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(11) | EP 0 179 533 A2 |
| (12) | EUROPEAN PATENT APPLICATION |
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| (54) | Spray dried granular detergent compositions and process for their manufacture |
| (57) 57 Detergent compositions comprising a mixture of polyethylene glycol and polyacrylate
of specified molecular weight for improved physical properties and cold water dispersion
are disclosed. |
Technical Field
Summary of the Invention
[0002] The present invention encompasses a spray dried granular detergent composition comprising:
(a) from 5% to 50% by weight of a nonsoap anionic detergent surfactant;
(b) from 20% to 60% by weight of an alkali metal tripolyphosphate detergent builder;
(c) from 1% to 10% of a mixture of a polyethylene glycol and a polyacrylate, said mixture having a polyethylene glycol:polyacrylate weight ratio of from 1:10 to 10:1, said polyethylene glycol having a weight average molecular weight of from 1,000 to about 50,000, and said polyacrylate having a weight average molecular weight of from 1,000 to 20,000.
Detailed Description of the Invention
[0003] The detergent compositions of the present invention contain a nonsoap anionic detergent surfactant, a water-soluble alkali metal tripolyphosphate detergent builder, and a mixture of a polyacrylate polymer of selected molecular weight and a polyethylene glycol of selected molecular weight. The polyacrylate/polyethylene glycol mixtures herein provide a surprising boost to dispersion rates in cold water and improvement in physical properties.
[0004] The compositions of the present invention are prepared by spray drying and have superior physical characteristics.
Surfactant
[0005] The detergent compositions herein contain from 5% to 50%, preferably from 10% to 30% of a nonsoap anionic surfactant, or mixtures thereof. Surfactants useful herein are listed in U.S. Patent 3,664,961, Norris, issued May 23, 1972, and in U.S. Patent 3,919,678, Laughlin et al, issued December 30, 1975.
[0006] Useful anionic surfactants include the water-soluble salts, preferably the alkali metal salts, of organic sulfuric reaction products having, in their molecular structure an alkyl group containing from 10 to
[0007] 20 carbon atoms and a sulfonic acid or sulfuric acid ester group. (Included in the term "alkyl" is the alkyl portion of acyl groups.) Examples of this group of synthetic surfactants are the sodium and potassium alkyl sulfates, especially those obtained by sulfating the higher alcohols (C8-C18 carbon atoms) such as those produced by reducing the glycerides of tallow or coconut oil; and the sodium and potassium alkylbenzene sulfonates in which the alkyl group contains from 9 to 15 carbon atoms, in straight chain or branched chain configuration, e.g., those of the type described in U.S. Patents 2,220,099 and 2,477,383
Especially valuable are linear straight chain alkylbenzene sulfonates in which the average number of carbon atoms in the alkyl group is from 11 to 13, abbreviated as C11-13LAS.
[0008] Other anionic surfactants suitable for use herein are the sodium alkyl glyceryl ether sulfonates, especially those ethers of higher alcohols derived from tallow and coconut oil; sodium coconut oil fatty acid monoglyceride sulfonates and sulfates; sodium or potassium salts of alkyl phenol ethylene oxide ether sulfates containing from 1 to 10 units of ethylene oxide per molecule and from 8 to 12 ' carbon atoms in the alkyl group; and sodium or potassium salts of alkyl ethylene oxide ether sulfates containing from 1 to 10 units of ethylene oxide per molecule and from 10 to 20 carbon atoms in the alkyl group.
[0009] Other useful anionic surfactants include the water-soluble salts of esters of alpha-sulfonated fatty acids containing from 6 to 20 carbon atoms in the fatty acid group and from 1 to 10 carbon atoms in the ester group; water-soluble salts of 2-acyloxy-alkane-l-sulfonic acids containing from 2 to 9 carbon atoms in the acyl group and from 9 to
[0010] 23 carbon atoms in the alkane moiety; alkyl ether sulfates containing from 10 to 20 carbon atoms in the alkyl group and from 1 to 30 moles of ethylene oxide; water-soluble salts of olefin or paraffin sulfonates containing from 12 to 18 carbon atoms; and beta-alkyloxy alkane sulfonates containing from 1 to - 3 carbon atoms in the alkyloxy group and from
[0012] Particularly preferred surfactants for use herein include sodium C11-13LAS, C14-18 alkyl sulfates, C14-18 alkyl linear polyethoxy sulfates containing from _ 1 to 4 moles of ethylene oxide, and mixtures thereof.
