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(11) | EP 0 194 813 A2 |
| (12) | EUROPEAN PATENT APPLICATION |
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| (54) | Method and device for conditioning fabrics in a tumble-dryer |
| (57) A method for conditioning fabrics in the tumble-dryer comprises applying to the fabrics
a fabric conditioner in fine free-flowing powder form and comprising at least 80%
by weight of a specified water-soluble soap blend and from 5-20% by weight of C16-C22 aliphatic alcohol 5-30EO ethoxylate. The soap blend contains significant proportions
of C12, C14, C16 and C18 soaps, and is preferably a blend of 45-85% tallow soap and 15-55% coconut soap: the
ethoxylated alcohol is advantageously tallow alcohol 25EO. The powder may be applied
from a sprinkling device that moves freely among the fabrics. |
[0001] The present invention relates to a method and device for conditioning fabrics in a tumble-dryer. The term "conditioning" is used herein to mean the imparting of certain consumer benefits, including softness and reduced static cling, to washed fabrics. In the process of the invention, a fabric conditioning agent in the form of a free-flowing powder is applied directly to the fabrics before or during drying in the tumble-dryer.
[0002] The present invention represents an improved modification of the invention described and claimed in GB 2 136 028A (Unilever), which is concerned with a fabric conditioning method and device using a soap-based fabric conditioning agent in the form of a simple, uncoated free-flowing powder.
[0003] In the aforementioned GB 2 136 028A, there is claimed a method of conditioning fabrics, which comprises tumbling damp fabrics under the action of heat in a laundry dryer together with a conditioning agent in the form of a free-flowing powder and having a particle size range within the range of from 20 to 1000 µm, said powder consisting to an extent of at least 55% by weight of one or more water-soluble soaps of C8 to C22 saturated or unsaturated fatty acids, said soap blend containing at least 5% by weight of C12 soap, at least 5% by weight of C14 soap, at least 12% by weight of C16 soap and at least 20% by weight of C18 soap, said soap blend being in the form of a powder free of any protective coating.
[0004] It was found that the soap blends specified in GB 2 136 028A were excellent softeners, but were not optimum for reducing static cling. The latter property could be improved by the inclusion of minor amounts of cationic materials, and combinations of soap with distearyl dimethyl ammonium chloride were found to have an excellent antistatic effect: see Examples 23 and 24 of GB 2 136 028A. Recently, however, these cationic materials have been coming under increasing attack on environmental and safety grounds, and efforts have been made to identify effective softening and antistatic compositions that are free of such materials.
[0005] It has now surprisingly been found that combinations of soap blends as described in GB 2 136 028A and certain nonionic surfactants have excellent fabric conditioning properties, with respect both to softening and to reduction of static cling. These compositions, like those of GB 2 136 028A, are applied in powder form to the fabrics to be conditioned.
[0006] The application of fabric conditioning agents in powder or granule form to fabrics prior to or during the drying cycle is already known per se, not only from GB 2 136 028A but also from GB 2 122 657A (Unilever), which describes and claims a preferred dispensing device for use in the present invention, and from AU 52813/73 (Economics Laboratory).
[0007] US 4 049 858 and US 4 09-6 071 (Murphy, Procter & Gamble) disclose a fabric softening composition comprising a sorbitan ester, together with a phase modifier (a soap or an alkyl sulphate) in a ratio of 100:1 to 1:1. The composition may be applied to the fabric load prior to drying as a foam or dispersion or by sprinkling from a shaker; or it may be enclosed in a hollow, open-pore polyurethane foam sponge pouch which is placed in the dryer with the fabrics.
[0008] GB 1 482 782 (Procter & Gamble) discloses fabric conditioning compositions that impart crispness to the fabric. The compositions contain nonionic surfactant and a crisping component insoluble in water that may be a fatty alcohol, a fatty acid, or an insoluble (calcium or magnesium) soap of a fatty acid. The composition may be dispensed from a hollow sponge, a bag or a sheet substrate, or manually scattered, in granular form, onto the fabrics before the start of the drying cycle.
[0009] The present invention provides a method of conditioning fabrics, which comprises tumbling damp fabrics under the action of heat in a laundry dryer together with a conditioning agent in the form of a free-flowing powder having a particle size within the range of from 20 to 1000 µm, said powder comprising
(i) at least 80% by weight of a soap blend as defined in the aforementioned GB 2 136 028A, and
(ii) from 5 to 20% by weight of at least one C16-C22 aliphatic alcohol ethoxylated with an average of from 5 to 30 moles of ethylene oxide.
[0010] It has been found that compositions as defined above, when applied as a free-flowing powder to fabrics in the tumble-dryer, are highly effective fabric softeners and also reduce static cling just as well as the soap/cationic blends of GB 2 136 028A. The particles, scattered on the fabrics before drying or during the early part of the drying cycle, initially adhere to the damp fabric and then spread to cover the fabrics.
