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(11) | EP 0 167 370 A2 |
| (12) | EUROPEAN PATENT APPLICATION |
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| (54) | Foamed, extruded tobacco-containing smoking articles |
| (57) A cigarette is formed by extruding a plurality of strands 32 through orifices 24
in a nozzle 22. The mixture which is extruded comprises tobacco and binder in a wet
blend and the conditions of extrusion are such that the water evaporates and effects
expansion of the mixture as it leaves the nozzle. The extruded strands are twisted
together so that they adhere to each other to form a cylindrical mass with passages
extending generally longitudinally through the mass. The mixture to be extruded can also contain fillers, other foaming agents, a polyfunctional acid such as citric or phosphoric acid, and alcohol. In a preferred method the binder is mixed with water before mixing it with the other components of the mixture. |
[0001] The present invention relates to the formation of smoking articles by extrusion and foaming of a tobacco-containing mixture.
[0002] U.S. Patent 4,510,950, issued 16th April 1985 and the corresponding European Patent Application, published under No.0113595 on 18th July 1984, describe a method in which a substantially cylindrical smoking article is extruded under conditions such that the water in the wet blend fed to the extruder die is converted to steam, thereby foaming the article. The article is monolithic, that is, it is extruded as a single strand with a diameter of typically about 8 mm if the article is a cigarette.
[0003] Although that article represents an advance over the art, in certain cases the article has been found to soften sufficiently during smoking to cause the article to collapse. Additionally, in some cases the resistance-to-draw (RTD) of the article has been too high and/or difficult to control.
[0004] Accordingly, there is a continuing need for smoking articles that can be manufactured easily, whose RTD and other physical properties can be easily controlled within desired ranges, and which are well accepted in the marketplace.
[0005] The present invention solves those and other problems, as will be explained below. Broadly, the present invention concerns an extruded, coherent, multistrand, tobacco-containing, generally cylindrical smoking article comprising a plurality of co-extruded strands that extend generally along the longitude of the smoking article and are adhered to one another so as to leave flow passageways between the strands, which passageways extend generally along the longitude of the smoking article, the configuration of the strands and passageways providing sufficient heat transfer area or sufficient residence time or both for the hot gases drawn towards the proximal end of the smoking article by a smoker to cool and to exit the proximal end at a comfortable temperature for the smoker, the smoking article also comprising (a) from about 5 to about 98 wt.% of tobacco particles having a particle size of up to about 5 mesh, (b) from 0 to about 60 wt.% of a filler having a particle size of up to about 350µm, (c) from about 2 to about 40 wt. % of a binder and (d) from 5 to 20 wt.% of water, the article having a density within the range of from 0.05 to 1.5 g/cc.
[0007] The binder in the article may be selected from the groups of (1) cellulosic binders consisting of hydroxypropyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose and its sodium, potassium, and ammonium salts, cross-linked carboxymethyl cellulose and its sodium, potassium, and ammonium salts, hydroxyethyl cellulose, ethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose, methyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, and mixtures thereof; or (2) natural binders, modified natural binders, and synthetic binders consisting of pectin and its ammonium, sodium, and potassium salts, starch, guar and derivatives thereof, hemicellulose, xanthan, curdlan, a salt of xanthamonas gum, carageenan, alginic acid and its ammonium, sodium, and potassium salts, chitosan and its water soluble salts, oxycellulose, polyvinyl maleic acid polymer and its ammonium, sodium, and potassium salts, microcrystalline cellulose, dextran, dextrin, fibrous cellulose, and mixtures thereof; or (3) a mixture of cellulosic, natural, modified natural, or synthetic binders.
[0008] In one aspect, the invention concerns making a foamed, extruded, coherent, multistrand, tobacco-containing, generally cylindrical smoking article comprising a plurality of co-extruded strands that extend generally along the longitude of the smoking article and are adhered, preferably randomly, to one another as a result of the co-extrusion process so as to form leave flow passageways between the strands, which passageways are preferably randomized and extend generally along the longitude of the smoking article, the configuration of the strands and passageways providing sufficient heat transfer area or sufficient residence time or both for the hot gases drawn towards the proximal end of the smoking article by a smoker to cool and to exit the proximal end at a comfortable temperature for the smoker, the method comprising the steps of: mixing together from about 5 to about 98 wt.% of tobacco particles having a particle size of up to about 5 mesh, from 0 to about 60 wt.% of a filler having a particle size of up to about 350 µm, and from about 2 to about 40 wt.% of a binder all measured on a dry weight basis, and water to form a wet blend containing from about 15 to about 50 wt.% of water; and extruding the wet blend through a die having a plurality of holes under extrusion conditions of temperature and pressure such that as the wet blend is extruded, thereby forming a plurality of strands, (i) the moisture in said blend is converted to steam so as to foam each strand and (ii) the strands adhere randomly to one another along their outer surfaces.
[0009] In another aspect of the invention, the strands may adhere together independent of the extrusion conditions and temperature by the application of an adhesive or other manufacturing process that will produce a tacky surface on the individual strands so that the strands will adhere to each other along their outer surfaces.
[0010] In one embodiment, the method ("Method A") comprises the steps of:
(a) dry blending (i) from about 5 to about 98 wt.% of tobacco particles having a particle size of up to about 5 mesh and an 0V value of from about 3 to about 20% with (ii) from 0 to about 60 wt.% of a filler having a particle size of up to about 350µm, and (iii) from about 2 to about 40 wt.% of a binder, all on a dry weight basis
(b) admixing the dry blend from step (a) with water to form a wet blend containing from about 15 to about 50 wt.% of water;
(c) extruding the wet blend from step (b) through a die having a plurality of holes, under extrusion conditions of temperature and pressure, such that as the wet blend is extruded, thereby forming a plurality of strands, the moisture in said blend is converted to steam so as to foam each strand and the strands adhere to one another along their outer surfaces.