The Detergent Builder
[0013] The compositions of the present invention contain from 20% to 60%, preferably from 30% to
50%, by weight of an alkali metal tripolyphosphate, preferably sodium tripolyphosphate.
Polyethylene Glycol/Polyacrylate
[0014] The compositions of the present invention contain from 1% to 10%, preferably from 1.5% to 8% of a mixture of a polyethylene glycol and a polyacrylate. The polyethylene glycol and the polyacrylate are present in a weight ratio of from 1:10 to 10:1, preferably from 1:3 to 3:1. The polyethylene glycol has a weight average molecular weight of from 1,000 to 50,000, preferably from 4,000 to 20,000. The polyacrylate has a weight average molecular weight of from 1,000 to 20,000, preferably from 2,000 to 10,000, more preferably from 3,000 to 8,000.
[0015] While polyethylene glycols are preferred, other suitable polymeric materials are the condensation products of C10-20 alcohols or C8-18 alkyl phenols with sufficient ethylene oxide, i.e., more than 50% by weight of the polymer, so that the resultant product has a melting point above 35°C.
[0016] Preferred polymers contain at least 70% ethylene oxide by weight and more preferred polymers contain at least 80% ethylene oxide by weight. Preferred polymeric materials have HLB values of at least
[0017] 15, and more preferably at least 17. Block and heteric polymers based on ethylene oxide and propylene oxide addition to a low molecular weight organic compound containing one or more active hydrogen atoms are suitable in the practice of the invention. Polymers based on the addition of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide to propylene glycol, ethylenediamine, and trimethylolpropane are commercially available under the names Pluronics®, Pluronic® R, Tetronics® and Pluradots® from the BASF Wyandotte Corporation of Wyandotte, Michigan. Corresponding nonproprietary names of the first three trade names are poloxamer, meroxapol and poloxamine, respectively.
[0018] Optimum solubility of the polyacrylate is obtained when it is in the form of an at least partially neutralized alkali metal salts. The sodium salts are most preferred.
[0019] Suitable polyacrylates herein are the partially or fully neutralized salts of polymers of acrylic acid. One can also use copolymers formed with small amounts of other copolymerizable monomers. The percentage by weight of the polyacrylate units which is derived from acrylic acid is preferably greater than 80%. Suitable copolymerizable monomers include, for example, methacrylic acid, hydroxyacrylic acid, vinyl chloride, vinyl alcohol, furan, acrylonitrile, methacrylonitrile, vinyl acetate, methyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, styrene, alpha-methylstyrene, vinyl methyl ether, vinyl ethyl ether, vinyl propyl ether, acrylamide, ethylene, propylene and 3-butenoic acid. Mixtures of these polymers can also be used. The polyacrylate may also be added in the acid form and neutralized by various bases present.
[0020] Preferred copolymers of the above group contain at least 90% by weight of units derived from the acrylic acid: Preferably essentially all of the polymer is derived from acrylic acid. Particularly preferred is sodium polyacrylate, especially when it has an average molecular weight of from 3,000 to 8,000.
[0021] It is essential that this mixture be added in the crutcher rather than post dosed for the benefits of the invention to be seen.
Optional Ingredients
[0022] The compositions of the invention can additionally contain up to 10%, preferably 5% of an organic surfactant selected from nonionic, zwitterionic, ampholytic, and cationic surfactants and mixtures thereof. The compositions can also contain other conventional ingredients, such as nonphosphorous builders, either organic or inorganic in nature.
[0023] Useful nonionic materials include compounds produced by the condensation of alkylene oxide groups (hydrophilic in nature) with an organic hydrophobic compound, which may be aliphatic or alkyl aromatic in nature. The length of the polyoxyalkylene group which is condensed with any particular hydrophobic group can be readily adjusted to yield a compound having the desired degree of balance between hydrophilic and hydrophobic elements.
[0024] Suitable nonionic surfactants include the polyethylene oxide condensates of alkyl phenols, e.g., the condensation products of alkyl phenols having an alkyl group containing from 6 to 15 carbon atoms, in either a straight chain or branched chain configuration, with from 3 to 12 moles of ethylene oxide per mole of alkyl phenol.
