[0001] This invention relates to an intruder and/or fire alarm system of the kind consisting
of a multiplicity of sensing devices, such as mechanically or magnetically actuated
switches, or relay contacts such as are commonly provided by passive or active infra-red
or doppler/radar intruder detectors, smoke detectors and the like thereof, whereby
such switches or contacts, which may be of the normally open or normally closed variety,
are connected in a series and/or series parallel arrangement to form part of a loop
or loops that form one or more arms of an A.C. or D.C. Wheatstone Bridge, each said
pair of contacts having in parallel therewith a resistor or resistors either of a
common value for all such contacts or of a discrete value specific to one pair of
contacts and thereby different from the effective resistance in parallel with other
contacts. An alarm system of this kind which uses resistors of a discrete value specific
to one pair of contacts is described in British Patent No. 1429781 to J.V. Child.
[0002] It will be seen that each loop thus formed will have an electrical resistance that
will vary from a low overall value when all of the relevant contacts forming said
loop are closed to a much higher figure when all of the said contacts are open, this
figure being of course the sum of the effective individual resistors that are thus
connected in series. It will also be obvious that each loop thus formed can have any
proportion or mix of either open or closed contacts, irrespective of whether the door,
window or other protected device is open or closed. Thus, for example, with a multiplicity
of windows each protected by a magnet and reed switch or a vibration sensor, some
could be of the normally open or off variety when the relevant window is closed, whilst
others could be of the normally closed or on variety when the relevant window is likewise
closed, thus making the task of anyone desiring to illegally defeat the system doubly
difficult, insofar as they have no easy means of discovering which configuration is
used. Likewise it would not matter, in this example, which of the said windows were
left open or which were closed prior to the alarm system being activated or key switched
"on", provided the alarm system could sense, with adequate but not excessive sensitivity,
both increases and decreases of the electrical resistance of each arm or arms forming
part of the aforementioned bridge circuit, and also providing the said system can
accurately determine and set the "null" or balance of the bridge throughout the necessarily
wide range required, which may vary from near zero to several thousand ohms. This
latter requirement, of being able accurately to determine the balance of the bridge,
or the "null point", within a very wide range of electrical resistance and yet be
capable of reacting to a change in resistance lower than the smallest value of the
resistor of an individual detector unit, is further complicated by the fact that,
at the same time, the system must not be over-sensitive and hence vunerable to false
alarm conditions caused for example by normal fluctuations in the supply circuit or
ambient temperature changes.
[0003] The alarm system herein described meets all of these criteria, with the added advantage
of total insensitivity to and consequential immunity from spurious A.F. and R.F. signals
or superimposed mains hum, etc., on the loop forming the sensing arm of the bridge,
irrespective of how long or meandering said loop is, said interference thus not creating
a false alarm condition.
[0004] According to the present invention, there is provided an alarm system comprising
an electrical resistance bridge circuit in which a first arm of the bridge is comprised
of one or more resistive detector units, each detector unit having more than one state
and
!having a resistance which varies in dependence upon its state, and in which a second
arm of the bridge comprises a variable rresistance operable to balance the bridge
and hence the potential between two balance points of the bridge, means operable to
produce an Qutput signal in response to a potential difference between said balance
points, and alarm indicating means responsive to said output signal, characterised
in that said output signal producing means is arranged to produce an output signal
only if the potential difference between said balance points is greater than a preset
value, and in that adjusting means operable to vary said preset value are provided
whereby the sensitivity of the bridge circuit can be altered.
[0005] The means enabling adjustment of the sensitivity of the bridge circuit is utilised
in various embodiments of the invention to provide an alarm system which has substantial
advantages compared with known arrangements. For example, in one embodiement said
means enables the band-width of the "null" setting to be set to suit the operational
requirements of the system. In another embodiment, as will be described, either alternatively
or in addition to the above, said means enables the band-width of the "null" setting
to be decreased, either manually or automatically, immediately prior to or simultaneously
with null setting irrespective of that part of the potentiometer travel where the
null occurs, to provide for more accurate balancing of the bridge circuit and hence
more reliable operation of the alarm system.
