Summary of the Invention
[0001] This invention relates to a novel method of electrolysis, particularly for the deposition
and/or recovery of metals in their elemental state and other redox reactions.
[0002] The electrolysis method provided by this invention can be used for, among other uses,
electro-deposition of a metal in the form of dendrites, and for electro-plating a
metal onto a substrate. It can also be used for electrolytically effecting chemical
redox reactions, e.g., the oxidation or reduction of chemical species.
[0003] The method of this invention particularly uses an electrolyte system having at least
two phases, one of which is aqueous while another is aqueous-immiscible, and wherein
the inter-facial current passage is ionic rather than electronic.
Background
[0004] Certain other two-phase electrolysis systems are already known. For instance, the
mercury cell commonly used for the electrolysis of sodium chloride solutions to produce
chlorine and sodium amalgam, and eventually sodium hydroxide, utilizes two phases,
i.e., the aqueous sodium chloride and the metallic mercury. In this case, however,
the mercury phase conducts electronically, i.e., by the movement of electrons as in
any conducting metal. In reality the mercury phase behaves as a liquid cathode. Also
in the sodium hydroxide - chlorine industry, electrolyses using two aqueous phases
separated by an ion exchange membrane have been used. Here the sodium chloride solution
forms the anolyte, evolving chlorine at the anode therein; the electrolyte on the
other side of the membrane is aqueous sodium hydroxide in which there is a cathode
evolving hydrogen. Thus, these are both aqueous phases, and but for the ion exchange
membrane, the same would be miscible with each other.
[0005] Such systems are severely limited in regard to the types of electrochemical processes
which can be conducted therein.
[0006] A further common and well known problem, typically in organic electrochemistry is
in dealing with the oxidation or reduction of water insoluble species. Due to the
typically dielectric character of, for instance, organic liquids, electrolysis techniques
are generally unsatisfactory. Usually the approach to overcome, to some extent, this
difficulty is to use a water-miscible co-solvent, e.g., ethanol or acetone, to co-solve
the water-insoluble species in the aqueous phase. Another technique is to use a solubilizing
compound such as an aromatic sulphonic acid which co-solves the insoluble species
and which can also act as the electrolyte. Both these techniques are intended to produce
a single water-miscible phase for the electrolysis, and the same are also limited
in their applications. See, for example, Organic Electrochemistry, by M.M. Baizer
Ed., published by Dekker, New York, 1973.
Description of the Invention
[0007] We have now found a novel process making it possible to conduct electrolyses using
two immiscible phases, one aqueous, the other non-aqueous, but with both being electrolytically
conducting. That is, the current passes therebetween by the ion movement rather than
mere electron movement.
[0008] Thus the present invention essentially provides a novel method of electrolysis which
comprises passing an electric current between two electrodes through an at least two-phase
electrolyte system having as one phase an aqueous solution of an electrolyte with
one of the electrodes immersed solely therein and as a second phase a water-immiscible
liquid serving as the other electrolyte, and with another electrode immersed solely
therein. This second non-aqueous phase generally contains or is substantially composed
of a liquid (at the temperatures employed) containing or composed of an organic salt
having at least some true ionic character, but which is nonetheless substantially
water-insoluble, or at least preferentially substantially soluble in an organic solvent
used to form this water-immiscible phase.
[0009] While the said aqueous phase will ordinarily have a solution of a highly ionic salt,
acid, or alkali, and can commonly have a high conductivity or low resistivity of e.g.,
from 5 to 10 ohm-cms, by contrast the non-aqueous water-immiscible phase used herein
will normally have a much higher resistivity, e.g., of the order of 1000 ohm-cms.
Electrolysis using the non-aqueous phase alone would therefore normally require very
high voltages; whereas, using the process of the present invention, much lower cell
voltages can be used. Thus, one advantage of this invention is that otherwise poorly
conducting systems can now be operated at pragmatic, economically acceptable cell
voltages.
[0010] Our invention can also be used very readily for electrolytic redox reactions with
water immiscible species because the aqueous-immiscible electrolyte phase is usually
a very good solvent for other (organic) water immiscible species. Thus, as an example,
the tetraalkyl ammonium halostannites (which can be used as the aqueous-immiscible
electrolyte phase in our process) are quite good solvents for various nonpolar organic
species, even for olefins such as ethylene. When the aqueous-immiscible electrolyte
phase is a salt of a long chain (e.g., C
6 to C
24) carboxylic acid (e.g., sodium octanoate), then this phase is also a good solvent
for other (saturated or unsaturated) carboxylic acids, alcohols and so on.
