 400 thereof to let smoke flow into a labyrinth inside the housing 4. The housing
4 includes a partition wall that partitions the interior space thereof into upper
and lower parts. The labyrinth and the detecting unit 2 are provided in the upper,
first space and the control unit 10, the first emission unit 11, the second emission
unit 12, the circuit board, and other components are provided in the lower, second
space.
[0024] The housing 4 further has a slit window hole 403, which is provided through a lower
wall (cover) 402 and elongated in one direction (e.g., rightward/leftward direction
in FIG. 1). The window hole 403 is arranged to face the first emission unit 11 housed
inside the housing 4. The window hole 403 is provided to let the sound, emitted from
the first emission unit 11, come out of the housing 4.
[0025] In addition, the housing 4 supports the light-transmitting portion 5 on a lower wall
402 thereof such that the lower surface of the light-transmitting portion 5 is exposed
on the outer surface of the housing 4. The light-transmitting portion 5 is a disk
member with a light-transmitting property. The light-transmitting portion 5 is made
of a material such as an acrylic resin or glass. The light-transmitting portion 5
is arranged to face an illuminating unit 120 (to be described later) of the second
emission unit 12 housed inside the housing 4. The light-transmitting portion 5 lets
the light (illuminating light), emitted from the illuminating unit 120, come out of
the housing 4. Optionally, the light-transmitting portion 5 may include a lens portion,
of which the outer surface is formed in a convex shape to direct the light emitted
from the illuminating unit 120 toward the surrounding region R1. If necessary, a light
guide member for efficiently guiding the light emitted from the illuminating unit
120 toward the light-transmitting portion 5 may be provided between the light-transmitting
portion 5 and the illuminating unit 120.
[0026] The housing 4 further supports, on the lower wall 402, the operating unit 3 such
that the lower surface of the operating unit 3 is exposed on the outer surface of
the housing 4. The operating unit 3 accepts an operating command entered externally.
The operating unit 3 is configured to be pushed upward by the user with one of his
or her fingers, for example. The operating unit 3 is a disk member with a light-transmitting
property and is arranged to face the indicating lamp 121 (to be described later) of
the second emission unit 12 housed inside the housing 4. In addition, the operating
unit 3 is configured to press down a push button switch (not shown) housed inside
the housing 4 when subjected to a push operation.
[0027] In this embodiment, when the lower surface of the lower wall 402 is looked up to
from under the housing 4, the window hole 403 and the operating unit 3 are arranged
in line in one direction (e.g., in the rightward/leftward direction in FIG. 1) such
that the center of the lower surface of the lower wall 402 is interposed between the
window hole 403 and the operating unit 3, for example. Furthermore, when the lower
surface of the lower wall 402 is looked up to from under the housing 4, the light-transmitting
portion 5 is located closer to the front end with respect to the center of the lower
surface of the lower wall 402.
(2.3) First emission unit
[0028] The first emission unit 11 emits a sound (i.e., an acoustic wave). When the control
unit 10 determines that a fire should be present, the first emission unit 11 emits
an alarm sound to alert the user to the presence of the fire. A timing when the first
emission unit 11 starts emitting the alarm sound will be hereinafter sometimes referred
to as a "first timing T1."
[0029] The first emission unit 11 may be implemented as a loudspeaker that transduces an
electrical signal into a sound. The loudspeaker includes a diaphragm and emits an
alarm sound by mechanically vibrating the diaphragm in accordance with the electrical
signal. The loudspeaker is formed in the shape of a circular disk in a front view.
The first emission unit 11 emits an alarm sound (such as a beep) under the control
of the control unit 10. The first emission unit 11 suitably emits an alarm sound,
of which the loudness (i.e., the sound pressure level) is variable. For example, the
alarm sound may include a sweep sound that is swept from a low-frequency sound to
a high-frequency sound. Optionally, the alarm sound may be accompanied with a voice
warning message such as "Fire! Fire!" In this embodiment, the alarm sound is supposed
to be made up of the sweep sound and the voice warning message continuous with the
sweep sound.
[0030] On the circuit board described above, circuit components that form an acoustic circuit,
for example, may be assembled together. The acoustic circuit includes a low-pass filter
and an amplifier, for example. On receiving a pulse width modulation (PWM) signal
corresponding to the alarm sound and generated by the control unit 10 at the outbreak
of a fire, the acoustic circuit makes the low-pass filter transform the PWM signal
into an audio signal with a sinusoidal waveform, makes the amplifier amplify the audio
signal, and then makes the first emission unit 11 output the amplified signal as an
alarm sound.
[0031] The first emission unit 11 also emits the alarm sound tentatively even when subjected
to an operation check test. The first emission unit 11 emits a voice warning message
such as "Operating normally" or "Operating abnormally" according to the condition
of the audio device 1. The operation check test may be carried out by either operating
the operating unit 3 or pulling a pull string (not shown) extended from the housing
4. Optionally, the first emission unit 11 may emit a voice warning message notifying
the user that it is about time the battery 13 was replaced. The battery 13 may be
a lithium-ion battery, for example.
