[0001] The present invention relates to the manufacture of plain bearings, particularly
semi-cylindrical shells and cylindrical bushes.
[0002] Some of the known methods of forming semi-cylindrical bearing shells include coining
or bend punching. These methods suffer the disadvantage that it is often difficult
to avoid an increased thickness along the axial edges. Furthermore, if an overlay
is required, this can only be applied in practice after the forming operation and
therefore requires a relatively complicated jigging and plating operation.
[0003] If cylindrical bushes are required this generally necessitates wrapping a blank,
either from flat or from a part cylindrical form around a mandrel. Again, it is difficult
to avoid increased wall thickness at the joint line.
[0004] In all these known methods, the forming operations are generally performed on individual
blanks. Thus, the production rates of which these methods are capable are limited
and are generally subject to problems with the precise location of the individual
blanks for the forming operations.
[0005] In another known method, blanks are partially severed from a strip and progressively
formed in successive stages prior to final severing. While this method simplifies
precise location, the progressive machine tooling is expensive.
[0006] It is an object of the present invention to provide a simple and inexpensive method
of producing plain bearings with constant thicknesses and one in which plating can
be carried out prior to forming.
[0007] It is a further object to provide a method of producing bearing blanks at a higher
rate of production than previously attained.
[0008] According to one aspect of the invention, there is provided a method of manufacturing
plain bearings from a bearing strip (11) in the form of a metal backing (12) having
a lining (13) of bearing material, the method comprising forming the strip into a
cylindrical tube or part-cylindrical form (29) and subsequently cutting formed strip
(29) to the required lengths, characterised in that the forming step comprises drawing
the strip (11) through a forming die (14).
[0009] The leading end of the strip may be preformed to allow it to enter the die and the
die and strip may be subjected to ultrasonic vibration in order to assist its passing
through the die, though this is not essential. However, if high reductions are required,
50% ultrasonic vibration could be used to reduce the load and hence reduce the possibility
of the tube fracturing. For small dies, the length of the die may be relatively short,
for example from 2 to 5 times the diameter of the finished tube, but for larger sizes
the length may be as little as¼the diameter.
[0010] In a preferred method according to the invention, the method comprises passing the
strip through a tube rolling apparatus and subsequently drawing the rolled strip through
a die. The formed strip is then cut to the required lengths.
[0011] Such methods may be capable of producing very large quantities of bearings at a very
high rate to an accuracy which is expected to be higher than that normally achieved
by coined bushes and without the need to resort to expensive progressive machine tooling.
Thus the strip may be finished to size on the internal and external diameter.
[0012] The backing may be steel, copper, bronze, aluminium or an alloy of aluminium. The
lining may be a soft metal alloy such as aluminium/tin, aluminium/lead, copper/lead,
aluminium/silicon/tin, aluminium/silicon/zinc or may be a plastics material such as
polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyphenylene sulphide (PPS), polyetheretherketone
(PEEK), or alloys of these materials e.g. PTFE/PEEK/graphite/ bronze. Other materials
may of course be used for the backing and for the lining and the lining may be coated
with an overlay.
[0013] The formed strip may be fully cylindrical or partly cylindrical, in particular semi-cylindrical.
In the case of semi-cylindrical form, two sections are preferably drawn through the
die together to form a cylindrical tube. A major advantage of drawing two halves together
as a tube is that it allows simple circular tooling and the possibility of finishing
to wall and peripheral length in one operation.
[0014] Thus, the method may produce close wall tolerance half bearings to finished wall
thickness without creating joint face swell, thus allowing for thinner linings and
may be capable of operating at high production rates. Another advantage of this method
may be the elimination of jigging and plating of the half bearings since the option
of strip plating or casting on an overlay is viable.
[0015] The rolling apparatus preferably comprises a series of tube forming mill stands.
There may be as few as three or as many as fifteen or more, particularly in the case
of relatively thick-walled, fully cylindrical bushes. Not all of the rollers in the
roll stands need be driven and so some or all may be idler rolls, though these may
have a shaping function.