[0011] In an alternative embodiment, the method ("Method B") comprises the steps of:
(1) dry blending from about 5 to about 98 wt.% of tobacco particles having a particle size of up to about 5 mesh and an 0V value of from about 3 to about 20X with from 0 to about 60 wt.% of a filler having a particle size of up to about 350µm
(2) prehydrating from 2 to 40 wt.% of a binder by mixing the binder with water to activate the adhesive character of the binder;
(3) admixing the dry blend from step (1) and the prehydrated binder from step (2) to form a wet blend containing from about 15 to about 50 wt.% of water; and
(4) extruding the wet blend from step (3) as set forth in Method A step (c).
[0012] The smoking article of this invention is easy to manufacture and its RTD and other physical properties can be easily controlled within desired ranges. Additionally, the multistrand, coherent smoking article displays a surprising combination of properties. Its stiffness and resistance to collapse are significantly better than a single strand's but the RTD, density, taste, and other properties are still within commercially favourable ranges. That is surprising because the physical complexity of manufactured smoking articles is such that correcting one unfavorable product variable usually results in another becoming unfavorable. For example, the stiffness of the single strand smoking article could be rendered favorable by increasing the density or changing the composition but the former change would require excessive amounts of tobacco per article and raise its RTD and the latter change would probably change the taste of the article.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0014] To facilitate further discussion of the invention, the following drawings are provided in which:
Figure 1 is a perspective view of the end of the barrel of an extruder showing the preferred die of this invention;
Figure 2 is a side sectional view taken along line 2-2 of Figure 1;
Figure 3 is a perspective view of the die;
Figure 4 is a front view of the die;
Figure 5 is a side sectional view taken along line 5-5 of Figure 4;
Figure 6 shows the layout of the holes of the die;
Figure 7 is a perspective view showing the steaming strands of tobacco-containing material leaving the extruder barrel of Figure 1;
Figure 8 is a perspective view showing a smoking article of this invention;
Figure 9 is an end view of the distal end of the smoking article; and
Figure 10 is a side sectional view taken along line 10-10 of Figure 9.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0015] The extruded, coherent, multistrand, generally cylindrical smoking article of this invention comprises a plurality of co-extruded strands that are adhered to one another as a result of the co-extrusion process used to make the article or during post-extrusion processing of the extruded strands. The adherence results in the article being "coherent," that is, a unitary structure of strands sufficiently joined to one another rather than being a mere assemblage of separate or insufficiently joined strands. The strands are "co-extruded" in the sense that they exit different holes of the same die, desirably at substantially the same linear velocity as one another. In the preferred embodiment, the strands are randomly adhered to one another leaving randomized pathways along the length of the article.
[0016] The configuration of the strands and passageways provides sufficient heat transfer area or sufficient residence.time or both for the hot gases drawn towards the proximal end of the smoking article by a smoker to cool and to exit the proximal end at a comfortable temperature for the smoker. By "comfortable temperature" is meant less than 150°F, usually less than 135°F, preferably less than 120°F, and most preferably less than 100°F.
[0017] If the strands are separate or if they are insufficiently joined, strands may move longitudinally and fall out of the smoking article or the strands may move radially and the smoking article may lose its generally cylindrical shape. Furthermore, the random adherence in combination with the proper arrangement of the strands to form the randomized passageways between the strands prevents any extensive channeling of the gas/aerosol drawn by the smoker. Such channeling prevents the gas/aerosol from contacting sufficient surface area and/or from having sufficient residence time in the smoking article to cool the gas/aerosol sufficiently. The "coherent" nature of the multistrand smoking article is such that it has the look and feel of a smoking article (e.g., cigarette) made by a conventional process. However the smoking article is formed, twisting of the coherent strands or rope reduces the channeling of the smoke through the passageways. This forms a more tortuous path, increasing the path length and increasing the relative RTD.
[0018] Adhering strips or strands of tobacco material to one another after the strips or strands have been formed singly and are relatively dry does not result in a product of this invention. Except as provided for by the additional application of an adhesive, special processing conditions, or twisting, such a smoking article will generally not have the required balance of properties, e.g., the internal tortuosity to cool the gas/aerosol sufficiently, acceptable RTD, density, taste, feel, and so forth.
[0019] Furthermore, as will be explained below, many factors will affect whether a smoking article extruded from a composition within the present invention forms a coherent smoking article with the required passageways. Some of the factors are type of extruder, die configuration, amount and type of binder and other additives (e.g., stiffening agents), amount of water in the composition, operating temperatures in the extruder and extrusion velocity.
[0020] The tobacco used herein may be any type of tobacco and will generally be comminuted tobacco selected from the group consisting of bright, burley, oriental, and mixtures thereof, comminuted reconstituted tobacco, comminuted stems, tobacco dust or fines, and mixtures thereof. The tobacco may have been previously subjected to a stiffening or expansion process to increase its filling power. The smoking article contains from about 5 wt.% to about 98 wt.% tobacco and preferably from about 25-98 wt.%.
[0021] The tobacco is measured on a dry weight basis but in practice may, for example, contain 3 to 20% moisture. Where a dry tobacco dust is used some water may be added to increase the moisture content of the tobacco in order to facilitate mixing of the dry blend. The moisture in the dry blend, whether added or occuring in the constituent materials, is included as part of the water content of the wet blend.
[0022] Whatever the source of the tobacco particles, the particles employed in the present invention will have a particle size of up to about 5 mesh (4mm). Preferably, substantially all the particles will be less than 35 mesh (500 mm), and more preferably will be less than 50 mesh (300 mm). When particle sizes greater than 35 mesh are employed, it may be necessary to add a polyfunctional acid, such as citric or phosphoric acid and their ammonium, sodium, and potassium salts, during formation of the wet blend in order to achieve the desired appearance and foaming of the extruded article. The polyfunctional acid or its salts is added in an amount such that the smoking article contains from about 0.1 to about 15 wt.% thereof, preferably from about 2 to about 10 wt.%.
