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(11) | EP 0 076 587 A2 |
| (12) | EUROPEAN PATENT APPLICATION |
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| (54) | Method of forming thin film transistors |
| (57) In the formation of a thin film transistor, integrity of the semiconductor-insulator
and semiconductor-conductor interfaces is preserved by depositing layers of insulator
(13, 33), semiconductor (15, 35), and conductor (17, 37) in successive sequence under
continuous vacuum. The method minimizes contamination exposure of the critical interfaces
between semiconductor and gate insulator and semiconductor and source-drain contacts
of a thin film transistor. |
[0001] This invention broadly relates to a process for forming a device by selective deposition and patterning of thin film layers of insulative, semiconductive, and conductive materials. More particularly, the invention concerns an improved method of forming such a device wherein thin film layers of insulator, semiconductor, and metal are deposited in successive sequence under continuous vacuum. The invention has particular utility in the photolithographic fabrication of thin film transistors and arrays thereof. In the fabrication of such devices, single pump down formation of the semiconductor-gate insulator and semiconductor-source/drain contact interfaces minimizes the exposure of these critical interfaces to contamination during wet processing.
[0002] With increasing demand for high device density, photolithographic processes have become increasingly popular as economical means for fabricating thin film transistors. Such techniques are particularly advantageous in the preparation of high density thin film transistor drivers for high resolution, large area displays, such as those incorporating liquid crystal or electroluminescent media.
[0003] Conventional photolithographic techniques characteristically employ wet chemistry processes to selectively define patterned layers of conductive and insulative materials. These wet processes include chemical polish etching for initial substrate preparation, structural, or patten delineation, etching to create a relief structure geometry, and photoresist processing.
[0004] The electrical performance and the stability of surface field effect transistors are critically dependent upon the quality of the semiconductor-insulator interface and upon the ohmic properties of source drain contacts to semiconductor interface. The quality of both interfaces can be impaired by impurity contamination arising from exposure of each material (i.e. conductor, insulator, and semiconductor) surface to wet processing. Such contamination increases the densities of interface states and reduces conduction modulation. Incorporation of ionic species present in the chemical solution alters the otherwise predictable threshold voltages. Charge transfer processes at interface states and field aided migration of mobile ionic species induces operational instabilities into the devices. Impurity related contact barriers degrade transconductance by limiting current and crowding transistor characteristics. These wet processing induced degradations create device characteristics problems such as non-reproducability from batch to batch and non-uniformity among devices within a single batch. These problems are particularly pernicious when a large area transistor array is being fabricated for use in a display. In this context, the demands of high quality image resolution necessitates a high degree of uniformity among transistor characteristics and an extremely high yield of operable devices.
[0005] The present invention provides a process for overcoming the disadvantages which can arise from exposure of critical surfaces of the constituent layers of the thin film device to wet processing.
[0006] The present invention provides methods for preserving the integrity of the interfaces between layers of semiconductor and insulator and semiconductor and conductor during formation of a thin film device. This is achieved by depositing the layers of insulator, semiconductor, and conductor in the desired sequence under continuous vacuum, i.e. in a single vacuum pump down operation. This technique effectively seals, or encapsulates, the damage (i.e. contamination or impurity) sensitive semiconductor so that subsequent wet processing steps do not adversely affect the electrical characteristics of the device by contaminating critical interfaces. In addition, sequential deposition of these layers under vacuum affords protection of the semiconductor interfaces against degradation by airborne contaminants.
[0007] In accordance with one particularly advantageous embodiment, the invention minimizes contamination exposure of the critical interfaces between the semiconductor and gate and semiconductor and source and drain contacts of a thin film transistor. Exemplary of this method is a fabrication sequence utilizing aluminum, silicon dioxide, cadmium selenide, and chromium and aluminum, for the gate electrode, gate insulator, semiconductor, and source and drain contacts, respectively. The initial step in this sequence is the formation of the aluminum gate electrode on a portion of a surface of a substrate by, for example, additive photolithographic delineation. An additive photoresist mask is then formed for definition of the semiconductor pad. The silicon dioxide gate insulator, cadmium selenide, and chromium contact layers are then sequentially deposited through the apertures in the additive mask during a single vacuum pump down to form the critical semiconductor-insulator interface and semiconductor-source and drain contacts. During subsequent lift off removal of the photoresist mask, the chromium contact layer functions as a protective cap over the semiconductor pad, preventing harmful interaction between the semiconductor and the stripping solution, Le. the solvent per se or ionic species contained therein. Two steps remain for completion of the thin film transistor, i.e. removal of that portion of the chromium layer overlying the conducting channel of the semiconductor, and definition of the aluminum source and drain network. The aluminum source and drain electrodes are formed by additive processing to provide a structure wherein respective source and drain electrodes are separated by a gap corresponding to the width of the conducting channel of the semiconductor layer and exposing portions of the chromium layer. In the final process step, the aluminum source drain network structure functions as a subtractive mask through which chromium is selectively removed from the thin film transistor conducting channel by dry etching techniques.