[0006] Suitably, said adjusting means include first switch means arranged such that operation
of said first switch means varies said preset value. This feature enables the sensitivity
of the bridge circuit to be varied by simply operating a switch, and is intended to
enable the widening of this null window when the alarm is activated or key-switched
"on" , as distinct from the initial setting or balancing of the bridge. This is in
case the original presetting of the null is inadvertantly a little off-centre, whereby
a slight drift due to temperature or other extraneous changes could erroneously trip
the alarm. Suitably, second switch means are arranged to selectively connect said
output signal to said alarm indicating means, whereby operation of said second switch
means is arranged to operate said first switch means; each of said first and second
switch means may be a two position switch, said first and second switch means being
ganged together for simultaneous operation. When the alarm is key-switched "on" these
switches are operable and the trip points are thus automatically taken further away
from the manually pre-set points, in respect of both upward and downward changes of
resistance in any of the arms of the bridge.
[0007] This automatic de-sensitising of the two alarm trip points minimises the chance of
a false alarm whilst retaining an unerring ability to sense the addition or deletion
of the lowest single value of fixed resistor used in the protective loop containing
the detector units.
[0008] Alternatively or in addition, the adjusting means may simply provide for initial
setting of the sensivity of the bridge circuit to a predetermined value which suits
the particular configuration of the protective loops and the operational conditions
of the system.
[0009] If required, the system may be designed to sense and indicate which of many series
connected detector units are disturbed, irrespective of whether the disturbance is
the opening of a previously closed switch or the closing of a previously open switch,
insofar as a single discrete value of resistance will thereby be added to or deleted
from the sensing arm of the bridge, the value of said resistance being unique and
particular to a specific detector unit, the location of which is predetermined. To
ascertain the value and hence whereabouts of the addition or deletion of a specific
resistance it is simply necessary to key-switch the alarm "off" and re-set the null.
The angular movement of the null-setting potentiometer, clockwise or anticlockwise,
will be proportional to the value of resistance added to or deleted from the sensing
arm of the bridge. If pre-calibration is required, an adjustable scale is provided
which can be set to zero against a line or pointer on the potentiometer knob and temporarily
locked in position, any subsequent re-setting of the knob to a revised null point
thus indicating without ambiguity the relevant and specific change of resistance,
and hence the location of the detector unit disturbed.
[0010] In another advantageous embodiment, an additional resistor is provided in series
with the contacts of each detector unit, this resistor being either of the same or
different value to the resistor in parallel with the contacts. Such a pair of resistors,
which may for example be encapsulated within a reed switch assembly, would show a
change in overall resistance if either the detector unit was actuated, or if the overall
assembly was short or open circuited, said change of resistance irreversibly actuating
the alarm in the manner described.
[0011] It is a preferred feature of this invention that said loop may terminate at any convenient
earth point well away from the control box incorporating the remaining elements of
the bridge circuit, the earth return to said control box being conveniently via the
earth wiring of the property and the relevant mains plug, removal of which would therefore
upset the balance of the bridge and thereby actuate the alarm.
[0012] A preferred embodiment of the invention further provides for a multiple zone protection
loop, from one zone to a dozen or more, with a single common control box, insofar
as entire segments of a long continuous loop can be subtracted or added by remotely
situated switches, it being a simple matter to decide which zones should or should
not be protected and to set zone shorting switches as required prior to adjusting
the null and activating or key-switching the alarm "on". Multifarious series, parallel
and series/parallel circuits or loops, subdivided into zones if required, are feasible
and can be connected to the common control box as necessary. If desired, an installation
can start as a simple single loop with a minimum of sensors, and thereafter be extended
or added to as required, even to the extent of several hundred detector units in a
multiple zone arrangement, without any modification to the original control box. An
example of this versatility and zoning would be a simple domestic installation with
comprehensive peripheral protection, plus all downstairs internal doors fitted with
magnetic reed switches and wired in series as part of the overall loop, but with a
conveniently placed shorting switch that could either add this zone to, or delete
it from, the overall circuit. Thus during normal day time occupancy the relevant alarm
circuit would be peripheral only, simply and easily "set" with the null seeking knob
and single key-switch. Prior to retiring for the night, the alarm would have to be
momentarily key-switched "off", the switch adding the downstairs doors as a "zone"
switched on, the null re-set and the alarm key switched "on" again. A reverse procedure
would be applicable on the following morning prior to opening any of the downstairs
doors. On the typical exemplary circuit diagram appended hereto the separate zone
referred to in the above example could be either part of the overall instantaneous
loop or part of the delayed action loop incorporating the low audio level pre-warning
of an impending alarm, wired in parallel with the door switch SW3. Note that when
the alarm is key-switched "on", any unauthorised opertion of a zoning switch will
irreversibly actuate the alarm, irrespective of whether the zone is being added to,
or deleted from, the circuits.
