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(11) | EP 0 156 232 A2 |
| (12) | EUROPEAN PATENT APPLICATION |
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| (54) | Multiwavelength spectrophotometer |
| (57) Light from a light source is dispersed by a grating. Two multichannel light detectors
are arranged for detecting the dispersed light. One light detector detects the first
order of interference and the other light detector detects the second order of interference
in overlapping wavelength ranges. The outputs of the two light detectors are averaged
for improving the S/N ratio, particularly in wavelength ranges in which the light
intensity of the light source is low. |
[0001] The present invention relates to a multiwavelength spectrophotometer, particularly for liquid chromatography and more particularly to a multiwavelength spectrophotometer monitoring simultaneously wavelengths of a spectrum.
[0002] In multiwavelength spectrophotometers, the sensitivity or the signal to noise ratio (S/N ratio) is worse than that of a single wavelength spectrophotometer because the sensitivity of a multichannel light detector formed by a photodiode array used in the multiwavelength spectrophotometer is worse than that of a single channel light detector formed by a single photodiode or photomultiplier used in the single wavelength spectrophotometer due to interface defects between neighbouring photodiodes in the photodiode array of the multichannel light detector. The S/N ratio of the multiwavelength spectrophotometer is particularly very low in the wavelength range of low intensity of a light source. Some known multiwavelength spectrophotometer, described for example in Analytical Chemistry, Volume 55, No. 8, July 1983, pp. 836A, 838A and 842A, offer the following solutions for reducing this disadvantage.
[0003] One known spectrophotometer uses successively two kinds of light sources, for example a deuterium lamp (D2 lamp) for the ultraviolet wavelength range and a tungsten lamp (W lamp)for the visible wavelength range,respectively. This spectrophotometer, however, is quite expensive and operates quite slowly because the different wavelengths cannot be measured simultaneously but only successively.
[0004] Another known spectrophotometer using a D2 lamp reduces the S/N ratio in the visible wavelength range by a data processing, called "wavelength bunching* which is an integration of all signals between two preset wavelengths. Hereby, however, the wavelength resolution is deteriorated.
[0005] The object of the present invention is to eliminate the disadvantages of the known multiwavelength spectrophotometer and to provide a multiwavelength spectrophotometer with a high S/N ratio.
[0006] This object is solved according to the invention by a multiwavelength spectrophotometer as defined in claim 1.
[0007] The inventive spectrophotometer eliminates the additional expenses of a second light source, the low operation speed of a successively monotoring spectrophotometer and the low wavelength resolution of the known spectrophotometers as mentioned above and improves, that means increases the S/N ratio, especially in the wavelength range in which the light intensisity of the light source is low.
[0008] Advantageous embodiments of the present invention are described below in connection with the drawings wherein
figure 1 is a graph showing the intensity versus wavelength diagram of a light source consisting of a D2 lamp,
figure 2 is a diagrammatic view of the optical system of an embodiment of the spectrophotometer according to the invention,
figure 3 is a block diagramm of an electrical circuit for processing the signals from the two light detectors of the spectrophotometer according to the invention,
figure 4 and 5 are graphs showing the absorption spectra of a sample measured by the first and second light detector of the spectrophotometer according to the invention,
figure 6 is a graph deducted from the graphs of figures 4 and 5 after the inventive averaging operation, and
figure 7 is a diagrammatic view of an optical system of another embodiment of the spectrophotometer according to the invention.
[0009] Figure 1 shows the intensity versus wavelength diagram of a D2 lamp measured by using a silicon photodiode array as light detector. The light intensity of a D2 lamp is quite low in the visible wavelength range, i.e. in the range above about 400 nm. As a result of this characteristic, the signals of a sample measured for example in a liquid chromatograph using such a D2 lamp have generally a low S/N ratio in the visible wavelength range.
[0010] Figure 2 shows an optical system of the spectrophotometer comprising a light source 1, a condensor lens 2, a flow cell 3 and a monochromater formed by an entrance slit 4, a concave grating 5 and two multichannel light detectors consisting of two silicon photodiode arrays 6 and 7. The light beam is dispersed by the concave grating 5. Normally, the first order of interference in a first wavelength range is detected simultaneously by the silicon photodiode array 6. The array 7 detects simultaneously the second order of interference in a second wavelength range overlapping at least partly the first wavelength range.
[0011] As the second order of interference has a dispersion being the double of that of the first order of interference and as the photodiode array 7 detects half of the wavelength range of the wavelength range detected by the photodiode array 6, the identical photodiode array can be used for both photodiode array 6 and 7.
[0012] In figure 3, drivers 9 and 10 produce driving pulses φ1 and ø2 driving the photodiode arrays 6 and 7 respectively by corresponding command signals from a processor 8. The dirver 9 supplies further a start pulse SP to the photodiode array 6. A wavelength scan end pulse (End of Scan) EOS is supplied from the photodiode array 6 to the photodiode array 7 as a start pulse for the photodiode array 7 and fran the photodiode array 7 to the processor 8. The output signals (Array Signal) AS of the photodiode array 6 and 7 are supplied to an A/D converter 15 through amplifiers 11 and 12 and sample and hold circuits 13 and 14. Command signals C are also supplied to the A/D converter 15. The output signals AS are converted to digital signals by the A/D converter 15 in response to the command signals C and read into the processor 8.