[0023] The binder is preferably selected from the group consisting of cellulosic binder, natural binders, modified natural binders, synthetic binders and mixtures thereof. The cellulosic binder is selected from the group consisting of hydroxypropyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose and its sodium, potassium, and ammonium salts, cross-linked carboxymethyl cellulose and its sodium, potassium, and ammonium salts, hydroxyethyl cellulose, ethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose, methyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, and mixtures thereof.
[0024] The cellulosic binder is preferably selected from the group consisting of hydroxypropyl cellulose, carboxymethyl celluose and its ammonium and alkali metal salts, hydroxyethyl cellulose, and mixtures thereof. A mixture of carboxymethyl cellulose and hydroxypropyl celluose is particularly preferred. The cellulosic binder is present in the smoking article in an amount of from 0 to about 40 wt.% and preferably from about 1 to about 30 wt.%.
[0025] The natural binders, modified natural binders, and synthetic binders are selected from the group consisting of pectin and its sodium, potassium, and ammonium salts, starch, guar, chitin, chitosan, xanthan, and derivatives thereof (e.g., hydroxypropyl guar), hemicellulose, curdlan, a salt of xanthamonas gum, carageenan, oxycellulose, polyvinyl alcohol, vinyl maleic anhydride polymer, vinyl maleic acid polymer and its sodium, potassium, and ammonium salts, microcrystalline cellulose, dextran, dextrin, fibrous cellulose, and mixtures thereof. The natural, modified natural, and synthetic binders are present in the smoking article in an amount from 0 to about 40 wt.%.
[0026] The total amount of binder present in the smoking article is in the range from about 2 to about 40 wt.%. A typical binder combination is 5 wt.% hydroxypropyl cellulose, 2.5 wt.% carboxymethyl cellulose, and 2.5 wt.% starch. Another typical combination is 1 wt.% hydroxypropyl cellulose, 4 wt.% hydroxypropyl guar and 5 wt.% starch.
[0027] The article may also include as a filler any particulate material having a particle size of up to about 350 µm that is compatible with the other components of the blend. The filler is preferably selected from the group consisting of calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, calcium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, metallic aluminum, alumina, hydrated alumina, clay, silica, and mixtures thereof and preferably is calcium carbonate. When the filler is added, it is added in an amount so that it is from about 5 to about 60 wt.% of the smoking article.
[0028] The dried or equilibrated smoking article contains from about 5 to about 20 wt.% water, which is typically measured as oven volatiles (OV). Preferably, the smoking article contains from about 8 to about 17 wt.% water.
[0029] The smoking article has a density of from about 0.05 to about 1.5 g/cc, preferably from about 0.10 to about 1.0 g/cc. The articles comprise a porous structure that permits static burning and the passage of smoke (gas/aerosol) through the article to the smoker. The density of the article is related to the porous structure and the voids created between the strands, and an article having a density within the specified range and having the randomized passageways of this invention provides good burn rate and transmission of smoke to the smoker.
[0030] The smoking articles may also include from about 0.001 to about 1 wt.% of an alcohol compatible with the cellulosic binder, that is, an alcohol in which the cellulosic binder is soluble. That alcohol is selected from the group consisting of ethanol, methanol, isopropanol, n-propanol, and mixtures thereof. The alcohol present in the smoking article may result from adding alcohol during the formation of the article to lower the moisture content of the extrudate at the die or may be residual alcohol as a result of adding flavor casings.
[0031] The smoking article may also contain from about 0.1 to about 40 wt.%, preferably from about 0.5 to about 20 wt.%, of a cross-linking or stiffening agent. The stiffening agent which is added prior to extrusion and then cross-linked during extrusion is selected from the group consisting of alginic acid, carboxymethyl chitin, pectinic acid, chitosan, carboxymethyl chitosan, water soluble salts thereof, and mixtures thereof. From about 0.1 to 10.0 wt.% of a water soluble salt of calcium, magnesium, and/or aluminium may also be used.
[0032] The smoking articles are preferably formed as generally cylindrical, coherent, multistrand articles having a diameter of from about 2 to about 35 mm. preferably from about 4 to about 25 mm. Alternate cross-sectional configurations may be made with an appropriate die, for example, oval, star-shaped, cylindrical, and the like, or shaped appropriately in a post-extrusion process. These rods are typically made in conventional cigarette or cigar lengths and may be wrapped with cigarette paper, a cigar wrapper, or a co-extruded shell of combustible material or the like. The articles may be thus marketed as non-filtered "cigarettes" or as "cigars". A conventional filter may be joined to the "cigarette" by tipping paper to form a filtered smoking article.
[0033] Various flavorants and/or humectants that are commonly employed in the manufacture of smoking articles may be added prior to extrusion or may be subsequently added to the extuded article.
[0034] The method of the present invention comprises mixing or blending together tobacco particles with binder, filler, cross-linking or stiffening agent, and any other desired ingredient with water to form a wet blend, and extruding the wet blend through a die having a plurality of holes, thereby forming a plurality of strands, the extrusion conditions being such that the moisture in the blend is converted to steam so as to foam each strand as it exits the die of the extruder and (ii) the strands adhere to one another. The strands may also be processed by the application of an adhesive, similar material, or other manufacturing process under conditions that will produce a tacky surface on the individual strands so that the strands will adhere to each other along their outer surfaces.
[0035] Mixing of the tobacco, cellulosic binder, filler, water, and other desired ingredients may be carried out in any conventional mixing device. The resulting mixture is to be a wet blend containing from about 15 to about 50 wt.X of water.
