[0001] The present invention relates to a method of producing a steel body
comprising hard material inserts, e.g. producing drill bits for rock drilling.
[0002] According to prior art hard metal inserts have been fixed to steel either by brazing
or press fits. Both these methods present difficulties which are overcome only by
care during manufacture. Brazing tends to cause tensional stress during the subsequent
cooling so that a wealkening of the steel and the hard metal may occur. Press fits
require that both the hardened steel and the hard metal inserts are machined to close
tolerances. Furthermore, the hard metal inserts will not be fully supported at the
base of the hole.
[0003] One attempt of overcoming the machining requirement, particularly regarding the hard
metal inserts for drill bits , is described in US parents 3 749 190 and 3 805 364.
According to these patents a sleeve of a soft material is provided around the hard
metal insert to fill the space between the insert and the steel body. If this fixation
method is properly used the strength of the fit is entirely depending on the shear
strength of the soft material.
[0004] The object of the present invention is to provide a method of producing a steel body
comprising hard material inserts which method avoids machining to close tolerances
and where the strength of the final product is not limited by the strength of a soft
material between the steel body and the hard material inserts. In addition, no machining
marks are present on the inside of the steel hole to act as stress raisers and fatigue
initiators. The invention also guarantees full support of the bottom of the buttons.
The invention also makes it possible to reduce the amount of hard metal inside the
steel, resulting in improved economy.
[0005] The invention, which is defined by the subsequent claims, fulfills the above mentioned
object by prescribing that steel powder is compacted from a cold state to a high density
preform comprising the hard material inserts and that the composition of the steel
powder is chosen such that it undergoes substantial shrinkage during the subsequent
sintering.
[0006] According to a preferred embodiment of the invention the steel powder is compacted
by the impact of a high velocity punch, whereby a considerably higher and more uniform
density is obtained than with conventional pressing techniques. This applies especially
to the regions nearest to the hard material inserts where an adequate powder flow
is not obtained with conventional techniques.
[0007] The hard material inserts may, furthermore, be advantageously provided with surface
irregularities, e.g. being rough as compacted and sintered, or otherwise such shaped
that they become mechanically locked in the steel body through the compaction.
[0008] It has been determined to be advantageous to use a steel powder comprising 4-16 %
Ni, 0.25-1.5 % Cu, 0.2-0.5 % Mo and 0.3-0.9 % C to obtain the desired shrinkage during
the sintering.
[0009] To further improve the fixing of the hard material inserts in the steel body it is
advantageous to metallurgically bond a layer of metal, e.g. electro-plated nickel,
iron or cobalt, first to the hard material inserts and then during sintering to the
steel. The metal layer may be deposited on the hard material inserts in any suitable
way.
[0010] A further advantage with the present invention is obtained if the composition of
the steel powder is varied so that a sub-surface layer of lower hardness is obtained.
Such a layer would be rapidly removed during operation after the surface layer of
normal hardness has been worn down, whereby the self-sharpening of the drill bit is
improved. This lower hardness may be obtained through decreasing the copper or carbon
content of the alloy, or increasing the nickel content. Variation in hardness may
also be used to increase resistance to gauge wear.
[0011] Even though hard material in the present application mostly refers to hard metals,
e.g. various metal carbides, the term also includes other suitable hard materials
e.g. other carbides or diamonds. One example is in rotary drilling where it has turned
out to be advantageous to use hard material inserts which comprise hard metal discs
having a surface layer of sintered diamonds. This diamond layer is protected during
sintering by nickel plating of the hard metal and the diamonds. Alternatively, the
sintering temperature may be reduced.
[0012] A further advantage obtained with the present invention is that the hard material
inserts can have almost any form. This means that they can be given a form which is
optimized for a particular application. Furthermore, it is possible to obtain a steel
body comprising hard material inserts with an overall strength which up to now has
been believed to be unobtainable with powder metallurgy.
[0013] The method according to the present invention is performed in the following way.
The preformed hard material inserts are placed on a conventional die in the desired
pattern. The die is then placed in a compaction chamber. Steel powder, preferably
with the above mentioned composition, is then added around the inserts. Normally the
lowermost part of the inserts will extend outside the volume of powder. Then the steel
powder is covered by another die or a thin disc. After this the powder is compacted
from a cold state to a high density preform. This is preferably performed by means
of a high velocity punch, which impacts the powder. Experiments have shown that good
results are obtainable in the speed range 100-600 m/s. After compaction the preform
is sintered. Sintering should take place at a temperature in the range 1100 to 1250°C
and last for 1/2-3 hours. These values depend somewhat on the composition of the alloy
and the type of fixation required. A steel powder with the above mentioned composition
will, during sintering, undergo a substantial shrinkage, 0.5-2 %. In order to improve
the fixation of the inserts a chemical bond between the hard material and the steel
may be produced by the use of a flux on the interface of the two materials. After
sintering the compact may be either furnace cooled or air cooled or quenched in an
oil bath or similar.