[0008] The dry etching techniques, e.g. plasma etching, are preferred for this final step because of the high degee of etch selectivity and "cleanliness" which are characteristic of such processes.
[0009] Alternatively, the sequence for fabricating a thin film transistor includes the step of depositing an initial layer of insulative material to cover the gate electrode and the entire surface of the substrate on which the gate electrode is formed. Utilization of this process to provide a "full" rather than patterned insulator layer over the substrate and gate electrode is particularly advantageous as a means for enhancing the insulation between source and gate electrode gate crossovers in a multitransistor array.
[0010] In a preferred variation of the foregoing processes, the side wall surfaces of the openings in the photoresist mask used to define the semiconductor pad are coated with a thin film of insulator, e.g. silicon dioxide, prior to the single pump down sequential deposition of the critical device layers. This step ensures minimum contamination of the electronically active regions of the device by complete isolation thereof from organic materials present during removal of the photoresist mask.
[0011] The invention will now be described by way of example with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
Figures lA - 1K are diagrammatic cross-sectional views of a structure being fabricated in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the invention, as well as a flow chart describing steps within the process.
Figures 2A - 2C are diagrammatic cross-sectional views of a device at selected stages of an alternative fabrication sequence.
Figures lA - ID illustrate the formation of a gate electrode 12 upon a surface of substrate 10. A broad range of materials may be employed for substrate 10, subject to the general limitation that the material chosen be insulative relative to the material selected for gate electrode 12. The exact choice of a material for substrate 10 will, of course, depend upon the particular application in which the thin film transistor is utilized. When employed as a driver of an element in a liquid crystal display, for example, substrate 10 would comprise one of the planar glass plates which are typically employed to contain the liquid crystal media. In other applications, utility may dictate that substrate 10 be composed of other insulative material, such as ceramics, semiconductors, plastics, and the like. Quite satisfactory results have been obtained with the use of a barium aluminum borosilicate composition sold commercially by Corning Glass Works of Corning, New York under the trademark Corning 7059 Glass.
[0012] The additive, or lift off, technique illustrated in Figures lA -lD is well known. As shown, this method begins with the application of a covering layer of resist material 14 on the upper surface of substrate 10. Resist 14 can comprise conventional photo or electron beam materials which are characterized by radiation-induced alteration in solubility that enables subsequent removal with aqueous solutions. A suitable material is Shipley's AZ 1350B or AZ 1350J sold by Shipley Company, Inc., of Newton, MA. Resist 14 is applied in any conventional manner, as for example, by spin coating. Thereafter, in accordance with well known photolithographic techniques, resist layer 14 is processed into an additive mask by conventional steps of exposure, development, and removal of selective pattern areas thereof.
[0013] In the next step, as illustrated in Figure 1C, a 100 nm layer of aluminum is deposited, as by vacuum evaporation, sputtering, or the like, over the surface of the mask substrate. This aluminum layer 16 is deposited through the apertures in the photoresist mask onto the surface of the substrate 10 to form gate electrode 12 and on top of the remaining portions of resist layer 14.
[0014] Next, to arrive at the gate structure shown in Figure ID, the remaining portions of resist 14 and the overlying aluminum layer 16 are removed using conventional removal techniques, e.g. by exposing the structure to a solvent suited to the solubility of the resist 14.
[0015] It will be appreciated that the gate structure shown in Figure I D could be produced by subtractive processing, rather than through the additive steps illustrated in Figures IA-ID.