[0011] It is an essential feature of the present invention that the fabric conditioning agent be in powder form. Soap-based conditioning compositions applied as a coating or impregnant on a sheet substrate, without distributing agent, were found to be delivered very poorly to the fabrics, so that very little softening benefit was obtained; a substantial proportion of the soap remained on the sheet substrate. According to the present invention, on the other hand, 100% delivery of the conditioning agent to the fabrics may easily be achieved without the use of a distributing agent.
[0012] The particle size of the powder will influence the speed and uniformity of delivery. Particle sizes above 1000 µm have been found to give insufficiently uniform conditioning, and thus powders having particle sizes above this figure, which may more properly be regarded as granules, are outside the scope of the invention. The smaller the particle size of the powder, the greater the uniformity of its distribution on the fabrics in the dryer; but a particle size smaller than 20 µm is undesirable on safety grounds because of its respirability. A preferred particle size range is 70 to 500 µm, more preferably 90 to 250 µm.
[0013] The powdered conditioning agent used according to the invention consists, to an extent of at least 80% by weight, preferably at least 90% by weight, of the soap blend as defined above. The cation is generally alkali metal, preferably sodium or potassium; ammonium; or substituted ammonium, for example, triethanolamine. The blend preferably contains at least 7% by weight of C12 soap, especially from 7 to 27%; at least 6% by weight of C14 soap, especially from 6 to 12%; at least 15% by weight of C16 soap, especially from 18 to 28%; and at least 25% by weight of C18 soap, especially from 32 to 54% by weight.
[0014] The soap blend used in the process of the invention thus contains significant amounts of four different chain lengths, the spread of chain lengths - from C12 to C18- being relatively wide.
[0015] The blend may contain both saturated and unsaturated soaps. Advantageously the blend contains at least 15% by weight of C18 unsaturated soap, preferably at least 20% by weight and especially from 22 to 38% by weight.
[0016] Single-chain-length soaps show a slight fabric softening effect, as do soap blends having a limited chain length spread, such as tallow soap and coconut soap. All these soaps, however, are inferior softeners to commercially available impregnated sheets carrying cationic fabric conditioner and spreading agent. As described in GB 2 136 028A, however, blends having a wider and more balanced chain length spread, obtainable by mixing tallow and coconut soaps, have been found to give highly efficient softening which, at a dosage of 3 g per fabric load, is consistently as good as, if not better than, that obtained using the impregnated sheet type of article. These blends may advantageously contain from 45 to 85% by weight of tallow soap, the balance being coconut soap Commercial blends of coconut and tallow soaps as used in toilet soap bars and fabric washing soap flakes have been found to offer excellent softening performance. These blends may in some cases be superfatted, that is to say, they contain up to about 10% by weight of free fatty acids. This appears not to be detrimental in terms of softening performance, but can make the milling of the soap to a free-flowing powder more difficult.
[0017] The chain length distribution of some typical blends, together with those of tallow and coconut soaps, are shown in the Table.
[0018] The powdered fabric conditioning agents used according to the present invention also contain minor amounts, not exceeding 20%, of specified nonionic surfactants: C16 C22 aliphatic alcohol 5-30 EO ethoxylates. These materials do not themselves have appreciable softening properties, so it is not desirable to use high proportions of them in the conditioning compositions, but in minor amounts of 5-20% by weight, preferably 5-10% by weight, they considerably enhance the antistatic properties of the fabric conditioning compositions.
[0019] It may be advantageous for processing reasons to use a nonionic surfactant that has a melting point above about 20°C. Accordingly materials with relatively long hydrocarbon chains (C16 and above) are preferred. Ethoxylates of tallow alcohol, for example the 9 EO, 18 EO and 25 EO ethoxylates are all useful in the present invention: these have melting points of about 33°C, 37°C and 44°C respectively. The 25 EO material is especially preferred for ease of processing because it is available as a free-flowing spray-cooled powder. Tallow alcohols consist mostly of C18 alcohol. Petrochemically derived C16-C19 OXO alcohol mixes with 7-20 ethylene oxide groups per mole (average) have also been used successfully in the present invention.
[0020] The powdered fabric conditioning agent used in accordance with the present invention may, for example, be prepared by slurrying together the soap and alcohol ethoxylate, drying the slurry, grinding and sieving to a desired particle size range. Alternativelyif the nonionic surfactant is a free-flowing powder itself, the ingredients may be ground and sieved separately and then dry mixed. Other processing possibilities will readily suggest themselves to one skilled in the art.
[0021] The composition will consist predominantly of the two principal ingredients already mentioned, but may also include minor amounts of other materials chosen to enhance the overall fabric conditioning effect, for example, to impart crispness, perfume or easy-iron characteristics, or to improve powder properties. Any perfume included
is preferably fabric-substantive, and may advantageously be protected by encapsulation.