[0016] The apparatus may also include a device for attaching a tab or other protrusion to
the outside of the formed strip which can serve, in the finished bearing, as a means
for accurately locating the bearing in its housing. The tab may be attached by any
suitable means such as stud-welding, spot welding, electron beam or laser beam welding,
or by an adhesive. The attachment operation can be carried out simply and at accurate
spacings as the formed strip leaves the forming apparatus prior to severance. Such
an operation is easier to perform than the presently generally used operation in which
a nick is punched from the inner surface of formed bearings, and lends itself to the
process of the invention since separate. formed bearings do not need to be accurately
positioned individually for the operation to be performed. Furthermore, the-bearing
surface of the formed bearing remains unaffected.
[0017] The strip may be drawn to form the finally formed tube in a closed pass, in which
the final sizing/shaping die includes an internal mandrel, or in an open pass, in
which the die has no internal mandrel. The strip may be lubricated prior to drawing.
[0018] However, the die is preferably a cylindrical carbide die with a conical inlet form
over an internal plug. Constraining both inner and outer surface whilst carrying out
cold work, may be the means by which high wall thickness tolerances can be achieved.
[0019] With such a system, the initial and replacement tooling cost can be quite low and
since wear of the carbide die is slow it tends to have a long life. As the die reaches
top limit it can be refurbished for the next larger size so increasing its useful
life further.
[0020] Preferably, the finished blanks are severed by means of cutting rollers having helical
cutting edges, which are causes to rotate about the formed tube thus pulling the tube
past the cutting rollers and progressively severing the finished blanks. Alternatively,
parting off the tube could be achieved by bar feed autos.
[0021] In an alternative drawing operation, the tube may first pass through a die in an
open pass that causes the outside diameter of the tube to be reduced, though the bore
may still be larger than that of the final bush. The tube may then be drawn through
a second die in a closed pass, i.e. with an internal mandrel. The outside diameter
may thus be reduced further and the bore constrained by the mandrel.
[0022] The tube may be drawn by a system of two continuously reciprocating jaws which grip
the tube alternately; these may be driven by hydraulic rams to give continuous motion.
[0023] With such a system, the tube may be cut into lengths by means of a flying saw. These
may be accelarated away and transferred to a run-out table. Subsequently they may
be formed into bushes of the required length.
[0024] The invention also extends to apparatus for carrying out a method in accordance with
the invention.
[0025] The invention may be carried into practice in various ways and some embodiments will
now be described by way of example with reference to the accompanying drawings, in
which:-
FIGURE 1 is a simplified schematic axial vertical section through forming apparatus
in accordance with the invention;
FIGURE 2 is a simplified schematic side view of one embodiment of drawing apparatus;
FIGURE 3 is an end elevation of another embodiment of apparatus for drawing and severing
mechanism for the blanks;
FIGURE 4 is a section on the line IV-IV in FIGURE 3 with some parts omitted for clarity;
FIGURE 5 is a simplified schematic axial vertical section through forming apparatus
in accordance with another embodiment of the invention;
FIGURES 6 to 9 are transverse vertical sections through four successive rolling stands
in which the vertical separation of the rollers is exaggerated for the sake of clarity;
FIGURE 10 is a simplified vertical section through an alternative die arrangement,
and
FIGURES 11 to 15 are schematic views showing sequential stages in the operation of
an alternative form of drawing apparatus.
[0026] Referring firstly to Figure 1, a bearing strip 11, comprising a steel backing 12
and a lining 13 of copper/ lead is introduced to a carbide die 14 located in a steel
housing (not shown) and drawn through by means to be discussed in more detail below.
[0027] The die 14 has a tapered entry portion 15 which tapers down to a cylindrical final
forming surface 16. An elongate plug or mandrel 17 is located in the bore thus defined
and is fixed relative to the die 14. Although shown as extending beyond the upstream
end of the die 14, the mandrel 17 may begin within the die 14. The die 14 and plug
17 are polished to a high finish. Ultrasonic vibration apparatus 18 is located around
the die which may optionally be used to assist in the passage of the strip 11 through
the die 14.
[0028] As the strip 11 enters the die 14 it is progressively wrapped around the plug 17
until the fully cylindrical tube form 29 is achieved as the formed strip leaves the
die.
[0029] One way in which the strip 11 can be drawn through the die 14 is shown schamatically
in Figure 2.
[0030] In the embodiment of Figure 2, the die 14 is mounted on a draw bench 21. A gripper
unit 22 having self-gripping jaws shown diagrammatically at 23 grips the end of the
tube form 29 and is pulled along the draw bench 21 by suitable means such as a hook
24 the gripper unit 22 engaging a draw chain 25 in the draw bench 21. Drawing speeds
of perhaps 5 to about 30 metres per minute may be achieved with such an arrangement.
