TECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] The present invention relates to impact printers of the kind which have a flexible
metal band on which print elements are mounted and to such bands.
BACKGROUND ART
[0002] In one known type of printer, adapted to print on a print medium as it passes over
a platen using a plurality of print elements operated selectively by hammers, the
print elements are mounted on flexible fingers forming part of a metal band which
is in the form of a continuous loop, one print element being mounted on each flexible
finger. The print elements extend in a straight line along the band parallel to the
longitudinal center line of the band. A bank of hammers extends along the platen and
is spaced from the platen so as to define a print region between the hammer bank and
the platen. The print medium, such as a continuous web of paper, extends through the
print region over the platen so that the hammer bank extends across the width of the
print medium. The metal band on which the print elements are mounted also extends
through the print region along the platen and across the width of the print medium
and is located between the hammer bank and the print medium. An ink ribbon also is
located in the print region between the metal band and the print medium.
[0003] The metal band is driven continuously past the platen and the hammer bank and across
the print medium by a suitable drive system. Operation of any one of the hammers of
the bank causes that hammer to move towards the metal band and to strike one of the
print elements so as to move that print element on its flexible finger towards the
ink ribbon and the print medium. The print element abuts against the ink ribbon, moves
the ink ribbon into contact with the print medium and presses the ink ribbon and the
print medium against the platen causing the printing of a mark on the print medium
in the shape of the print element.
[0004] According to one particular printer of the above kind and illustrated by way of example
in United States Patent No. 4,428,284, each of the print elements is shaped like a
dot and operation of each hammer causes the printing of a dot on the print medium.
As the metal band moves continuously across the print medium, operation of selected
hammers will result in the printing of a row of dots in positions on the print medium
corresponding to the positions of the hammers which are operated. Each hammer is formed
with a head which has a width in the direction of movement of the band which is greater
than the width of a single print element. It is therefore possible for each hammer
to print a dot in any position on the print medium which is covered by the hammer
by varying the timing of the operation of the hammer relative to the movement of the
band. Therefore, the dots in the row printed can occupy many selected positions on
the print medium. There is only a small gap between each pair of adjacent hammer heads
and the hammers can therefore print dots at all required positions along the row being
printed.
[0005] After one row of dots has been printed the print medium can be moved through a small
increment transversely to the length of the platen and the operation can be repeated
resulting in the printing of a second row of dots below the first row of dots. By
repeating these operations rows of dots can be printed as required.
[0006] A character can be printed on the medium by printing dots in selected positions in
a matrix, for example a matrix of five columns and seven rows. By printing dots in
selected positions in rows as described above and selectively moving the print medium,
characters can be printed in selected positions on the medium. In order for the characters
to be printed correctly the positions of the dots must be defined accurately. For
this to happen it is essential that each print element should move in a predetermined
path when struck by a hammer. The path of movement of each print element is defined
by the construction of the finger on which the element is mounted. As a print element
is struck by a hammer its associated finger will deflect out of the plane of the band
and will cause the print element to move into the printing position in which it abuts
against the ink ribbon, moves the ink ribbon into contact with the print medium and
presses the ink ribbon and the print medium against the platen.
[0007] Stresses will be set up in the finger due to the initial impact by the hammer and
due to the subsequent movement of the finger. In particular stresses will be set up
in the finger in the region of the point of attachment of the print element to the
finger and in the region of the point of attachment of the finger to the band. Stresses
will also be set up in the band in the region of the point of attachment of each finger
to the band.
[0008] The band may be moved by means of a drive wheel located at one end of the platen
and around which the band extends. As the wheel is rotated the portion of the band
around the wheel will be bent to conform to the shape of the circumference of the
wheel. The fingers on the band will not bend with the rest of the band and therefore,
the fingers will project out of the plane of the band. As a result further stresses
will be set up in each finger and in the band in the region of the point of attachment
of each finger to the band during normal movement of the band around the drive wheel.
[0009] As the fingers are moved during printing operations and as the band passes around
the drive wheel the fingers will project out of the plane of the band and may make
contact with fixed parts of the printer. It is therefore desirable that each finger
should be shaped so that its movement will not be interrupted by making contact with
fixed parts of the printer and so that it will not be damaged or deformed by such
contact.
