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(11) | EP 0 079 244 A2 |
| (12) | EUROPEAN PATENT APPLICATION |
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| (54) | Pluracidomycin B,C, and D and analogs thereof, their production and a microorganism for use therein |
| (57) New antibiotics having β-lactamase inhibitory activity, i.e. pluracidomycin B, C,
and D and their analogs, are of the formula:
wherein either R is carboxymethylsulfinyl, formylsulfinyl, dihydroxymethylsulfinyl, hydroxymethylsulfinyl, carboxymethylthio or dihydroxymethylthio and R is sulfo or R is sulfo and R1 is hydrogen. The antiobiotics and the salts thereof are useful as medicaments, veterinary drugs and disinfectants for inhibiting the growth of both gram-positive and gram-negative pathogenic microorganisms. The invention includes their production, a new microorganism for use in their production, and formulations containing them. |
[0001] The present invention relates to new antibiotics and to processes for producing the same. More particularly, it relates to new antibiotics pluracidomycin B, -C, -D and analogs thereof and to fermentation and chemical processes for producing the same. Additionally, the invention is concerned with a new microorganism which can be used in producing the said antibiotics.
[0002] The antibiotics of this invention have the following structural formula:
wherein either R is carboxymethylsulfinyl, formylsulfinyl, dihydroxymethylsulfinyl, hydroxymethylsulfinyl, carboxymethylthio or dihydroxymethylthio and R1 is sulfo or R is is sulfo and R1 is hydrogen.
[0003] The compounds of the above formula are as follows: pluracidomycin B = 3-carboxymethylsulfinyl-6-(1-hydroxy- sulfonyloxymethyl)-7-oxo-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]-hept-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid (referred to as "PLM B" hereinafter); pluracidomycin C = 3-formylsulfinyl-6-(1-hydroxysulfonyl- oxyethyl)-7-oxo-azabicyclo[3.2.0]-hept-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid (referred to as "PLM C" hereinafter); dihydro pluracidomycin C = 3-hydroxymethylsulfinyl-6-(1-hydroxysulfonyloxyethyl)-7-oxo-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]-hept-2- ene-2-carboxylic acid (referred to as "dihydro PLM C" hereinafter);
deoxy pluracidomycin B = 3-carboxymethylthio-6-(1-hydroxy- sulfonyloxyethyl)-7-oxo-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]-hept-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid (referred to as "deoxy PLM B" hereinafter); deoxy pluracidomycin C = 3-hydroxymethylthio-6-(1-hydroxy- sulfonyloxyethyl)-7-oxo-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]-hept-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid (referred to as "deoxy PLM C" hereinafter); pluracidomycin D = 3-sulfo-6-(hydroxyethyl)-7-oxo-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]-hept-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid (referred to as "PLM D" hereinafter).
[0004] In addition, the formylsulfinyl group of PLM C turns into a dihydroxymethylsulfinyl group under a hydrated atmosphere. Both possible formulae are included in the designation "PLM C" in this specification.
[0005] This invention also includes the pharmaceutically acceptable or veterinarily acceptable salts of compounds (I) such as alkali metal salts (e.g. sodium and potassium salts), alkaline earth metal salts (e.g. calcium and barium salts) and the like.
[0006] Many carbapenem antibiotics produced by actinomycetes, such as those having a group -CH(OS03H)CH3 at the 6 position in the place of hydrogen in formula (I), are known, for example, MM 4550(R = -SO-CH=CHNHCOCH3), MM 13902 (R = -S-CH=CHNHCOCH3), and MM 17880 (R = -S-CH2CH2NHCOCH3). The compounds of this invention, however, have new sulfur-containing groups at the 3 position.
[0007] PLM B, PLM C and PLM D are antibiotics which may be isolated from the fermentation broth of Streptomyces pluracidomyceticus. Deoxy PLM B, deoxy PLM C and dihydro PLM C may be prepared by reduction of PLM B and PLM C.
[0008] The physicochemical properties of the new antibiotics are as in Tables 1 and 2 below. The aforesaid Tables make reference to the various figures of the accompanying drawings.
[0009] Japanese patent applications Nos.. 1981/180628 and 1982/149554, from which priority is claimed (amongst others) in this application, disclose PLM B and PLM C, and PLM D, respectively, these antibiotics being termed therein PA-41746-B and PA-41746-C, and PA-41746-D, respectively.
[0010] PLM B, PLM C and PLM D can be prepared by fermentation processes. Thus, the production of these antibiotics comprises in general cultivating a PLM B-, PLM C- and/or PLM D-producing strain in a nutrient medium under aerobic conditions and isolating PLM B, PLM C and/or PLM D from the resulting fermentation broth.
