[0001] This application relates to improvements in the construction and operation of a water
tube boiler comprising a housing containing upper and lower left and right water manifolds.
Tubes connect the left manifolds and other tubes the right manifolds. The tubes are
bent toward one another to form a plurality of superposed chambers through which combustion
gases must successively flow, from front to back in one chamber and from back to front
within the next.
[0002] In U.S. Patent 4,355,602 there is described a simple boiler of the abovementioned
type which is relatively simple and inexpensive to manufacture and operate. That boiler
comprises a housing having a top provided with a gas outlet, bottom, left and right
sides and a front and back, the housing containing an upper manifold and a lower manifold
substantially parallel to the top, bottom and side walls, two sets of tubes, each
set comprising a plurality of tubes, one set joining the upper manifold to the lower
manifold on the left and the other set joining the upper manifold to the lower manifold
on the right, the tubes of each set rising from the lower manifold upwardly along
their respective side wall, crossing the housing to the opposite side wall, rising
adjacent the opposite side wall re-crossing the housing to their respective side wall,
rising therealong and eventually joining the upper manifold, the horizontal runs of
the tubes of one set being vertically offset relative to the horizontal runs of the
tubes of the other set so as to form a plurality of superposed chambers, individual
tubes of the sets being differently bent so as to form access openings from each chamber
to the chambers above and below, the openings from chamber to chamber being front
to back and the next chamber from back to front, means for introducing liquid into
one of the manifolds and for withdrawing the liquid from the other manifold, and means
for introducing a hot gas into the lower-most of the superposed chambers, the hot
gas rising successively through the chambers which it successively and alternatively
traverses from front to back and then from back to front until it exits from the uppermost
chamber through the gas outlet in the top, liquid flowing through the manifolds and
tubes being heated by the hot gas, at least one baffle within at least one of the
chambers extending from top to bottom and from one of the sides toward but terminating
short of the other, whereby hot gas traversing that chamber from front to back is
additionally forced to flow laterally to get around said baffle.
[0003] It is an object of the present invention to improve the efficiency of operation of
such a boiler by simple structural modifications and by simple procedural demands.
[0004] These and other objects and advantages are realized in accordance with the present
invention by means of a boiler having the features of the first part of Claim 1, in
which at least one upper and at least one lower manifold project from the inside of
the housing to the outside, a downcomer outside the housing connects the top of the
lower manifold and the lowest part of the upper manifold, thereby permitting the boiler
to operate within a shallow level of water in the upper manifold, speeding up circulation
of water and its heating, and permitting substantially dry steam to be discharged
from the upper manifold, and a baffle (or baffles) is angled within its chamber so
that the hot gas hits it at an angle less than 90° so as to be deflected thereby in
the direction of its advance, thereby avoiding hot spots, and further successive chambers
of the boiler are reduced in volume from bottom to top to make up for the reduction
in volume as the hot gas cools, thereby keeping the gas velocity high and maintaining
turbulence which helps heat exchange.
[0005] The invention will be further described with reference to the accompanying drawings,
wherein:
Figure 1 is a perspective view of a boiler in accordance with the invention;
Figure 2 is a front view of the boiler of Figure 1 without baffles and downcomer;
Figure 3 is a side view of the boiler showing the connection of tubes and downcomer
with the manifolds;
Figure 4 is a plan view of the preferred arrangement of baffles in a chamber of the
boiler; and
Figure 5 is a perspective view of one baffle of Figure 4.
[0006] Referring now more particularly to the drawings, in Figure 1 there is shown a housing
10 having a top wall 12, a bottom wall 14, a left side wall 16, a right side wall
18, a front wall 20 and a rear wall 22. A lower manifold 24 and an upper manifold
26 project through the front and rear walls 20 and 22. Means are provided to introduce
cold water into the lower manifold at 28 and to remove steam from the upper manifold
at 30, outside the housing.