[0025] Preferred nonionics are the water-soluble condensation products of aliphatic alcohols containing from 8 to 22 carbon atoms, in either straight chain or branched configuration, with from 3 to
[0026] 12 moles of ethylene oxide per mole of alcohol. Particularly preferred are the condensation products of alcohols having an alkyl group containing from 9 to
[0028] Suitable semi-polar nonionic surfactants include: (2) water-soluble amine oxides containing one alkyl moiety of from 10 to 18 carbon atoms and 2 moieties selected from the group consisting of alkyl groups and hydroxyalkyl groups containing from 1 to
[0029] 3 carbon atoms, (2) water-soluble phosphine oxides containing one alkyl moiety of 10 to 18 carbon atoms and 2 moieties selected from
alkyl groups and hydroxyalkyl groups containing from 2 to 3 carbon atoms and (3) water-soluble sulfoxides containing one alkyl moiety of from 10 to 18 carbon atoms and a moiety selected from alkyl and hydroxyalkyl moieties of from 1 to 3 carbon atoms.
[0030] Optional ampholytic surfactants include derivatives of aliphatic, or aliphatic derivatives of heterocyclic, secondary and tertiary amines in which the aliphatic moiety can be straight chain, or branched, and wherein one of the aliphatic substituents contains from about 8 to about 18 carbon atoms and at least one aliphatic substituent contains an anionic water-solubilizing group.
[0031] Useful cationic surfactants include those described in U.S. Patent 4,222,905, Cockrell, issued September 16, 1980, and in U.S. Patent 4,239,659, Murphy, issued December 16, 1980,
[0032] Optional zwitterionic surfactants include derivatives of aliphatic quaternary ammonium or phosphonium or ternary sulfonium compounds in which one of the aliphatic substituents contains from 8 to 18 carbon atoms.
[0033] Also useful in the compositions of the invention are alkylpolysaccharide surfactants. The preferred alkylpolyglycosides have the formula RO(CnH2nO)t(glycosyl)x wherein R is selected from alkyl, alkylphenyl, hydroxyalkyl, hydroxyalkylphenyl and mixtures thereof, in which said alkyl groups contain from
[0034] 10 to 18, preferably from 12 to 14 carbon atoms, n is 2 or- 3, preferably 2, t is from 0 to * 10, preferably 0, and x is 1-1/2 to about 10, preferably from 1-1/2 to 3, most preferably from 1.6 to 2.7. The glycosyl is preferably derived from glucose.
[0035] The detergent compositions of the invention can optionally contain water-insoluble aluminosilicate ion exchange material of the formula
wherein z and y are at least 6, the molar ratio of z to y is from 1.0 to 0.5 and x is from 10 to 264. Amorphous hydrated aluminosilicate materials useful herein have the empirical formula Mz(zAlO2·ySiO2) wherein M is sodium, potassium, ammonium or substituted ammonium, z is from 0.5 to 2 and y is 1, said material having a magnesium ion exchange capacity of at least 50 milligram equivalents of CaCO3 hardness per gram of anhydrous aluminosilicate.
[0036] The aluminosilicate ion exchange builder materials herein are in hydrated form and contain from 10% to
28% of water by weight if crystalline, and potentially even higher amounts of water if amorphous.. Highly preferred crystalline aluminosilicate ion exchange materials contain from 18% to 22% water in their crystal matrix. The crystalline aluminosilicate ion exchange materials are further characterized by a particle size diameter of from 0.1 micron to 10 microns. Amorphous materials are often smaller, e.g., down to less than 0.01 micron. Preferred ion exchange materials have a particle size diameter of from
0.2 micron to 4 microns. The term "particle size diameter" herein represents the average
particle size diameter of a given ion exchange material as determined by conventional
analytical techniques such as, for example, microscopic determination utilizing a
scanning electron microscope. The crystalline aluminosilicate ion exchange materials
herein are usually further characterized by their calcium ion exchange capacity, which
is at least 200 mg. equivalent of CACO3 water hardness/g. of aluminosilicate, calculated on an anhydrous basis, and which
generally is in the range of from 300 mg. eq./g. to 352 mg. eq./g. The aluminosilicate
ion exchange materials herein are still further characterized by their calcium ion
exchange rate which is at least 0.009 grams CaC03 per minute per gram
of aluminosilicate (anhydrous basis), and generally lies within the range of from
0.009 to 0.027 grams CaC03 per minute per gram of aluminosilicate (anhydrous basis). Optimum aluminosilicate
for builder purposes exhibit a calcium ion exchange rate of at least 0.018 grams CaCO3 per minute per gram of aluminosilicata (anhydrous basis).
[0037] The amorphous aluminosilicate ion exchange materials usually have a Mg++ exchange capacity of at least about 50 mg. eq. CaCO /g. (12 mg. Mg,++/g.) and a Mg++ exchange fate of at least 0.019 grams MgC03 per minute per gram of aluminosilicate (anhydrous basis), (grain/gallon/minute/gran/gallon). Amorphous materials do not exhibit an observable diffraction pattern when examined by Cu radiation (1.54 Angstrom Units).