[0013] A feature of the preferred embodiment of the invention lies in the use of those silicon
chip integrated circuits commonly referred to as operational amplifiers or voltage
comparators in a unique back to back configuration for the accurate and repeatable
detection of both the null and out of balance conditions of a D.C. bridge, with consequential
sensitivities down to one or two milli-volts, coupled with excellent rejection of
superimposed spurious waveforms and like A.C. signals. In this embodiment these operational
amplifiers or voltage comparators are arranged as a pair, either together encapsulated
as a single integrated circuit, or in the form of two separate integrated circuits,
with the positive and negative sensitive inputs cross coupled via a resistor network
that senses the polarity of the bridge out of balance output, plus the null thereof.
Separate D.C. bias voltages are developed across these resistors to set the trip points
and "hold on" circuits as desired. The null point, with adjustable band-width set
via the bias circuit, is indicated by an on/off L.E.D. or similar light, and/or a
buzzer or audible warning device and/or a centre zero meter (either analogue or digital)
and/or a bar graph indicator. This unique circuit configuration with its simply and
easily set null coupled to a band width that is automatically widened when the key-switch
is set to the alarm "on" position, is ideal for use in this intruder/fire alarm mode
insofar as it overcomes one of the main disadvantages of most existing alarm systems.
Namely, the need to traverse a property shutting all windows etc. before setting the
alarm, which people are reluctant to do if they anticipate but a short period of time
away from the property - just when a surprising number of burglaries occur. With this
alarm system, setting and key-switching "on" is so extraordinarily quick and simple,
irrespective of which windows etc. are closed or open, that every-time use, even for
short vacations, will become habitual.
[0014] Although the features of this invention are applicable to both A.C. and D.C. bridges
used in an intruder detector/fire alarm mode, the advantages of simplicity and cost
effectiveness, coupled with an insensitivity to mains induced hum, are with the D.C.
bridge, especially as all such alarms need a battery stand-by facility in case of
mains failure. In the typical design proposed herewith re-chargeable batteries are
used, kept in a fully charged state by integral trickle-charge circuits that allow
said batteries to be incorporated within either the Control Unit or within the External
Alarm Unit, if fitted. In the latter case the design is tamper proof insofar as short
circuiting or open circuiting of the cable interconnecting the two units will immediately
initiate an irreversible alarm condition. This is also applicable to the mains cable
feeding the Control Unit and, of course, to all wiring forming part of the active
sensing loop or loops of the bridge circuit. There is, therefore, no need to hide
or make inaccesible ANY wiring forming any part of an installation, irrespective of
whether said wiring is within the relevant property, or external thereto. In this
design both the internal Control Unit and the External Alarm Unit have either mechanically
or magnetically actuated tamper sensing switches arranged to sense any unauthorised
attempt to remove a lid and/or to remove a unit from the wall. If either of the lids
are removed an irreversible alarm condition will be created, the double skin construction
making it impossible to stop the alarm by the use of wire-cutters, etc. The use of
a D.C. bridge deletes the need for A.C. generators in the battery stand-by mode. This
fact, coupled with the designed high sensitivity of detecting very small out of balance
voltages with consequential low bridge currents, provides a unit demanding only small
power levels, typically less than one watt, with a resultant low battery drain and
long operational duty in the stand-by mode.