(2.4) Second emission unit
[0032] The second emission unit 12 emits light. As shown in FIG. 2, the second emission
unit 12 according to this embodiment corresponds to the illuminating unit 120 and
the indicating lamp 121. The second emission unit 12 emits light in accordance with
information provided about the fire under the control of the control unit 10. A timing
when the second emission unit 12 starts emitting the light will be hereinafter sometimes
referred to as a "second timing T2." A time lag T0 is provided between the first timing
T1 and the second timing T2. In this embodiment, the second timing T2 is later than
the first timing T1 as an example.
[0033] Optionally, either the illuminating unit 120 or the indicating lamp 121 may correspond
to the second emission unit 12. In other words, when the illuminating unit 120 starts
emitting the light at the second timing T2, for example, the indicating lamp 121 may
start emitting the light at the same timing (i.e., the first timing T1) as the first
emission unit 11, instead of starting emitting the light at the second timing T2.
[0034] The illuminating unit 120 includes, as a light source, a single or a plurality of
illuminating white light-emitting diodes (LEDs) 120A mounted on the circuit board
(see FIG. 2). The illuminating unit 120 is OFF normally (i.e., while monitoring to
see if any fire is present) and is turned ON (i.e., starts lighting) at the second
timing T2 in accordance with information provided about the fire under the control
of the control unit 10.
[0035] The LED 120A may be implemented as a package LED in which at least one LED chip is
mounted at the center of the mounting surface of a flat plate mounting board. The
LED chip may be, for example, a blue light-emitting diode that radiates a blue ray
out of the light-emitting surface thereof. In addition, the mounting surface of the
board including the LED chip is coated with an encapsulation resin to which a fluorescent
material is added to convert the wavelength of the blue ray emitted from the LED chip.
The LED 120A is configured to emit the white illuminating light from the light-emitting
surface thereof when DC voltage is applied between the anode electrode and cathode
electrode thereof. The color of the illuminating light does not have to be white but
may also be any other color. Nevertheless, the color of the illuminating light is
suitably different from the color of the light emitted from the indicating lamp 121.
[0036] On the circuit board described above, mounted are circuit components of the first
lighting circuit for turning ON the LEDs 120A of the illuminating unit 120. The first
lighting circuit turns the LEDs 120A ON with the DC power discharged from the battery
13 under the control of the control unit 10. If the audio device 1 is electrically
connected to a commercial power grid, then the first lighting circuit turns the LEDs
120A ON by converting the AC power supplied from the power grid into a DC current.
[0037] The light (illuminating light) emitted from the illuminating unit 120 is transmitted
through the light-transmitting portion 5 to come out of the housing 4 and irradiate
the surrounding region R1 (e.g., the floor surface and bed in the bedroom in this
example). The illuminating unit 120 also emits light tentatively even when subjected
to an operation check test. Just like the first emission unit 11, the illuminating
unit 120 may also be subjected to an operation check test by either operating the
operating unit 3 or pulling a pull string.
[0038] The indicating lamp 121 includes, as its light source, a red LED 120B mounted on
the circuit board. The indicating lamp 121 is OFF normally (i.e., while monitoring
to see if there is any fire present) but starts flickering (or is turned ON) at the
second timing T2 in accordance with information about the fire under the control of
the control unit 10.
[0039] On the circuit board described above, mounted are circuit components of the second
lighting circuit for flickering the LED 120B of the indicating lamp 121. The second
lighting circuit flickers the LED 120B with the DC power discharged from the battery
13 under the control of the control unit 10. If the audio device 1 is electrically
connected to a commercial power grid, then the second lighting circuit flickers the
LED 120B by converting the AC power supplied from the power grid into a DC current.
[0040] The light emitted from the indicating lamp 121 is transmitted through the operating
unit 3 with a light transmitting property to come out of the housing 4. The resident
100 is allowed to learn, by seeing the operating unit 3 flickering in red, that the
audio device 1 is now in operation (i.e., detecting a fire). The indicating lamp 121
also flickers when subjected to an operation check test. The operation check test
of the indicating lamp 121 may be carried out by either operating the operating unit
3 or pulling a pull string, just like the first emission unit 11. In addition, the
indicating lamp 121 also flickers when it is about time the battery 13 was replaced
or when the audio device 1 is out of order. If the operating unit 3 is operated while
the indicating lamp 121 is flickering, the first emission unit 11 emits a voice warning
message that it is about time the battery was replaced or that the audio device 1
has gone out of order.
(2.5) Detecting unit
[0041] The detecting unit 2 detects the outbreak of a fire as a particular event. In this
embodiment, the detecting unit 2 may be implemented as, for example, a photoelectric
sensor for detecting smoke. As shown in FIG. 2, the detecting unit 2 includes a light-emitting
unit 21 such as an LED and a photodetector unit 22 such as a photodiode, for example.
The light-emitting unit 21 and the photodetector unit 22 are arranged in the labyrinth
of the housing 4 such that the photosensitive plane of the photodetector unit 22 is
off the optical axis of the light emitted from the light-emitting unit 21. In the
event of the outbreak of a fire, smoke may flow into the labyrinth through the holes
401 provided through the peripheral wall 400 of the housing 4.