[0038] Aluminosilicate ion exchange materials useful in the practice of this invention are commercially available. The aluminosilicates useful in this invention can be crystalline or amorphous in structure and can be naturally-occurring aluminosilicates or synthetically derived. A method for producing aluminosilicate ion exchange materials is discussed in U.S. Patent 3,985,669, Krummel, et al, issued October 12, 1976.
[0039] Preferred synthetic crystalline aluminosilicate ion exchange materials useful herein are available under the designations Zeolite A, Zeolite B, and Zeolite X. In an especially preferred embodiment, the crystalline aluminosilicate ion exchange material has the formula
wherein x is from 20 to 30, especially 27.
[0040] Water-soluble, nonphosphorus organic builders useful herein include the various alkali metal, ammonium and substituted ammonium, carboxylates, nonpolymeric polycarboxylates and polyhydroxysulfonates. Examples of nonpolymeric polycarboxylate builders are the sodium, potassium, lithium, ammonium and substituted ammonium salts of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, nitrilotriacetic acid, oxydisuccinic acid, mellitic acid, benzene polycarboxylic acids, and citric acid. The compositions of this invention only contain the limited amount of polyacrylate defined hereinafter.
[0041] Other useful builders herein are sodium and potassium carboxymethyloxymalonate, carboxymethyloxysuccinate, cis-cyclohexanehexacarboxylate, cis-cyclopentanetetra- carboxylate, and phloroglucinol trisulfonate.
[0042] Other suitable nonpolymeric polycarboxylates are the polyacetal carboxylates described in U.S. Patent 4,144,226, issued March 13, 1979 to Crutchfield, et al, and U.S. Patent 4,246,495, issued March 27, 1979 to Crutchfield, et al.
[0043] These polyacetal carboxylates can be prepared by bringing together under polymerization conditions an ester of glyoxylic acid and a polymerization initiator. The resulting polyacetal carboxylate ester is then attached to chemically stable end groups to stabilize the polyacetal carboxylate against rapid depolymerization in alkaline solution, and converted to the corresponding.
[0044] The compositions herein preferably contain from 0% to 10%, preferably from 0.5% to 8%, and most preferably from 1% to 6%, by weight of an alkali metal silicate having a molar ratio of Si02 to alkali metal oxide of from 1.0 to 3.2, preferably from 1.4 to 2.4. Sodium silicate, particularly one having a molar ratio of 1.6 to . 2.2 is preferred.
[0045] The alkali metal silicates can be purchased in either liquid or granular form. Silicate slurries can conveniently be used to avoid having to dissolve the dried form in the crutcher mix of the components herein.
[0046] Other ingredients commonly used in detergent compositions can be included in the compositions of the present invention. These include color speckles, bleaching agents such as perborates and percarbonates and bleach activators, suds boosters or suds suppressors, antitarnish and anticorrosion agents, soil suspending agents, soil release agents, dyes, fillers, optical brighteners, germicides, pH adjusting agents, nonbuilder alkalinity sources, hydrotropes such as toluene sulfonates and xylene sulfonates, enzymes, enzyme- stabilizing agents, perfumes and water.
[0047] The detergent compositions of the present invention can comprise a portion of compositions containing a wide variety of materials suitable for detergent or other uses.
[0048] The following nonlimiting examples illustrate the detergent compositions of the present invention.
COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE I
EXAMPLE II
[0051] The base product was produced according to Example I with varying ratios of polyethylene glycol (PEG) with a weight average molecular weight of 8,000 and sodium polyacrylate with weight average molecular weight of 4,500 as shown below added in the crutcher mix. Eight-five grams (85 g.) of product were sewn into black fabric pockets and agitated on delicate agitation at 60°F (15.5°C) in a Kenmore washer. Pockets were removed and cut at 5 minutes and 10 minutes and graded on a 1-7 scale where 1 is poorly dispersed with most of the product remaining caked in the pocket and 7 is completely dispersed. Grades reported are averages of two replicate tests.
[0052] As can be seen, the products containing both the PEG and polyacrylate of the invention have the most improved cold water dispersion.
EXAMPLES III - VI
[0054] Samples were prepared with the following additive parts to 17.5 parts anionic surfactant. Added water was kept constant at 1.5 parts.
Control - No additives
A - 1% PEG 8000
B - 1% Polyacrylate
C - 1% of a 1:1 mixture of PEG and polyacrylate
[0055] The samples were placed in an oven for several hours. Rapid observational comparisons were made of these variants; viscosity, stirred viscosity and phase continuity. A filter paper wicking test was used to indicate whether the lye or surfactant phase was dominant or external (i.e., lye or aqueous phase wicks or wets through immediately while a dominant or continuous surfactant phase slows or prevents wicking).