[0015] A further feature of this design is the deletion of the need to fit the Control Unit
with the usual "test alarm" facility, this being simply and effectively executed by
setting the control knob away from the null and momentarily turning the key-switch
"on".
[0016] Suitably, the system may include a 24-hour "anti-tamper" facility which is operative
when the Control Unit is key-switched either "on" or "off". This is achieved by including
a relay coil, or similar current-activated device in the top leg of whichever side
or sides of the bridge circuit feeds the external circuit, the current flowing through
the device under normal operating conditions varying between pre-determined high and
low limits in accordance with the minimum and maximum effective overall resistance
of said leg of the bridge, and being insufficient to trigger the device. A cut or
break in the protective loop would, however, de-energise the device, the contacts
of which are used to initiate an audible or visual alarm. Such an arrangement is also
useful to indicate faults caused by any discontinuity in the protective loop. Alternatively
a voltage-sensing device such as a zener diode or diodes may be connected to either
one or both of the null points x and y, the normal maximum voltage at these points
being insufficient to force the appropriate zener diode into its conducting mode.
Any discontinuity in the circuits forming the lower legs of the bridge would however
cause the voltage at these points to increase to such a value as to force the zener
diode(s) into a conducting mode, thereby triggerring audible and/or visual alarms
irrespective of whether the system was key-switched "on" or "of".
[0017] The design incorporates two simple cost effective delay circuits to allow for exit
and re-entry via a particular door, a special feature thereof being that, for exit
purposes - after setting the null and key-switching the system "on" - the relevant
door can be safely opened at any time within the countdown period (typically 45 seconds)
and then left open for as long as is necessary for the exit of goods and people, the
countdown starting again from zero only when the door is finally closed. After the
expiration of this delay period, which can be adjustable or pre-set, a re-opening
of this door, maybe hours or weeks later, initiates a second countdown operation,
again typically 45 seconds, during which a low volume audible warning is given, and
at the end of which the alarms, both internal and external, will be irreversibly actuated
unless the Key-Switch has meanwhile been turned "off". Other sensors, such as under
stair carpet pressure mats, can be included in this double delay circuit if so desired.
[0018] A further advantage and use of these novel delay circuits lies in the fact that the
first circuit is automatically primed approximately 45 seconds after setting the null
and key-switching the system "on", even if the occupant of the property does not go
out. Thereafter if the relevant door is opened, say, to a stranger, the second countdown
will be initiated, cancellation of the impending alarm about 45 seconds later only
being possible by using the Key-Switch. Thus, if the visitor is unwelcome or has evil
intent, help can be summoned by the simple expedient of NOT key-switching "off", so
much easier than having to press a "panic button" or the like thereof, which may -
in practice - be far from convenient or accessible. The low volume audible pre-warning
acts as a reminder, in case of forgetfulness, typically when returning home, that
the unit needs key-switching "off" in order to prevent a false alarm. To further inhibit
such false alarms, the sensitivity of the bridge out of balance detecting circuit
is adjustable and typically pre-set not to respond to changes of resistance of less
than about 10% of the value of the lowest resistor bridging any sensor in the detection
loop.
[0019] Thus, by way of an example, if the detection loop comprises one hundred either on
or off switches wired in series, each bridged by a ten ohm resistor connected in parallel
thereto, the overall loop would have a minimum effective resistance of near zero ohms
and a maximum effective resistance of about one thousand ohms. The sensitivity of
the detection and trip circuits would be typically set to give a null window width
equivalent to about two ohms, with near equispaced widening to the equivalent of about
four ohms when the alarm is key-switched "on". Thus if the null is set truly centrally,
the alarm trip points will be at plus two ohms and minus two ohms. If the null is
offset negatively at say minus one ohm (worst possible case), the alarm trip points
will be minus one ohm to plus three ohms. Likewise if the null is offset positively
at say plus one ohm (worst possible case), the alarm trip points will be minus three
ohms to plus one ohm. Thus small drifts (within + or-1 ohm, or 0.1% of 1000 ohms)
caused by extraneous influences will not create a false alarm condition, but a genuine
alarm will be reliably initiated if any switch is actuated or if the wiring is open
or short circuited, etc.