[0011] The composition of the culture medium and the conditions for fermentation follow those generally known for producing antibiotics. The medium essentially consists of carbon sources, nitrogen sources and inorganic salts. Vitamins, precursors and other materials may optionally be added to stimulate the production of PLM B, PLM C and PLM D. Examples of such sources are glucose, starch, dextrin, glycerol, molasses, organic acids, and the like, which may be used alone or in combination. Examples of such nitrogen sources are soybean meal, corn steep liquor, meat extract, yeast extract, cotton seed flour, peptone, wheat germ, ammonium sulfate, and ammonium nitrate, and they may be used alone or in combination. Inorganic salts such as, for example, calcium carbonate, sodium chloride, potassium chloride, magnesium sulfate, cobalt chloride, various phosphate salts, or the like, may be added to the medium if the occasion demands.
[0012] Fermentation may be carried out under the same conditions as are usually employed for the production of antibiotics; for example, using a liquid medium, or submerged aerobic conditions, especially for mass production purposes. The pH of the medium is preferably about 5.5 to 8.5. The temperature may, for example, be kept at about 20-40°C, preferably about 20-30°C.
[0013] The fermentation period depends upon the scale of production. About 20 to 80 hours are required under large scale production conditions.
[0014] The antibiotics PLM B, PLM C and PLM D can be isolated from the fermentation broth by conventional methods employed for isolating fermentation products. Any conventional method, such as, for example, filtration, centrifugation, adsorption and desorption with ion exchange resins, chromatography with various active adsorbants, and extract ion with suitable organic solvents of every kind, may be used. Such procedures may, of course, be combined in an appropriate order. Suitable stabilizing agents (e.g. ethylenediamine tetraacetate disodium salt) may be added during the isolation procedure to avoid decomposition of the objective-compounds.
[0015] This invention provides a new microorganism, Streptomyces pluracidomyceticus PA-41746, which produces PLM B, PLM C and PLM D and is an actinomycete isolated from a soil sample. The microbiological properties of the microorganism are as follows:
a) Morphological properties (cultured on Bennett's agar medium at 28°C for 14 days)
[0016] The microorganism grows well on Bennett's agar medium and forms comparatively abundant aerial hyphae on which spores are borne. Spore-bearing hyphae are formed on aerial hyphae and branch simply from main stem to side branches of which the ends are short spirals and adjacent to spore chains. The spore chains are short. The number of spores per chain is almost 20 or less. The spore surface is mostly smooth under electron microscopy, but some are observed to be rough. The spores are oval. Sporangium, flagellated spores or sclerotium are not observed. No split by fragmentation is observed in substrate hyphae.
b) Properties on various media (cultivated at 28°C for 14 days)
[0018] The expressions of color depend on "Guide to color standard" published by the Japan Color Institute.
c) Physiological properties
d) Utilization of carbohydrates
e) Growth temperature (cultured on Bennett's agar for 14 days)
[0023] 10°C : slight growth without aerial hypha
28°C : good growth and good formation of aerial hyphae
37°C : good growth without aerial hypha
45°C : no growth
It is obvious from the above properties that strain PA-41746 belongs to the Genus Streptomyces.
[0025] The references for similar strains are as follows: The actinomycetes, vol. 2 (1961), International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology vol. 18 (1968), vol. 19 (1969), vol. 22 (1972), Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology 8th edition (1974) and other references describing new species of actinomycetes. As a result, Streptomyces daqhestanicus [Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology 8th Ed., page 814 and International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology vol. 18, page 104] was found to be the known strain most similar to strain PA-41746. A comparative test of strain PA-41746 and Streptomyces daghestanicus reveals the following differences set out in Table 4 below.
[0026] The above comparison clearly invites the conclusion that strain PA-41746 and the similar strain Streptomyces daghestanicus belong to different species.
[0027] Thus, it has been determined that strain PA-41746 is a new species belonging to the Genus Streptomyces. The strain PA-41746 has been named Streptomyces pluracidomyceticus sp. nov.
[0028] The strain PA-41746 has been deposited under the terms of the Budapest Treaty with the Fermentation Research Institute at Yatabe-machi, Tsukuba-gun, Ibaragi Pref. Japan since 6th September 1982 under accession number FERM BP-174.
[0029] This invention includes the use of the above new strain PA-41746 as well as the use of any microorganism belonging to the Genus Streptomyces and capable of producing antibiotics PLM B, PLM C and/or PLM D for the production of those antibiotics.
[0030] As already indicated, dihydro PLM C, deoxy PLM B and deoxy PLM C may be prepared by reduction of PLM B and PLM C. They may be prepared as follows.