[0042] If there is no smoke in the labyrinth of the housing 4, then the light emitted from
the light-emitting unit 21 hardly reaches the photosensitive plane of the photodetector
unit 22. On the other hand, if there is any smoke in the labyrinth of the housing
4, then the light emitted from the light-emitting unit 21 is scattered by the smoke,
thus causing some of the scattered light to reach the photosensitive plane of the
photodetector unit 22. That is to say, the detecting unit 2 makes the photodetector
unit 22 receive the light emitted from the light-emitting unit 21 which has been scattered
by the smoke.
[0043] The detecting unit 2 is electrically connected to the control unit 10. The detecting
unit 2 transmits an electrical signal (detection signal), indicating a voltage level
corresponding to the quantity of the light received by the photodetector unit 22,
to the control unit 10. In response, the control unit 10 determines, by converting
the quantity of light represented by the detection signal received from the detecting
unit 2 into the concentration of smoke (as an exemplary event level), whether or not
any fire is present. Alternatively, the detecting unit 2 may convert the quantity
of the light received by the photodetector unit 22 into a smoke concentration and
then transmit a detection signal indicating a voltage level corresponding to the smoke
concentration to the control unit 10. Still alternatively, the detecting unit 2 may
determine, based on the quantity of the light received at the photodetector unit 22,
that a fire (smoke) should be present and then transmit a detection signal, including
information about the outbreak of the fire, to the control unit 10.
(2.6) Control unit
[0044] The control unit 10 may be implemented as, for example, a microcomputer including,
as major constituent elements, a central processing unit (CPU) and a memory. That
is to say, the control unit 10 is implemented as a computer including a CPU and a
memory. The computer performs the function of the control unit 10 by making the CPU
execute a program stored in the memory. In this embodiment, the program is stored
in advance in the memory. However, this is only an example and should not be construed
as limiting. The program may also be downloaded via a telecommunications line such
as the Internet or distributed after having been stored in a non-transitory storage
medium such as a memory card.
[0045] The control unit 10 controls the first emission unit 11, the acoustic circuit, the
second emission unit 12 (including the illuminating unit 120 and the indicating lamp
121), the first lighting circuit, the second lighting circuit, the detecting unit
2, and other units. In addition, the control unit 10 also controls a power supply
circuit for generating, based on the DC power supplied from the battery 13, operating
power for various types of circuits.
[0046] The control unit 10 is configured to determine, in accordance with information provided
about a fire as a particular event, whether or not any fire is present. Specifically,
the control unit 10 monitors the level of the detection signal (information) received
from the detecting unit 2 to determine whether or not the event level included in
the detection signal has exceeded a threshold value. The event level may be, for example,
the converted smoke concentration as described above. Alternatively, the event level
may also be the quantity of light.
[0047] The control unit 10 stores the threshold value in its own memory. The control unit
10 may determine, at regular time intervals, whether or not the smoke concentration
has exceeded the threshold value, and may determine, when finding the smoke concentration
greater than the threshold value at least once, that a fire should be present. The
regular time interval may be 5 seconds, for example. Alternatively, the control unit
10 may count the number of times the smoke concentration has exceeded the threshold
value consecutively, and may determine, on finding the number of times reaching a
predetermined number of times, that a fire should be present. Naturally, the control
unit 10 may directly determine, on receiving a detection signal including information
about the outbreak of a fire from the detecting unit 2, that a fire should be present.
[0048] On determining, based on the smoke concentration, that a fire should be present,
the control unit 10 makes the first emission unit 11 start emitting an alarm sound
at the first timing T1. Specifically, the control unit 10 generates a PWM signal corresponding
to a sweep sound, of which the frequency changes linearly with the passage of time,
and outputs the PWM signal to the acoustic circuit. The PWM signal is converted by
the acoustic circuit into an audio signal so that a sweep sound (as an alarm sound)
is emitted from the first emission unit 11. In addition, the control unit 10 also
generates, based on message data stored in its own memory, a PWM signal corresponding
to the voice warning message and outputs the PWM signal to the acoustic circuit. The
PWM signal is converted by the acoustic circuit into an audio signal so that a voice
warning message (with an alarm sound) is emitted from the first emission unit 11.
[0049] In addition, the control unit 10 makes the second emission unit 12 (including the
illuminating unit 120 and the indicating lamp 121) start emitting light at a second
timing T2, which is later than the first timing T1 by a time lag T0. Specifically,
the control unit 10 transmits a control signal for lighting (i.e., turning ON) the
illuminating unit 120 and a control signal for flickering the indicating lamp 121
to the first lighting circuit and the second lighting circuit, respectively. In this
embodiment, the time lag T0 is set at a constant time. The constant time may be 4
seconds, for example. That is to say, the control unit 10 starts keeping, using its
own timer, the time at the first timing T1 and transmits the control signal at a point
in time (i.e., the second timing T2) when a certain amount of time has passed since
then. On receiving the control signal from the control unit 10, the first light circuit
lights the illuminating unit 120 with constant brightness. On receiving the control
signal from the control unit 10, the second light circuit flickers the indicating
lamp 121.
[0050] The control unit 10 also continues determining the smoke concentration even while
the fire alarm is being sounded (i.e., while an alarm sound is being emitted). When
finding the smoke concentration equal to or less than a reference value while the
fire alarm is being sounded, the control unit 10 stops generating the PWM signal to
instruct the first emission unit 11 to stop emitting the alarm sound. In addition,
the control unit 10 also transmits a stop signal to the first lighting circuit and
the second lighting circuit to stop emitting light from the illuminating unit 120
and the indicating lamp 121. On determining that the fire (smoke) should be no longer
present, the control unit 10 automatically stops emitting the alarm sound and stops
emitting the light.
