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(11) | EP 0 128 589 A2 |
| (12) | EUROPEAN PATENT APPLICATION |
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| (54) | Method for the purification of flue gas and plant for realization of the method |
| (57) Procedure and plant for wet-dry purification of smoke by separation of SO2. A suspension of finely-ground limestone is added to a reactor (1) via an oxidation
and acidification unit (9), where the finely-ground limestone is mixed with returned
dust (3) and air, oxygen and/or some of the smoke (10). Preferably, the returned dust
is also subjected to reactivation by wet-grounding (8). |
[0001] The present invention relates to a method for wet-dry desulphurization of smoke using finely-ground limestone, and to a wet-dry plant for realization of the method. The majority of the existing methods for desulphurization of smoke make use of lime, i.e. Ca(OH)2, as the reagent in the reaction with S02. The disadvantages of lime are that it is a relatively expensive product and that lime-based wet-dry purification primarily produces calcium sulphite, which is unfavorable from the points of view of recovery and deposition. Normally, approximately 10 % sulphate is obtained, while the remainder is primarily sulphite. While calcium sulphate, i.e. gypsum, is a useable final product, calcium sulphite has to be oxidized into sulphate before it can be used.
[0002] The large quantity of sulphite is obtained because Ca(OH)2 gives an alkaline reaction liquid which inhibits the oxidation of sulphite to sulphate.
[0003] It would be advantageous from a financial point of view to be able to use limestone - CaC03 - instead of lime. Limestone is far less expensive than lime and also increases the possibility of obtaining gypsum as the final product. Limestone is generally considered too inactive for use in wet-dry purification of S02 smoke. However, a number of attempts have been made to increase the effectivity of limestone-based processes.
[0004] One existing method raises the moisture retention capacities of the dry reactor product, thus increasing the uptake of S02, through the addition of various salts.
[0005] In another method, substances are added to extend the drying time of the drops, thus also increasing the uptake of S02. In yet another method, a cobalt catalyst is added in order to favor the oxidation of sulphite to sulphate, thus increasing the uptake of S02. The major disadvantage of all the abovementioned limestone-based methods is that they make use of additives, and these additives must in turn be recovered. Furthermore, the final product, the gypsum, is polluted, which makes it virtually unusable without further purification.
[0006] Further negative effects are inter alia that the salts, which increase the moisture retention capacity of the product in the reactor, simultaneously reduce its oxidation capacity.
[0007] One of the objects of the present invention is to provide a method and a plant for wet-dry desulphurization of smoke in which limestone is used for the separation of S02 without reactivity--raising additives.
[0008] Another object of the present invention is to provide a method and a plant for wet-dry desulphurization of smoke in which the final product mainly consists of calcium sulphate; i.e. gypsum.
[0009] These objects are attained with the aid of a method for wet--dry purification of smoke in which the S02 is first separated, in a reactor, from the smoke which is being purified, and in which the dust is then separated in a dust separation precipitator or a filter, after which the dust is returned to the reactor, where finely-ground limestone is added in the form of a water suspension and air, oxygen and/or some of the smoke is mixed with the returned dust and the finely-ground limestone before the S02 separation, and a plant for the carrying out of the method of this invention which, in addition to the S02 separation unit, is comprised of a dust separation precipitator unit and a dust return pipe, an oxidation and acidification phase and, possibly, a reactivation phase for wet-grinding of the returned dust.
[0010] The method and plant described in the present invention make it possible to use limestone, which is far less expensive than lime. Most importantly, a more effective desulphurization procedure is obtained with gypsum being the main final product, which is advantageous from both the financial and the recovery point of view.
[0011] One of the primarily parameters for the achievement of satisfactory results is the quality of the grinding of the limestone.
[0012] According to the classical chemical reaction technique, the particle diameter is the decisive parameter for a reaction of the type intended here. Recent research, however, indicates that, instead, it is the specific surface, i.e., m2g 1, which is the decisive factor. High specific surface gives high reactivity and thus high separation of S02.
[0013] A more detailed description of the invention is given below, with reference to the drawings, where Fig. 1 is a schematic view of a conventional wet-dry process and Fig. 2 is a schematic view of a limestone-based wet-dry process of the present invention.