[0011] The accompanying drawings illustrate two basic electrode cell arrangements which
may be used in the practice of this invention, and two presently preferred practical
embodiments thereof:
Figure I schematically illustrates a two-phase electrode cell using three electrodes,
and three electrolytes, as described hereinafter:
Figure II schematically illustrates a two-electrode two- phase system, as described
hereinafter;
Figure III schematically illustrates a two-electrode, three electrolyte cell embodiment;
and
Figures IV - VII illustrate a two cell embodiment.
[0012] Considering Figure II first, a suitable cell container (either rectangular, cylindrical,
or of any other desired shape) 20 may be formed of a suitable corrosion-resistant
and electrolytically stable material such as polypropylene. Suspended near the bottom
of the cell 20 is an electrode 21 connected to an insulated current feeder line 22,
which as shown would be connected to the cathode terminal of a direct current power
source. In use, the cathode 21 will be completely and solely immersed within the aqueous-immiscible
phase 24. The aqueous electrolyte, an anolyte as shown, 25 is here depicted as above
the catholyte 24, being of lower specific gravity, with a liquid-liquid interface
26 therebetween. Suspended in the aqueous anolyte phase is an anode 23, connected
by its feeder 27 to the anode direct current power supply. It will be understood that
current passes between the two electrodes, and across the liquid-liquid interface
26. In the practice of this invention, such passage of electricity is ionically conducted.
[0013] The electrode used in the aqueous electrolyte phase can be either the cathode or
the anode, and the electrode in the non-aqueous phase will be conversely an anode
or a cathode, depending on the electrolytic process desired.
[0014] When the phases are of different specific gravities, one can float on the other with
merely the liquid-liquid interface between them, as shown in Figure II. Alternatively,
the two immiscible phases (anolyte and catholyte) may be separated by an ion-exchange
membrane or a porous separator, e.g., a ceramic or a filter cloth, and then be located
side by side. In another practical embodiment described below, the anolyte is the
aqueous phase floating on the heavier aqueous immiscible catholyte.
[0015] Also, as in an embodiment of the invention described below, one electrode may be
a corrodible metal anode immersed in the aqueous anolyte, while the other electrode
is an inert cathode immersed in the non-aqueous catholyte. If in this arrangement
the corrodible anode is, e.g., tin, that electrode corrodes away during the electrolysis
and dendrites of tin are deposited on the cathode. The invention thus provides, as
one feature, a method of forming dendritic tin from a massive block of tin. Such dendritic
tin is a valuable starting material for the preparation of organotin halides by direct
reaction of tin with an organic halide.
[0016] When tin is the anode, the catholyte may suitably be an aqueous-immiscible tin salt
electrolyte; an example of such a salt is a complex of formula Cat
+SnX
3-, where Cat+ is a group derived from a positively charged species such as the R
zQ
+ (defined below), and X is chlorine, bromine or iodine, or other mineral acid anion
species.
[0017] An example of R
zQ
+ is tetrabutylammonium. In general R is an organic hydrocarbyl group (or similarly
inert group including hydrocarbyl groups carrying inert substituents) which will form
this 'onium ion; and Q represents N, P. As or Sb, in which case z is 4, or Q may be
S or Se, in which case z is 3. Compounds of the formula R
zQX may be used as catalysts or as reagents in the production of, e.g., organotin halides,
and when so used, there is formed as a by-product a tin-containing halostannite complex,
for instance of the formula R
zQ
+SnX
3-, e.g., tetrabutylammonium bromostannite. The by-product formed in the direct reaction
of tin with an organic halide in the presence of a compound of formula Cat
+X- is specifically suitable as a catholyte in a process for the electrolysis of tin
according to the present invention.
[0018] Alternatively, when another metal is employed as the corrodible anode, then a complex
of that metal would be formed with the Cat
+X- species.
[0019] Thus, instead of using tin as the anode, there may alternatively be used, for instance,
an aluminum anode, with an aqueous solution of aluminum trichloride and sodium chloride
as anolyte, the catholyte now suitably being of the formula Cat
+AlCl
4-.