[0016] After formation of the gate, as shown in Figure lE, a blanket layer 18 of aluminum oxide or silicon dioxide is deposited over the gate electrode 12 and the exposed surface of substrate 10. This insulative layer can be applied in any conventional manner, as for example, by evaporation or sputtering within a suitable vacuum device. As noted above, coverage of the complete active surface of the substrate is desirable for multi transistor arrays. From a practical standpoint, complete coverage of the entire surface of the substrate is not preferred, since the contact fingers for the away bus lines are typically located around the periphery of the substrate. However, as will be discussed hereinafter with reference to Figures 2A - 2C, it is not essential that the complete substrate be covered with an insulator. Where such a layer is employed, a thickness range of 200 to 400 nm is preferred.
[0017] A second blanket layer of resist 11 is applied over insulator 18 as illustrated in Figure IF. As with resist 14, various solvent soluble materials may be chosen for the resist layer 11, the same being applied by any of the well known techniques such as spinning, spraying, dipping or the like. Again utilizing standard lithographic techniques, resist layer 11 is exposed and developed in a pattern corresponding to the desired dimensions of the semiconductor pad for the thin film transistor as illustrated by the structure of Figure 1 G.
[0018] The patterned resist layer 11 is used as an additive mask for depositing, in sequence, layers of insulator (Si02) 13, semiconductor (CdSe) 15, and conductor (Cr) 17. It is of critical importance to the invention that these layers be deposited under the continuous vacuum of a single pump down operation. This is accomplished by placing the structure of Figure 1 G into any suitable vacuum chamber and reducing the pressure to about 0.66 µNm-2. Thereafter, utilizing conventional deposition techniques of the integrated circuit fabrication art, the layers of Si02, CdSe, and Cr are deposited in succession. The pressure for deposition of Si02 could consist of 66 µNm-2 partial pressure of oxygen. Referring to Figure 1H, it will be appreciated that the initial deposition of a thin additional layer of insulator 13 onto the pre- existing insulator layer 18 provides a clean insulative interface for the subsequently deposited semiconductor layer 15, isolating the same from any contaminants or impurities introduced onto the surface of insulator 18 during the process of forming the additive mask thereon or during handling of the substrate or exposure thereof to air. A thickness of about 80 nm for insulator layer 13 has been found to be adequate for these purposes. Following deposition of the layer of Si02, a layer of CdSe is deposited to a thickness of about 30 nm followed by deposition of a layer of Cr to a thickness of about 50 nm.
[0019] Utilizing conventional removal techniques, the layer of resist 11 and all of the layers overlying it are removed by exposing the coated substrate of Figure 1H to a suitable solvent for resist 11. Such solvents include acetone and other commercially available strippers.
[0020] In a preferred alternative embodiment of the invention, maximum immunity against contamination of the electronically active device regions is achieved by lining the side walls 19 of the apertures in resist layer 11 with a thin film of insulator (Si02) prior to deposition of layers 15 and 17. This additional step (which is not shown) completely isolates the critical regions of the device from the organic materials utilized in the subsequent processing. Such a protective layer of silicon dioxide can be deposited as a separate step or concurrently with the deposition of layer 13.
[0021] After removal of the lift-off mask, the structure is as shown in Figure lI. During removal of the resist and overlying layers, the chromium film acts as a protective cap to isolate the upper surface of semiconductor pad 15 from processing contaminants in the solvent. Referring briefly to Figure lK, the completed thin film transistor structure is shown having source and drain electrodes 20 electrically connected to the semiconductor through chromium contacts 17'. To arrive at the structure, source and drain electrodes 20 are formed by conventional additive processing to yield the structure of Figure 1J. In the context of the illustrative example, the source and drain electrodes 20 are aluminum and are patterned so as to expose the chromium contact layer 17.
[0022] In the final step, the source and drain electrode network is employed as a subtractive mask during selective dry etching of chromium from the conducting channel of the thin film transistor. Dry etching techniques are preferred for this step because of the characteristic cleanliness of such methods as well as the high degree of directionality offered thereby. Plasma etching utilizing a reaction gas, e.g. CC14 vapor in air or oxygen has been found to be particularly effective in removing chromium in the embodiment illustrated herein. The conductive material chosen for the source and drain contacts 20 must be resistant to the plasma employed to etch the conductive contact layer 17. While other materials may be used, aluminum deposited to a desired thickness of about 100 nm has been demonstrated to be sufficiently resistant to plasma etching in a reaction gas, such as mentioned above. It will be appreciated that selection of other materials for the source and drain electrodes 20 and the contacts 17' and the choice of a suitable ambient atmosphere for the selected materials other than those described herein are possible.