[0051] In addition, on detecting that the push button switch is turned ON in the housing
4 through a push operation performed on the operating unit 3 while the fire alarm
is being sounded, the control unit 10 stops emitting the alarm sound. If the resident
100 determines that the alarm should be being sounded by the audio device 1 by mistake,
then he or she may stop emitting the alarm sound by performing the push operation
on the operating unit 3. The resident 100 may also stop emitting the alarm sound by
pulling the pull string.
[0052] On the other hand, when the push button switch is turned ON in the housing 4 by a
push operation performed on the operating unit 3 while the fire alarm is not being
sounded, the control unit 10 carries out a predetermined type of test to check the
operation. The operation check test includes, for example, a sound emission test on
the first emission unit 11, and a light emission test on the second emission unit
12 (including the illuminating unit 120 and the indicating lamp 121). The operation
check test may also be performed by pulling the pull string.
(2.7) How this audio device works
[0053] Next, it will be described how the audio device 1 installed in a bedroom as shown
in FIGS. 4A and 4B works following the sequence shown in FIG. 3 at the outbreak of
a fire. In example shown in FIGS. 4A and 4B, the resident 100 is supposed to be sleeping
in bed in the bedroom at midnight when the fire breaks out.
[0054] The control unit 10 of the audio device 1 repeatedly determines, at regular intervals
of 5 seconds, for example, whether or not the smoke concentration has exceeded a threshold
value (in Step S1 (monitoring) shown in FIG. 3). On determining that a fire should
be present (in Step S2 (fire detected) shown in FIG. 3), the control unit 10 outputs
a PWM signal (at the first timing T1). In addition, the control unit 10 also starts
keeping the time using a timer (in Step S3 (keeping time) shown in FIG. 3). Next,
the first emission unit 11 receives an audio signal, to which the PWM signal has been
transformed by the acoustic circuit, to starts emitting an alarm sound (in Step S4
(start sounding) shown in FIG. 3). As a result, the fire alarm is sounded in the bedroom,
even though it is in almost complete darkness in the bedroom as shown in FIG. 4A.
[0055] Thereafter, when a certain amount of time passes, the control unit 10 outputs a control
signal to the first lighting circuit and the second lighting circuit (at the second
timing T2). In response, the illuminating unit 120 of the second emission unit 12
turns ON, and at the same time, the indicating lamp 121 of the second emission unit
12 starts flickering (in Step S5 (start lighting) shown in FIG. 3). A time lag T0
(of 4 seconds, for example) is provided between the first timing T1 and the second
timing T2. As a result, in the bedroom which has been in almost complete darkness,
the surrounding region R1 is illuminated as shown in FIG. 4B with the illuminating
light cast from the illuminating unit 120 when the time lag T0 passes since the start
of sounding the alarm. Thereafter, on determining that the smoke concentration has
decreased to a reference value or less (in Step S6 (smoke disappeared) shown in FIG.
3), the control unit 10 makes the first emission unit 11 stop emitting the alarm sound
(in Step S7 (stop sounding) shown in FIG. 3) and also makes the second emission unit
12 stop emitting the light (in Step S8 (stop lighting) shown in FIG. 3).
[0056] In this case, if a fire breaks out in a house at midnight, for example, then the
resident 100, sleeping in his or her bedroom of the house, may jump out of the bed
in almost complete darkness at the alarm sound. In such a situation, it may be difficult
for him or her to instantly sense the route and direction from the bed to the door
leading to the hallway. Meanwhile, in such an emergency situation, the resident 100
may attempt to grope around in the darkness to reach for the wall switch to turn the
bedroom light ON. Such an attempt to turn the wall switch ON could cause a significant
delay in evacuation. In addition, if the resident 100 is a hearing-impaired person,
then he or she could be unaware of the outbreak of the fire at the alarm sound only.
To overcome these problems, the audio device 1 emits not only the alarm sound but
also the illuminating light from the illuminating unit 120, thus increasing the chances
of the resident 100 instantly sensing the route (evacuation route) from the bed to
the door leading to the hallway and saving him or her the time and effort to turn
the bedroom light ON. Besides, the illuminating light emitted from the illuminating
unit 120 and the red flickering light emitted from the indicating lamp 121 increase
the chances of even a resident 100 who is a hearing-impaired person sensing the presence
of a fire.
[0057] A fire and other emergency situations are not events that may break out frequently
in daily life environments for the resident 100. Thus, even when learning that the
audio device 1 is sounding, it will be often difficult for the resident 100 to instantly
accept the fact that a fire is actually present before him or her in his or her own
house. It could be much less easy for the resident 100 who has been sleeping and who
has just woken up at the fire warning, for example, to promptly understand what the
light and sound emitted from the audio device 1 means because his or her brain is
still foggy in such a state. Thus, providing the time lag T0 between the first timing
T1 and the second timing T2 allows the resident 100 some time to think sequentially
and discretely what the sound emitted means and then think what the light emitted
means. This facilitates him or her understanding what is happening now before him
or her and following the evacuation procedure promptly without wasting time. Consequently,
this contributes to evacuating the resident 100 in an even shorter time in the event
of the outbreak of a fire (which is a typical example of a particular event).