[0036] One embodiment of the present invention, Method A, comprises the steps: (a) dry blending tobacco particles with binder, filler, and any other desired ingredient; (b) admixing this dry blend with water to form a wet blend; and (c) extruding the wet blend through a die having a plurality of holes in accordance with the extrusion conditions set forth above so as to foam each strand and adhere the strands to one another.
[0037] An alternate and preferred embodiment, Method B, comprises the steps (1) dry blending tobacco particles with filler, and any other desired ingredient, (2) prehydrating the binder material with water to activate the adhesive character of the binder, (3) admixing the dry blend and the prehydrated binder to form a wet blend, and (4) extruding the wet blend through a die having a plurality of holes under the extrusion conditions set forth above so as to foam each strand and adhere the strands to one another.
[0038] Referring to Method A, blending in step (a) may be carried out in any conventional mixing device. The dry blend from step (a) is then admixed in step (b) with water to form a wet blend containing from about 15 to about 50 wt.% of water. Step (b) is carried out in a conventional mixing device, such as a horizontal mixing cylinder, and it is preferred to employ a low shear mixing device.
[0039] Referring to Method B, step (2), prehydrating the binder and other desired materials with water can be carried out in any conventional mixing device. Similarly, step (1), dry blending of tobacco particles, filler, and other desired materials, can be carried out in any conventional mixing device. Step (3), admixing the prehydrated binder from step (2) and the dry blend from step (1) can also be done in a conventional mixing device. In this context, the resulting wet blend can then be fed to the feed chamber of the extruder as described in greater detail below. In a preferred embodiment, Method B is used in conjunction with a twin screw positive mass displacement extruder having multiple feed ports. Step (2) prehydration is performed by adding the binder materials to a first feed port of the extruder and by adding the water or similar solvent to a second feed port a distance
downstream of the first feed port so that as a charge of binder is inserted, it is processed, sheared, and homogenized as it progresses down the extrusion barrels. Then it is admixed with the water as it passes the second port, prehydrating the binder as the materials are displaced down the extruder barrel. Step (1), dry blending the tobacco, filler, and other materials occurs in a conventional mixing device and is added in a blended state to the extruder barrel by a third feed port, a distance downstream of the second port. Thus the prehydrated binder material from step (2) is admixed with the tobacco and other materials from step (1) in a continuous feed process.
[0040] The amount of water present in the wet blend is important. If the water content is reduced to less than about 15 wt.%, shear at the die may increase so much that the surface of the extruded product becomes porous and rough and results in a less than desirable degree of foaming. At water contents in excess of about 50 wt.% insufficient energy may be supplied to the formulation to generate sufficient foam as the product exits the die. Also, more energy maybe required to dry the product to a useable condition or to cause the strands to foam. Too little or too much water also prevents the extruded strands from adhering to one another to the proper degree to form a coherent multistrand article with the desired, preferably randomized, passageways. A post-extrusion drying chamber may be provided for drying the product to the desired temperature and moisture level to achieve the desired porous structure. Preferably, the drying chamber comprises a microwave cavity and the product is exposed to microwaves for an appropriate time to obtain a smoking article having the desired density.
[0041] Tobacco particles typically are generally more hygroscopic than binder, absorbing water at a faster rate. Any water absorbed by the tobacco in excess of the desired final moisture content of between 5 and 20 wt.% must be removed, typically by drying, for example, using microwave energy. Further, the lower the moisture content of the resulting extrudate, the easier the extrudate will be to handle and the less energy will be required to dry the extrudate.
[0042] In Method A, water is added to a dry blend of binder and tobacco and other materials. In Method B, water is added to the dry binder first, before the bulk, if not all of the tobacco is added. Relatively less water may be required in Method B than in Method A to activate the adhesive character of the binder materials because in Method B, the binder materials may not have to compete with any or any significant amount of tobacco to utilize the water. Thus, Method B is preferred because by prehydrating the binder, the water is delivered to the binder where it is most needed, reducing the overall amount of water required to have the same strength product as obtained by Method A.
[0043] A further consequence of prehydration is that because the binder is exposed to most of the water without significant competition, it becomes more fully activated in both quantity and quality than the binder in accordance with Method A. Therefore the amount of binder required to hold the extrudate together may be significantly reduced to achieve the same strength extrudate as found by the application of Method A. Reducing the amount of binder used is not only more economical, but it also enhances the subjective factors of a smoking article, taste, feel, aroma, color, and quality of smoke. The less binder used, the more favorable the subjective factors will be.
[0044] Method B prehydration produces a significantly more activated binder material than Method A, and as a result the prehydrated binder is also more viscous. Because some extruder and mixing apparatus cannot generate the forces necessary to process and extrude the smoking article in accordance with this invention by the application of Method B, it may be advantageous to dry blend with the binder a small amount of tobacco particles, preferably an amount less than 5 wt.% of the tobacco, a small amount of filler, or other added component, and then prehydrate the blended binder and tobacco or other components. The resultant wet blend will have a lower viscosity than if no tobacco or other component were present and may be more easily processed without significantly raising the moisture content of the mass.
[0045] Also, because the viscous prehydrated binder can become very sticky and adhere to the mixing equipment, it is advantageous to dry blend with the binder . a small amount of tobacco particles, filler material, or both. The amount of tobacco added is preferably less than about 5 wt. % of the tobacco. The dry blend is then prehydrated, resulting in a wet blend that has a reduced tendency to stick to the processing equipment and is relatively easier to process uniformly, as the material progresses from one step to the next.
[0046] Alternately, a portion of the binder may be dry blended with the tobacco and the balance of the binder prehydrated. Because of the relative surplus of water (later taken up by the dry blended tobacco and binder), the viscosity will be lower and the mass easier to handle. Although having a somewhat higher moisture content than without cross mixing tobacco and binder in steps (1) and (2), the more efficient activation of the binder results in a dryer and stronger extrudate than that made by the application of Method A.
