|
(11) | EP 0 190 940 A2 |
| (12) | EUROPEAN PATENT APPLICATION |
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (54) | High frequency attenuation cable and harness |
| (57) There is disclosed a high frequency attenuation cable. The cable consists of a core
which includes at least one conductor, a high frequency absorption medium and dielectric
material. The high frequency absorption medium comprises soft magnetic elements having
an aspect ratio of about 3 or greater. The high frequency absorption medium may also
include particulate elements loaded in a polymeric material. There is also disclosed
a high frequency attenuation harness which includes a plurality of high frequency
attenuation cables. |
[0002] The use of high frequency attenuation cables is, of course, well known. The driving force behind high frequency attenuation cables has been to filter out high frequency energy which could otherwise interfere with the operation of the cable. The effectiveness with which the high frequency energy is filtered out is the high frequency attenuation. The greater the high frequency attenuation, the better the effectiveness.
[0003] Various attempts have been made to improve the high frequency attenuation of these cables. In this regard, see for example, Mayer, USP 4,301,428; Martin, USP 4,347,487; Cornelius et al., USP 4,486,721; and Cornelius et al., U.S. Serial No. 417,954 (filed September 14, 1982), all of which are incorporated herein by reference.
[0004] These references generally disclose a cable construction in which the conductor is surrounded, in order, by a high frequency energy attenuation medium, a dielectric, and an electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding means. In the Cornelius et al. application, the relative positions of the high frequency energy attenuation medium and the dielectric are reversed.
[0005] In addition, the Martin reference discloses a conductive outer shield while the Cornelius et al. references disclose a conductive layer outside the dielectric material and the high frequency energy attenuation medium.
[0006] While the above references have improved high frequency attenuation above 100 megahertz (MHz), there is still the necessity to improve high frequency attenuation in the range of 10 to 100 MHz.
[0007] Thus, it is an object of the invention to improve high frequency attenuation in the range of 10 to 100 MHz.
[0008] There is disclosed a high frequency attenuation cable. The cable comprises a core which in turn comprises at least one conductor, a high frequency absorption medium surrounding the conductor, and dielectric material.
[0009] We have found that when the high frequency absorption medium comprises soft magnetic elements having an aspect ratio of about 3 or greater then the performance of the cable is surprisingly and unexpectedly improved.
[0010] In a preferred embodiment of the invention the high frequency absorption medium will further comprise particulate elements loaded in a polymeric material and the dielectric material will be polyvinylidene fluoride.
[0011] There is also disclosed a high frequency attenuation harness which includes a plurality of high frequency attenuation cables.
[0012]
Figure 1 is a cut-away side view of one embodiment of a cable according to the invention.
Figure 2 is a cut-away side view of another embodiment of a cable according to the invention.
Figure 3 is a cross-sectional view of one embodiment of a high frequency attenuation cable harness according to the invention.
Figure 4 is a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of a high frequency attenuation cable harness according to the invention. `
Figures 5 through 8 are graphs of attenuation versus frequency for cable constructions according to the invention compared to cable constructions according to the prior art.
[0013] Referring to the figures in more detail and particularly referring to Figure 1, there is disclosed according to the invention a high frequency attenuation cable 2. The cable comprises a core which comprises at least one conductor 4, a high frequency absorption medium 6 surrounding the conductor, and a dielectric 8 surrounding the high frequency absorption medium. The high frequency absorption medium comprises soft magnetic elements having an aspect ratio of about 3 or greater.
[0014] It should be understood that the core is that portion of the cable which is surrounded by EMI shielding and any outer or protective jacketing.
[0016] It should also be understood that the aspect ratio is defined as the largest dimension of the soft magnetic element divided by the smallest dimension of the soft magnetic element. For the sake of convenience, soft magnetic elements having an aspect ratio of about 3 or greater may hereafter in this specification be referred to as high aspect ratio elements.
[0017] The high frequency absorption medium serves to allow the passage of low frequency energy but absorbs the high frequency energy. Typically the high frequency absorption medium such as the well-known lossy materials disclosed in the Cornelius et al. references contains
[0018] particulate matter or powder which has an aspect ratio (according to the above definition) much less than 3. See also the lossy materials disclosed in Mayer, USP 3,309,633 and USP 3,191,132, which are incorporated herein by reference. Obviously, this is because the particulate matter or powder consists of spherical or globular particles. It can thus be appreciated that the high aspect ratio soft magnetic elements of the high frequency absorption medium according to the invention are thus physically distinguished from the particulate matter or powder of the prior art high frequency absorption mediums.