[0022] The amount of_powdered conditioning agent used per fabric load will of course depend both on the fabric load and the size of the machine. For use in a domestic UK or European tumble-dryer, amounts of from 1.5 to 12 g, preferably from 2.5 to 10 g and especially from 2.5 to 7 g, have been found to be optimum.
[0023] The powdered conditioning agent may simply be scattered by hand onto the fabrics in the tumble-dryer before the dryer is switched on, but in a preferred embodiment of the powdered conditioning agent is contained within a dispensing device and is sprinkled onto the fabrics during the actual drying process.
[0024] The dispensing device may be fixed to an internal surface of the dryer, either a stationary surface such as the door or, preferably, a moving surface such as the drum wall. More preferably, however, the dispensing device is loose in the dryer and moves freely among the fabrics as drying progresses.
[0025] The use of a dispensing device allows the scattering of the conditioning agent onto the fabrics to take place gradually during the early part of the drying cycle, rather than instantaneously. The powder should all be dispensed onto the fabric while the fabrics are still damp enough for the powder to adhere to them. The time over which the powder should be dispensed accordingly depends on the fabric load and its initial water content, as well as on the tumble dryer itself. For UK or European tumble dryers it has been found that the powder should preferably be dispensed over a period of at least 2.5 minutes and not exceeding 20 minutes, preferably not exceeding 10 minutes. For successful dispensing the conditioning agent must obviously remain in fine powder form while it is inside the dispensing device; conversion to a fluid form must take place later when the powder has been deposited on the fabrics. It has been found that the soap-based powdered conditioning agent used according to the present invention has excellent characteristics in this respect.
[0026] The use of a dispensing device also allows more accurate control of the amount of conditioning agent, especially if it is of the disposable unit dose type containing the correct amount of conditioning agent for a single load. Such a dispensing device may take the form of a small container having openings of a size such that gradual and uniform dispensing of the powder will occur.
[0027] Accordingly, in a second aspect, the present invention provides an article for conditioning fabrics in a tumble-dryer, comprising a container having a plurality of openings the largest dimension of which does not exceed 2.5 mm, and containing from 1.5 to 12 g of a fabric conditioning agent as defined above.
[0028] The container is of such a size that it can contain the appropriate quantity (1.5 to 12 g, preferably 2.5 to 10 g) of conditioning agent and deliver it at an appropriate rate. It should not be too small, or it will become caught among the fabrics.
[0029] The hole size of the container is advantageously matched to the particle size of the powdered conditioning agent, so that the latter is dispensed in a controlled manner. For example, if the particle size is within the preferred range of 70 to 500 µm, the container is advantageously substantially free of openings larger than 2000 µm, and more preferably substantially free of openings larger than 1000 um. Use of a container having a hole size approximately equal to the largest particle size of the powder used gives especially uniform conditioning. Some powders may, however, have a tendency to agglomerate under tumble-dryer conditions to form larger particles and in this case the openings must be sufficiently large to accommodate the agglomerate.
[0030] In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the container is a sachet of flexible sheet material provided over part or whole of its surface with openings to provide permeability to the powder. Suitable materials include paper, nonwoven fabrics, plastics films, and laminates of these. If desired, one or more sachet walls may be constituted by a material provided with openings uniformly over its whole surface; an example of a highly suitable material of this type is the paper used to make tea and coffee bags. This has been found to be suitable for dispensing powders having a particle size of less than 250 µm.
[0031] Alternatively an essentially non-porous material may be used and provided with a chosen number of perforations or slits of a chosen size in a chosen arrangement; this second possibility is preferred when relatively large, for example, 2000 gm, openings are required. The use of a sachet of this type is described and claimed in GB 2 149 825 A (UNILEVER).
[0032] The sachet or other container is preferably provided with a removable outer covering, impermeable to the powdered conditioning agent, which covers all the openings and is in intimate contact with the container in the region of the openings, so as to prevent premature escape of the powder. This outer covering is removed by the consumer immediately before placing the container in the tumble-dryer.
[0033] -Advantageously, the sachet or other container may be placed, for use in the tumble dryer, within a larger, also powder-permeable container. This arrangement means that at the beginning of the drying cycle the smaller container is prevented from coming into direct contact with the damp fabrics and with water droplets, which contact could cause clogging. The use of an outer container also helps to reduce the incidence of local overloading of conditioner, and hence spotting and staining. Furthermore, the inner container may be smaller without catching in the fabrics, because additional size is provided by the outer container.
[0034] The outer container may be, for example, a sachet or bag within which the small inner container preferably fits rather loosely. A loose fit is preferred because it lessens the chance of direct contact of the bulk of the powder in the inner container with damp fabrics or water droplets. The outer container is advantageously reusable and can be refilled with disposable inner containers; it may be closable, for example, by means of a drawstring, elastic, press-studs, a zip-fastener or the like. The outer bag may be made, for example, of a suitably open-weave textile material; or it may be similar in materials and construction to the sachet embodiment of the inner container described previously.