[0020] In order to promote a more complete understanding of the above, an embodiment of
the invention will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the
accompanying schematic circuit diagram.
[0021] Referring to the drawing, a mains transformer T1 feeds, via a centre-tapped secondary,
a pair of diodes D1 and D2 that form a conventional full wave rectifier, the output
voltage of which is developed across a reservoir capacitor Cl, Rl and C2 give ripple
smoothing, R1 and the zener diode Z1 also providing a degree of voltage stabilisation.
Trickle charging of the battery B1 is limited by the resistor R2. The diode D3 prevents
the battery discharging via R2. In the event of mains failure the battery B1 maintains
the HT + rail by discharging via D4, this diode being normally reverse biased by virtue
of the voltage set by Z1 being slightly greater than the maximum on charge battery
voltage. R3, D5 and R5 form two legs of a Wheatstone Bridge, R5 being in effect multiple
switches and resistors forming the intruder alarm protection loop, normally connected
to terminals 1 and 2. R4, D6 and R6 form the remaining two legs of the Wheatstone
Bridge. R6 is adjustable and capable of balancing the bridge or setting a null between
points X and Y. The voltage dropped across D6 is approximately constant throughout
the entire range of adjustment of R6. A proportion of this voltage is tapped off by
the pre-set potentiometer R7, the resulting small current passing through R8, R9 and
R10, and thence through R11 and R12, thus positively biasing the relevant inputs of
the Voltage Comparators IC1 and IC2. Note that adjustment of the potentiometer R7
sets the effective width of the null window when the unit is key-switched "off". This
in itself is a useful feature which enables the sensitivity of the null setting potentiometer
R6 to be varied depending on user requirements. The value of R8 compared with R9,
R10, determines the increase in effective width of the null window when the unit is
key-switched "on", and have the two alarm trip points. It will be appreciated that
if you required R8 may also be made adjustable to give further control over the operation
of the system. The quadruple resistor network R11, R12, R13 and R14 is cross coupled
back to the Wheatstone Bridge mid points X and Y. The diodes D7 and D8 limit the maximum
voltage that can be developed between points X and Y, even in the event of R5 and/or
R6 being totally either open or short circuited. These two diodes could be omitted
if the 24-hour anti-tamper facility described is included. The capacitors C3 and C4
smooth out any remaining HT ripple, and also, together with R7, R4, R5 and R6, give
time constants that slug or delay the voltage inputs to the circuits ICl and IC2,
so as to meet the requirements of B.S. 4737. C3 also removes any superimposed mains
hum or spurious signals picked up by the loop connected to terminals 1 and 2. by offering
a very low impedance to earth, compared to the high impedance of the quadruple resistor
network R11 to R14 inclusive. The Voltage Comparators IC1 and IC2 switch the output
terminals (connected to anodes of D9 and D10) to earth ONLY when the negative inputs
(the junctions of R13 and R16 and R14 and R17) equal or exceed the positive inputs
(the junctions of R9 and R11 and R10 and R12). Point X of the Wheatstone Bridge is
connected to the negative input terminal IC1 via R13 and the positive input terminal
of IC2 via R12. Point Y of the Wheatstone Bridge is connected to the positive input
terminal of IC1 via R11 and to the negative input terminal IC2 via R14. Note that
the positive input terminals of both IC1 and IC2 are biased slightly positive by the
voltages arriving via R9 and R10 respectively. With the Bridge set to a true null
(points X and Y at precisely the same potential) this biasing gives the offset that
must be caught up by any ascending voltage applied to the negative input terminals.
With the Key Switch set to "on" this biasing differential is increased by short circuiting
R8. The balance of the Bridge can be upset in only two directions, either X can go
positive relative to Y, or Y can go positive relative to X. In the former case, with
X going positive, the input to IC1 via R11 and R13 will cancel the differential bias
and hence, as soon as a state of voltage equilibrium between the two input terminals
is reached, the IC1 output will switch to near earth potential, causing diode D9 to
conduct. The identical input to IC2 via resistors R12 and R14 will simply back-up
the bias differential and continue to hold diode D10 in its non-conducting state.