Top Layer Fluidity
Sample
[0057]
As can be seen, the sample with the mixture of PEG/polyacrylate was overall less viscous at elevated processing-range temperatures than the control or samples with only PEG or polyacrylate, while remaining crystalline at room temperature. This crystalline property usually translates into crisp, non-sticky free-flowing granules with good physical properties, i.e., storage stability, pourability, and caking resistance.
Fluidity, stirred
Sample
[0059]
Again, the PEG/polyacrylate sample was consistantly a thin fluid at high temperatures, while showing the best stability at room temperature. This increases ease of processing along with increased storage stability of the finished granule.
Phase continuous
Sample
[0061] The sample with the PEG/polyacrylate mixture showed desirable phase continuity. A dominent or external lye phase is desirable as it translates into non-sticky free flowing finished granules and more rapid dissolution or dispersion in wash water.
[0062] When taken together, the results of the paste tests clearly show that the PEG/polyacrylate mixture shows better physical characteristics in the paste form. These would translate into better physical characteristics such as storage stability and caking resistance in the finished granular product.
1. A spray-dried granular detergent composition comprising:
said mixture having a polyethylene glycol to polyacrylate weight ratio of from 1:10 to 10:1, said polyethylene glycol having a weight average molecular weight of from 1,000 to 50,000, and said polyacrylate having a weight average molecular weight of from 1,000 to 20,000.
(a) from 5% to 50% of a nonsoap anionic surfactant or mixtures thereof;
(b) from 20% to 60% of an alkali metal tripolyphosphate builder or mixtures thereof;
(c) from 1% to 10% of a mixture of polyethylene glycol and a polyacrylate,
said mixture having a polyethylene glycol to polyacrylate weight ratio of from 1:10 to 10:1, said polyethylene glycol having a weight average molecular weight of from 1,000 to 50,000, and said polyacrylate having a weight average molecular weight of from 1,000 to 20,000.
2. A composition according to claim 1 wherein the mixture of polyethylene glycol and
polyacrylate comprises from 1% to 3% of the composition.
3. A composition according to either one of claims 1 and 2 wherein the polyethylene
glycol and polyacrylate are present in a weight ratio of from 1:3 to 3:1.
4. A composition according to any one of claims 1-3 wherein the polyacrylate has a
weight average molecular weight of from 2,000 to 10,000.
5. A composition according to any one of claims 1-4 wherein the polyethylene glycol
has a weight average of from 4,000 to 20,000, and the polyacrylate has a weight average
molecular weight of from 3,000 to 8,000.
6. A composition according to any one of claims 1-5 wherein the polyacrylate is sodium
polyacrylate.
7. A composition according to any one of claims 1-6 wherein the alkali metal tripolyphosphate
builder is sodium tripolyphosphate.
8. A composition according to any one of claims 1-7 wherein the nonsoap anionic surfactant
is selected from alkali metal salts of C11-13 alkylbenzene sulfonates, C14-18 alkyl sulfates, C14-18 alkyl polyethoxy sulfates containing from 1 to 4 moles of ethylene oxide per mole
of sulfate and mixtures of any of the foregoing.
9. A composition according to any one of claims 1-8 comprising from 10% to 30% of
the nonsoap anionic surfactant.
10. A composition according to claim 9 additionally comprising from 1% to 8% by weight
of an alkali metal silicate having an Sio2:alkali metal oxide molar ratio of from 1.6 to 2.4.
11. A process for spray drying a granular detergent composition comprising:
wherein the components are mixed in the crutcher along with enough additional water so that the water content of the crutcher paste is from 25% to 50% and then spray dried with an inlet air temperature of from 400°F (204°C) to 800°F (427°C).
(a) from 5% to 50% of a nonsoap anionic surfactant or mixtures thereof;
(b) from 20% to 60% of an alkali metal tripolyphosphate builder or mixtures thereof;
(c) from 1% to 10% of a mixture of polyethylene glycol and a polyacrylate,
wherein the components are mixed in the crutcher along with enough additional water so that the water content of the crutcher paste is from 25% to 50% and then spray dried with an inlet air temperature of from 400°F (204°C) to 800°F (427°C).
12. A process according to claim 11 wherein the water content of the crutcher paste
is from 28% to 40% and the inlet air temperature in the spray tower is from 500°F
(260°C) to 700°F (371°C).