A tab attachment device 130 may be provided.
[0031] After a length of strip 11 has been drawn, the tube 29 so produced is cut to the
desired length to give finished bushes. Using a drawing rate of 5.5m/min it should
be possible to produce 15,000 bushes per hour of 20mm nominal length with 5% allowance
for parting off etc. There is no indication, however, that this is the maximum drawing
speed attainable.
[0032] It will be appreciated that this particlar embodiment is not ideally suited to continuous
operation. The embodiment shown in Figures 3 and 4 however is intended for continuous
operation and makes use of a mechanism for both drawing the tube 29 and severing finished
bushes 34.
[0033] The mechanism comprises a cylindrical frame 41 which houses three equi-spaced cutting
rollers 42. The frame 41 is rotatably mounted about its axis on idle wheels 43 and
the cutting rollers 42 are rotatable mounted in the frame 41 about axes generally
parallel to that of the frame 41 in bearings 44.
[0034] The cutting rollers 42 are each formed with a helical cutting edge 45 whose pitch
is equal to the desired length of the finished bushes 34. The depth of each cutting
edge 45 gradually increases along its length until it is slightly greater than the
thickness of the strip 11.
[0035] In operation the finished tube in its final cylindrical form 29 is introducted along
the axis of the frame 41 and between the three cutting rollers 42 until it encounters
the cutting edges 45. At the same time, the frame 41 is rotated on the idle wheels
43 by means of a toothed belt (not shown) co-operating with a rack 46 extending around
the perimeter of the frame 41. This causes the cutting rollers to travel around the
tube 29 and to rotate about their axes thus drawing the tube 29 in the direction of
arrow A in Figure 4. At first, the tube encounters the shallowest part of the cutting
edges 45 and as it progresses through the frame 41 the cutting edges 45 bite deeper
until a finished blank 34 is severed.
[0036] It will be understood that the relative positions of the three cutting edges 45 will
be synchronised so that all three contribute to each single cut in the tube 29. The
radial (with respect to the frame 41) positions of the cutting rollers 42, and hence
their proximity to the tube 29 are adjustable by means of hand wheels 47 which are
connected to the bearings 44 and are threaded through the frame 41.
[0037] In an alternative construction, the cutting edges 45 may be of constant depth but
the cutting rollers may be inclined with respect to the axis of the frame 41 so that
the extent of their penetration increases as the tube is drawn through the frame 41.
[0038] In another alternative contruction, a pair of preforming rollers may be employed
upstream of the die 14 to give a small amount of curvature to the strip 11 to aid
drawing.
[0039] Where half-cylindrical bushes are to be manufactured the finished tube or bushes
may be split. More preferably, however a pair of half strips are fed to the die 14,
one on either side of the plug 17. These are then drawn together to form effectively
a cylindrical tube in two halves which can then be cut to length as required.
[0040] This embodiment of the invention will now be further illustrated by the following
non-limiting examples.
EXAMPLE 1.
[0041] This example illustrates the production of fully cylindrical bushes using the apparatus
of Figures 1 and 2.
[0042] A strip of bimetal 1.5mm thick comprising a steel backing lined with an alloy of
copper 70% and lead 30% was slit to a width of 62mm, The end was swaged and was then
inserted into a highly polished carbide die located in a steel housing, the die having
a tapering entry portion followed by a cylindrical final form. The diameter of the
die was 19.44mm and a polished steel plug having a diameter of 16.74mm was located
in the die, around which the swaged strip was located.
[0043] The strip was gripped on the far side of the die by a self-gripping device in a gripper
unit mounted on a draw bench. The gripper unit was pulled by a chain driven by an
electric motor at 5.5m/min and the passage of the strip through the die was assisted
by an EP lubricating oil. Individual bushes were cut from the tube produced.
[0044] A visual inspection revealed a high finish on both internal and external surfaces.
EXAMPLE II
[0045] This example illustrates the production of half bushes using the apparatus of Figures
1 and 2.
[0046] In this case, the procedure of Example 1 was repeated but two similar strips 31mm
wide were swaged and introduced into the die. After drawing, individual half-bushes
were cut off and again both internal and external surfaces exhibited a high finish.