[0035] In a highly preferred embodiment of the present invention, the powdered soap-based fabric conditioning agent is dispensed during tumble-drying by means of a device as described and claimed in GB 2 122 657A (Unilever). In that device, the powdered fabric conditioning agent is disposed within a first container of material permeable to said composition in powder form, the first container being disposed within a second container having openings for the egress of said composition in powder form, the second container being substantially form-retaining and of a shape such as to allow ready movement thereof among the fabrics in a dryer.
[0036] The outer container is substantially form-retaining, but need not be completely rigid. It should not be significantly deformed by the tumbling fabrics as it moves among them. Furthermore the container should be to some extent energy-absorbing, and thus sound-absorbing, so that the noise it makes on impact with the drum is not excessive, thus some flexing of the container walls is desirable.
[0037] The shape and size of the outer container should be such that it moves freely among the fabric load under the motion of the dryer and distributes its contents as uniformly as possible. The outer surface should be as smoothly contoured as possible, and free of protrusions and sharp edges that can catch on the fabrics. In principle any shape is suitable provided that angles between adjacent faces are not too small; any edges and corners are advantageously rounded off. The ratio of the principal axes (major to minor) is preferably not greater than 5:1, and is advantageously 2:1 or less, a ratio of approximately 1:1 being especially preferred.
[0038] The ideal shape appears to be spherical or substantially spherical, and spheroidal, ellipsoidal, cylindrical and frustoconical shapes are also highly advantageous. Other shapes of interest include cubes, hexagonal prisms, and pairs of frustocones abutting at their larger ends, and other possible shapes will readily suggest themselves to one skilled in the art.
[0039] It has been found experimentally that, when using UK or European tumble-dryers, the largest dimension of the outer container is preferably at least 6 cm. Smaller containers tend to become caught among the fabrics.
[0040] The outer container can be of any reasonable mass, but should not be too heavy, otherwise damage to the dryer could result.
[0041] Of course the material of the outer container must be relatively robust, as it will be knocked frequently against the walls of the dryer and compressed by the fabrics. It must also be stable at the temperatures encountered in the dryer, which generally should not exceed 70°C but may rise to 100°C or above in old or poorly maintained machines. Accordingly the material of the outer container is preferably stable at temperatures up to at least 130°C, and preferably up to about 170°C.
[0042] Suitable materials include thermoplastic and thermosetting resins, wood, resin-bonded cardboard, papier-mache and casein, natural and synthetic rubbers, and lightweight metals, for example aluminium. Materials that are unsuitable for contact with wet fabrics, for example cardboard, may be protected by a coating of, for example, rubber or plastics material or metal foil. Many other lightweight, robust and heat-stable materials will readily suggest themselves to the skilled worker in the art.
[0043] Thermoplastic materials of sufficiently high softening point (preferably above 130°C) and robustness offer manufacturing advantages in that suitable shapes can readily be made by moulding techniques such as injection, extrusion or blow-moulding. Preferred materials include polystyrene, high-density polyethylene and, in particular, polypropylene. The softening point of the last-mentioned material is above 130°C.
[0044] The outer container is provided with openings, for example, slits or circular holes, through which the powdered conditioning agent passes. These are larger than the openings in the inner container so that they provide no impedance to the passage of the powdered conditioning agent. Preferably the total area of the openings in the outer container is at least 3 times as large as the total area of the openings in the inner container, and advantageously at least 5 times as large. The individual openings are desirably as large as possible provided that the inner container cannot fall out and the outer container has sufficient integrity and robustness. The shape of the openings is not important as far as delivery of the powder is concerned, but may have some influence on the strength and flexibility of the outer container and its noisiness in use. It has been found, for example, that in the case of a spherical polypropylene container the use of elongate slits rather than circular holes gives substantially less noise in use, presumably because of greater flexibility.
[0045] Optionally the surface of the outer container, especially the inner surface and the edges of the openings, may be rendered to some extent hydrophobic (if not inherently so) to prevent or reduce the penetration into its interior of water droplets, which may collect on the outer surface at an early stage in the dryer cycle.
[0046] The interior of the outer container may optionally be provided with means for keeping the inner containerat a distance from its outer wall(s) and thus ensuring that no direct contact with damp fabrics or water droplets occurs. The inner wall(s) may, for example, be provided with protrusions which act as spacers. Alternatively, locating means, such as pins or pegs, may be provided to hold the inner container in a fixed position; this measure has the advantage that in the case of a flexible inner container such as a sachet the latter is prevented from becoming crumpled up. Where the outer container is injection-moulded, such pins or pegs may readily be formed as an integral part of it. Spacer ribs or other protrusions as mentioned above may also easily be formed in this way.
[0047] As mentioned previously, the inner container may be rigid or flexible but if free to move around in the outer container is preferably flexible. This is for noise reasons. If, however, locating means as described in the previous paragraph are provided in the outer container, a rigid inner container may if desired be used without creating a noise problem.
