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(11) | EP 0 184 336 A2 |
| (12) | EUROPEAN PATENT APPLICATION |
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| (54) | Process for producing N-formylaspartic anhydride |
| (57) There is disclosed a process for producing N-formylaspartic anhydride, which comprises
grinding solid aspartic acid into fine particles, and then reacting said finely ground
aspartic acid with formic acid and acetic anhydride. The process has good yields and
short reaction times. |
[0001] This present invention relates to a process for producing N-formylaspartic anhydride by reacting aspartic acid with formic acid and acetic anhydride.
[0002] A process which is know for the production of N-formylaspartic anhydride i volves the reaction of aspartic acid with a large excess of formic acid and acetic anhydride, after which a aromatic hydrocarbon and/or halogenated hydrocarbon is added to the reaction mixture. The resulting N-formylaspartic anhydride is then isolated from the medium (JP-A-91210/76). Another process involves the reaction of aspartic acid with formic acid and acetic anhydrile in essentially stoichiometric amounts. However, a substantially longer reaction time of 48 to 60 hours is required (JP-A-46279/84).
[0003] 'The above described processes are not satisfactory from the industrial viewpoint, because the mother liquor which remains can only be treated with difficulty because of the use of formic acid in large excess amounts, or because an aromatic hydrocarbon and/or halogenated solvent is employed, or because a very prolonged reaction time is required, even though formic acid and acetic anhydride are used as reactants in stoichiometric amounts. A need therefore continues to exist for a method of preparing N-formylaspartic anhydride in improved yields and shorter reaction times.
[0004] Accordingly, an object of the present invention is to provide a method of preparing N-formylaspartic anhydride in improved yields at short reaction times. This object can be attained by a method of preparing N-formylaspartic anhydride which comprises grinding solid aspartic acid into fine particles, and then reacting the finely ground aspartic acid with formic acid and acetic anhydride.
[0005] As a result of extensive investigations which have been conducted to overcome the above described problems and in order to provide an industrially satisfactory process for producing N-formylaspartic anhydride, it has now been discovered that N-formylaspartic anhydride can be produced in a short period of time in high yields if solid aspartic acid, prior to its reaction with formic acid and acetic anhydride, is ground into fine particles. This procedure obviates any necessity of using an aromatic hydrocarbon and/or halogenated hydrocarbon solvent even when acetic anhydride is only used in small amounts.
[0006] An important feature of the present invention then is that aspartic acid, which may be either a racemic mixture or in one of its optically active forms, is ground into fine particles. By initially grinding the aspartic acid, the advantages which are provided are that N-formylaspartic anhydride can be produced in shortened periods of time in high yields. Moreover, formic acid and acetic anhydride can be used in the reaction in small amounts.
[0007] The aspartic acid which is employed can be obtained by a conventional process such as by neutralizing a solution obtained by the enzyme catalyzed reaction of fumaric acid. Upon crystallizing aspartic acid from such a solution, the acid has a particle size larger than 75 microns in amounts of 80% or more as shown in Table 1. Subsequently, the particulate aspartic acid can be ground into particles of fine size in a device such as a mortar. The ground aspartic acid can be then sieved into a number of particle size ranges.
[0008] Samples of aspartic acid of the different particle size ranges shown above wefe reacted under the conditions shown in Example 1 elow in order to examine the relationship between the particle size of the crystals and the yield of N-formylaspartic anhydride. As shown in Table 2, the results reveal that as the particle size of aspartic acid crystals is reduced, N-formylaspartic anhydride is obtained in increasingly shorter periods of time in increasingly higher yields.
[0009] The smaller the particle size cf the crystals, the better the results obtained. Accordingly, the particle size of the aspartic acid should generally be smaller than 75 microns, preferably smaller than 50 microns, most preferably 10 microns. While the particle size, as stated above, should be less than 75 microns, the presence of aspartic acid particles having a size greater than 75 microns in small amounts (less than about 10%) is not objectionable or detrimental.
[0010] Aspartic acid in fine particle sizes can easily be obtained by any one of several different methods. For example, aspartic acid can be ground into fine particles by mechancial means such as by grinding crystals of aspartic acid with a grinder, or by emulsifying a mixture of aspartic acid crystals, formic acid and acetic anhydride in a homogenizer or the like.
[0011] Another alternative is to pulverize aspartic acid with a wet grinder during the course of the reaction.
[0012] Formic acid and acetic anhydride, which are used as reactants in the present process, may be incorporated in the reaction mixture in amounts of 1 to 1.5 mol of formic acid and 2 to 2.5 mol of acetic anhydride, based on aspartic acid.
[0013] When the reaction of the present invention is carried out in the presence of oxides, hydroxides or salts of various metals as catalysts, the formic acid and acetic anhydride reactants are normally employed in stoichiometric amounts, i.e. 1 to 1.1 mol of formic acid and 2 to 2.1 mol of acetic anhydride. Suitable metal compounds which can be used as catalysts include oxides or hydroxides of various metals such as alkali metal including lithium, sodium, potassium and the like; alkaline earth metals including magnesium, calcium and the like; copper group elements including copper and the like; zinc group elements including zinc and the like; boron group elements including aluminium and the like; iron group elements including iron and the like; or salts of the metals derived from various acids such as, for example, carbonates, carboxylates such as acetate and the like, hydrochlorides (chlorides), hydrobromides (bromides), nitrates, phosphates, sulphates and the like (JP-A-175484/84).