[0031] Dihydro PLM C may be prepared by reduction of PLM C with a reducing agent such as lithium borohydride, sodium borohydride, potassium borohydride or the like. Sodium borohydride is most favoured. The reaction may be effected at room temperature for about 1 to 2 hours at about pH 6-8, preferably pH 7 in water or in a water miscible solvent such as on alcohol (e.g. methanol or ethanol), tetrahydrofuran, dioxane or the like.
[0032] Deoxy PLM B and PLM C may also be prepared by reduction of PLM B and PLM C, respectively. Thus, deoxy PLM B and deoxy PLM C are prepared from PLM B and PLM C respectively by removal of the oxygen atom of the substituent at the 3 position. This removal may be effected by the usual methods such as, for example, refluxing with triphenyl phosphine in tetrachloromethane reduction with titanium trichloride, conversion to an alkoxysulfonium salt followed by reduction with a borohydride salt or a borocyanate salt, reduction with chromous chloride (Y. Akita et al.: Synthesis, 1977, 792), reduction with phosphorus pentasulfide (I.W.J. Still et al.: Synthesis, 1977, 468), or reduction with hydrogen sulfide and trifluoroacetic anhydride (J. Drabowicz et al.: Chem. Letters, 1977, 767). Catalytic hydrogenation is not preferred since the sulfur-containing group of the starting compound is poisonous to the catalyst and a large amount of the catalyst is required. Reduction with titantium trichloride is most preferred for a good yield and simplicity of operation. The amount of titanium trichloride used is usually from 4-9 eq. moles. The reagent is dissolved in a solvent from which dissolved air has previously been eliminated by suction under reduced pressure. The reaction is practised under a nitrogen or carbon dioxide atmosphere. Examples of the solvent are water, tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, and diglyme. The reaction duration is about 1 to 3 hours. It is preferred to keep the reaction pH at about 6-8.
[0033] The antibiotic compounds of this invention exhibit a wide range antimicrobial spectrum, being effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Furthermore, they strongly inhibit β-lactamase enzymes of both the penicillinase-type and cephalosporinase-type. Thus, the compounds are useful as medicamants, veterinary drugs and disinfectants.
[0034] The results of antimicrobial tests and β-lactamase inhibitory tests are shown below in Tables 5 and 6.
[0035] The compounds of this invention may be orally or parenterally administered to humans or animals. They may be formed into tablets, capsules, powders or the like, optionally in admixture with diluents, stabilizing agents, preservatives, wetting agents, detergents or the like, for oral administration purposes. They can also be parenterally administered in the forms such as injectable formulations, ointments and suppositories. The dosage needed for these antibiotics is generally from about 1/10 to several times the dosage used for cefalotin, although this obviously depends upon the purpose of the treatment. Thus, for example, the daily dosage for a human adult is about 0.1 g to about 10 g when administered by subcutaneous injection.
[0036] The present compounds can also synergistically increase the antimicrobial activity of B-lactam antibiotics against β-lactaminase-producing bacteria because of their B-lactamase inhibitory activity. Thus, the compounds may be used with known r-lactam antibiotics such as penicillins (e.g. benzylpenicillin, phenoxymethylpenicillin, carbenicillin, ampicillin, amoxycillin and the like) and cephalosporins (e.g. cefaloridine, cefalothin, cefazorin, cefa- lexin, cefoxitin, cefacetrile, cefamandole, cefapirin, cefradine, cefaglycin, ceftezol, cefatrizine, cefmetazol and the like). Such mixed formulations are included in the present invention.
[0037] The invention thus includes a pharmaceutical or veterinary formulation comprising a compound of the invention formulated for pharmaceutical or veterinary use, respectively, and optionally also including a p-lactam antibiotic and/or a cephalosporin. Such formulations may be in unit dosage form and/or may include a pharmaceutically acceptable or veterinarily acceptable diluent, carrier or excipient.
[0038] The following Examples are given solely for the purposes of illustration of the present invention.
Example 1
(a) Fermentation process
[0039] A seed culture of Streptomyces pluracidomyceticus PA-41746 (FERM BP-174) was inoculated into a 2-litre Erlenmeyer flask containing 800 ml of a medium (0.5% soluble starch, 0.5% glucose, 0.5% polypeptone, 0.5% beef extract, 0.25% yeast extract, 0.25% sodium chloride and demineralized water (pH 7.0 before sterilization) and . incubated at 28°C for 48 hours with rotation at 180 r.p.m.