[0048] Advantageously the outer container is sufficiently robust to be reusable, and is so constructed that an inner container may readily be inserted or removed. Thus multiple use of the outer container with a succession of inner containers is possible. Furthermore two inner containers may be used at once if a particularly large load is contemplated. The outer container may, for example be so designed that, by flexing, one of its apertures may be enlarged to a sufficient extent that an inner container can be inserted or removed. More conveniently, the outer container may be constructed in two or more parts that can readily be separated and re-joined. The parts may if desired be connected by a hinge or the like so that they never become completely separated. The parts should join up by a mechanism that leaves the outer surface of the closed container as smooth as possible, and that will not accidentally come open during use in the tumble-dryer. Examples of suitable mechanisms include snap-fit, a lock screw, and internal hooks joined by elastic.
[0049] If a succession of inner containers is to be used with the same outer container, it may be unnecessary to remove the spent inner containers before inserting a new one, if the inner containers are of a type, for example, a flexible sachet, that once empty occupies little space. In practice it has been found that ten sachets may be used successively within a slitted polypropylene sphere without removing the empty sachets.
[0050] If the outer container is reusable and full inner containers are separately available as refills, it is clearly desirable for these inner containers to be provided with outer packaging or covering in order to prevent premature discharge of their contents. The outer packaging or covering is advantageously also moisture-proof in order to protect the powdered conditioning agent from atmospheric moisture during storage and handling prior to use.
[0051] It is essential that such outer packaging or covering be in intimate contact with all surface regions of the inner container that are permeable to the powdered conditioning agent. If space is left between the two, powder will escape into that space and will be lost when the outer packaging or covering is removed.
[0052] The outer packaging or covering is thus preferably a flexible sheet material that can be made to conform intimately and accurately to any permeable surface region of the inner container.
[0053] Any film or sheet that can be made to adhere.to the inner container and subsequently removed is in principle suitable, the choice of material depending among other things on the material used for the inner container itself - and the area required to be covered.
[0054] In the case of a tea-bag-like sachet where a relatively large area of the sachet, possibly the whole of it, is powder-permeable and needs an outer covering, the outer covering is preferably a relatively durable material impermeable to moisture and perfume so that the product has a reasonable storage life. Materials that can be heat-sealed, either inherently or with the aid of hot-melt adhesives, are especially advantageous.
[0055] Plastic films may be suitable, but thin films of the "clingfilm" type (polyvinylidene chloride) that depend on static electrical attraction for adhesion are ineffective for powdered conditioning agents including an anti-static agent. Other plastic films that do not depend on static attraction may, however, be suitable. Examples include Nescofilm (Trade Mark), a plasticised polyethylene film, and Parafilm (Trade Mark), a paraffin-wax-coated packaging film.
[0056] Preferably, however, the outer covering includes or consists of a metal foil, aluminium foil being especially preferred because it is non-stretching, readily laminated, readily removable, and provides a moisture-proof outer layer which also prevents or reduces perfume loss during storage. Advantageously the foil may be laminated to an outer layer of paper, so that a very thin layer of the relatively expensive foil may be used.
[0057] Some other composite materials may also combine the desired properties. For example, metallised thermoplastic (for example, polyester) film can conveniently combine moisture-impermeability and heat-sealability. Paper itself is not ideal because of its inadequate resistance to moisture, but paper coated or laminated with wax or plastics material can be highly suitable.
[0058] For example, a sachet may conveniently be formed of a laminate of metal foil/paper or paper/metal foil/paper, the term paper here being ised to include nonwoven fabric. One side of the sachet ma3 for example be of powder-permeable paper or nonwoven fabric, for example tea bag paper, laminated onto metal foil, optionally with a further outer layer of paper, and the other of impermeable material (metal foil alone, impermeable paper or nonwoven fabric alone, or a laminate). The bonding between the various layers is preferably by means of heat-sealing, using small amounts of hot-melt adhesive. The bonding between the metal foil and the permeable material is deliberately weak so that the outer (foil) layer can be peeled off immediately prior to insertion in the outer container and use.
[0059] The above discussion relates to the situation where the inner container needs to be totally or nearly totally enclosed by the outer packaging. In the case of an inner container which itself consists mainly of moistureproof, relatively durable, powder-impermeable material and which has openings localised over a relatively small area, it is clearly necessary only to cover that area itself, so that the outer packaging or covering will be small compared to the overall size of the inner container and will not be subject to such stringent requirements as regards durability and impermeability to moisture and perfume. A label or tag coated with a pressure-sensitive adhesive may be sufficient in these circumstances; this may be of any of the material already mentioned, if desired, but paper alone may be adequate for a label or tag of relatively small area.