[0007] A downcomer 32 outside the housing connects the lowest part of the upper manifold
26 with the top of the lower manifold 24 so that water in the upper manifold can rapidly
run down for reheating, speeding up the circulation. This also permits the upper manifold
to operate with a shallow level of water which also speeds up production of steam
and which permits substantially dry steam to be discharged from the upper manifold
26.
[0008] A plurality of tubes 36, illustratively twenty- three, extend from the left upper
manifold 26 to the left lower manifold 24 and a similar number of tubes 38 extend
from the right upper manifold 26 to the right lower manifold 24. Except for the first
36a and last 36c few tubes in each set, for a reason to be described later, the balance
of the tubes 38b are all similarly bent as are the tubes 38.
[0009] Each tube has a vertical component and tubes 38a and 38b have two horizontal components,
i.e. one run to the left side of the boiler, or actually to the tubes 36, and then
a return run. The bends in tubes 38 are not identical to those of tubes 36 but rather
complementary so that together they form a series of vertically superposed chambers
40a, 40b, 40c, 40d and 40e, decreasing in volume from bottom to top to make up for
reduction in volume as the hot gas cools, thereby keeping the gas velocity high and
maintaining turbulence which helps heat exchange.
[0010] Advantageously, the boiler has five, seven or nine chambers. Combustion gases in
chamber 40a rise through such space and enter chamber 40b traversing it horizontally
from back to front. The tube bends similarly cause the gases to traverse successive
chambers until they reach the topmost chamber 40e where they exit through an opening
in the top 12.
[0011] For improved heat exchange, in addition to the tortuous gas flow so far defined,
a more complex flow is possible. Thus rectangular baffles 46 having the shape shown
in Figure 5 may be provided, extending from adjacent one side wall toward but short
of the other. They are just high enough to span a chamber being held in position by
their fit between the troughs formed by adja- centtubes. They are inserted by simple
sliding and may be removed, or slid more or less into their chambers, either manually
or automatically (not shown), as desired.
[0012] If more than one baffle 46 is present in a given chamber they must alternately extend
from opposite sides. Thus, while the combustion gas is moving from rear to front in
chamber 40b the gas stream must move from side to side to get around the baffles.
[0013] As shown in Figures 4 and 5 the baffles have front and rear elements which are high
and low enough to lodge in the nips between adjacent tubes. In between there is a
lower section which is just high enough to clear the minimum vertical space of the
chamber. This section is arranged at an angle less than 90°C, e.g. about 45° so the
gas will be deflected off it in a direction which will help advance the gas, thereby
avoiding hot spots.
[0014] In Figures 1 and 3 it can be seen that the connections between the tubes and upper
manifold are not in a straight line but rather are staggered. However, all the tubes
join the upper manifold at or belowthe upper manifold's horizontal center line and
each tube in going from lower to upper manifold has lengths which rise or are horizontal
but has no lengths which go downwardly, thereby avoiding entrapment of gas.
[0015] The baffles can serve a further purpose, viz. maintaining efficient utilization of
fuel notwithstanding fluctuating fuel feed rates as a consequence of fluctuation in
steam demand. Specifically, one monitors the oxygen content of the hot gas exiting
the boiler which otherwise will change as feed and demand vary. However, the position
of the baffle or baffles is adjusted to maintain this oxygen content substantially
constant, e.g. as demand goes down the oxygen content will go up, so the baffle positions
will be adjusted to give more baffling and thereby restore the oxygen level to the
predetermined value.