[0019] In a further embodiment of the invention, as shown in Figure 2, there is disclosed a high frequency attenuation cable 2' comprising a core. The core comprises at least one conductor 4, a dielectric 9 surrounding the conductor, a high frequency absorption medium 6 surrounding the dielectric, and a second layer of dielectric 8 surrounding the high frequency absorption medium. It is thus apparent that in this embodiment the dielectric material is located both inside and outside of the high frequency absorption medium. The high frequency absorption medium comprises soft magnetic elements having an aspect ratio (as previously defined) of about 3 or greater.
[0020] In an alternative embodiment of the invention (not shown) the dielectric material may be placed only inside of the high frequency absorption medium so that the dielectric material is located between the conductor and the high frequency absorption medium. Again, the high frequency absorption medium comprises soft magnetic elements having an aspect ratio of about 3 or greater.
[0021] In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the high frequency absorption medium further comprises particulate ',' elements loaded in a polymeric material. Thus, the high frequency absorption medium in the preferred embodiment will comprise both soft magnetic elements having an aspect ratio of about 3 or greater and particulate elements loaded in a polymeric material. The advantages of such a com- binati6n will become apparent hereafter.
[0022] It is contemplated within the scope of the invention that the particulate elements loaded in a polymeric material may be intermingled with the soft magnetic elements so as to form a unitary layer of high frequency absorption material. However, it is also within the scope of the invention to maintain the particulate elements loaded in a polymeric material and the soft magnetic elements as discrete layers of high frequency absorption material.
[0023] The dielectric material may be selected from any of the known dielectric materials usually used in cable constructions. These dielectric materials may be, for example, TEFZEL® (TEFZEL is a copolymer of ethylene and tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE) and is a product of E. I. duPont de Nemours, Wilmington, DE), MYLAR® (MYLAR is polyethylene teraphthalate (PET) and is a product of E. I. duPont de Nemours, Wilmington, DE), or polyethylene. It is preferred that the dielectric material be a high dielectric material as disclosed in copending U.S. Serial No.698,645 filed February 6, 1986, entitled "High Frequency Attenuation Cable and Harness," which is incorporated herein. According to this disclosure, the high dielectric material has a dielectric constant greater than about 5 and is insulative with respect to the high frequency absorption medium. However, it is most preferred that the dielectric material be polyvinylidene fluoride, commercially available as KYNARe (a product of Pennwalt Corp., Philadelphia, PA). The polyvinylidene fluoride is preferred over the other dielectric materials in that it has a dielectric constant ( of about 5-10 depending on frequency and method of manufactur) which is much higher than that found in the other dielectric materials ( of about 2-3 for polyethylene). It has been found that the higher dielectric constant of the polyvinylidene fluoride leads to improved properties as will become apparent hereafter.
[0024] As stated previously, the soft magnetic elements have an aspect ratio of about 3 or greater. It is preferred that these soft magnetic elements be selected from the group of fibers and flakes. The fibers may be in the form of tow or as chopped fibers. It is thus apparent that depending upon the particular configuration of the soft magnetic element selected, the soft magnetic element may (and usually will) have an aspect ratio of substantially greater than 3.
[0025] It is, of course, known that fibers of similar materials have already been used in cable constructions. See, e.g., "Stainless Steel, the 'Invisible' Conductive Filler for Plastics", J. C. Neblo and R. P. Tolokaw, EMC Technology, pp. 43-46 (October-December 1984). This use of fibers has so far been limited to inclusion in EMI shielding. However, the function of EMI shielding is substantially different from the function of a high frequency absorption medium. In the high frequency absorption medium, the fibers act to absorb high frequency energy from the conductor whereas the fibers in the EMI shielding serve to shield the cable core from externally generated interference by reflecting the unwanted interference.
[0026] It must be appreciated that while the use of particulate elements loaded in a polymeric material have been previously disclosed, for example, in the Cornelius et al. references, such materials have never before been used in conjunction with high aspect ratio elements in a high frequency absorption medium. Certainly, the dramatic increase in high frequency attenuation could not have been envisioned. For the purposes of the present invention it is preferred that the particulate elements loaded in a polymeric material comprise ferrite-loaded VITONe. (VITON is a copolymer of vinylidene fluoride and hexafluoropropylene and is a product of E. I. du Pont de Nemours, Wilmington, DE.)
[0027] It is also preferred that the soft magnetic elements be selected from the group consisting of ferromagnetic and ferrimagnetic materials. More preferably the soft magnetic elements are selected from the group consisting of ferrites, nickel-plated carbon, stainless steel, and nickel, and nickel-iron alloys (such as mumetal, permalloy, supermalloy, etc.). The stainless steels contemplated within the scope of the invention are those stainless steels which are naturally ferromagnetic or become ferromagnetic due to processing.
[0028] It is, of course, contemplated within the scope of the invention that the cable construction may include any other layers of material commonly included in cables of this type. It is preferred that the cable in any case include EMI shielding means surrounding the high frequency absorption medium and further include an outer jacket surrounding the EMI shielding means.