[0060] An example of an inner container of this type is a sachet of plastics film, for example, polyethylene, having a small number of perforations positioned relatively closely together in one wall only. An adhesive-coated label of strong paper may be used to cover just the perforated region. A problem with this type of sachet arises from the low adhesiveness of plastics film, so that the label may be detached prematurely during transit or storage. This problem may be alleviated by subjecting the plastics film to a suitable surface treatment or, preferably, making the entire sachet, or the perforated wall, of a laminate of the plastics film with paper or nonwoven fabric, the latter layer being outermost. This is another example of a composite material that combines desired properties.
[0061] Many other materials and constructions are of course possible for the inner container and will readily suggest themselves to one skilled in the art.
[0062] The method and device of the invention have been found to give highly effective fabric softening, using a cheap and environmentally unobjectionable material and without the need for additives such as distributing agents.
[0063] A device according to the invention will now be described in further detail, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
Figure 1 is a plan view of the device;
Figure 2 is an elevation of the device;
Figure 3 is a horizontal section, taken along the line III-III of Figure 2;
Figure 4 is a vertical section, taken along the line IV-IV of Figure 1;
Figures 5 and 6 are sectional views, on an enlarged scale, of part of the device of Figures 1 to 4;
Figure 7 is a sectional view, on an enlarged scale, of an alternative inner container;
Figure 8 is a plan view, of approximately actual size, of the inner container of Figure 7; and
Figures 9, 10 and 11 are perspective views of alternative outer containers.
[0064] Referring now to Figures 1 to 4 of the accompanying drawings, a device 1 suitable for use in the process of the invention consists of an outer container 2, and an inner container 3 containing a powdered fabric conditioning agent 4.
[0065] The outer container 2 is a hollow polypropylene sphere having a diameter of at least 6 cm, for example,. 9 cm, and consisting of upper and lower hemispheres 5 and 6 fitted together by means of a firm snap-fit arrangement 7 such that the outer surface is smooth. Both hemispheres are provided with a plurality of parallel slits 8 each having a width of about 2 to 3 mm. The lower hemisphere 6 includes four integral pins 9 which extend upwardly from its base.
[0066] Wedged between the pins 9 is the inner container 3 which is a sachet of flexible porous web material of a size, for example 4 cm x 4 cm, such that when wedged firmly between the pins 9 it is spaced from each wall of the sphere 2. The sachet 3 contains a powdered fabric conditioning composition milled to a particle size of 180-250 µm.
[0067] The consumer may initially be supplied, for example, with one sphere 2 and a plurality of sachets 3.
[0068] The sachet 3 as initially supplied to the consumer is shown in Figure 5. A first wall 10 of the sachet 3 is of material impermeable to the powdered fabric conditioning composition 4, and consists of an outer layer 11 of aluminium foil laminated to an inner layer 12 of paper. The foil layer 11 can be very thin as it is supported and reinforced by the paper layer 12. A second wall 13 of the sachet also consists of a laminate, its inner layer 14 being of porous paper, of pore size approximately 250 µm, as used for tea and coffee bags, and its outer layer 15 being of aluminium foil. If desired an additional layer of paper (not shown) could be laminated to the outer side of one or both of the foil layers 11 and 15. This would allow even thinner layers of foil to be used. The thicknesses of all four layers shown in Figures 5 and 6 have of course been greatly exaggerated for the sake of clarity.
[0069] The layers are bonded together at their edge regions 16 by means of heat-sealing, a small amount of hot-melt adhesive having been provided there for that purpose. The bond between the paper layers 12 and 14 are relatively strong whereas the bonds between the aluminium layers 11 and 15 and the paper layers 12 and 14 respectively are relatively-weak, because of the inherently lower adhesion of aluminium. An end region 17 of the layer 15 extends beyond one region of sealing to form a pull-tab for the consumer.
[0070] It will be noted that the sachet 3 as shown in Figure 5 is entirely covered with aluminium foil and its contents 4 are thus protected from atmospheric moisture; any perfume present in the composition 4 is also retained.
[0071] Immediately prior to use, the consumer grasps the pull tab 17 and removes the layer 15, thus exposing the permeable layer 14, as shown in Figure 6. The layer 15 comes away easily without tearing the layer 14 or opening the seals between the other layers, because, as previously mentioned, it is bonded relatively weakly to the other parts of the sachet. The layer 15 can then be discarded and the sachet 3 is ready for use. Although the bond between the layers 11 and 12 is also relatively weak, the aluminium layer 11 does not in general come off because no pull-tab or other starting device is provided.
[0072] The consumer then snaps apart the sphere 2, wedges the sachet between the pins 9, and snaps the sphere together again. The device is now ready for use in a tumble-dryer.