[0013] Figure 4 shows an example of the first order of interference of an absorption spectrum of a liquid sample which is measured in a chromatograph by the photodiode array 6 in the wavelength range from 200 to 600 nm. Large noises are indicated in the wavelength range of more than 400 nm in which the light intensity of the D2 lamp is low.
[0014] Figure 5 shows an example of the second order of interference of an absorption spectrum of the same liquid sample which is measured by the photodiode array 7 in the wavelength range from 400 to 600 nm.
[0015] The processor 8 performs a smoothing or averaging operation for the output signals of the photodiode arrays 6 and 7 as shown in figures 4 and 5 in two steps as follows.
[0016] Let the output signals for the channels 1, 2, 3,...,60 of the photodiode array 7 be B(1), B(2), ...,B(60). The first step of the averaging operating is obtained by averaging the output signals of two neighbouring channels as
[0017] Those obtained signals have essentially the same wavelength resolution of 6 nm as the output signals of each channel of the photodiode array 6 as can be taken from the following.
[0018] For the second step of the averaging operation, let the output signals of the channels 1, 2, 3 ...., 60 of the photodiode array 6 be A(1), A(2), A(3), ...., A(60).
[0019] The output signals A(31), A(32), ...., A(60) indicate the spectrum signals of more than 400 nm. The average signals obtained by the second step of the averaging operation are
[0020] The spectrun includino those signals is shown in figure 6. This spectrum indicates a high S/N ratio also in the visible wavelength range from 400 to 600 nm.
[0021] Depending on the S/N ratio of the spectra in figures 4 and 5, weighted averaging can be performed as
[0022] If the S/N ratio of the output signals of the photodiode array 6 (figure 4) is higher than the S/N ratio of the output signals of the photodiode array 7 (figure 5), a larger weight factor k1 is taken compared to the weight factor 'k2.
[0023] The above description is related to the spectrum data. In case for recording a chromatogram, a fixed wavelength is used for measurement.
[0024] Figure 7 shows another embodiment of the light detectors respectively photodiode arrays. The dispersed light is detected by a photodiode array 60 which has 150 channels. Channels 1 to 60 detect the first order of interference in the wavelength range from 200 to 600 nm. Channels 61 to 150 detect the second order of interference in the wavelength range of 303 to 600 nm. Due to the fact that only one photodiode array 60 is used, only one set of a pbotodiode array driver, an amplifier and a sample and hold circuit is necessary in the circuit of figure 3.
1. A multiwavelength spectrophotometer, particularly for liquid chromatography comprising
a light source (1), a sample cell (3), a grating (5) for dispersing a light beam from
said light source (1) and a first multichannel light detector (6) for detecting light
dispersed by said grating (5) in a first wavelength range characterized by a second
multichannel light detector (7) for detecting light dispersed by said grating (5)
in a second wavelength range overlapping at least partly said first wavelength range
said light detected by said second multichannel light detector (7) having a different
order of interference in comparison to the order of interference of said light detected
by said first multichannel light detector (6) and a processor (8) for averaging output
signals of each of said first and second light detectors (6, 7).
2. A spectrophotometer as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that said second light
detector (7) is arranged for detecting the light in a wavelength range in which the
light intensity of said light source (1) is low.
3. A spectrophotometer as claimed in claim 1 or 2, characterized in that said first
light detector (6) detects the first order of interference and that said second light
detector (7) detects the second order of interference.
4. A spectrophotometer as claimed in one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that said
light source (1) is a deuterium lamp, said first light detector (6) detects the first
order of interference of the ultraviolet and visible wavelength ranges and said second
light detector (7) detects the second order of interference of the visible wavelength
range.
5. A spectrophotometer as claimed in claim 4, characterized in that said first light
detector (6) detects the light in a wavelength range from 200 to 600 nm and said second
light detector (7) detects the light in a wavelength range from 400 to 600 nm.
6. A spectrophotometer as claimed in one of claims 3 to 5, characterized in that the
two light detectors (6, 7) are identical photodiode arrays and that the averaging
of the output signals of the two photodiode arrays (6, 7) follows the following formula
whereby,
whereby,
A is the output signal of a photodiode of the first array (6) covering a predetermined wavelength range,
B(1) and B(2) are the output signals of two neighbouring photodiodes of the second array (7) covering together the same predetermined wavelength range and
k1, k2 are weight factors for the output signals A and
7. A photospectrometer as claimed in one of claims 1 to 5 characterized in that said
first light detector and said second light detector are constructed integrally whereby
a part of said one single light detector (60) detects one order of interference and
the other part detects another order of interference.