[0020] In still another system, a lead anode is used with an aqueous solution of lead carboxylate,
e.g., of a C
10 alkanoic acid, and sodium chloride as the anolyte, the catholyte being a solution
of a lead carboxylate in a carboxylic acid. This system makes possible the recovery
of lead, in the form of dendrites deposited on a cathode, e.g., a lead cathode, with,
for instance, scrap lead being used as the anode. Impure metals other than lead can
similarly be used as the anode and obtained in purified form by this technique (particularly
where the impurity metals have a significantly different electrode potential from
that of the metal sought to be recovered).
[0021] Such other metals which may be used generally include those having a standard electrode
potential (versus a normal hydrogen electrode) from about plus 1.5 volts down to about
minus 1.66 volts, including such metals as silver, gold, platinum, palladium, copper,
lead, tin, nickel, cobalt, indium, cadmium, iron, gallium, chromium, zinc, manganese,
titanium, and aluminum.
[0022] As with lead, these other metals may also be used either with a suitably chosen Cat
+X- species or as a long-chain metal carboxylate. The choice of the organocarboxylic
acid employed in forming the carboxylate is, of course, primarily dictated by the
need to have an electrolyte system which is immiscible with the aqueous phase. That
is, desirably the metal carboxylate, and the carboxylic acid itself, should be soluble
to a degree of less than 10% in the aqueous phase at the temperature employed for
the electrolysis process itself. Correspondingly, there may be some water which "dissolves"
into the water-immiscible phase, but so long as that percentage of dissolved water
is insufficient to interfere with the basic immiscibility and consequent separation
of the two phases, it presents no significant problem in the practice of this invention.
Generally, a carboxylic acid of at least six carbon atoms will be chosen for this
purpose. Similarly, whatever R
zQ
+ species is selected, and whatever anion is selected, there must again be compliance
with these basic requirements of immiscibility and solubility of the metal complex
therewith.
[0023] Fundamentally, it will be appreciated that this invention thus uses as one feature
a water-immiscible, generally an organic, liquid phase, which may in fact be a solution,
and which contains a substantial concentration of an ion species (which is nonetheless
substantially water-insoluble), while such phase is nonetheless relatively nonconductive
by at least an order of magnitude with respect to the aqueous phase.
[0024] The aqueous phase electrolyte, by contrast, is desirably a highly conductive system,
and this is easily established, as is already known in the art, by the introduction
of a suitable inorganic salt, for instance. Alternatively, or in addition, to the
salt, there may be used an alkali or an acid aqueous phase as such electrolyte. The
particular choice of the anolyte system and of the catholyte system being determined
and selected according to the particular electrolytic process desired to be conducted,
in accordance with the foregoing principles.
[0025] Instead of a single corrodible anode such as, for instance, tin, aluminum or lead
which is transferred electrolytically and deposited on the cathode, there may be used
a three-anode system as illustrated in Figure I.
[0026] In this system, the electrolysis cell 10 again has an electrode 11 connected to a
suitably insulated feeder 12 to a power source (the negative power source being shown,
but it could also be the positive source if desired), and this cathode (as shown)
is fully immersed within the aqueous-immiscible catholyte phase 13. Above the catholyte
phase 13 is the aqueous anolyte phase 14 with an interface 14a between the two phases.
Also extending into the anolyte phase 14 is a chamber of compartment 15 having at
least one wall member portion which is formed of an ion exchange membrane, which membrane
will permit the passage of ions, while not permitting the mixing of the separate anolyte
16 with the anolyte 14. Extending into the chamber 15 is, suitably, a non-corrodible
anode 17, again connected to a DC current power supply. Extending into the anolyte
14, hereinafter referred to in this embodiment as the "intermediate" anolyte, is a
corrodible electrode 18, connected by its feeder 19 to the power supply. As shown,
electrodes 17 and 18 are both anodes.
[0027] In such a system, the chamber 15 may contain as its anolyte 16 an aqueous sodium
hydroxide solution, while the intermediate anolyte 14 may conveniently be an aqueous
solution of a metal salt, e.g., a metal chloride such as sodium chloride. The catholyte
13 may be either a metal carboxylate solution in a carboxylic acid, as described above,
or a metal complex with Cat
+X- -- both again being immiscible with the aqueous phase anolyte 14. Various metals
may be used as the salt used in the anolyte 14 incluing variously, without limitation,
cobalt, nickel, titanium, manganese, vanadium, etc.