[0047] The wet blend is fed into an extruder and processed as set forth in greater detail below. The extruder may be a single screw cooking extruder, which is a high temperature/short residence time extruder that is essentially an Archimedean pump. That type of extruder has been employed in the food industry. Other suitable extruders are hydraulic piston extruders, ram extruders, extruders employing an extrusion chamber consisting of a male auger and a sleeve which incorporates a female auger, a spacer ring, and a face plate (or die) and extruders employing twin screws having a positive mass displacement extrusion action. It is important that the tobacco particles, the binder, and any additional ingredients be mixed to form a homogeneous mixture prior to extrusion. It may be desired to add water at one or more points along the extruder barrel to control the moisture content of the mass, for example, above 15X 0V.
[0048] Optionally a foaming agent may be added to the blend in Method A or Method B. The foaming agent is preferably selected from the group consisting of air, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, ammonium carbonate, ammonium carbamate, an azide, a hydrazide, pentane, hexane, heptane, a halogenated flurocarbon, pyrrole, acetone, ethanol, a peroxide, and azodicarbonamide. Some of these foaming agent may require the addition of an acid or a base for decomposition. The foaming agent will supplement the foaming effect of the water in the wet blend and may allow the use of lower amounts of water.
[0049] The feeding bin is a common starting point for extruder systems. It is usually located near the extruder and its purpose is to provide a continuous source of raw ingredients for the rest of the extruder system. The feeding bin receives material from a conventional mixer/surge system and it usually feeds a variable speed metering/feeding device. A simple gravity bin with bottom discharge may be used as the feeding bin for the ingredients employed in a dry blending step.
[0050] Referring to Method A, a variable speed metering/feeding device is usually employed to transport the dry blend from the feeding bin to the extruder. Water may then be added either at the point of entry to the extruder or at one or more locations along the extruder barrel. Vibratory feeders and variable speed screw feeders are two commonly used metering/feeding devices.
[0051] An intermediary processing device such as a horizontal mixing cylinder with either a single shaft or twin counter-rotating shafts, may be utilized to admix the water with the dry blend in step (b). Continuous mixing of the dry blend with the water is accomplished in the cylinder, and from this cylinder the wet blend is fed directly into the extruder barrel. Alternately, hydration of the dry blend from step (b) could occur within the extruder barrel by the addition of sufficient water at a controlled rate of feed, correlating with the rate of feed of the dry blend from step (b), either at the point of entry, or downstream of the dry binder feed.
[0052] Referring to Method B, when a multiple feed port extruder is selected, each of the mixing steps can be carried out in a separate conventional mixer/surge system having variable speed metering/feeding devices to provide the desired blend to the extruder. For example, in Method B, the binder materials could be mixed at one station and fed to a first port under a controlled rate of feed. At a second station, the tobacco, filler, and other material could be mixed and similarly fed to a second port downstream of the first port, also at a controlled rate of feed. Water could be added in controlled amounts to prehydrate the binder at a location before the tobacco blend material is introduced into the extruder barrel, and added elsewhere if necessary, to control the moisture content.
[0053] When a single feed port extruder is available, the binder could be first prehydrated in an intermediary processing device. Then the tobacco, filler, and other materials, having first been dry blended in a separate device are introduced to the intermediary processor for admixture, and the resulting wet blend then fed directly to the extruder barrel.
[0054] The extruder barrel may be built in segments or sections, with the individual screws being separated by steam locks. That gives each section its own discrete processing capability. Within the feed zone of the extruder barrel, the raw material exists as discrete particles. As these particles are transported forward in the feed zone, there is a positive pumping action with some compression of the material. This compression pushes the particles together into a more solid homogeneous mass.
[0055] As the material advances toward the die and into an additional zone or zones, this compression is continued and the material is subjected to mixing and mild shear, resulting in heating of the mixture until the particles are transformed into a dough-like mass. There is still a positive pumping effect in these zones that is usually somewhat less positive than in the feeding zone.
[0056] As the mixture advances toward the final zone before the die, the extruder barrel becomes completely filled with product. Leakage flow and . pressure flow are greatest within this final zone, resulting in higher viscous shearing. That yields maximum heat generation. Heat is generated by the particles rubbing against one another and by the relative motion of the mixture against screw and wall surfaces.
[0057] The final die has two major functions. The first is to offer resistance to the forward flow of the mixture, thereby creating a condition where leakage flow and pressure flow may occur. The second is to shape the final product. Flow resistance of the die is the greatest factor in the heating of the mixture because the flow resistance has the greatest control over the pressure (and, therefore, the shear) within the barrel. Preferably, the pressure at the inlet of the die is from about 50 to about 2500 psig, more preferably from about 150 to about 1500 psig.
[0058] In the process of the present invention, it is preferred to employ a die having a plurality of holes, typically from about 10 to about 30 holes, each ranging in size from about 0.010 inches (.254mm) to about 0.050 inches (1.27 mm) in diameter. The combination of the number of holes and size of each hole is chosen to give the desired diameter and shape of the smoking article. The holes need not be of the same size or shape. A typical hole pattern will be described below. A die having centrally located holes and an outer annular opening may be used. The material extruded through the annulus will form what may be considered a wrapper for the co-extruded strands.
[0059] Typically, foaming of the product occurs immediately after extrusion. Foaming is a result of the moisture, other foaming agent, or gas within the extrudate changing from a super-heated liquid or compressed gas to a gas at essentially atmospheric pressure as the extrudate leaves the high-pressure environment behind the die inside the extruder and enters the atmospheric environment just downstream of the die openings.
[0060] The process will be further described with reference to the preferred extruders although other types of extruders may be effectively employed. One preferred extruder is the Wenger Model X20, a six-zone extrusion screw/barrel unit, commercially available from Wenger Manufacturing, Sabetha, Kansas. Various parameters for each zone are set forth in the following table.