[0010] Various shapes for fingers of print element bands have been proposed and each finger
can be formed by cutting slots in the band to define the edges of the finger. For
example, in United States Patent No. 4,428,284 each finger is generally rectangular
in shape, attached at one end to the band and with the print element attached to the
other free end. Each finger extends either longitudinally along the band or transversely
across the band. In United States Patent No. 3,667,384 each of the fingers is chevron
shaped or V-shaped with the ends of the two arms of the chevron attached to the band
and the print element attached to the apex of the chevron. The sides of each arm of
each of the chevron shaped fingers extend substantially parallel to one another.
[0011] IBM Technical Disclosure Bulletin, Volume 27, No. 2, July 1984 at pages 1135/36 describes
a chevron shaped finger for a print element band in which the sides of each arm of
the chevron shaped fingers extend substantially parallel to each other. The points
of attachment of the arms of the chevron are specially shaped so as to reduce stresses
in the regions of these points of attachment. IBM Technical Disclosure Bulletin, Volume
24, No. 10, March 1982 at pages 5070/71 describes a chevron shaped finger for a print
element band in which the sides of each arm of the chevron shaped finger extend substantially
parallel to each other and in which the chevrons extend across the width of the band
instead of along the length of the band.
[0012] In all the above kinds of finger for a print element band the shape of each finger
and of the slots in the band which form the finger result in stresses occurring in
the band and the fingers during the use of the fingers in a printing operation.
[0013] IBM Technical Disclosure Bulletin Vol 27, No 3, August 1984, pages 1677/1678 2nd
IBM Technical Disclosure Bulletin Vol 27, No 10B, March 1985, pages 5940/5941 describe
print element bands which include a metal band in the form of a continuous loop, a
plurality of slots positioned symmetrically about a base line extending parallel to
the longitudinal centre line of the band so as to define a plurality of flexible curved
fingers also positioned symmetrically about the base line, and a print element attached
to the apex of each finger.
[0014] The object of the present invention is to provide an improved print element band
for a printer.
[0015] The present invention relates to a print element band for a printer comprising a
metal band in the form of a continuous loop, a plurality of substantially V-shaped
slots positioned symmetrically about a base line extending parallel to the longitudinal
centre line of the band so as to define a plurality of flexible chevron shaped fingers
also positioned symmetrically about the base line, and a print element attached to
the apex of each chevron shaped finger.
[0016] According to the invention the band is characterised in that the shape of each V-shaped
slot is such that the width of each chevron shaped finger is less in the regions of
the points of attachment of the finger to the rest of the band than in the region
of the apex of the finger.
[0017] It is found that, with chevron shaped fingers of the above design, when a print element
on one of the fingers is struck by a hammer, the finger will deflect in such a way
that the print element will move accurately perendicular to the plane of the platen
so that the printing operation is performed correctly.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0018] These and other objects, features and advantages of the invention will be more fully
understood by those working in the art by reading and understanding the following
description of a preferred embodiment of the invention, wherein reference is made
to the accompanying drawings of which:
Figure 1 is a diagrammatic plan view of a printer incorporating a metal print element
band, including fingers on which are mounted print elements, which embodies the invention,
Figure 2 is a side view on a larger scale of the metal band used in the printer illustrated
in Figure 1,
Figure 3 is a side view of part of the metal band illustrated in Figure 2 on a still
larger scale,
Figure 4 is an end view of part of the metal band sectioned at the point of attachment
of one of the print elements to one of the fingers on the metal band,
Figure 5 is a side view of one of the hammers of the hammer bank used in the printer
illustrated in Figure 1,
Figures 6 and 7 are respectively a plan view and an end view in section of the metal
band illustrating how one of the fingers on the metal band moves after the print element
on the finger has been struck by the hammer of Figure 5, and
Figure 8 illustrates how the fingers on the metal band project out from the band as
it passes around the drive wheel.
BEST MODE OF CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
[0019] Referring to Figure 1, the printer includes a platen 1 and a bank of hammers 2 mounted
on the frame of the printer (represented diagrammatically at 3) and defining a print
region 4 which extends between the platen and the hammer bank. A flexible metal band
5 in the form of a continuous loop and on which are mounted print elements is driven
through the print region 4. The metal band 5 is made of a martensitic stainless steel.