[0029] Referring again to the figures, and in particular referring to Figures 3 and 4, there are shown two embodiments of cable harnesses. Each of the cable harnesses with each cable having a core. The core may be any of the cores previously discussed above. The particular embodiment of the cable harness 20 shown in Figure 3 comprises a plurality of cables 22 each having a core comprising at least one conductor 24 surrounded by a high frequency absorption medium 26 which is in turn surrrounded by dielectric material 28. The construction further includes EMI shielding means 30 surrounding each of the cores and outer jacket 32 surrounding each of the EMI shielding means. The cable construction finally comprises protective outer jacketing 34 surrounding the plurality of cables.
[0030] Turning now to Figure 4, the cable 40 comprises a plurality of cables 42 and cores. In each core there is at least one conductor 44 surrounded by a high frequency absorption medium 46 which is in turn surrounded by dielectric material 48. The cable harness further comprises gross EMI shielding means 50 surrounding the plurality of cables and protective outer jacketing 52 surrounding the gross EMI shielding means.
[0031] As previously described in connection with the cable cores, the high frequency absorption medium in the cable harnesses comprises soft magnetic elements having an aspect ratio of about 3 or greater. These soft magnetic elements may take the form of fibers or flakes. The high frequency absorption medium may also comprise particulate elements loaded in a polymeric material. In a preferred embodiment the particulate elements loaded in a polymeric material comprise ferrite-loaded VITON. In a most preferred embodiment, the dielectric material comprises polyvinylidene fluoride.
[0032] In either of the cable constructions shown in Figures' 3 and 4, the dielectric material may be located inside or outside of the high frequency absorption medium or both inside and outside of the high frequency absorption medium.
[0033] The advantages of the invention will become more apparent after reference to the following examples.
Example I
[0034] Two samples were prepared to illustrate the difference in properties obtained when using high aspect ratio elements (in this case fibrous material having an aspect ratio greater than 3) and when using powder. Those samples were prepared by placing the matter (nickel fibers or nickel powder) and a central conductor into a plastic container having a low dielectric constant. The ends of the container were sealed and an EMI shielding means placed around the container. The attenuation of each sample versus frequency was then measured. The results are plotted on Figure 5. As can be seen from Figure 5, the sample containing the fibers, sample 1, was far superior in the frequency range of 10 to 100 MHz whereas Sample 2, the sample containing the powder, only exhibited superior properties at much higher frequencies.' These results demonstrate the effectiveness of high aspect ratio elements over particulate material.
Example II
[0035] Three samples were prepared to illustrate the effect on attenuation of various insulations. Samples 1 and 2 were prepared by wrapping ferromagnetic fibers (304 stainless steel fiber tow which is highly oriented so as to be magnetic) around a conductor and then saturating the fibers with ferrite particles and silicone. The cable was then wrapped For testing purposes, the cable further consisted of a metallic braid and an outer cable jacket. The difference between Sample 1 and 2 is that in sample 1 the insulation was TEFZEL and in Sample 2 the insulation was KYNAR. Sample 3 was prepared in an identical manner to Samples 1 and 2 except the MYLAR layer was omitted and the insulation was KYNAR.
[0036] The attenuation of the samples versus frequency were measured and plotted on Figure 6. As can be seen, Samples 1 and 2 performed similarly until very high frequencies were reached at which point Sample 1 exhibited superior properties. Although Sample 2 contained the preferred KYNAR insulation it is believed that the presence of a low dielectric material, the MYLAR, negated the effectiveness of the KYNAR material. Sample 3, which only contained the KYNAR, performed better than all of the samples. Of particular note, in the frequency range of 10 to 100 MHz, Sample 3 performed in marked contrast to Samples 1 and 2. These results illustrate the effectiveness of the combination of high aspect ratio elements and KYNAR.
Example III
[0037] Three samples were prepared. Sample 1 comprised 304 stainless steel fiber tow braided onto a conductor. The stainless steel has become so highly oriented that it is magnetic. This was in turn surrounded by KYNAR insulation. Sample 2 was prepared in a manner identical to sample 1 except that the stainless steel braid was saturated with particulate ferrite-loaded VITON lossy compound. Sample 3 was prepared by placing a layer of particulate ferrite-loaded VITON over a conductor which in turn was surrounded by a layer of TEFZEL insulation. The results are plotted on Figure 7.
[0038] As can be seen in the figure, Samples 1 and 2, the samples with the fibers, performed much better than Sample 3 in the critical frequency range of 10 to 100 MHz. Beyond 100 MHz, Sample 3 performed better than Sample 1. However, Sample 2 performed much better than Sample 3. These results demonstrate that, in general, high aspect ratio elements perform better than particulate matter alone in the 10 to 100 megahertz frequency range and that in the 100 to 1000 megahertz frequency range, particulate matter alone performs better than high aspect ratio elements alone. Further, the combination of high aspect ratio elements, particulate matter, and KYNAR performs much better over the entire frequency range of 10 to 1000 megahertz than the prior art combination of particulate matter and TEFZEL.