[0061] Zones 1, 2, and 3 knead the extrusion mixture to develop elasticity and hydrate the gum (binder). Zones 4, 5, and 6 work the mixture by . shear. If the Zone 6 screw is not tapered, the mixture will be overworked. The multistrand die is attached to the end of Zone 6.
[0062] A 1/8-inch (3.175 mm) thick spacer having an inner diameter equal to that of the Zone 6 barrel is used between the exit of Zone 6 and the die inlet. If a 1/4-inch (6.35 mm) thick spacer is used, some of the mixture tends to collect in the spacer, and collected material will occasionally exit the die in the form of lumps. Furthermore, with the 1/4-inch spacer and for the preferred mixture, the extrudate will be underworked, appear wet, and expansion will be insufficient. If no spacer is used, it is possible the extrudate will be overworked and darkened by cooking caused by the overworking, and expansion will be decreased. Thus, there is an optimal range for working of any particular extrusion mixture, outside of which less desirable articles are produced.
[0063] The product is transported through the extruder barrel by the extruder screws, complemented by the closure around the screw. The extruder barrel is jacketed, and the jacket is designed for either electrical heating or the circulation of water, steam, or other liquid thermofluid. That permits adjustment of the temperature profile of the extruder barrel by, for example, controlling the flow of cooling water in the jacket. Most of the thermo- energy within the extruder is created by the conversion of the mechanical energy into heat.
[0064] For continuous operation it is preferred to establish and maintain a temperature gradient that increases along the length of the extruder barrel. The maximum temperature will be at or just before the die. The temperature gradient will be within the range of from about 10 to about 300°C and preferably from about 50 to about 250°C. Usually, thermocouples are inserted through the head into the flow channel and are connected to either temperature indicators or to automatic temperature control systems.
[0065] Each of the six zones of the Wenger X20 unit can be heated or cooled. The temperatures of Zones 1-5 are not critical, and should be high enough for the mixture to flow through the extruder but less than about 230°F (1100C). The temperature of Zone 6 should be between about 160°F (71°C) and 260°F (127°C). With the preferred extrusion mixture described below and when making a cigarette-type smoking article of this invention, the following cooling water exit temperatures have been measured:
[0066] Turning to the drawings, Figure 1 shows the end of typical extrusion barrel 20 with preferred die 22 having holes 24. (For clarity the barrel is represented schematically and without the jacket, cooling water tubing, thermocouple wires, or the means for removing the head to change the die.)
[0067] Figure 2 shows screw 28 schematically in barrel 20. Shoulder 26 on die 22 (having internal conical surface 30) mates with a corresponding lip on head 52 and prevents die 22 from being forced out of the head. Spacer 54 lies between head 52 and barrel 20.
[0069] Figure 6 shows the layout of holes 24 of preferred die 22 for making cigarettes from the preferred blend. There are twenty-two holes, each 0.033-0.035 inches in diameter. There is one hole in the center, an inner ring of seven holes, and an outer ring of fourteen holes. Angle A is 12°-51', angle B is 25°-43', and angle C is 51°-26'. As will be apparent, these values have been rounded to the nearest minute. The inner ring is offset from (rotated with respect to) the outer ring so that no outer ring holes and either of the two nearest inner ring holes falls on a line with the center hole. That is to prevent any excessive channeling in the final product. The centers of the holes in the inner and outer rings fall on the circumferences of imaginary circles 0.128 inches (3.25 mm) and 0.256 inches (6.5 mm) in diameter, respectively. The center of each imaginary circle is the center of the single central hole of the die, that is, the one central hole, the inner ring, and the outer ring are concentric. The preferred die has a land length (length of holes through the die face) of 1/8 inch (3.175 mm).
[0070] In Figure 7, strands 32 of extruded material are shown leaving die 22 through holes 24. Upon leaving the die, the strands expand and then contact and adhere to one another. The moist rope of the adhered strands cools and starts to harden quickly. The rope may be twisted to further increase the tortuosity of the passageways in the article. The rope may be collected on a non-stick surface and then sent to a drier.
[0071] Drying may be accomplished in any suitable manner. Microwave heating is preferred because of uniformity in drying along the radial direction. Drying desirably reduces the water content of the rope made by the application of Method A from about 25-35 wt.% at the die exit to about 12-15 wt.%.
[0072] In the application of Method B, the water content of the rope of strands is desirably reduced from about 20-35 wt.% at the die exit to about 12-15 wt.%.
[0073] After drying, the rope may be wrapped, cut, and tipped with a filter to produce a cigarette as shown in Figure 8. Cigarette 34 comprises tobacco rod 38 and filter 36.
[0074] Figure 9 is an end view of tobacco rod 38 of cigarette 34. Passageways 44 lie between strands 32. The circumference of strands 32 is not completely circular because of deformation at the points of contact (and adherence) of the strands to one another.
[0075] Because of microvariation in the composition and particle sizes of the mixture exiting each hole of the die and because of microvariations in the pressures just upstream of each die hole, the extruded, foamed strands in the preferred embodiment have generally smooth but slightly irregular surfaces. The irregularity is typically random and a principal cause of the randomness of contact of adjacent strands. Normally, the contact occurs almost immediately after the strands leave the die, and because of the tackiness of the material, adherence is immediate upon contact. If the strands do not expand sufficiently (e.g., because of over- or underworking or too much or too little water) or if the material does not have sufficient tackiness (e.g., because the strands are too dry, too cold, or the binder is not satisfactory), the desired contact and adherence will not occur and the article will not have the desired network of passageways without post-extrusion processing.