Production of the absorbent, i.e. the finely-ground limestone slurry
[0014] Limestone is ground in order to obtain a specific surface of at least 5 m g and preferably over 12 mg . There are several possible grinding procedures. Generally, the result obtained after grinding is dependent on the geographical and historical background of the limestone. Thus the optimal grinding procedure must be selected for each individual case. A great deal of energy is required for the grinding process, and therefore the grinding time should be as short as possible.
[0015] There are several possible grinding methods. Crushed or pulverized limestone may be ground dry in, for example, a ball mill. Grinding may be facilitated through the addition of 30 % water. Trace amounts of surface-active substances, known as detergents, are also known to give a more homogenous slurry and to decrease the tendencies toward sedimentation.
[0016] Other positive effects of the addition of detergents in wet-grinding are that the additives decrease the friction between the particles, which decreases friction losses when grinding, and increases the thermodynamic stability of the slurry. Wet storage normally decreases the specific surface, so the product must be used as quickly as possible. Thermodynamic analysis provides the following explanation of this phenomenon.
[0017] Small particles with large specific surfaces are uneven, with a large number of fresh exposure surfaces with extremely small radii of curvature. Sections with small radii of curvature and fresh exposure surfaces have greatly increased surface energy as a result of the surface tension between the solid phase and the liquid. When the radius of curvature is sufficiently small, this surface energy has the same order of magnitude as the chemical potential of the ions which have separated from the solid material. This is notable in the form of increased solubility of the solid material on the small radii of curvature. Solid material then dissolves and creates ions which are then crystalized on flat surfaces to achieve macroscopic equilibrium. Thus, the fine structure is continually effaced, and the specific surface decreases.
[0018] However, this phenomenon can be slowed down considerably through the addition of trace amounts of detergent. The additive is then adsorbed onto the surface of the solid material, which decreases the surface energy and increases the thermodynamic stability.
[0019] There are also other concievable ways of attaining a limestone slurry with a high specific surface. In some natural deposits sections of limestone particles suspensions may be found. The particles are stable as the result of the adherence of natural stabilizers such as humus. The slurry can be removed directly from its source and pumped into a truck, for use in the wet-dry process of this invention, probably after further grinding.
[0020] At certain chemical plants and other process plants limestone is a by-product. Such limestone sometimes has a relatively large surface and is thus suited to the wet-dry process of the present invention. For example, in the paper industry, lime is used in the process. Crystallized limestone is then obtained as a by-product which, after suspension and probably further grinding, may be used in the wet-dry process of the present invention.
[0022] Hot smoke containing S02 is conducted into an S02 reactor, where a slurry or a reagent solution is sprayed in through nozzles (at 7)(generally a lime slurry is used, but a natrium bicarbonate solution is used occasionally). The water is then vaporized, and the S02 is simultaneously taken up by the drops, and reacts with the added reagent. The vaporization of the water causes the smoke to be adiabatically broken, but the amount of water sprayed in is adjusted so that the gas fumes are not saturated by the steam.
[0023] After the water is vaporized, the dry powder, containing the sulphite/sulphate reaction product, unreacted reagent and cinders, is transported to a dust separation precipitator 2. This equipment is usually composed of a hose filter system, but can also be an electric filter. The S02 and the reagent also react to some extent in the dust separation precipitator. The smoke is then led to a chimney.
[0024] The dust which is separated in the separator is transported to a dust moisturizer 5 or to a deposit site. A portion of the dust also falls to the bottom of the S02 reactor and is also transported to the dust moisturizer. In the dust moisturizer, water is added and the slurry thus obtained is led into a mixing tank 6 where fresh calcium hydroxide and more water are added. The slurry thus obtained is pumped up to the nozzles of the SO2 reactor and the procedure is repeated.
[0025] We now refer to Figure 2, which is a theoretical sketch of a limestone-based wet-dry process in accordance with the present invention.
[0026] As in the conventional wet-dry process, hot smoke containing S02 is conducted into an S02 reactor where a slurry or a reagent solution is sprayed in through nozzles (at 7). The water is vaporized, S02 taken up by the drops, and reacts with the added reagent.
[0027] The first modification is that the dust moisturizer 5, which takes care of the dust returned from the dust separation precipitator 2 and the S02 reactor 1, is replaced by grinding equipment 8. In the Figures the return dust from the dust separation precipitator 2 is removed through a return conduction 3. The grinding equipment can also effectively mix a powder with water to obtain a homogenous slurry. Thus the grinding equipment replaces the dust moisturizer in this respect. In addition:
- the limestone with a small specific surface which came into being through recrystallization or which passed through the grinding process in preparation of the fresh limestone slurry, is ground to obtain a larger specific surface. This increases the reactivity of the returned dust.