[0028] The techniques permitted by the electrolysis cell of Figure I include the method
of recovering elemental metal from a dissolved salt thereof, which salt may in turn
have been obtained as a waste product from an independent chemical process. The metal
thus recovered may be used for the production of various metal compounds, including
metal organic compounds. Such dissolved salt may be present in either the aqueous-immiscible
phase or the aqueous phase, or both, with the metal being reduced to the elemental
state at the cathode.
[0029] In particular, since the electrolytic process of this invention valuably produces
dendritic metal species, which are highly reactive, the invention provides a means
for forming valuable metal carboxylates (e.g., used as paint driers, for instance)
directly from the dendritic metal formed and the desired carboxylic acid, the same
being heated together with air or oxygen (outside the electrolysis cell) causing the
dendritic metal to dissolve at good reaction speed with high yield by direct reaction
with the carboxylic acid.
[0030] In the three electrode embodiment of Figure I, if an alkali is used as the anolyte
16, oxygen will be evolved at the anode 17, as is necessary to balance the overall
electrolytic reaction equation.
[0031] The two-phase electrolysis system of this invention can also be used for electrolyses
involving organic species only. Thus, as an example, there may be used in the embodiment
of Figure I or Figure II an inert anode 18 or 23, respectively, such as platinum,
suspended in an aqueous sulphuric acid solution, as anolyte 14 or 25, respectively,
which is in turn in interfacial contact with a water immiscible phase containing,
e.g., acrylonitrile, adiponitrile and a conducting species such as a sodium carboxylate
or a te- tra-alkyl ammonium sulphonate or sulphate. Electrolyses thereof leads to
oxygen evolution at the anode and hydrodimerisation of acrylonitrile to make adiponitrile
at the cathode.
[0032] Other organic species may be similarly reduced electrolytically by the process of
this invention such as benzaldehyde to benzyl alcohol, benzil to benzylidene, salicaldehyde
to the corresponding alcohol: nitrophenol to hydroxyaniline; or allyl bromide to propyl
bromide. As with acrylonitrile, other reductive dimerization or polymerization, reactions
using organic entities may also be performed electrolytically whenever the organic
species suitable for such an electrolytic reduction will be soluble in the aqueous-immiscible
catholyte phase.
[0033] The electrolytic method of this invention can also be used for electro-plating an
alloy onto a cathodic substrate. For example, two or more metals may be used as anode
-- either as separate metal anodes (i.e., two anodes such as anode 23), or as a single
alloy anode -- with an aqueous solution of chlorides of these metals used as anolyte
and water-insoluble chlorides of the metal(s), e.g., in the form Bu
4N
+MCl
rr (where Bu is butyl, M is the metal, and m is a number equal to the valency of the
metal plus one), as catholyte. When two different corrodible anodes are employed the
relative amounts of the metals deposited can be varied by the amounts of current independently
supplied to said respective anodes.
[0034] To further illustrate the practice of this invention, a presently-preferred working
embodiment of this invention is shown in the following example.
EXAMPLE
[0035] The apparatus used in this example was the cell schematically shown in the accompanying
drawing of Figure I.
[0036] This cell comprises a polypropylene tank 10, 40 cm x 40 cm x 25 cm, containing a
stainless steel cathode 11, 35 cm x 25 cm x 0.3 cm connected to an insulated feeder
12. the bottom of the cell was loaded with tetrabutylammonium bromostannite (Bu
4N
+SnBrg , prepared synthetically from Bu
4NBr and HSnBr
3 solutions), (11 kg) as catholyte 13.
[0037] Above this, 16 liters of 20% NaBr solution in water was placed as the intermediate
electrolyte 14. Dipping into the intermediate electrolyte was an ion-exchange membrane-covered
box (Nafion"; duPont membrane) 15 containing NaOH solution 16 and a nickel anode 17.
Also dipping into the intermediate electrolyte was a tin anode 18 held on a feeder
19.
[0038] The anodes 17 and 18 were connected to the positive terminal of a variable power
supply and the cathode feeder 12 to the negative terminal. A current ranging from
40 amp at the beginning to 100 amp at the end was passed through the cell over a period
of 17 hours. During this time the temperature in the cell rose to 75-85°, the cell
voltage at the start was 19 volts and this declined to 5 volts at the end. During
this time 596 amp-hrs were passed through the tin anode 18 resulting in a loss of
1500 g of tin. 540 amp-hrs were passed through the nickel anode 17.