[0058] For example, if the second timing T2 is earlier than the first timing T1, then the
resident 100 who has been sleeping would wake up at the intense illuminating light
and would find the illuminating light glaring and uncomfortable. This could cause
a significant delay in his or her evacuation. In contrast, according to this embodiment,
the second timing T2 is later than the first timing T1. Therefore, the resident 100
who has been sleeping would wake up at the alarm sound, not the intense light, which
reduces the unbeneficial effect of the glaring light.
(3) Variations
[0059] Next, some variations will be enumerated one after another. In the following description,
the exemplary embodiment described above will be hereinafter referred to as a "basic
example." Note that each of the variations to be described below may be adopted in
combination with the basic example described above and/or any other one(s) of the
variations.
(3.1) First variation
[0060] The audio device 1 according to the basic example is a fire alarm that operates independently.
That is to say, the audio device 1 according to the basic example does not have the
capability of communicating with other fire alarms. However, this is only an example
of the present disclosure and should not be construed as limiting. Alternatively,
the audio device 1 may also be an interconnected fire alarm with the capability of
communicating with other fire alarms. In addition, the audio device 1 may also be
configured to have the capability of communicating with various types of devices other
than fire alarms.
[0061] FIG. 5 illustrates an audio device 1A according to a first variation. The audio device
1A includes not only every function of the audio device 1 according to the basic example
but also a communications unit 14 with the capability of communicating with external
devices 8. Examples of the external devices 8 include another audio device (fire alarm)
X1, a mobile telecommunications device (such as a smartphone) X2 carried by the resident
100 with him or her, and a security monitoring device X3 installed in a house. The
communications unit 14 includes a communications interface to communicate wirelessly
with the audio device X1, the mobile telecommunications device X2, and the security
monitoring device X3. Communication with the audio device X1 does not have to be wireless
but may also be established via cables.
[0062] The audio device 1A is one of a plurality of audio devices installed in respective
rooms, doorways, and main entrance in a dwelling house and is supposed to be a master
device in this example. However, this is only an example of the present disclosure
and should not be construed as limiting. Alternatively, the audio device 1A may also
be a slave device. Also, the audio device X1 is supposed to be one of a plurality
of audio devices and serve as a slave device. In other words, the audio device 1A
and the audio device X1 may have substantially the same configuration, even though
one of these two audio devices 1A, X1 serves as a master device and the other serves
as a slave device. The control unit 10 of the audio device 1A serving as a master
device includes a memory that stores in advance identification information of every
audio device serving as a slave device.
[0063] Suppose a fire breaks out in a room where the audio device 1A is installed. Then,
the audio device 1A immediately starts emitting an alarm sound at the first timing
T1 and then starts emitting the illuminating light and flickering light at the second
timing T2 after the time lag T0.
[0064] In addition, the audio device 1A outputs a coordination signal, including a first
piece of information indicating the outbreak of a fire, to the audio device X1 at
the first timing T1. Furthermore, the audio device 1A outputs an auxiliary signal,
including a second piece of information indicating the emission of light, to the audio
device X1 at the second timing T2. In the same way, the audio device 1A also outputs
the coordination signal and the auxiliary signal to the other audio devices as well.
[0065] On determining, in accordance with the first piece of information included in the
coordination signal received, that a fire should be present, the audio device X1 and
the other audio devices immediately start emitting the alarm sound, if the audio devices
have not started sounding yet.
[0066] In addition, in accordance with the second piece of information included in the auxiliary
signal received, the audio device X1 and the other audio devices make the second emission
unit 12 (including the illuminating unit 120 and the indicating lamp 121) emit light.
[0067] The communications unit 14 of the audio device 1A transmits the first piece of information
and the second piece of information to not only the other audio devices but also the
mobile telecommunications device X2 and the security monitoring device as well. Note
that if the operating unit 3 or pull string is operated or pulled in any of the audio
device 1A, the audio device X1 and the other audio devices while the alarm sound is
being emitted, every audio device in the house stops sounding the alarm.
[0068] As can be seen from the foregoing description, providing the audio device 1A with
such a communications unit 14 having the capability of communicating with the external
devices 8 allows the audio device 1A to share the first piece of information and the
second piece of information with the external devices 8.
(3.2) Second variation
[0069] In the basic example described above, the second timing T2 when the light starts
being emitted is supposed to be later than the first timing T1 when the alarm sound
starts being emitted. However, this is only an example of the present disclosure and
should not be construed as limiting. Alternatively, as long as the time lag T0 is
provided between the first timing T1 and the second timing T2, the second timing T2
may also be earlier than the first timing T1.
[0070] The control unit 10 of the audio device 1 according to this (second) variation is
configured to make not only comparison using a threshold value to determine, by the
smoke concentration (event level), whether or not a fire is present (such a threshold
value will be hereinafter referred to as a "first threshold value") but also comparison
using a second threshold value as well. Nevertheless, the second threshold value is
set at a value smaller than the first threshold value. For example, if the first threshold
value corresponds to smoke concentration at Level 10, then the second threshold value
may be set at a value corresponding to somewhat lower smoke concentration at Level
5. The first threshold value according to this variation is the same as the threshold
value for use in the basic example to determine that a fire should be present.