[0022] In the latter case, with Y going positive, the input to IC1 via R11 and R13 will
back-up the bias differential and continue to hold diode D9 in its non-conducting
state. The identical input to IC2 via resistors R12 and R14 will cancel the differential
bias and hence, as soon as a state of voltage equilibrium between the two input terminals
is reached, the IC1 input will switch to a near earth potential, causing diode D10
to conduct.
[0023] Thus with the Bridge accurately balanced and points X and Y at the same potential,
neither IC1 or IC2 will switch their outputs to earth, both diodes D9 and D10 being
held in their non-conducting mode, even if the voltages of points X and Y are raised
or lowered in unison by virtue of equal adjustments to R5 and R6. Apart from the primary
mode of switching either IC1 or IC2, namely an out of balance condition between points
X and Y, the circuit shown allows for a secondary mode of switching, namely the application
of a positive voltage to the negative input terminals of IC1 and/or IC2, via resistors
R16 and/or R17, to swamp the standing bias differential and consequently switch IC1
and/or IC2 "on" as heretofore described. Diode D14 prevents the normal positive voltage
existing at the junction of R13 and R16 leaking to earth via R16 and hence upsetting
the operating conditions of IC1. Diode D15 prevents the normal positive voltage existing
at the junction of R14 and R17 leaking to earth via R17 and hence upsetting the operating
conditions of IC2. This secondary mode of switching is used for lock or "hold on"
signals from other parts of the circuit, for example, with the Key Switch set to "off"
(as drawn). IC1 and/or IC2 can only switch the Light Emitting Diode D11 on and off:
(R15 is a current limiting resistor), whereas with the Key Switch set to "on" IC1
and/or IC2 will energise/denergise the coil of Relay RLA, the normally open contacts
of which switch the HT + rail via D14 to the "hold on" circuit R16, thus locking IC1
on, even though the original out of balance signal from points X and Y was of a momentary
nature. Likewise, providing the Key Switch is "on", a short term actuation of the
lid sensing switch LS1 will permanently lock ICl in the conducting mode, as will a
short term positive voltage via D15 and D17 permanently lock IC2 in the conducting
mode. In either case the alarm will be actuated until such time as the Key Switch
is switched "off".
[0024] In the example shown a second or External Alarm can be supplied if required, the
components thereof being shown on the attached circuit diagram in dotted form. The
normally closed contacts A1 of relay RLA feed the coil of a further relay RLC via
fuse F1 and the remote lid switch LS2. The normally closed contact Cl of relay RLC
controls the external alarm, these contacts being held open by virtue of the energisation
of the coil RLC. The externally fitted alarm will thus be operated by any break in
the continuity of the circuit Al-Fl-LS2. The wire joining F1 and LS2 is part of a
long three core cable connecting the internal Control Box with the External Alarm,
the remaining two cores of this cable being the earth return lead and the HT + supply
via F2 and F3. The battery Bl is normally transfered to position B2 within the External
Alarm Unit, where the trickle charge circuit R23 and the discharge diode D22 are in
effect duplicates of R2 and D4. Battery B2 can thus maintain operation of the entire
circuit in the event of mains failure, in addition to actuating the external alarm
in the event of either short circuiting or open circuiting of the interconnecting
cable. Unauthorised removal of the External Alarm Unit lid will actuate the lid switch
LS2 and rupture the quick-blow fuse Fl, thus irreversably closing the RLC contact
C1 and sounding the External Alarm. As stated, the lead joining F2 and F3 is part
of a three core cable interconnecting the internal and external units. If this cable
is short circuited to earth, for example by virtue of being severed by metal faced
cutters, F2 will rupture and protect the internal unit from damage and F3 will likewise
rupture and protect the external unit from damage, whilst F1 will rupture and actuate
the alarm as heretofore stated. In a further beneficial arrangement of this circuit
a four core interconnecting cable can be used in between the internal and external
units, the fourth core and earth return being part of the Bridge loop, together with
a small fixed value resistor fitted within the external unit, joining terminals 1
and 2, thus increasing the tamper proof protection afforded.