[0039] The combined anode currents -- 1136 amp-hrs -- passed through the cathode 11 caused
the deposition of fine dendritic tin particles (2513 g). 1320 g of this tin product
were derived from the tin anode 18 and 1193 g came from the catholyte 13. Thus, the
final catholyte phase comprised dendritic tin (2513 g), tetrabutylammonium bromide
(3238 g), and unreacted tetrabutylammonium bromostannite (5040 g).
[0040] In this example, the catholyte was prepared as a special catholyte, but there could
be used instead the halogenotin by-product complex which is formed in the production
of organotin halides by the direct reaction of tin with an organic halide in the presence
of reagent amounts of a compound of formula Cat X*, e.g. of formula R
zQ
+X
-, as defined above. That overall reaction may be represented according to the stoichiometric
equation
[0041] 2Sn + 3RX + R
zQX → R
3SnX
+ R
zQSnX
3. At the end of the reaction the organotin halide produce is recovered by extraction
in a hydrocarbon solvent, leaving a hydrocarbon-insoluble, water-insoluble yellow-khaki
by-product which contains or consists of the R
zQ
+SnX
3-. This is the halogenotin by-product complex which may be used as catholyte in this
embodiment of the present invention.
[0042] Illustrations of such procedures are also described in European patent applications83300090.4
and 83300091.2.
[0043] For instance, one suitable practical cell for this electrolysis invention is illustrated
in Figure III. This cell has a polypropylene body 41 with a cross section of approximately
30 cm x 30 cm and an overall height of approximately 45 cm. The cell has a polypropylene
bottom valve 42 and is mounted on feet (not shown) so that the bottom inverted pyramidal
part extends through a hole in a supporting platform. The cell is heated by external
electrical heating tapes 43 and is insulated and clad 44. The cell has two further
taps, 45 and 46, in its higher portion.
[0044] Internally the cell has two cathode plates 47 connected to cathode feeder lines 56.
Above the cathodes there are two tin anodes 48 (one shown) mounted in mild steel feeders
58 which in turn are supported on insulated bushes on an anode support frame 49 which
is screwed to the platform.
[0045] Alongside the tin anodes is a third anode 50 made of nickel. This nickel anode is
supported on mild steel feeders 57 and held from the anode support frame. The nickel
anode 50 is separated from the rest of the cell inside a compartment made up from
outer clamping members 51, an inner member 52 and two ion exchange membranes 53. Parts
51 and 52 are U-shaped in section and are clamped together with bolts sandwiching
the membranes 53 so that a five-sided compartment with an open top is formed.
[0046] The cell has two polypropylene scrapers 54, with blades, 54a which can be pushed
across the top of the cathodes 47 to scrape and dislodge metal formed on the cathodes
and allow this metal to fall into the bottom part of the cell (i.e., below the cathodes).
The cell has an agitator on a shaft 55 connected to the motor (not shown). This agitator
is used to stir the bottom phase containing such metal particles.
[0047] In operation the tin anode feeders 58 and the right-hand cathode feeder 56 are connected
to one rectifier (not shown) and the nickel anode feeder 57 and the left-hand cathode
feeder 56 are connected to another rectifier. The tin anodes can be adjusted up and
down on their feeders 58.
[0048] The cell has been operated by loading it with 25.9 kg of mixed halogenotin complex
by-product from the manufacture of tributyltin bromide as shown in respect to Table
II of copending application "Production of Organotin Halides", referenced above, and
16 liters of 10% wt/volume sodium bromide solution. This resulted in a two-phase system
with the halogenotin complex below the aqueous solution and with the interface therebetween
about 1 cm above the cathode plates 47. Aqueous sodium hydroxide (25%, 2 1.) was poured
into the anode compartment formed by 51, 52 and 53. The cell contents were heated
to 75-95 and current passed from both rectifiers. A total of 1103 amp-hrs was passed
through the nickel anode and 1163 amp-hrs through the tin anodes. Currents ranging
from 5 to 150 amps (aqueous-nonaqueous interfacial current densities of 5.5mA/cm
2 to 167mA/cm
2 respectively) were passed during this electrolysis and the relative currents passed
through the tin anodes and the nickel anode were adjusted to give approximately the
same number of coulombs through each anode system. The starting cell voltage was about
20 volts and this declined during the electrolysis to about 8-10 volts.
[0049] The electrolysis products were 17.7 liters of 30% wt/volume sodium bromide solution
and 24 kg of a mixture of Bu
4N
+Br- - dendritic tin - halogenotin by-product. The tin anodes had lost a total of 2.57
kg of tin.