[0076] The holes of the die should not be too far apart, otherwise the extruded strands will not be able to, contact one another soon enough after leaving the die for sufficient adherence to occur. If the velocity of the exiting strands is too high, the strands may cool too much before they can contact and adhere sufficiently to one another. Also, the linear velocity of the strands exiting the die should be substantially uniform so that there is as little linear motion of the strands with respect to one another as possible. To achieve this uniform velocity may require the die having holes of different sizes, depending on the particular extruder used and its particular pressure profile just upstream of the die.
[0077] In accordance with the post-extrusion processing of the strands, the spacing of the holes and the temperature of the strands as extruded may be less important for causing the strands to adhere to each other because heat sufficient to cause the strands to become tacky and adhere is imparted to the product while it is heated in the drying chamber or, in other circumstances, an adhesive or other manufacturing condition is applied to cause the adjacent strands to adhere to one another.
[0078] Figure 10 is an enlarged view of a portion of tobacco rod 38 having wrapping paper 40, coal 42, and passageways 44. Arrow 48 indicates the flow of smoke to the end of the cigarette proximal to the smoker. When that smoke reaches an area of adherence 46 of one strand to another, the smoke finds passageway 44 blocked and may travel towards the smoker as indicated by arrows 50.
Example I
[0079] To illustrate preparation of smoking articles within this invention, the preferred extruding composition was prepared and extruded in accordance with Method A. That composition was made by first dry blending
90 wt.% Tobacco dust
5 wt.% Hydroxypropyl cellulose (Klucel@ HF from Hercules, Inc.)
2.5 wt.% Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC 7 HF from Hercules, Inc.)
2.5 wt.% Starch (Lincoln pre-gelatinized corn cereal binder #201F from Lincoln Grain, Inc. in Atchison, Kansas)
and loading that mixture into the feed hopper of a preferred extruder, the Wenger X20 unit described above. The tobacco dust was a mixture of burley, bright, and oriental tobacco particles, essentially all of which were less than 80 mesh in size.
[0080] The extruder feeder speed was set at 10 rpm, which corresponds to about 136 pounds per hour of dry mixture, and the mixing cylinder speed was set at 300 rpm. To show the effect on product properties of the amount of water used in making the wet blend, the effect of extruder barrel temperature, and the effect of variations in extruder speed (working of the mixture), comparative runs were also performed. In all runs the Wenger X20 unit, the preferred die, and a 1/8 inch spacer between Zone 6 and the die were used.
[0081] The extruded ropes (if formed) were dried, wrapped (if possible), cut to rods 63 mm in length, and joined to a filter (if possible). The run conditions and results are shown in the table below.
[0082] Runs 591 and 591A-I show that either too much (591C, D, E) or too little water (591B) in the mixture in the die feed results in poor expansion and/or poor adhesion of the extruded strands. Comparison of Runs 591 and 591J-N show that too much working (591K) of the mixture in the extruder prevents proper expansion and/or adhesion of the strands.
[0083] A more preferred extruder is the commercially available Baker-Perkins Twin Screw extruder, Model No. MPF50D (or MPF50L). Baker-Perkins is located in Raleigh, North Carolina.
Example II
[0084] The following examples were extruded in a Baker-Perkins twin screw extruder, Model MPF-50D, having a 1263.6 mm long extrusion chamber, wherein the two screws had the same assemblage of components, as follows:
Screw Assembly
[0085] Length Elements (Cont'd) 101.6 mm Single lead multihole die 22 holes about .889 mm diameter in a die face about 25.4 mm in diameter
[0086] The screws were rotated so as to be 90° out of phase to prevent interfering with each other and to provide a tolerance between the screws of about 50/64 mm. The Baker-Perkins extruder has multiple feed ports along its length so auxillary mixing equipment was not required as it was the case in the Wenger extruder. The binder was added at a distance 15:1 length:diameter ("L/D") screw length measured from the extrusion end (die), the water used to prehydrate the binder was added at a distance 12:1 (L/D) from the die, and the tobacco dust was added at a distance 10:1 (L/D) from the die. The binder mixture used consisted of the following blend:
[0088] The products of runs c, d, and e, made in accordance with Method B prehydration of binder technique, were much stronger and better in appearance than the product made by the non-prehydrated Method A, run a, even though they contained a significantly lesser amount of binder. In addition, using Method B and prehydrating the binder allowed for the extrusion of a drier extrudate by using a lesser amount of water. Run "a", made in accordance with Method A, could not produce a satisfactory product with a lesser amount of water or a lesser amount of binder than used in example.
1. A method of making a foamed, extruded, tobacco-containing smoking article comprising
forming a wet blend containing 15% to 50% ' of water and the remainder, on a dry weight
basis, comprising 5 to 98X weight % of tobacco particles having a particle size up
to 5 mesh (4mm), from 0 to 60 weight % of a filler having a particle size of not more
than 350 µm, and from 2 to 40 % by weight of a binder,
extruding the wet blend through a die having a plurality of holes to form a plurality of strands, the strands being foamed by the conversion of some of the moisture to steam and adhered together to form a smoking article with a density in the range of 0.05 to 1.5 gm/cc.
extruding the wet blend through a die having a plurality of holes to form a plurality of strands, the strands being foamed by the conversion of some of the moisture to steam and adhered together to form a smoking article with a density in the range of 0.05 to 1.5 gm/cc.
2. A method as claimed in claim 1 in which the extruded strands are twisted together.
3. A method as claimed in claim 1 or 2 further comprising adhering the strands to
each other by applying a material to the individual strands to produce a tacky surface
on the strands before they are brought into contact.
4. A method as claimed in any of the preceding claims in which the filler is selected
from the group consisting of calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, calcium oxide,
magnesium oxide, calcium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, metallic aluminium, alumina,
hydrated alumina, clay, silica, diatomaceous earth, and mixtures thereof.