[0047] Another embodiment of the invention is shown in Figures 5 to 9.
[0048] Referring firstly to Figure 5, a bearing strip 111, comprising a steel backing 112
and a lining 113 of copper/lead is passed through successive roll stands 114, 115,
116, 117. As shown in Figures 6 to 9, the strip is formed in four corresponding stages
124,125,126,127 to a cylindrical form 127 which is practically closed, having only
a small gap 128.
[0049] In the first roll stand 114, the upper roll engages the lining surface 113 and the
lower roll acts on the backing 112 to bend particularly the outer edges of the strip
111 to form the curved section shown as 124. In the second roll stand 115, the upper
roll again engages the lining surface 113 and the lower roll on the backing 112, but
in this case, the upper roll bends the centre of the bent strip 124, forming it further
to the section 125.
[0050] In the third roll stand 116, the rolls are arranged horizontally and both act on
the backing surface 112, thus bending the strip 111 to the near cylindrical section
126. Finally, in the fourth roll stand 117 the two rolls combine to close the section
126 into the almost fully cylindrical form 127, leaving only a small gap 128.
[0051] Referring back to Figure 5, the final forming and sizing stage comprises a die 131
having an internal mandrel 132. The almost cylindrical form 127 is passed through
the die 131 while the mandrel 132 effectively passes along the inside of the almost
cylindrical form 127, though of course, the mandrel 132 is maintained stationary with
respect to the die 131, by means of a wire or chain 135 which is secured to the apparatus,
possibly via a pulley 136 or the like, located somewhere between the second roll stand
115 and the fourth roll stand 117 as shown diagrammatically at 137. This gives the
final cylindrical form 129. Alternatively, the mandrel 132 is secured to a bar which
is attached to the apparatus via a screw thread connecton for adjustability. This
is then cut at 133 to the required lengths, given the finished bushes 134.
[0052] Although this embodiment is shown as having four roll passes, it will be appreciated
that a greater number may be provided and any or all or none of the rollers may be
driven. Furthermore, the mandrel 132 may be omitted.
[0053] The severing mechanism may be similar to that described with reference to Figures
3 and 4.
[0054] An alternative arrangement for the die-forming operation is shown in Figure 10, in
which the tube 211 moves in the direction of the arrow B.
[0055] The apparatus comprises a sinking die 212, a drawing die 213 and a mandrel 214 supported
by a shaft 215 so that it is operatively located within the drawing die 213.
[0056] In operation, the partly-formed tube 211 passes through the sinking die 212 which
causes the outside diameter to be reduced, though the internal diameter is still larger
than the required bore of the finished bushes. The tube 211 is then drawn through
the drawing die 213 and over the mandrel 214. The outside diameter is reduced still
further but the internal diameter is constrained by the mandrel 214. This leads to
cold work being performed on the tube enabling closer tolerances to be maintained.
[0057] The tube 211 may be drawn by an alternative form of drawing apparatus illustrated
schematically in Figures 11 to 15 in which motion of the tube 211 is in the direction
of the arrow C in Figure 11.
[0058] The apparatus comprises a pair of crossheads fitted with clamping jaws 221,222 arranged
to grip the formed tube 211. The crossheads and jaws 221,222 are driven reciprocally
by a pair of hydraulic rams (not shown). The gripping and releasing of the tube by
the jaws 221,222 are synchronised with respect to their motion to produce continuous
linear movement of the tube 211.
[0059] In figure 11 the tube 211 is gripped by the jaw 221 as it is moving to the right.
At the same time, jaw 222 has released the tube 211. The jaw 221 pulls the tube 211
to the right as shown in Figure 12 while the jaw 222 moves to the left. The jaw 222
then reverses its direction and grips the tube 211 as shown in Figure 13, and the
jaw 221 releases the tube 211. The jaw 222 continues to pull the tube 211 to the right
while the jaw 221 moves to the left as shown in Figure 14. Finally, as shown in Figure
15, the jaw 221 reverses its direction and grips the tube 211, and the jaw 222 releases
the tube 211.
[0060] This cycle is repeated continuously.