[0050] In addition to the cell illustrated in Figure III, for larger production purposes
the cell construction illustrated in Figures IV, V and VI is presently preferred.
[0051] Figure IV illustrates in cross section a 2000 ampere cell which would be equipped
with conventional rectifiers and controls, etc. (not shown). In general, the construction
of this cell is analogous to that of Figure III. However, the polypropylene body 60
is in this instance supported by a mild steel casing 61 which sits in turn on load
cells 62 (only one shown) which are held on a supporting platform. In common with
the Figure III apparatus, steel supporting structures 63 hold two tin, or other corrodible
metal anodes 64 (one shown) and the drive motor 65. This agitator drive may be a variable
DC motor coupled at 66 to the shaft 67 which drives the lower agitator blades 68 and
scraper blades 69. The upper part of the scraper blades also serve as an agitator
for the phase. The scraper blades 69 serve a dual purpose of creating upward flow
movement of the halogenometal complexes to replace electrolyzed material at the liquid-liquid
interface, while also dislodging deposited metal from the cathode surface.
[0052] The conical bottom of the cell is fitted with a push-up-type valve 70 at the bottom
of the cone to permit removal of metal dendrites and/or electrolyte from the cell.
The push-up valve is useful in the event unstirred dendritic metal settles to form
a crust, as this can then be broken open to allow drainage of the lower phase.
[0053] Each metal anode 64 may weigh, for instance, 100 to 200 kg at start-up, and are held
on a threaded steel rod 71 supported on an insulated bushing structure 72, respectively
connected to feeder cables 79. By this means the vertical position of the anodes can
be adjusted up and down.
[0054] The non-corrodible anode compartment is shown as 73 and is simply a polypropylene
box with an open top, and a bottom closed by an ion exchange membrane having suitable
supports and seals. This anode chamber may be supported from the mild steel casing
61 by suitable steel work 74, and the chamber is fitted with a non-corrodible anode
(not shown) connected to feeder cable 75.
[0055] The cathode plates 74 are here two semicircles of stainless steel supported on suitable
polypropylene lugs within the cell and connected to the cathode cables 78 (see Figure
VIII). Suitable plate heater 80 may be hung underneath the cathode plates. A cooling
coil 76 is also arranged within the cell, and the water-immiscible catholyte phase
interface with the aqueous anolyte solution may be approximately 1 cm above the level
of the cathode plates although this level can vary according to most efficient operation
of a given device. During full operation at, e.g., 2,000 amps and approximately 10
volts, the cooling coil 76 should be capable of removing approximately 20 kW.
[0056] Figure VI is partly broken away to show the space or gap 77 between the cathode plates
to permit dendritic metal particles to fall through to the lower conical section of
the cell, as the same are dislodged by the scraper blades. This gap may be approximately
2 cm wide, and additionally a spacing of approximately 0.5 cm clearance is maintained
between the circumference of the cathode plates and the polypropylene cell body.
[0057] The capacity of this cell can be designed to receive, for instance, some 450 kg of
the halogenotin complex by-product (as described above), approximately 500 liters
of 10% sodium bromide solution and approximately 100 liters of 25% sodium hydroxide
solution for the nickel anode compartment 73, all to be heated with constant agitation
to about 70-80°.
[0058] At a current load of approximately 1,500 Faradays and about 20 hours running time
at 2,000 amps dendritic tin production is a little under 90,kg with current production
of about Bu
4NBr of 120 Kg and NaBr of about 77 kg, with NaOH usage of about 30 kg. The loss of
tin from the tin anodes is a little more than 44 kg, the balance of the dendritic
tin coming from decomposition of the halogenotin complex.
[0059] It will be understood that the foregoing example is merely illustrative of the practice
according to this invention. That is, while tin is there employed as the corrodible
metal anode, and is obtained as the dendritic cathode deposit, any of the other metals
mentioned hereinabove may be used in lieu of tin. Similarly, other Cat+ species may
be used, and other halogens (e.g., chlorine or iodine) may be used instead of bromine.
The mineral acid anion represented generally by X- will of course be selected to avoid
complications from the formation of insoluble metal salt species. Alternatively, the
same procedure in principle may be employed using tin or one of the other metals but
using an organic carboxylic acid which is itself substantially insoluble in an aqueous
phase as the aqueous-immiscible catholyte. Additionally, a Cat+ species may be formed
from alkali or alkaline earth metal complex with polyoxygen or organic compounds such
as diglyme, polyoxyalkylene glycol, glycol ether or crown ether.