- the reaction products in the form of calcium sulphite and calcium sulphate which have been bound to the limestone surface or enclosed in the limestone are removed. This both increases the reactivity of the limestone and liberates sulphite in the form of smaller particles. This latter effect is made use of in the subsequent oxidation phase, which will be described in greater detail below.
[0028] The other modification is that part of the process equipment, in which partially-used limestone is suspended in water, is made use of as oxidation reactor 9. In this reactor part or all of the sulphite is transformed to sulphate through the addition of an oxygen-bearing medium. The course of oxidation is hastened via the reduction in pH which is obtained through the presence of C02.
[0030] Thus, in the presence of CO2, the number of dissolved reactive species for reaction with SO2 (i.e. HCO3-) increases. Thus the reaction slurry which is conducted from the oxidation tank up to the nozzles has higher reactivity. Therefore the reaction:
can take place to a greater extent without prior dissolving of CaCO3 in the reactor; dissolving is one of the steps which determines the speed.
[0031] The oxygen-bearing medium may be air, oxygen, or a current 10 of the smoke. The means of decreasing the pH may be carbon dioxide or the carbon dioxide content and/or S02 content in the smoke.
[0032] The method and the plant can, for example, be set up as indicated in Fig. 2. A portion, in the order of a few per cent, of the smoke is removed prior to S02 reactor 1 and conducted down into oxidation tank 9. The gas is distributed across the bottom via a spray nozzle (not shown). Thus the carbon dioxide remaining in the smoke after combustion oxidizes the sulphite to sulphate. The gas is conducted in from the oxidation tank using a fan to obtain an overdraft and prevent leakage. The smoke is conducted into the smoke stream via a ventilation air channel 11 and passes the dust separation precipitator.
[0033] The use of limestone thus makes it possible to oxidize the sulphite to gypsum, a product which is easier to handle, deposit and recover. The procedure is not applicable to a lime (i.e. Ca(OH)2) based wet-dry process, since unreacted Time, which is always present, raises the pH to such an extent that oxidation ceases.
[0034] The combination of grinding equipment and an oxidation tank, placed in above mentioned order, facilitates oxidation. Solutions of crystalline calcium sulphate have an extremely limiting effect on the oxidation rate. Grinding of the returned dust counteracts this negative characteristic, since crystals of calcium sulphite are liberated.
Examples carried out as laboratory tests
[0035] Simulated smoke was bubbled with 10 % C02 and 5 % 02 through a slurry of limestone and calcium sulphite. The pH then fell, due to the presence of C02. This decrease in pH also made it possible for the sulphite to oxidate to sulphate, using the oxygen in the smoke as the means of oxidation. A decrease in pH is known to be necessary in order for oxidation to take place.
1. Method for wet-dry purification of smoke in which SO2 is first separated from the smoke which is to be purified in a reactor, and in which
dust is then separated in a dust separation precipitator or a filter, after which
the dust is returned to the reactor, characterized by finely-ground limestone being
delivered to the reactor in the form of a water suspension and by air, oxygen and/or
some of the smoke being mixed with the returned dust and the finely-ground limestone
prior to the separation.
2. Method in accordance with claim 1, character-ized by the returned dust being reactivated
by wet-grinding before it is returned to the reactor.
3. Method in accordance with claim 1 or 2, character-ized by the specific surface
of the finely-ground limestone being larger than 5 m2g preferably larger than 12 m2g-1.
4. Method in accordance with claim 1, character-ized by approximately 2 % of the smoke
being removed to be mixed with the finely-ground limestone and the returned dust.
5. Plant for wet-dry purification of smoke, comprising a S02 separation step (1), a dust separation precipitation or filtering step (2) and a
return conduction (3) in accordance with claim 1, characterized by an oxidation and
acidification step (9), in which finely-ground limestone in the form of a water suspension,
is mixed with the returned dust and air, oxygen and/or some of the smoke.
6. Plant in accordance with claim 5, characterized by also comprising a reactivation
step (8) comprising wet-grinding of the returned dust.