1. Boiler comprising a housing (10) having a top (12) provided with a gas outlet,
bottom (14), left (16) and right (18) sides and a front (20) and back (22), the housing
containing an upper manifold (26) and a lower manifold (24) substantially parallel
to the top, bottom and side walls, two sets of tubes (36, 38), each set comprising
a plurality of tubes, one set joining the upper manifold to the lower manifold on
the left and the other set joining the upper manifold to the lower manifold on the
right, the tubes of each set rising from the lower manifold upwardly along their respective
side wall, crossing the housing to the opposite side wall, rising adjacent the opposide
side wall, re-crossing the housing to their respective side wall, rising therealong
and eventually joining the upper manifold, the horizontal runs of the tubes of one
set being vertically offset relative to the horizontal runs of the tubes of the other
set so as to form a plurality of superposed chambers (40 a, b, c, d, e), individual
tubes of the sets being differently bent so as to form access openings from each chamber
to the chambers above and below, the openings from chamber to chamber being offset
so as to require a gas flowing through said chambers to travers one chamber from front
to back and the next chamber from back to front, means for introducing liquid into
one of the manifolds and for withdrawing the liquid from the other manifold, and means
for introducing a hot gas into the lowermost (40a) of the superposed chambers, the
hot gas rising successively through the chambers which it successively and alternately
traverses from front to back and then from back to front until it exits from the uppermost
chamber (40e) through the gas outlet in thetop, liquid flowing through the manifolds
and tubes being heated by the hot gas, at least one baffle (46) within at least one
of the chambers extending from top to bottom and from one of the sides toward but
terminating short of the other, whereby hot gas traversing that chamber from front
to back is additionally forced to flow laterally to get around said baffle, characterized
by the following features
a) at least one upper (26) and at least one lower (24) manifold project from the inside
of the housing (10) to the outside, and a downcomer (32) outside the housing connecting
the top of the lower manifold and the lowest part of the upper manifold, thereby permitting
the boiler to operate with a shallow level of water in the upper manifold, speeding
up circulation of water and its heating, and permitting substantially dry steam to
be discharged from the upper manifold,
b) the baffle (46) is angled within its chamber so that the hot gas hits it at an
angle less than 90° so as to be deflected thereby in the direction of its advance,
thereby avoiding hot spots,
c) successive chambers from bottom (14) to top (12) are reduced in volume to make
up for the reduction in volume as the hot gas cools, thereby keeping the gas velocity
high and maintaining turbulence which helps heat exchange.
2. Boiler according to Claim 1, characterized in that all the tubes (36, 38) join
the upper manifold (26) at or below the upper manifold's horizontal center line.
3. Boiler according to Claim 1 or 2, characterized in that each tube (36, 38) in going
from lower (24) to upper (26) manifold has lengths which rise or are horizontal but
has no lengths which go downwardly, thereby avoiding entrapment of gas.
4. Boiler according to one of the Claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the boiler
has five, seven or nine chambers (40).
5. Boiler according to one of the Claims 1 to 4, characterized by a plurality of baffles
(46) in a plurality of chambers (40).
1. Wasserrohrkessel mit einem Gehäuse (10), das eine mit einem Gasauslaß versehene
Decke (12), einen Boden (14), eine linke (16) und eine rechte (18) Seitenwand sowie
eine Vorder- (20) und eine Rückwand (22) aufweist und in dem zur Decke, zum Boden
und zu den Seitenwänden im wesentlichen parallel eine obere Sammelleitung (26) und
eine untere Sammelleitung (24) angeordnet sind und das zwei Rohre (36, 38) aufweist,