[0071] Therefore, according to this variation, when the smoke concentration exceeds the
first threshold value, the decision is also made that a fire should be present, and
as soon as the decision is made that the fire should be present, an alarm sound starts
being emitted at the first timing T1 as in the basic example. However, unlike the
basic example, on determining that the smoke concentration should have exceeded the
second threshold value that is lower than the first threshold value, the control unit
10 according to this variation makes the second emission unit 12 start emitting light
at the second timing T2 immediately. That is to say, according to this variation,
the illuminating unit 120 and the indicating lamp 121 start emitting the illuminating
light and the flickering light, respectively, as an early warning before the alarm
is sounded to alert the resident 100 to the presence of a fire, which is a main function
of the audio device 1.
[0072] Next, it will be described with reference to the sequence chart of FIG. 6 how the
audio device 1 according to this variation operates when a fire breaks out.
[0073] The control unit 10 repeatedly determines, at regular intervals of 5 seconds, for
example, whether or not the smoke concentration has exceeded the second threshold
value (in Step S11 (monitoring) shown in FIG. 6). On determining, during monitoring,
that the smoke concentration should have exceeded the second threshold value (in Step
S12 (early warning determined) shown in FIG. 6), the control unit 10 outputs a control
signal to the first lighting circuit and the second lighting circuit (at the second
timing T2). In response to the control signal, the illuminating unit 120 of the second
emission unit 12 turns ON, and at the same time, the indicating lamp 121 of the second
emission unit 12 starts flickering (in Step S13 (start lighting) shown in FIG. 6).
[0074] Thereafter, on determining that the smoke concentration should have exceeded the
first threshold value (in Step S14 (fire detected) shown in FIG. 6), the control unit
10 outputs a PWM signal (at the first timing T1). Next, the first emission unit 11
receives an audio signal, to which the PWM signal has been transformed by the acoustic
circuit, to start emitting an alarm sound (in Step S15 (start sounding) shown in FIG.
6). Note that the operation of the audio device 1 when the smoke concentration has
decreased to a reference value or less is the same as in the basic example, and description
thereof will be omitted herein.
[0075] As can be seen, making the second timing T2 earlier than the first timing T1 allows
the resident 100 to learn about the presence of a fire by the light emitted as an
early warning before the alarm is sounded. Particularly, if the resident 100 has been
sleeping, he or she would be surprised at the loud alarm sound emitted suddenly without
notice. In addition, it would often be difficult for the resident 100 to accept the
fact that a fire is present before him or her even if he or she heard the alarm sounding
suddenly. Taking these respects into consideration, having the resident 100 sequentially
recognize the flashing light (as an early warning) and then the alarm sound would
make it easier for him or her to accept the presence of the fire and follow the evacuation
procedure quickly without wasting time. Furthermore, irradiating the resident 100
with the illuminating light emitted from the illuminating unit 120 increases the chances
of waking him or her up even if he or she has been sleeping. Once the resident 100
has woken up, he or she would have highly likely confirmed the route from the bed
to the door when the alarm sound is emitted following the flashing light. In addition,
making decisions using the two threshold values allows the emission of the flashing
light to precede the emission of the alarm sound more appropriately.
[0076] Note that the second threshold value is suitably close enough to the first threshold
value so that the smoke concentration will exceed the first threshold value within
a few seconds to several ten seconds after the smoke concentration has exceeded the
second threshold value. In other words, setting the second threshold value at a smoke
concentration much lower than the first threshold value would increase the chances
of the smoke concentration not exceeding the first threshold value, even though the
light has been emitted from the second emission unit 12 at the second timing T2, thus
allowing an unwanted situation where the alarm sound fails to be emitted to persist.
In view of this consideration, the second threshold value is suitably set such that
the light is emitted as an early warning before the alarm is sounded.
(3.3) Third variation
[0077] The audio device 1 according to the second variation is configured to make the second
timing T2 earlier than the first timing T1 by using the second threshold value that
is set at a value smaller than the threshold value (first threshold value). However,
this is only an example of the present disclosure and should not be construed as limiting.
Alternatively, the second timing T2 may be made earlier than the first timing T1 by
any other configuration, not just using the second threshold value.
[0078] The control unit 10 of the audio device 1 according to this variation (third variation)
is configured to compare the smoke concentration (event level) with a threshold value
at regular time intervals and count the number of times that the smoke concentration
has exceeded the threshold value consecutively. The regular time intervals may be
5 seconds, for example. The threshold value for use in this variation may be the same
as, for example, the threshold value for use in the basic example to determine that
a fire should be present.
[0079] The control unit 10 determines, when finding that the number of times has reached
a first predetermined number of times, that a fire should be present. Also, when finding
that the number of times has reached a second predetermined number of times smaller
than the first predetermined number of times, the control unit 10 makes the second
emission unit 12 emit light. The first predetermined number of times may be three
times, for example, and the second predetermined number of times may be twice, for
example.