[0060] In any given embodiment practiced according to this invention, the precise conditions
to be employed for optimum results will be dictated by the various parameters which
are adopted for the overall equipment in process. Thus, the geometry of the cell itself,
and of the various electrodes, including the surface area of the electrolyte interface,
will in part determine the performance and preferred operating conditions. Consequently,
the current density applied for optimum results will vary substantially from system
to system, and precise guidelines cannot therefore be laid down in advance. However,
each of these conditions can be readily determined once the foregoing principles are
revealed, as they are in accordance with this invention, and a person skilled in the
art may easily adapt the procedures outlined above to whatever electrolytic reaction
he desires to perform within the scope of the foregoing disclosure.
[0061] For instance, as will be appreciated, the temperature of the system is not itself
critical to achieving operability, so long as the respective electrolytes are in the
liquid state and below any adverse decomposition temperature. The interrelationship
of temperature, applied current, concentrations and reaction velocity will of course
be optimized in any given system for best results, and may otherwise vary broadly.
1. A method of electrolysis, which comprises passing an electric current between two
electrodes and through an at least two-phase electrolyte system having as a first
phase an aqueous electrolyte solution and as a second phase an aqueous-immiscible
electrolytically conductive liquid other than a halogenotin complex, at least one
electrode being located solely in said second phase and said first and second phases
being in direct liquid-liquid interfacial contact with each other.
2. A method according to claim 1, wherein a first electrode is a corrodible metal
anode immersed solely in said first phase as anolyte, and a second electrode is an
inert cathode immersed solely in said second phase as catholyte.
3. A method according to claim 2, wherein said corrodible anode is made of tin and
elemental tin is deposited on said cathode in dendritic form.
4. A method according to claim 1, wherein a first electrode is a non-corrodible anode
immersed solely in said first phase and a second electrode is an inert cathode solely
immersed in said second phase.
5. A method according to claim 4, wherein said anode is nickel, graphite or stainless
steel.
6. A method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein there are two aqueous
anolytes, a first anode being immersed in an alkali metal hydroxide anolyte, which
anolyte is in contact with a second aqueous anolyte solely through a cation permeable
membrane.
7. A method according to claim 6, wherein said second anolyte is an aqueous solution
of an alkali metal halide.
8. A method according to claim 6 or--7, wherein there is also a second, corrodible,
metal anode located solely in said second anolyte.
9. A method according to claim 1, wherein said second phase is a cobalt or nickel
salt of a long-chain organic carboxylic acid in the said carboxylic acid; one electrode,
used as the anode, is formed of cobalt or nickel, and is located solely in said second
phase; the other electrode, used as the cathode, is inert under the electrolysis conditions
and is located solely in, as the first phase, an aqueous solution of an alkali metal
salt of said carboxylic acid, whereby upon passing electric current, cobalt or nickel,
respectively, from said anode is converted to its carboxylic acid salt.
10. A method according to claim 4, wherein the non-corrodible anode is immersed in
an aqueous solution of a soluble cobalt salt as anolyte and the inert cathode is immersed
in an aqueous-immiscible liquid containing a water-insoluble cobalt salt as catholyte,
whereby upon passing electrical current cobalt ions are removed from said anolyte
and deposited as elemental cobalt at said cathode.
11. A method according to claim 2 wherein said corrodible metal anode is formed of
a metal having a standard electrode potential from plus 1.5 volts down to minus 1.66
volts.
12. A method according to claim 2 wherein said corrodible metal anode is formed of
a metal of the group of silver, gold, platinum, palladium, copper, lead, tin, nickel,
cobalt, indium, cadmium, iron, gallium, chromium, zinc, manganese, titanium, and aluminum.
13. A method according to claim 1 wherein an organic compound is contained in said
second phase and undergoes electrolytic reduction upon passing electric current.
14. A method according to claim 1, wherein a first corrodible electrode is formed
of a cobalt or nickel metal, and is solely in contact with said first phase as anolyte,
said second phase as catholyte is composed of a cobalt or nickel salt of a long-chain
carboxylic acid and a second inert electrode, used as the cathode, is solely in contact
with said catholyte whereby upon passage of said current the anode corrodes providing
cobalt or nickel ions, respectively, in said aqueous phase and which ions then move
into said catholyte and are deposited as elemental cobalt or nickel, respectively,
at said cathode.