von denen jeder eine Vielzahl von Rohren enthält und von denen der eine Satz die obere
Sammelleitung mit der unteren Sammelleitung auf der linken Seite und der andere Satz
die obere Sammelleitung mit der unteren Sammelleitung auf der rechten Seite verbindet,
wobei die Rohre eines jeden Satzes von der oberen Sammelleitung entlang ihrere korrespondierenden
Seitenwand aufwärts steigen, dann das Gehäuse bis zur gegenüberliegenden Seitenwand
durchqueren, nahe dieser gegenüberliegenden Seitenwand weiter aufwärts steigen, des
Gehäuse wieder zu ihrer korrespondierenden Seitenwand hin durchqueren, entlang dieser
aufsteigen und schließlich in der oberen Sammelleitung münden, und wobei die horizontalen
Teilstücke der Rohre das einen Satzes gegenüber den horizontalen Teilstücken der Rohre
des anderen Satzes vertikal versetzt sind, um eine Mehrzahl von einander überlagerten
Kammern (40 a, b, c, d, e) zu bilden, und wobei einzelne Rohre der Sätze unterschiedlich
gebogen sind, um von jeder Kammer zu den darüber und darunter befindlichen Kammern
Zutrittsöffnungen zu bilden, die von Kammer zu Kammer gegeneinander versetzt sind,
um durch die Kammern aufsteigendes Gas zu veranlassen, die eine Kammer von vorn nach
hintern und die nächste Kammer von hinten nach vorn zu durchqueren, und mit einer
Einrichtung zum Zuführen von Flüssigkeit in eine der Sammelleitungen und zum Abführen
der Flüssigkeit aus der anderen Sammelleitung, sowie mit einer Einrichtung zum Zuführen
eines heißen Gases in die unterste (40a), der überlagerten Kammern, das heiße Gas
aufsteigend durch die Kammern, welche es aufeinanderfolgend abwechselnd von vorn nach
hinten und dann von hinten nach vorn durchquert, bis es aus der obersten Kammer (40e)
durch den Gasauslaß in der Decke austritt, wobei es die durch die Sammelleitungen
und Rohre strömende Flüssigkeit erhitzt, ferner mit wenigstens einem im wenigstens
einer der Kammern angeordneten Umlenkblech (46), das sich von der Decke bis zum Boden
und von einer der Seiten nach der anderen Seite zu, aber kurz vor dieser endend, erstreckt,
wodurch diese Kammer von vorn nach hinten durchquerendes heißes Gas zusätzlich gezwungen
ist, um dieses Umlenkblech herumzuströmen, gekennzeichnet durch die folgenden Merkmale
a) wenigstens eine obere (26) und wenigstens eine untere (24) Sammelleitung erstrecken
sich von der Innenseite zur Außenseite des Gehäuses (10) und ein außerhalb des Gehäuses
angeordnetes Fallrohr (32) verbindet das Oberteil der unteren Sammelleitung und den
untersten Teil der oberen Sammelleitung, dadurch den Betrieb des Kessels mit einem
niedrigen Wasserspiegel in der oberen Sammelleitung und damit eine Beschleunigung
der Zirkulation des Wassers und seiner Erhitzung sowie des Auslasses von im wesentlichen
trockenem Dampf aus der oberen Sammelleitung ermöglichend,
b) das Umlenkblech (46) ist innerhalb seiner Kammer abgewinkelt, so da das heiße Gas
unter einem Winkel von weniger als 90° auf das Blech auftrifft und in Richtung seiner
Vorwärtsbewegung abgelenkt wird und dadurch überhitzte Stellen verhindert werden,
c) vom Boden (14) zur Decke (12) aufeinanderfolgende Kammern sind im Volumen reduziert,
um die Volumenverringerung des Gases beim Abkühlen auszugleichen, dadurch die Gasgeschwindigkeit
hoch- und die Turbulenz aufrechterhaltend, was den Hitzeaustausch fördert.
2. Wasserrohrkessel nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß alle Rohre (36, 38)
an der oberen Sammelleitung (26) in Höhe oder unterhalb ihrer horizontalen Mittellinie
angeschlossen sind.
3. Wasserrohrkessel nach Anspruch 1 oder 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß jedes Rohr
(36, 38) auf dem Weg von der unteren (24) zur oberen (26) Sammelleitung aufsteigende
oder horizontale Teilstücke, zur Vermeidung des Einschlusses von Gas aber keine abwärts
gerichteten Teilstücke aufweist.
4. Wasserrohrkessel nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß
er fünf, sieben oder neun Kammern (46) aufweist.
5. Wasserrohrkessel nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 4, gekennzeichnet, durch eine Mehrzahl
von Ablenkflächen (46) in einer Mehrzahl von Kammern (40).