[0040] 800 ml portions of the above germinated broth were inoculated into 30-litre jars containing 20 litre of a medium (2.4% tomato paste, 2.4% dextrin, 1.2% dry yeast, 0.0006% cobalt chloride 6 hydrate and water (pH 7.0 before sterilization)) and incubated at 28°C for 65 hours with aeration of 20 litre/minute, internal pressure 0.2 kg/cm2G and stirring of 150-350 r.p.m.
(b) Isolation process
[0041] To the fermentation broth obtained in the above process was added EDTA to produce a solution containing 500/ml of EDTA. After centrifugation with a Scharples's centrifuge, the resultant supernatant (160 litre) was cooled to 10°C and mixed with a solution of benzyldimethyl- cetyl ammonium chloride (1.2%) in methylene chloride (40 litre) to move the active compound into the methylene chloride layer. The layer was extracted with a 3% aqueous solution of sodium iodide (3 litre) and lyophilized to give an active crude powder (60 g). The product (20 g) was subjected to gel filtration with Biogel P-2 (600 ml, Bio-rad Laboratories) eluted with water. The fractions showing activity against Escherichia coli were collected and lyophilized to give an active product (1.77 g). The product (5.3 g) was applied to gradient chromatography on QAE-Sephadex A-25 (Pharmacia Co., & Ltd.) eluted with 0-3% sodium chloride solution containing 0.055% ammonium chloride to give fraction D (160 ml), fraction C (290 ml), fraction B (130 ml) and fraction A (330 ml) successively.
(c) Purification process
[0042] Fraction A was adjusted to pH 6, condensed under reduced pressure and desalted on a column of Biogel P-2 (250 ml). The thus-obtained solution was adjusted to pH 6.5 and lyophilized to give a crude powder (230 mg) of PLM A. Fraction B was condensed under reduced pressure, desalted on a column of Biogel P-2 and the active fraction was lyophilized. The product was applied to column chromatography on Diaion HP-20AG (130 ml, Mitsubishi Kasei & Co., Ltd.) pretreated with 10% sodium chloride and eluted with 10% sodium chloride. The active fraction was condensed, desalted on a column of Biogel P-2 and lyophilized to give a powder (20 mg) of PLM B sodium salt. Fraction C was desalted on a column of Biogel P-2, adjusted to pH 6.4, condensed under reduced pressure and lyophilized to give an active substance (172 mg). The product was applied to chromatography on a column of HP-20AG eluted with 10% sodium chloride in the same manner as in fraction B. The fraction containing PLM C was desalted on a column of Biogel P-2. The active fractions were collected, adjusted to pH 6.4, condensed under reduced pressure and lyophilized to give a powder (15 mg) of PLM C sodium salt.
[0043] Fraction D was condensed at pH 6.8 and desalted on a column of Biogel P-2 (250 ml) and lyophilized to give a crude powder (195 mg). The product was subjected to a column chromatography on HP-20AG eluted with a 10% aqueous solution of sodium chloride. Fractions showing a single peak on high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were collected, adjusted to pH 6.8 and condensed under reduced pressure. The resultant residue was desalted and lyophilized to give a pure powder (15 mg) of PLM D.
Example 2
[0044] A solution of PLM C sodium salt (10 mg) in 0.05 M phosphate buffer solution (pH 7.0, 3.8 ml) was mixed with an aqueous solution (264 µl) of sodium borohydride (1.056 mg, 1.15 eq. moles) with stirring at room temperature. Sodium chloride (1 g) was added thereto after 10 minutes. The mixture was passed through a column of Diaion HP-20AG (100-200 mesh, 20 ml, Mitsubishi Kasei & Co. Ltd.) pretreated with a 10% aqueous solution of sodium chloride. The column was eluted with the same solution of sodium chloride to give fractions; each contained 5 ml of eluate. The presence of the reduced product was checked by HPLC and active fraction Nos. 8-16 were collected and condensed to 5 ml under reduced pressure below 25°C. The precipi-. tated sodium chloride was removed by filtration. The filtrate was applied to a column of Sephadex G-10 (40-120 µ, 300 ml) which was eluted with water. The desalted eluate was condensed to about 3 ml under reduced pressure below 25°C and lyophilized to give a colorless amorphous powder (8 mg) of 3-hydroxymethylsulfinyl-6-(1-hydroxysulfonyl- oxyethyl)-7-oxo-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]-hept-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid (dihydro PLM C) as the sodium salt.