[0025] The twin delay circuits are fed from the single change-over contacts Bl, which, in
the normally closed position, feed the HT + line direct to R19, D16 and R21 as soon
as the Key Switch is set to "on". This action initiates the first time delay, namely
the slow charging of C5 via the high value resistor R19. The HT + voltage develops
across R21, which, together with D16, serves to quickly discharge C5 in the event
of either the Key Switch being turned "off" and/or the relay contacts B1 changing
over. The critical time delay, which is adjustable or pre-set by changing the values
of R19/C5, is the time necessary (typically 45 seconds) to charge C5 up to a potential
sufficient to ensure that, upon closing the switch SW3, it will discharge via D18
sufficient energy into the coil of relay RLB for the contacts of that relay to change-over
and initiate the latching or hold on voltage via D19. If the door switch SW3 is closed
BEFORE the expiration of the time period referred to above, C5 still discharges via
D18 and the coil of RLB,but at a peak current rate insufficient to effect change-over
of the contacts B1, the relatively low resistance of this coil thereafter keeping
the charge potential of C5 near zero volts, until such time as the door contacts SW3
are finally open-circuited by virtue of the closing of the relative exit/re-entry
door, the time delay countdown thereupon recommencing from zero. If, at any time AFTER
the expiration of the time period referred to above, irrespective of whether it be
seconds or weeks, the door switch SW3 is actuated, the relay RLB contacts B1 will
change over and latch on, thus initiating the second time delay, namely the charging
of C6 via R20, and, at the same time, sounding the internal alarm at a low volume
level by virtue of the voltage drop across R18-D20. Alternatively a separate low level
buzzer may be connected directly between the normally-open contact of RLB and the
earth rail. This low level audible warning is to give notification of an impending
alarm condition to a key holder, who may thereupon Key Switch the system "off
u, thus cancelling the impending alarm. The removal of the HT + voltage from the normally
open contacts of RLB allows C6 to be quickly discharged via D17 and the coil of RLB.
If the system is NOT key switched "off" C6 will continue to slowly charge via R20,
the resulting potential ultimately overspilling via the zener diode Z2 and thereafter
upsetting the balance of IC2 via D15 and R17, thus irreversibly triggering actuation
of the alarm. This second time delay (typically 30 to 45 seconds) is adjustable and/or
pre-set by changing the values of R20, R22, C6 and Z2.
[0026] Note also that the two normally fixed resistors forming the top end of the bridge
(R3 and R4 on the accompanying circuit diagram) may be, either individually or together,
protection loops or zones, either instead of or in addition to the loop or loops heretofore
referred to (forming R5 of the exemplary circuit).
[0027] In an embodiment of the invention (not illustrated) a 24-hour anti-tamper, or fault
detection, facility is provided by connecting a current or voltage sensitive device
such as a relay coil or a zener diode into the top leg of that side of the bridge
circuit which feeds the protective loop; for example, in the embodiment illustrated
resistor R3 could be replaced by a relay coil. This device is set to operate at a
predetermined threshold value which is greater than the fluctuations occurring during
normal operations, these variations being insufficient to trigger the device. A cut
or break in the circuit, even with the alarm key-switched "off", will cause a change
which is greater than said threshold value, causing the relay or diode to operate
and actuate an alarm, which may be the internal alarm for the system, or a separate
alarm.
1. An alarm system comprising an electrical resistance bridge circuit (R3, D5; R5;
R6; R4, D6) in which a first arm (R5) of the bridge is comprised of one or more resistive
detector units, each detector unit having more than one state and having a resistance
which varies in dependence upon its state, and in which a second arm (R6) of the bridge
comprises a variable resistance (R6) operable to balance the bridge and hence the
potential between two balance points (X, Y) of the bridge, means (IC1, IC2) operable to produce an output signal in response to a potential difference between
said balance points (X, Y), and alarm indicating means (Dll, RLA, RLC) responsive
to said output signal, characterised in that said output signal producing means (ICI, IC2) is arranged to produce an output signal only if the potential difference between
said balance points (X, Y) is greater than a preset value, and in that adjusting means
(R7, Key SW) operable to vary said preset value are provided whereby the sensitivity
of the bridge circuit can be altered.