1. Chaudière comportant un caisson (10) présentant un sommet (12) munie d'une sortie
de gaz (14), d'un fond de côtés droit (18) et gauche (16), d'un avant (20) et d'un
arrière (22), le caisson contenant un collecteur supérieur (26) et un collecteur inférieure
(24) sensiblement parallèles aux parois latérales, du fond et du sommet, deux jeux
de tubes (36, 38), chaque jeu comprenant une pluralité de tubes, un jeu reliant le
collecteur supérieure au collecteur inférieure sur la gauche et l'autre jeu reliant
le collecteur supérieur au collecteur inférieur sur la droite, les tubes de chaque
jeu montant à partir du collecteur inférieure à la verticale le long de leur paroi
latérale respective, traversant le caisson vers la paroi latérale opposée, montant
au voisinage de la paroi latérale opposée, traversant à nouveau le caison vers leur
paroi latérale respective, montant le long de celle-ci et rejoignant finalement le
collecteur supérieur, les parcours horizontaux des tubes de l'un des jeux étant décalés
verticalement par rapport aux parcours horizontaux des tubes de l'autre jeu de façon
à former une pluralité de chambres superposées (40, a, b, c, d, e), des tubes individuels
des jeux étant coudés différemment de façon à former les ouvertures d'accès de chaque
chambre vers les chambres du dessus et du dessous, les ouvertures de chambre à chambre
étant décalées de façon à obliger un gaz d'écoulant à travers lesdites chambres à
traverse une chambre d'avant en arrière et la chambre suivant d'arrière en avant,
des moyens pour introduire du liquide dans un des collecteurs et pour retirer le liquide
de l'autre collecteur, et des moyens pour introduire un gaz chaud dans la plus basse
(40a) des chambres superposées, le gaz chaud montant successivement à travers les
chambres qu'il traverse successivement et alternativement d'avant en arrière et ensuite
d'arrière en avant jusqu'à ce qu'il sorte de la chambre la plus élevée (40e) à travers
la sortie de gaz du sommet, du liquide s'écoulant à travers les collecteurs et des
tubes étant chauffés par le gaz chaud, au moins une des chicanes (46) à l'intérieur
de la dernière chambre s'étendant du sommet vers le bas et de l'un des côtés presque
jusq'à l'autre mais sans l'atteindre, si bien que du gaz chaud traversant cette chambre
d'avant en arrière est de plus obligé de s'écouler latéralement pour contourner ladite
chicane, caractérisée par les caractéristiques suivantes:
a) un collecteur supérieur (26) au moins et un collecteur inférieure (24) au moins
font saillie à partir de l'intérieur du caisson (10) vers l'extérieure, et un tube
de retour (32) hors du caisson reliant le sommet du collecteur inférieur à la partie
la plus basse du collecteur supérieur, si bien que la chaudière peut fonctionner avec
un niveau d'eau de faible profondeur dans le collecteur supérieur, accélérant la circulation
d'eau et son échauffement, et permettant l'écoulement d'une vapeur sensiblement sèche
à partir du collecteur supérieur,
b) la chicane (46) forme un angle à l'intérieur de sa chambre de façon que le gaz
chaud la frappe sous un angle inférieure à 90° de façon à être dévié par celle-ci
dans la direction de son mouvement d'avance, évitant ainsi les points chauds,
c) des chambres successives du fond (14) au sommet (12) sont réduites en volume pour
compenser la réduction en volume lorsque le gaz chaud se refroidit, conservant ainsi
la vitesse élevée du gaz et maintenant la turbulence qui favorise l'échange de chaleur.
2. Chaudière selon la revendication 1, caractérisée en ce que tous les tubes (36,
38) rejoignent le collecteur supérieur (26) au niveau de la ligne centrale horizontale
du collecteur supérieur ou en dessous.
3. Chaudière selon la revendication 1 ou 2, caractérisée en ce que chaque tube (36,
38) en allant du collecteur (24) vers le collecteur supérieur (26) présente des longueurs
montantes ou horizontales mais ne présente pas de longueurs descendantes, évitant
ainsi les piégeages de gaz.
4. Chaudière selon l'une des revendications 1 à 3, caractérisée en ce qu'elle comporte
cinq, sept ou neuf chambres (40).
5. Chaudière selon l'une des revendications 1 à 4, caractérisée par une pluralité
de chicanes (46) situées dans une pluralité de chambres (40).