[0073] Figures 7 and 8 shown an alternative form of sachet suitable for use in the process of the invention. The sachet 18, shown in Figure 8 at approximately its actual size and in Figure 7 at an enlarged scale corresponding to that of Figures 5 and 6, is formed of a laminate of polyethylene film 19 and paper 20, the film 19 being innermost. As shown, the sachet 18 is composed of a single sheet of laminate, one edge 21 being constituted by a fold and the other edges 22 being closed by heat-sealing; alternatively, two sheets could have been used and all four edges closed by heat-sealing. Holes 23 of approximately 2 mm (2000 µm) diameter have been punched in one wall of the sachet, the number of holes and their size having been chosen to give an appropriate delivery rate for the powder 4. The holes 23 are positioned relatively closely together so as to occupy a relatively small area of the sachet wall. An adhesive label 24, indicated in Figure 8 by a dotted line, covers the region occupied by the holes; it adheres without difficulty to the paper of the outer sachet wall, but can readily be removed by the consumer immediately prior to use.
[0074] Figures 9, 10 and 11 show alternative forms of outer container for use in the process of the present invention. The container 25 of Figure 9 is in the shape of a hexagonal prism having an aspect ratio (ratio of major axis to minor axis) of about 1:1, formed of folded resin-bonded cardboard, and having relatively large circular openings 26.
[0075] Figures 10 and 11 show two containers 27 and 28 of injection-moulded plastics material, each in the shape of two abutting frustocones, the containers 27 and 28 having aspect ratios of about 2:1 and about 1.5:1 respectively. Each can be separated into upper and lower parts 29 and 30 connected only by a small integral "hinge" (not shown), for insertion of an inner container, and the two parts can then be snap-fitted together.
EXAMPLES
[0077] In the Examples the antistatic effects of various fabric conditioning treatments in the tumble dryer were compared by means of a cling test.
[0078] Test pieces of nylon and woven polyester sheet measuring 6 cm x 3 cm were included in clean loads of mixed articles (2.2 kg dry weight) comprising approximately half cotton and half synthetic fabrics (nylon, acrylic, polyesters). The loads were washed in a Miele (Trade Mark) 429 front-loading authomatic washing machine using 100g per load of Persil (Trade Mark) Automatic washing powder and without using a rinse conditioner. After rinsing and spinning, the loads were tumble-dried as specified below.
[0079] The test pieces were then extracted from the tumble-dried loads and their cling times measured as follows.
[0080] The cling time apparatus consisted of a base to which were attached four earthed metal plates each measuring 25 cm x 10 cm and inclined at 20° to the vertical. The test piece under examination was held in place on a selected plate which was then charged to 6.5 kV using an E.H.T. supply: the induced charge caused the test piece to cling to the plate by electrostatic attraction but as the charge leaked away the attraction decreased and eventually the test piece slid off the plate under its own weight. The time for which the test piece clung to the plate before sliding off - the cling time - was measured. The measurement was then repeated on a different plate and an average cling time calculated.
[0081] Fabrics which readily dissipate charge (and hence which are unlikely to build up static in use) have only short cling times, while fabrics which because of their poor conducting properties are unable readily to dissipate the induced charge (and hence which are likely to build up static in use) have longer cling times. Synthetic fabrics such as nylon and polyester fall into this latter category. An antistatic agent is expected to improve the surface conducting properties of synthetic fabrics and so cause a reduction in cling time.
EXAMPLE 1
[0082] Fabric loads as described above, containing test pieces, were conditioned in the tumble dryer with mixtures of soap and tallow alcohol 25 EO in varying proportions. The soap blend used consisted of 82% tallow soap and 18% coconut soap; the tallow alcohol 25 EO was Lutensol (Trade Mark) AT25 ex BASF in spray-cooled powder form; and powders of particle size <300 µm were prepared by grinding and sieving the separate ingredients followed by dry mixing. 6g doses of powder were packed in sachets of Storalene (Trade Mark) nonwoven fabric, measuring 6 cm x 6.5 cm, provided with dispensing holes of 2 mm diameter as described above with reference to Figures 7 and 8 of the accompanying drawings. Each sachet was placed inside a spherical outer container of polypropylene, as described above with reference to Figures 1 to 4 of the accompanying drawings: the sphere had a diameter of 9 cm. The spherical container was placed together with the washed and spun fabric load in a Creda (Trade Mark) Debonair (Trade Mark) tumble dryer, and the load was then dried using the low heat setting. Test pieces were then extracted and cling times measured. The results were as follows:
[0083] These results show that the inclusion of relatively low levels of tallow alcohol 25 EO in a soap base substantially reduces the cling time.
EXAMPLE 2
[0084] In a similar procedure to that of Example 1, the effect of varying the degree of ethoxylation of the tallow alcohol was studied. The conditioning compositions containing the 18 EO and 9 EO ethoxylates could not be prepared by dry mixing because the ethoxylates were too sticky. Accordingly, all the compositions were prepared by slurrying, drying, grinding and sieving, those containing the 18 EO and 9 EO ethoxylates being frozen after drying to facilitate the grinding operation. The compositions were dispensed as described in Example 1, in 6g doses from ball and sachet devices: each composition contained 91.7% by weight of soap (60% tallow, 40% coconut, plus 7.5% free fatty acid), and 8.3% by weight of ethoxylated tallow alcohol. The tumble dryer used this time was a Creda Reversair (Trade Mark), and both high and low heat settings were used. The results were as follows:
[0085] These results, all of single runs, show that all three tallow alcohol ethoxylates substantially reduced cling times compared to those obtained with soap alone (see example 1). The 18 EO ethoxylate gave the best reduction in cling time, but, as previously indicated, the 25 EO ethoxylate is preferred for processing reasons.