5. A method as claimed in any of the preceding claims in which the binder is a cellulosic
binder selected from the group consisting of hydroxypropyl cellulose, carboxymethyl
cellulose and its ammonium, sodium, and potassium salts, cross-linked carboxymethyl
cellulose and its ammonium, sodium, and potassium, salts, hydroxyethyl cellulose,
ethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose, methyl cellulose, ethyl
cellulose, and mixtures thereof.
6. A method as claimed in any of claims 1 to 4 in which the binder is a natural bindey,
modified natural binder, or synthetic binder selected from the group consisting of
pectin and its sodium, potassium, and ammonium salts, starch, guar and derivatives
thereof, hemicellulose, xanthan, curdlan, a salt of xanthamonas gum, carageenan, alginic
acid and its ammonium, sodium, and potassium salts, oxycellulose, polyvinyl alcohol,
vinyl maleic anhydride polymer, vinyl maleic acid polymer and its sodium, potassium,
and ammonium salts, microcrystalline cellulose, dextran, dextrin, fibrous cellulose,
and mixtures thereof.
7. A method as claimed in any of the preceding claims in which from 0.1 to 15 wt.
% of a polyfunctional acid or its ammonium, sodium or potassium salts is included
in the dry mixture.
8. A method as claimed in claim 7 in which the polyfunctional acid is citric acid.
9. A method as claimed in claim 7 in which the polyfunctional acid is phosphoric acid.
10. A method as claimed in any of the preceding claims in which from 0.1 to 40 wt.%
of a cross-linking or stiffening agent selected from the group consisting of alginic
acid, carboxymethyl chitin, pectinic acid, chitosan, water soluble salts thereof,
and mixtures thereof, is included in the dry mixture.
11. A method as claimed in any of the preceding claims wherein from 2 to 40 wt.% of
an alcohol selected from the group consisting of ethanol, methanol, isopropanol, n-propanol,
and mixtures thereof is included in the dry mixture.
12. A method as claimed in any of the preceding claims in which the tobacco particles
comprise between 50 and 98% of the dry mixture.
13. A method as claimed in any of the preceding claims in which the binder is pre-hydrated
by admixture with water before being mixed with the other constituents of the mixture
to form the wet blend.
14. A method as claimed in claim 13 in which a part of the binder is mixed dry with
the other constituents and only the remaining part is pre-hydrated, thereby reducing
the viscosity of the pre-hydrated binder and reducing its tendency to stick to the
processing equipment.
15. A method as claimed in claim 13 or 14 in which up to 5.0 wt.% of the tobacco particles
is added to the binder to be pre-hydrated.
16. A smoking article produced by the method of any of the preceding claims.
17. An extruded, coherent, multistrand, tobacco-containing, generally cylindrical
smoking article comprising a plurality of co-extruded strands that extend generally
along the longitude of the smoking article and are adhered to one another so as to
leave flow passageways between the strands, which passageways extend generally along
the longitude of the smoking article, the configuration of the strands and passageways
providing sufficient heat transfer area or sufficient residence time or both for the
hot gases drawn towards the proximal end of the smoking article by a smoker to cool
and to exit the proximal end at a comfortable temperature for the smoker, the smoking
article also comprising (a) from about 5 to about 98 wt.% of tobacco particles having
a particle size of up to about 5 mesh, (b) from 0 to about 60 wt.% of a filler having
a particle size of up to about 350µm, (c) from 0 to about 1 wt.% of a residual foaming
agent other than water, (d) from about 2 to about 40 wt.% of a binder selected from
the group consisting of cellulosic binders, natural binders, modified natural binders,
synthetic binders, and mixtures thereof, and (e) from about 5 to about 20 wt.% water,
the article having a density within the range of from about 0.05 to about 1.5 g/cc.
18. The smoking article of claim 17 wherein the filler is selected from the group
consisting of calcium carbonate, magnesium, carbonate, calcium oxide, magnesium oxide,
calcium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, metallic aluminium, alumina, hydrated alumina,
clay, silica, diatomaceous earth and mixtures thereof.
19. The smoking article of claim 17 or 18 wherein the cellulosic binder included in
the mixture in an amount from about 0 to about 40 wt.% is selected from the group
consisting of hydroxypropyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose and its ammonium, sodium,
and potassium salts, cross-linked carboxymethyl cellulose and its ammonium, sodium,
and potassium salts, hydroxyethyl cellulose, ethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl
methyl cellulose, methyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, and mixtures thereof.
20. The smoking article of any of claims 17 to 19 wherein the natural binders, modified
natural binders, and synthetic binders included in the mixture in an amount from 0
to about 40 wt. % are selected from the group consisting of pectin and its sodium,
potassium, and ammonium salts, starch, guar and derivatives thereof, hemicellulose,
xanthan, curdlan, a salt of xanthamonas gum, carageenan, alginic acid and its ammonium,
sodim, and potassium salts, oxycellulose, polyvinyl alcohol, vinyl maleic anhydride
polymer, vinyl maleic acid polymer and its sodium, potassium, and ammonium salts,
microcrystalline cellulose, dextran, dextrin, fibrous cellulose, and mixtures thereof.
21. The smoking article of any of claims 17 to 21 further comprising from about 0.1
to about 15 wt.% of a polyfunctional acid or its ammonium, sodium, and potassium salts.
22. The smoking article of claim 21 wherein the polyfunctional acid is citric acid
or a citrate.
23. The smoking article of claim 21 wherein the polyfunctional acid is phosphoric
acid or a phosphate.
24. The smoking article of any of claims 17 to 23 further comprising from about 0.1
to about 40 wt.% of a cross-linking or stiffening agent selected from the group consisting of alginic
acid, carboxymethyl chitin, pectinic acid, chitosan, water soluble salts thereof,
and mixtures thereof.
25. The smoking article of any of claims 17 to 24 wherein the tobacco particles comprise
about 25 to about 98 wt.% of the article.