[0080] That is to say, according to this variation, the illuminating unit 120 and the indicating
lamp 121 start emitting illuminating light and flickering light, respectively, as
in the second variation, as an early warning before the alarm is sounded to alert
the resident 100 to the presence of a fire, which is a main function of the audio
device 1.
[0081] As can be seen, making the second timing T2 earlier than the first timing T1 allows
the resident 100 to be alerted in advance to the presence of a fire by the light as
an early warning before the alarm is sounded. In addition, counting the number of
times the smoke concentration has exceeded the threshold value consecutively allows
the emission of the flashing light to precede the emission of the alarm sound more
appropriately.
(3.4) Fourth variation
[0082] Optionally, the audio device 1 may have the structure shown in FIGS. 7A and 7B (according
to a fourth variation). The audio device 1 according to this variation includes an
annular slit 9, which is recessed upward and provided through one surface 40 (e.g.,
the lower surface in FIG. 7A) of the housing 4. The slit 9 is provided to extend along
the circular outer periphery of the housing 4 when the housing 4 is looked up to from
under the housing 4. The center of the annular slit 9 substantially agrees with the
center of the circular outer periphery of the housing 4. The slit 9 has, on its inner
space (e.g., its inner bottom surface), a sound hole H1 that allows the alarm sound
to come out of the housing 4 and a window hole H2 that allows the illuminating light
to come out of the housing 4. The first emission unit 11 (such as a loudspeaker) is
housed in the housing 4 to face the sound hole H1. The illuminating unit 120 of the
second emission unit 12 is housed in the housing 4 to face the window hole H2.
[0083] According to this variation, the sound hole H1 and the window hole H2 are provided
through an inner surface of the slit 9, thus making these holes less conspicuous.
This allows the resident to be evacuated in an even shorter time while reducing the
chances of affecting the appearance of the audio device 1.
(3.5) Other variations
[0084] The functions of the audio device 1 (mainly the control unit 10 thereof) according
to the basic example may also be implemented as a control method, a computer program,
or a non-transitory storage medium that stores the program. In this case, the audio
device 1 or the agent that carries out the control method includes a computer system.
The computer system includes, as principal hardware components, a processor and a
memory. The functions of the audio device 1 or the agent that carries out the control
method may be performed by making the processor execute a program stored in the memory
of the computer system. The program may be stored in advance in the memory of the
computer system. Alternatively, the program may also be downloaded through a telecommunications
line or be distributed after having been recorded in some non-transitory storage medium
such as a memory card, an optical disc, or a hard disk drive, any of which is readable
for the computer system. The processor of the computer system may be made up of a
single or a plurality of electronic circuits including a semiconductor integrated
circuit (IC) or a largescale integrated circuit (LSI). Those electronic circuits may
be either integrated together on a single chip or distributed on multiple chips, whichever
is appropriate. Those multiple chips may be integrated together in a single device
or distributed in multiple devices without limitation.
[0085] In particular, according to the basic example described above, the control unit 10
not only determines whether or not a fire is present but also generates the PWM signal
to be output to the acoustic circuit and a control signal to be output to the first
lighting circuit, for example. However, this is only an example of the present disclosure
and should not be construed as limiting. Alternatively, these functions may also be
separately performed by two or more processors. Furthermore, the first lighting circuit
and the second lighting circuit may also be implemented as a single lighting circuit.
[0086] Also, the audio device 1 according to the basic example is implemented as a single
device. However, this is only an example of the present disclosure and should not
be construed as limiting. Alternatively, at least one of the respective functions
to be performed by the control unit 10, the first emission unit 11, the second emission
unit 12, the detecting unit 2, the operating unit 3, the first lighting circuit, the
second lighting circuit, the acoustic circuit, the power supply circuit and other
units or circuits of the audio device 1 may also be distributed in two or more devices.
Optionally, at least some of the functions of the audio device 1 may also be performed
by a cloud computing system.
(4) Advantages
[0087] As can be seen from the foregoing description, an audio device (1, 1A) according
to a first aspect is to be installed in a structural component (C1). The audio device
(1, 1A) includes a control unit (10), a first emission unit (11), and a second emission
unit (12). The control unit (10) determines, in accordance with information provided
about a particular event, whether or not the particular event is present. The first
emission unit (11) emits, when the control unit (10) determines that the particular
event be present, a sound to alert a person to the presence of the particular event.
The second emission unit (12) emits light in accordance with the information. A time
lag (T0) is provided between a first timing (T1) when the sound starts being emitted
and a second timing (T2) when the light starts being emitted. According to the first
aspect, not only a sound but also light are emitted and a time lag (T0) is provided
between a timing when the sound starts being emitted and a timing when the light starts
being emitted. This allows the person (such as a resident) to recognize the current
situation where the particular event is present and follow the evacuation procedure
more quickly. Consequently, this contributes to evacuating the person in an even shorter
time when a particular event is present.
[0088] In an audio device (1, 1A) according to a second aspect, which may be implemented
in conjunction with the first aspect, the second timing (T2) is suitably later than
the first timing (T1). For example, if the second timing (T2) were earlier than the
first timing (T1), then a person who is sleeping would wake up with the light and
find it glaring and uncomfortable, which could cause a significant delay before he
or she carries out his or her evacuation procedure. In contrast, since the second
timing (T2) is later than the first timing (T1) according to the second aspect, the
person who is sleeping would wake up at the alarm sound, thus reducing unbeneficial
effect caused by the glare.