[0061] With such an arrangement a flying saw 223 is provided as shown schematically in Figure
13. The saw 223 is mounted on a linear bearing slide 224 and is arranged to cut the
tube 211 into lengths of for example 3 metres on the fly. Saw jaws 225, 226 are arranged
to grip the tube 211 on each side of the saw 223 causing the saw unit to travel with
the tube whereupon the saw 223 cuts the tube 211. A pair of accelerator rolls (not
shown) move the cut lengths away onto a run-out table. In the meantime, the saw 223
resets and returns to its start position.
[0062] This system can produce tube at a rate of 15m/min with a wall thickness tolerance
of 0.025mm or better.
[0063] In order to start up this operation for example when a new strip is to be formed,
the strip is first tapered to a point and a drawbar is welded to this end. The drawbar
is inched through the machine by the second jaws 222 until the formed tube 211 has
passed the first jaw 221. The first jaw 221 is then made to grip the tube 211 and
the tube 211 is inched forward, while the second jaw 222 is inched back, until the
drawbar has passed the saw 223. The operator can then cut off the drawbar and the
leading end of the tube 211 and begin normal operation.
1. A method of manufacturing plain bearings from a bearing strip (11) in the form
of a metal backing (12) having a lining (13) of bearing material, the method comprising
forming the strip into a cylindrical tube or part-cylindrical form (29) and subsequently
cutting formed strip (29) to the required lengths, characterised in that the forming
step comprises drawing the strip (11) through a forming die (14).
2. A method as claimed in Claim 1 characterised in that on starting up, the leading
end of the strip is preformed to allow it to enter the die (14) and the die (14) and
the strip (11) are then subjected to ultrasonic vibration during forming in order
to assist the passage of the strip (11) through the die (14).
3. A method as claimed in Claim 1 or Claim 2 characterised in that, prior to passing
through the die (131), the strip (lll) is passed through a tube rolling apparatus
in the form of a series of tube forming mill stands (114,115,116,117).
4. A method as claimed in any preceding claim characterised in that the strip conveyed
to the die is in two parts whereby two sections are drawn through the die together
to form a cylindrical tube in two halves.
5. A method as claimed in any preceding claim characterised in that the die forming
operation comprises passing the tube through a first die (212) in an open pass and
subsequently passing the tube through a second die (213) in a closed pass.
6. A method as claimed in any preceding claim characterised in that the tube (211)is
drawn by a system of two continuously reciprocating jaws (221,222) which grip the
tube (211) alternately.
7. A method as claimed in Claim 6 characterised in that the tube (211) is cut into
lengths by means of a flying saw (223).
8. A method as claimed in any of Claims 1 to 4 characterised in that the finished
blanks (34) are severed by means of cutting rollers (42) having helical cutting edges
(45) which are caused to rotate about the formed tube (29) thus pulling the tube (29)
past the cutting rollers (42) and progressively severing the finished blanks (34).
9. Apparatus for forming plain bearings (134) from a bearing strip (111) consisting
6f a metal backing (l12) and a lining (113) of bearing material, which comprises a
forming mechanism arranged to form the tube into a cylidrical or part-cylindrical
form and a severing mechanism (133) arranged to cut the formed tube (129) into lengths
(134) characterised in that the forming machanism includes a tube rolling station
(114,115,116,117) arranged to roll the strip to a part-cylindrical form (127); a die
forming station (131) arranged to form the rolled strip (127) to a final drawn configuration
(129); and a-drawing mechanism arranged to draw the strip through the tube rollng
and die forming stations.
10. Apparatus as claimed in Claim 9 characterised in that the tube rolling station
comprises a plurality of tube forming mill stands (114,115,116,117).
11. Apparatus as claimed in Claim 9 or Claim 10 characterised in that the die forming
station comprises an open-pass die (212) and a subsequent closed-pass die (213).
12. Apparatus as claimed in any of Claims 9 to 11 characterised in that the drawing
mechanism comprises a pair of continuously reciprocating jaw members (221,222) arranged
to grip the drawn strip (211) alternately.
13. Apparatus as claimed in any of Claims 9 to 12 characterised in that the severing
mechanism is a flying saw (223) arranged to move in sychronism with the drawn strip
(211) during its severing operation.
14. Apparatus as claimed in any of Claims 9 to 13 characterised by accelerator rolls
arranged to convey the severed lengths of formed strip on to a run-out table.
15. Apparatus as claimed in any of Claim 9 to 14 characterised by a device for attaching
a tab to the outside of the formed strip.