[0014] If the compact is intended to be used in a drill bit the back face is machined flat
and then friction welded to a steel tube. No special techniques are required for the
friction welding. Good results have been obtained with a rotation speed of 1500 rpm,
a welding time of 10 seconds and a contact pressure of 20 bar. After this the part
is machined to get rid of the weld burr and to obtain the flushing holes. The part
is also provided with a thread or other suitable fitment for connection to a drill
r
od . It is desirable, although not necessary, to temper the finished bit at a temperature
of about 200°C.
[0015] Below are three specific examples of the invention.
1. Hard metal buttons were placed on a die in a 70 mm diameter compaction chamber
and 120 cm3 of steel powder was placed around the buttons. This was then compacted by a plastic
punch with an impact velocity of 300 m/s. The length of the punch was 100 mm. The
composition of the steel powder was 0.4 % C, 8 % Ni, 1.5 % Cu, 0.5 % Mo, the rest
was iron. The compact was then sintered at 1200°C for 1 hour in a protective atmosphere
of 10 % hydrogen in nitrogen. A Ma 4 high temperature brazing flux from Castolin S.A.
was placed over the exposed carbide buttons before sintering. After sintering the
compact was furnace cooled to 900°C in the sinter furnace and then air quenched. The
part was then tempered at 180°C for 1 hour.
2. Hard metal buttons were plated with pure nickel using a standard commercial technique.
These were then placed in recesses machined for them in a die. The die was then placed
in a 70 mm diameter compact- tion chamber. 240 cm3 of steel powder was added. The composition of the steel powder was 0.6 % C, 16 %
Ni, 0.75 % Cu, 0.5 % Mo, the rest was iron. This was compacted by the impact of a
120 mm punch at 330 m/s. The compact was sintered in a protective atmosphere for 1/2
hour and then air cooled. The compact was then tempered for 1 hour at 220°C.
3. Hard metal buttons having a negative taper were placed in recesses machined in
a die. This was then placed in a 70 mm diameter compaction chamber and 160 cm3 of steel powder added around the buttons. The composition of the steel powder was
0.7 % C, 4 % Ni, 0.5 % Cu, 0.5 % Mo, the rest was iron. This was compacted by the
impact of an 80 mm plastic punch at 250 m/s. The compact was sintered for 2 hours
at 11400C under a protective atmosphere. A high temperature flux was provided on the interfaces
between the carbides and the steel powder . The part was furnace cooled down to 800°C
and then oil quenched. The piece was then tempered at 200°C.
[0016] In the accompanying drawing fig. 1 shows a drill bit for rock drilling produced according
to the invention. Figs . 2-5 show different embodiments of the drill bit from below.
Figs. 6-11 show a number of alternative shapes of hard material inserts for drill
bits.
[0017] The drill bit according to Fig. 1 comprises a head portion 1 comprising a number
of hard metal inserts 2. This part of the drill bit has been manufactured with the
method according to the invention. Head portion 1 has been connected with a steel
tube 3 by friction welding. The drill has further been provided with a thread 4 for
the connection with a drill string and a channel 5 for flushing fluid. As can be seen
in figs. 2-5 virtually any cross-sectional form can be used for the inserts. In addition
to the forms shown almost any prior art form may be used. In figs. 6-11 a number of
alternative inserts are shown. These inserts, which are only a few examples of possible
forms, have circular cross-sectional areas although they may have other cross-sectional
forms, e.g. any of those shown in figs. 2-5. Fig. 6 shows an insert having negative
taper.Fig. 7 shows an insert having a rough surface. In fig. 8 the insert is provided
with a neck or waist. In fig. 9 the insert is provided with several necks. The insert
in fig. 10 has a form similar to that of a human tooth. The insert shown in fig. 11
is additionally provided with a neck.
1. A method of producing a steel body comprising hard material inserts in which preformed
hard material inserts are placed in a die in a desired pattern, steel powder is added
to at least parti - ally surround the inserts and the powder is compacted,
characterized there by
that the steel powder is compacted from a cold state to a high density preform, that
said preform is subsequently sintered, whereby for said steel powder is chosen a steel
alloy which undergoes substantial shrinkage during the sintering to produce a firm
fixation of the hard material inserts in the steel body.
2. A method according to claim 1, characterized
there by that the steel powder is impacted by a high velocity punch to effect said
compaction.
3. A method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized there by that said sintering
comprises sinter forging.
4. A method according to any of the preceding claims,
characterized there by that the steel powder is compacted around irregularities on
the hard material inserts to mechanically lock the inserts in the steel body.
5. A method according to any of the preceding claims,
characterized there by that said hard material inserts comprise a part having a larger
cross-sectional area than the cross -sectional area at the surface of said steel body
and that the steel powder is compacted around said part to mechanically lock the inserts
in the steel body.
6. A method according to any of the preceding claims,
characterized there by that a steel powder comprising 4-16 % Ni, 0.25-1.5 % Cu, 0.2-0.5
Z Mo and 0.3-0.9 % C is used.
7. A method according to any of the preceding claims,
characterized there by that a layer of metal is metallurgically bonded, first to the
hard material inserts and then during the sintering to the steel.
8. A method according to any of the preceding claims,
characterized there by that the steel powder has varying composition whereby a sub-surface
layer of lower hardness is obtained.
9. A method according to any of the preceding claims,
characterized there by that the hard material inserts comprise hard metal discs having
a surface layer of sintered diamonds.