Example IV
[0039] Three samples were prepared to determine the effect of fiber size. Sample 1 was prepared by the braiding of 7-micron 304 stainless steel tow onto a conductor which in turn was surrounded by KYNAR insulation. Sample 2 was prepared by braiding 4-micron 304 stainless steel tow onto a conductor and then surrounding this with a layer of KYNAR insulation. In the case of samples 1 and 2, the stainless steel is so highly oriented as to be magnetic. Sample 3 was a standard cable prepared according to specification 55FA0311-20, published by Raychem Corporation, which is incorporated herein by reference. According to this specification, the cable has a stranded conductor surrounded by particulate ferrite loaded in a polymeric material which is in turn surrounded by TEFZEL insulation.
[0040] As can be seen in Figure 8, the samples with the fibrous material, samples 1 and 2, performed better than the standard cable in the frequency range of 10 to 100 MHz. In the frequency range of 100 to 1000 MHz, the standard cable performs better than either of the samples having the fibers alone. However, Sample 2 which has the 4-micron fibers performs very closely to the standard cable having the particulate matter in the frequency range of 100 to 1000 MHz.
[0041] What the results in Figure 8 illustrate is that as the size of the fiber decreases, that is the higher its aspect ratio, the fiber will still perform as a fiber in the 10 to 100 MHz range, but in the 100 to 1000 MHz range these higher aspect ratio fibers will tend to perform like particulates. Thus, the advantage of combining fibers and particulates as illustrated best by sample 2 in Figure 7 can be nearly obtained by simply using fibers having a very high aspect ratio as illustrated by sample 2 in Figure 8.
[0042] In view of the above, it can be seen that the performance of cables is dependent on a number of factors including the type of high frequency absorption material and the type of insulation. After reviewing the examples it can be seen that cables having high aspect ratio material perform better than cables having particulate material and cables having high aspect ratio material, particulate material and KYNAR insulation performed better than cables having particulate matter plus low dielectric material. It can thus be appreciated that the cables according to the invention perform better than the prior art materials in the frequency range of 10 to 100 MHz and in some cases better than the prior art materials in the frequency range of 100 to 1000 MHz.
[0043] While the invention has been described herein in accordance with certain preferred embodiments thereof, many modifications and changes will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Accordingly, it is intended by the appended claims to cover all such modifications and changes as fall within the true spirit and scope of the invention.
1. A high frequency atttenuation cable comprising:
a core comprising
at least one conductor;
a high frequency absorption medium surrounding the conductor, wherein the high frequency absorption medium comprises soft magnetic elements having an aspect ratio of about 3 or greater; and
a dielectric surrounding the high frequency absorption medium.
2. A high frequency attenuation cable comprising:
a core comprising
at least one conductor;
a dielectric surrounding the conductor; and
a high frequency absorption medium surrounding the dielectric, wherein the high frequency absorption medium comprises soft magnetic elements having an aspect ratio of about 3 or greater.
3. A high frequency atttenuation cable comprising:
a core comprising
at least one conductor;
a dielectric surrounding the conductor;
a high frequency absorption medium surrounding the dielectric, wherein the high frequency absorption medium comprises soft magnetic elements having an aspect ratio of about 3 or greater; and
a dielectric surrounding the high frequency absorption medium.
4. The high frequency attenuation cable of Claim 1,2 or 3 wherein the high frequency
absorption medium further comprises particulate elements loaded in a polymeric material.
5. The high frequency attenuation cable of Claims 1, 2, or 3 wherein the dielectric
has a dielectric constant greater than about 5 and is insulative with respect to the
high frequency absorption medium, preferably polyvinylidene fluoride.
6. The high frequency attenuation cable of Claims 1, 2, or 3 wherein the dielectric
is selected from the group consisting of polyethylene, polyethylene teraphthalate,
and copolymers of ethylene and tetrafluoroethylene.
7. The high frequency attenuation cable of Claims 1, 2, or 3 wherein the soft magnetic
elements are selected from the group consisting of ferromagnetic and ferrimagnetic
materials.
8. The high frequency attenuation cable of Claims 1, 2, or 3 wherein the soft magnetic
elements are selected from the group consisting of ferrites, nickel-plated carbon,
stainless steel, nickel, and nickel-iron alloys.
9. The high frequency attenuation cable of Claims 1, 2, or 3 wherein the soft magnetic
elements are selected from the group consisting of fibers and flakes.
10. A cable harness comprising a plurality of high frequency attenuation cables each
said cable being in accordance with any of the preceeding claims.