[0023] An alternative sequence for fabricating a thin film transistor is illustrated in Figures 2A - 2C. Figure 2A illustrates a gate electrode 32 formed upon a substrate 30. This structure corresponds to the structure illustrated in Figure 1D and is produced by any suitable deposition techniques, such as the additive process discussed in conjunction with Figures lA - 1D.
[0024] After delineation of the gate electrode 32,- an additive mask is formed by exposure and development of a resist layer 31 which is applied to the structure of Figure 2A. Unlike the process discussed with reference to Figures lA - 1K, there is no initial deposition of an insulator layer such as layer 18 of Figure lE. Instead, the resist is coated directly over the exposed surfaces of substrate 30 and gate electrode 32. Thereafter, using standard lithographic techniques, portions of the resist layer are selectively removed to expose the gate electrode 32 and portions of the surface of substrate 30 adjacent the gate electrode to form an additive mask. In the next step, layers of insulator (Si02) semiconductor (CdSe), and conductor (Cr) are deposited onto the mask structure during a single vacuum pump down operation by means such as discussed in conjunction with Figure 1H. The resulting structure is illustrated in Figure 2B, wherein it will be noted that, by virtue of the selected pattern in the resist mask, that portion of the deposited insulator designated 33A forms a gate insulator layer which covers both upper and side surfaces of gate electrode 32.
[0025] With process steps identical to those described with respect to Figures lI through 1K, the lift-off mask is removed, source and drain electrodes 36 are delineated, and the chromium contact layer plasma etched using the source drain network as a dry etch. These steps produce the thin film transistor shown in Figure 2C.
1. A method of forming an active region of a thin film transistor, including the step
of selectively depositing thin layers of an insulator (13, 33), a semiconductor (15,
35) and a conductive material (17, 37) upon surface portions of a substrate (18, 30,
32) in successive sequence under continuous vacuum.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein said surface portions of the substrate are exposed
by a pattern of openings in a mask (11, 31).
3. The method of claim 2, wherein said mask comprises a photoresist mask formed by
selectively removing portions of a photoresist masking layer deposited upon said substrate
to expose the surface portions of said substrate and side wall surfaces (19) of the
openings in said photoresist mask.
4. The method of claim 3, including the further step of depositing a thin film of
insulating material on the side wall surfaces of the openings in said photoresist
mask prior to the step of depositing said layers of insulator, semiconductor and conductive
material
5. The method of claim 3, wherein a thin film of insulating material is deposited
on the side wall surfaces of the openings in said photoresist mask concurrently with
the deposition under vacuum of said layer of insulator material
6. The method of any preceding claim, wherein the surface portions of said substrate
comprise surface portions of an insulator layer (18), and wherein said substrate includes
at least one other conductive layer (12) underlying-said insulator layer.
7. A method of forming a thin film transistor, including the steps of:
a) forming a gate electrode (12, 32) of electroconductive material on a portion of a surface of an insulative substrate (10, 30);
b) superimposing a masking layer (11, 31) of resist material having in it a pattern of openings exposing selected portions of the underlying material;
c) sequentially depositing under vacuum a layer of insulator material (13, 33), a layer of semiconductor material (15, 35) and a layer of conductive contact material (17, 37) on the masking layer and the underlying portions exposed thereby;
d) removing the masking layer and the materials deposited thereon;
e) selectively forming a layer of conductor material (20, 36) to form source and drain contacts to each incremental body of semiconductor material, the layer having in it openings exposing portions of the surface of the incremental portions of contact material, and
f) removing the exposed portions of contact material to expose the underlying semiconductor material
8. A method as claimed in claim 7, including the further step of forming a layer of
insulator material (18) on the gate electrode(s) and adjacent portions of the substrate
surface prior to superimposition of the masking layer.
9. The method of claim 7 or 8, wherein the exposed portions of said conductive contact
layer are removed by dry etching.
10. The method of claim 9, wherein said dry etching comprises plasma etching.
11. The method of claim 9, wherein said dry etching comprises ion beam milling.