[0014] There is no particular limitation upon the amount of catalyst employed in the reaction. However, the amount of catalyst used is such that it does not adversely affect the subsequent steps. The amount of catalyst may vary somewhat depending upon the kind of compound employed as a catalyst. Whem magnesium acetate is used as the catalyst, as shown in Example 2 below, the amount employed is usually 0.005 mol based on L-aspartic acid. It has been observed that magnesium acetate is effective even in extremely small amounts. The optimum amount of any given compound employed as a catalyst in industrial scale operations can be easily determined by one skilled in the art by preliminary experiments prior to actually conducting full scale operations. The catalyst usually is added to the reaction system at the initiation of the dehydration reaction. Alternatively, the catalyst may be added to the system during the course of the reaction.
[0015] A preferred embodiment of the process is to conduct the reaction while subjecting the materials within the reactor to ultrasonic waves. N-formylaspartic anhydride can be obtained in higher yield by this technique. The frequency of the ultrasonic waves should be greater than 10 KHz. In fact, the greater the frequency the better are the results. However, a sufficient effect can be achieved even when using a conventional ultrasonic wave cleaner which emits waves at a frequency of 20 to 50 KHz.
[0016] With regard to the reaction temperature, this is preferably from 1000C to 100C, more preferably from 800C to 20°C, this being from the viewpoint of minimizing racemization of the poroduct as much as possible.
[0017] As discussed above, the use of the process of the present invention provides for the production of N-formylaspartic anhydride in shorter periods of time in high yields even when formic acid and acetic anhydride are used in small amounts.
Example 1
[0019] To a solution prepared by adding 42.9 g (0.42 mol) of acetic anhydride to 13.8 g (0.30 mol) of formic acid, there were added 26.6 g (0.2 mol) of L-aspartic acid having a particle size of 150 to 300 microns. While stirring, reaction was carried out while maintaining the temperature at 45°C. Sampling of the reaction was conducted with the passage of time in order to measure the rate at which N-formylaspartic anhydride was formed.
[0020] The analysis of N-formylaspartic anhydride was performed as follows. N-formylaspartic anhydride was reacted with methanol to form the α- and β -methyl ester compounds. The ester compounds were quantitatively determined by high speed liquid chromatography, from which data the yield of N-formylaspartic anhydride can be calculated.
[0021] The highest yields and reaction times obtained were 87.5% and 24 hours for the above-described reaction.
[0022] Similar runs were carried out employing L-aspartic acid of varying particle sizes. The results are shown in Table 2 below.
Example 2
[0023] To solution prepared by adding 64.3 g (0.63 mol) of acetic anhydride to 15.2 g (0.33 mol) of formic acid, there were added 39.9 g (0.3 mol) of L-aspartic acid having a particle size of 35 to 75 microns. Then 0.322 g (0.0015 mol) of magnesium acetate tetrahydrate was added to the mixture. While stirring, reaction was carried out for 8 hours while maintaining the temperature of the reaction medium at 450C. The yield of N-formylaspartic anhydride was 92.1%.
Example 3
[0024] The procedure of Example 2 was repeated with the reaction being conducted for 8 hours. The reaction medium was irradiated with ultrasonic waves from an ultrasonic wave generator (manufactured by Sharp Co., Ltd., Model UTB-152, frequency of 28 KHz, output of 150 W). The yield of N-formylaspartic anhydride was 95.7%.
1. A process for producing N-formylaspartic anhydride, which comprises grinding solid
aspartic acid into fine particles, and reacting said finely ground aspartic acid with
formic acid and acetic anhydride.
2. A process according to Claim 1, wherein said reaction is promoted by a metal oxide
catalyst, a metal hydroxide catalyst or a metal salt catalyst.
3. A process according to Claim 2, wherein said catalyst is an oxide, hydroxide or
salt of an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, a copper group metal, a zinc group
metal, a boron group element, or an iron group metal, said metal salt being a carbonate,
carboxylate, chloride, bromide, nitrate, phosphate or sulphate.
4. A process according to any of Claims 1 to 3, wherein the particle size of the aspartic
acid crystals is less than 75 microns.
5. A process according to Claim 4, wherein said particle size is less than 50 microns.
6. A process according to any of Claims 1 to 5, wherein the reaction temperature is
from 100C to 100oC.
7. A process according to Claim 6, wherein said reaction temperature is from 200C to 80oC.
8. A process according to any of Claims 1 to 7, wherein the amount of formic acid
is from 1 to 1.5 mol and the amount of acetic anhydride is from 2 to 2.5 mol, each
per mol of aspartic acid.
9. A process according to any of Claims 1 to 8, wherein the reaction medium is subjected
to ultrasonic waves as the reaction progresses.
10. A process according to Claim 9, wherein the frequency of said ultrasonic waves
is greater than 10 KHz.