[0089] In an audio device (1, 1A) according to a third aspect, which may be implemented
in conjunction with the second aspect, the time lag (T0) is suitably set at a constant
time. According to the third aspect, the time lag (T0) may be provided simply by keeping
the time.
[0090] In an audio device (1, 1A) according to a fourth aspect, which may be implemented
in conjunction with the first aspect, the second timing (T2) is suitably earlier than
the first timing (T1). The fourth aspect allows the person to be alerted in advance
to the presence of a particular event by the flashing light as an early warning that
precedes the (alarm) sound, which is a main function of the audio device (1, 1A).
[0091] In an audio device (1, 1A) according to a fifth aspect, which may be implemented
in conjunction with the fourth aspect, the control unit (10) suitably determines,
when an event level included in the information exceeds a first threshold value, that
the particular event be present. The second emission unit (12) suitably emits the
light when the event level exceeds a second threshold value that is less than the
first threshold value. The fifth aspect enables the emission of light to precede the
emission of sound more appropriately by making decisions using two threshold values.
[0092] In an audio device (1, 1A) according to a sixth aspect, which may be implemented
in conjunction with the fourth aspect, the control unit (10) suitably makes comparison
between the event level included in the information and the threshold value at regular
time intervals and suitably counts the number of times the event level exceeds the
threshold value consecutively. The control unit (10) suitably determines, when the
number of times reaches a first predetermined number of times, that the particular
event be present. The second emission unit (12) suitably emits the light when the
number of times reaches a second predetermined number of times that is smaller than
the first predetermined number of times. The sixth aspect enables the emission of
light to precede the emission of sound more appropriately by counting the number of
times the event level exceeds the threshold value consecutively.
[0093] In an audio device (1, 1A) according to a seventh aspect, which may be implemented
in conjunction with any one of the first to sixth aspects, the light is suitably illuminating
light, and the second emission unit (12) suitably irradiates a surrounding region
(R1). The seventh aspect allows the light to not only alert the person to the presence
of a particular event but also indicate the evacuation route as well. In particular,
if the particular event breaks out while the user is sleeping in his or her bedroom,
the user will attempt to turn the bedroom light ON, which could cause a significant
delay in evacuation. Emitting the illuminating light reduces the chances of the time
being wasted in such a conduct, thus contributing to evacuating the user in an even
shorter time.
[0094] An audio device (1A) according to an eighth aspect, which may be implemented in conjunction
with any one of the first to seventh aspects, suitably further includes a communications
unit (14) with the ability to communicate with an external device (8). The communications
unit (14) suitably transmits, to the external device (8), a first piece of information
indicating that the control unit (10) has determined that the particular event be
present and a second piece of information indicating that the second emission unit
(12) has emitted the light. The eighth aspect allows the audio device (1A) to share
information with the external device (8) (such as a mobile telecommunications device
that the user carries with him or her or another audio device).
[0095] In an audio device (1, 1A) according to a ninth aspect, which may be implemented
in conjunction with any one of the first to eighth aspects, the particular event may
be a fire. The audio device (1, 1A) suitably further includes a detecting unit (2)
to detect outbreak of the fire. The control unit (10) suitably determines whether
or not the fire is present by being provided, as the information, with a result of
detection by the detecting unit (2). The ninth aspect provides an audio device (1,
1A) with the detecting unit (2), which contributes to evacuating the person in an
even shorter time in the event of the outbreak of a fire.
[0096] A control method according to a tenth aspect is a method for controlling an audio
device (1, 1A) installed in a structural component (C1). The control method includes
a decision step, a first emission step, and a second emission step. The decision step
includes determining, in accordance with information provided about a particular event,
whether or not the particular event is present. The first emission step includes making,
when a decision is made that the particular event be present, a first emission unit
(11) emit a sound to alert the person to the presence of the particular event. The
second emission step includes making a second emission unit (12) emit light in accordance
with the information. A time lag (T0) is provided between a first timing (T1) when
the sound starts being emitted and a second timing (T2) when the light starts being
emitted. The tenth aspect provides a control method that contributes to evacuating
the person in an even shorter time in the event of the outbreak of a particular event.
[0097] A program according to an eleventh aspect is designed to cause a computer system
to carry out the control method according to the tenth aspect. The eleventh aspect
provides a capability that contributes to evacuating a person in an even shorter time
in the event of the outbreak of a particular event. Optionally, a non-transitory computer-readable
medium may store the program. In that case, when executing the program, the computer
system may carry out the control method according to the tenth aspect.
[0098] Note that constituent elements according to the second to ninth aspects are not essential
constituent elements for the audio device (1, 1A) but may be omitted as appropriate.
Reference Signs List
[0099]
- 1, 1A
- Audio Device
- 10
- Control Unit
- 11
- First Emission Unit
- 12
- Second Emission Unit
- 14
- Communications Unit
- 2
- Detecting Unit
- 8
- External Device
- C1
- Structural Component
- R1
- Surrounding Region
- T0
- Time Lag
- T1
- First Timing
- T2
- Second Timing