2. An alarm circuit as claimed in Claim 1, characterised in that said adjusting means
(R7, Key SW) include first switch means (Key SW) arranged such that operation of said
first switch means varies said preset value.
3. An alarm circuit as claimed in Claim 2, wherein second switch means (Key SW) are
arranged to selectively connect said output signal to said alarm indicating means
(RLA, RLC), characterised in that operation of said second switch means (Key SW) is
arranged to operate said first switch means.
4. An alarm circuit as claimed in Claim 3, characterised in that each of said first
and second switch means is a two position switch, said first and second switch means
being ganged together for simultaneous operation.
5. An alarm circuit as claimed in Claim 3 or 4, wherein said second switch means are
key operated.
6. An alarm circuit as claimed in any preceding claim, characterised in that said
output signal producing means (IC1, IC2) are connected to the balance points (X, Y) of the bridge by way of a resistive biassing
circuit (R7, R8, R9, R10), and in that said adjusting means are arranged to adjust
the resistance of said biassing circuit.
7. An alarm circuit as claimed in Claim 6, characterised in that said output signal
producing means (IC1, IC2) comprises a first comparator having first and second inputs and an output, the potential
at one of the balance points (Y; X) of the bridge being coupled to said first input,
and the potential at the other of the balance points (X; Y) of the bridge being coupled
to said second input by way of said biassing means, said comparator being arranged
to produce said output signal at its output when the potentials at its first and second
inputs are substantially equal.
8. An alarm circuit as claimed in Claim 7, characterised in that said output signal
producing means (IC1, IC2) further comprises a second comparator having first and second inputs and an output,
the potential at said one balance point (Y: X) of the bridge being coupled to the
first input of the second comparator by way of said biassing means, and the potential
at said other balance point (X; Y) being coupled to the second input of the second
comparator, said second comparator being arranged to produce said output signal at
its output when the potentials at its first and second inputs are substantially equal.
9. An alarm circuit as claimed in Claim 7 or 8, characterised in that the output of
the or each comparator is connected to an indicator device (D11).
10. An alarm circuit as claimed in Claim 9, wherein said indicator device is a light
emitting diode (Dll),
11. An alarm circuit as claimed in any preceding claim, characterised in that a first
delay circuit (C6, R20) is connected to an alarm actuable by said alarm indicating
means (RLA) and is operable to connect said alarm to a power source (Bl) by way of
switch means (B1) a predetermined time after a control switch (SW3) has been actuated.
12. An alarm circuit as claimed in Claim 11, characterised in that a second delay
circuit (C5, R19) is operable to actuate said switch means (Bl) upon actuation of
said control switch (SW3).
13. An alarm circuit as claimed in any preceding claim, characterised in that a third
arm (R3; R4) of the bridge includes a current-sensitive device operable to produce
an output signal if the current flowing through that arm of the bridge rises or falls
above or below values indicative of a discontinuity in said first arm (R5) of the
bridge.
14. An alarm circuit as claimed in any preceding claim, characterised in that said
bridge circuit includes a device operable to produce an output signal in response
to a potential difference at said balance points (X,Y) indicative of a discontinuity
in said first arm (R5) of the bridge.
15. An alarm circuit as claimed in any preceding claim, characterised in that said
first arm (R5) of the bridge comprises a plurality of separate loops each incorporating
one or more resistive detector units, and switch means are provided operable to connect
one or more of said loops in series and to disconnect one or more of said loops from
said first arm of the bridge.
16. An alarm circuit as claimed in any preceding claim, characterised in that each
resistive detector unit comprises an additional resistor wired in series with the
contacts thereof.
17. An alarm circuit as claimed in any preceding claim, characterised in that said
resistance bridge circuit is a D.C. bridge circuit.
18. An alarm circuit as claimed in any preceding claim, characterised in that connection
means are provided operable to connect said first arm of the bridge to the earth conductor
of a mains circuit whereby said earth conductor may be utilised as part of said first
arm.