EXAMPLE 3
[0086] The test procedure of Example 2 was repeated using C16-C19 OXO alcohols of varying degrees of ethoxylation instead of the tallow alcohol ethoxylates; the soap blend used was that of Example 1 (82% tallow, 18% coconut), and the proportions were again 91.7% soap, 8.3% ethoxylated alcohol. The melting points of the ethoxylates were as follows: 20 EO 37.5°C, 15 EO 36°C, 12 EO 29..5°C, 7 EO 24°C. All the compositions were prepared by slurrying, drying, freezing, grinding and sieving. The tumble dryer used was the Creda Debonair, on a low heat setting. The results were as follows:
[0087] These results, all of single runs, again show that all four alcohol ethoxylates reduced cling times as compared with soap alone (Example 1).
COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE
[0088] For comparison, the effect on cling time of an impregnated sheet product commercially available in the USA, Bounce (Trade Mark) ex Procter & Gamble, was determined. Six runs were carried out using a single sheet of Bounce per load, using the Creda Debonair and Reversair tumble dryers on low and high heat settings, and the cling times were as follows:
All these times were substantially greater than those obtained according to the invention in Examples 1, 2 and 3.
1. A method of conditioning fabrics, which comprises tumbling damp fabrics under the
action of heat in a laundry dryer together with a conditioning agent in the form of
a free-flowing powder having a particle size range within the range of from 20 to
1000 gm, said powder comprising a blend of soaps of C8 to C22 saturated or unsaturated fatty acids, said soap blend containing at least 5% by weight
of C12 soap, at least 5% by weight of C14 soap, at least 12% by weight of C16 soap and at least 20% by weight of C18 soap, said soap blend being in the form of a powder free of any protective coating,
characterised in that the powder comprises at least 80% by weight of said blend of
soaps and from 5 to 20% by weight of at least one C16-C22 aliphatic alcohol ethoxylated with an average of from 5 to 30 moles of ethylene oxide.
2. A method as claimed in claim 1, characterised in that the powdered fabric conditioning
agent contains from 5 to 10% by weight of said ethoxylated alcohol.
3. A method as claimed in claim 1 or claim 2, characterised in that said ethoxylated
alcohol is an ethoxylate of tallow alcohol.
4. A method as claimed in claim 3, characterised in that said ethoxylated alcohol
is tallow alcohol 25EO.
5. A method as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 4, characterised in that said ethoxylated
alcohol has a melting point higher than 20°C.
6. A method as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 5, characterised in that said soap
blend contains from 7 to 27% by weight of C12 soap, from 6 to 12% by weight of Cl4 soap, from 18 to 28% by weight of C16 soap and from 32 to 54% by weight of C18 soap.
7. A method as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 6, characterised in that said soap
blend contains from 22 to 38% by weight of C18 unsaturated soap.
8. A method as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 7, characterised in that said soap
blend contains from 45 to 85% by weight of tallow soap and from 15 to 55% by weight
of coconut soap.
9. A method as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 8, characterised in that the particle
size range of the powder is within the range of from 70 to 500 µm.
10. A method as claimed in claim 9, characterised in that the particle size range
of the powder is within the range of from 90 to 250 µm.
11. A method as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 10, characterised in that the powdered
fabric conditioning agent is sprinkled onto the fabrics during drying from a dispensing
device that can move freely among the fabrics in the tumble dryer.
12. A method as claimed in claim 1, substantially as described in any one of the Examples
herein.
13. A dispensing device for use in a method as claimed in claim 1, said device comprising
a container having a plurality of openings the largest dimension of which does not
exceed 2.5 mm, characterised in that said container contains from 1.5 to 12 g of a
powdered fabric conditioning agent as specified in any one of claims 1 to 10.
14. A device as claimed in claim 13, characterised in that said container contains
from 2.5 to 10 g of said powdered fabric conditioning agent.
15. A device as claimed in claim 13 or claim 14, characterised in that said container
is a sachet of paper, nonwoven fabric, plastics film or a laminate of any two or more
of said materials.
16. A device as claimed in any one of claims 13 to 15, characterised in that said
container is within a second container having openings for the egress of said powdered
fabric conditioner, said second container being substantially form-retaining and of
a shape such as to allow ready movement thereof among the fabrics in a dryer.
17. A device as claimed in claim 13, substantially as hereinbefore described with
reference to, and as shown in, any one of Figures 1 to 11 of the accompanying drawings.
18. A device as claimed in claim 13, substantially as described in any one of the
Examples herein.