Example 3
[0045] Anhydrous titanium trichloride (17.6 mg, 5.0 eq. moles) was dissolved in distilled water (20 ml) degassed under reduced pressure. The solution was stirred under a nitrogen atmosphere and adjusted to pH 7.0 with 1N sodium hydroxide to give a black suspension. A solution of PLM B sodium salt (11 mg) in distilled water (1.5 ml) degassed under reduced pressure was added thereto. An additional suspension of anhydrous titantium trichloride (8.8 mg, 2.5 eq. moles) prepared in the same manner as noted above was mixed therewith after 1 hour. Air was introduced into the reaction vessel after 13 minutes to oxidize the excess reagent. The resultant white precipitate was removed by centrifugation after adjustment of the reaction mixture to pH 7.0. The supernatant was condensed to 3 ml under reduced pressure below 25°C, applied to a column of Biogel P-2 (250 ml; Bio-Rad. & Co. Ltd.) and eluted with distilled water. Fractions were checked by HPLC. Those containing the reduced product were collected, condensed under reduced pressure below 25°C and lyophilized to give sodium salt of 3-carboxymethylthio-6-(1-hydroxysulfonyloxyethyl)-7-oxo-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]-hept-2-ene-carboxylic acid (deoxy PLM B) as a pale yellowish amorphous powder (8 mg).
Example
[0046] A suspension of anhydrous titantium trichloride (18.6 mg, 5.0 eq. moles) in distilled water (20 ml) was prepared in the same manner as in Example 3 and mixed with a solution of PLM C sodium salt (10 mg) in distilled water (1.5 ml) degassed under reduced pressure. The mixture was stirred for 1.5 hours and air was introduced into the reaction vessel. A pale yellowish amorphous powder (6 mg) of 3-dihydroxymethylthio-6-(1-hydroxysulfonyloxyethyl)-7-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]-hept-2-ene-carboxylic acid (deoxy PLM C) sodium salt was obtained by following the same procedure as noted in Example 3.
Example 5
[0047] The disodium salt of PLM D (0.1 g) and sodium hydrogen phosphate are dissolved in distilled water (4 ml) to give an injectable solution.
Example 6
1. A compound of the formula:
wherein either R is carboxymethylsulfinyl, formylsulfinyl, dihydroxymethylsulfinyl, hydroxymethylsulfinyl, carboxymethylthio or dihydroxymethylthio and R1 is sulfo or R is sulfo and R1 is hydrogen.
wherein either R is carboxymethylsulfinyl, formylsulfinyl, dihydroxymethylsulfinyl, hydroxymethylsulfinyl, carboxymethylthio or dihydroxymethylthio and R1 is sulfo or R is sulfo and R1 is hydrogen.
2. A pharmaceutically acceptable or veterinarily acceptable salt of a compound as
claimed in claim 1.
3. A process for preparing a compound as claimed in claim 1 which process comprises
cultivating a pluracidomycin B-, pluracidomycin C-, and/or pluracidomycin D-producing
strain belonging to the Genus Streptomyces under aerobic conditions and isolating,
for example as a salt, pluracidomycin B (R is carboxymethylsulfinyl), pluracidomycin
C (R is formulsulfinyl), and/or pluracidomycin D (R is sulfo and R1 is hydrogen) and, optionally, converting resulting pluracidomycin B and/or C to dihydropluracidomycin
C (R is hydroxymethylsulfinyl) and/ or deoxypluracidomycin B (R is carboxymethylthio)
and/or deoxypluracidomycin C (R is dihydroxynethylthio) by reduction.
4. A process as claimed in claim 3, wherein the strain is a strain of Streptomyces
pluracidomyceticus.
5. A process as claimed in claim 3, wherein the strain is Steptomyces pluracidomyceticus
PA-41746 (FERM BP-174).
6. A process as claimed in any one of claims 3 to 5, wherein the cultivation is effected
at 20-40°C.
7. A process as claimed in any one of claims 3 to 6, wherein pluracidomycin C is isolated
and reduced with lithium borohydride, sodium borohydride or potassium borohydride
to give dihydropluracidomycin C.
8. A process as claimed in any one of claims 3 to 6, wherein pluracidomycin B is isolated
and reduced with titanium trichloride to give deoxypluracidomycin B.
9. A process as claimed in any one of claims 3 to 6, wherein pluracidomycin C is isolated
and reduced with titanium trichloride to give deoxypluracidomycin C.
10. Streptomyces pluracidomyceticus PA-41746 (FERM BP-174).
11. A pharmaceutical or veterinary formulation comprising a compound as claimed in
claim 1 or a salt as claimed in claim 2 formulated for pharmaceutical or veterinary
use, respectively, and optionally also including a p-lactam antibiotic and/or a cephalosporin.
12. A compound as claimed in claim 1, a salt as claimed in claim 2, or a formulation
as claimed in claim 11, in each case for use against gram-positive and/or gram-negative
bacteria either as a drug or as a disinfectant.