The band 5 has a thickness of about 4/1000 inch (0.1 millimeters) and a width of about
1½ inches (38.1 millimeters). The metal band 5 passes around the periphery of a drive
wheel 6 located at one end of the print region and around the periphery of an idler
wheel 7 located at the other end of the print region.
[0020] A print medium 8 and an ink ribbon 9 extend between the platen 1 and the metal band
5. The print medium 8, which is a continuous paper web, is driven intermittently over
the surface of the platen 1 transversely relative to the platen by a print medium
drive means illustrated diagrammatically at 11, 12 in order to bring selected parts
of the print medium into the print region. The ink ribbon 9 is driven continuously
along the length of the platen 1 through the print region 4 between the band 5 and
the medium 8 by a ribbon drive means illustrated diagrammatically at 13, 14. The print
medium drive means 11, 12 and the ribbon drive means 13, 14 are not described in detail
because they do not form part of the invention.
[0021] The drive wheel 6 is mounted on a shaft 15 which is rotated at a constant speed by
a suitable motor 16 so that the drive wheel 6 rotates in an anti-clockwise direction
as seen in Figure 1 as indicated by the arrow A. The idler wheel 7 is mounted on a
shaft 17 which is spaced from the shaft 15 by such a distance that the band 5 is in
tension. The bond 5 is guided through the print region 4 by a fixed guide member 18
extending along the length of the bank of hammers 2. Since the band 5 is in tension
it fits closely to the guide member 18 and is kept flat as it passes through the print
region 4.
[0022] The printer also includes two bearing members 19, 21 for the band 5. These bearing
members are located respectively at the two ends of the print region 4 and serve to
support the lower edge of the band 5.
[0023] The band 5 is illustrated more clearly in Figure 2 which is a side view of the band
5 from the hammer bank 2. The arrow B indicates the direction of movement of the band.
The band 5 is formed with a series of slots 31, 32. The portions of material between
the alternate slots 31, 32 form a set of flexible fingers 33 and spacers 34. The slots
31, 32 are generally V-shaped and are positioned symmetrically about a base line 22
which extends parallel to the longitudinal center line of the band 5 so that the fingers
33 are chevron shaped. At the apex of each of the fingers 33 is attached a print element
35 which will be described in greater detail below.
[0024] It will be seen that the sides of each arm of each slot 31 are straight but do not
extend parallel to each other so that the outer ends 36 of each slot 31 are wider
than the region 37 of each slot 31 near its apex. On the other hand the sides of each
arm of each slot 32 are also straight but do extend parallel to each other. Therefore
the sides 38, 39 of each arm of each finger 33 are straight but do not extend parallel
to each other. As a result the width of the region 41 of each finger 33 where it is
joined to the rest of the band 5 is smaller than the width of the region 42 of each
arm of each finger 33 located adjacent to the apex and the point of attachment of
the print element 35.
[0025] The band 5 is also formed with two sets of timing slots 51, 52, adapted to cooperate
with an emitter device 23 on the printer. The device 23 is illustrated diagrammatically
in Figure 1 as including a light source 24 and a light detector 25. Light from the
source 24 is projected onto the region of the band in which the slots 51, 52 are formed
and, on passing through any one of the slots 51, 52, is received by the light detector
25 which produces a corresponding signal. The slots 51 extend in a row along the length
of the band, there being one slot 51 for each finger 33. The slots 52 also extend
in a row along the length of the band 5, there being a plurality of slots 52 for each
finger 33. The operation of the emitter device 23 in cooperation with the slots 51,
52 is not described in detail since it does not form part of the invention.
[0026] Figure 3 is a view of part of the band 5 illustrating one of the chevron shaped fingers
33 on a larger scale. By way of example, the dimensions of the finger 33 and of the
slots 31, 32 forming the finger 33 are as follows.
[0027] Radii of parts of slots 31, 32 at the apex of each slot:
r1 = 1.51 mm
r2 = 1.2 mm
r3 = 1.06 mm
r4 = 0.42 mm
Radii of parts of slots 31, 32 at ends of arms:
r5 = 1.00 mm
r6 = 0.32 mm
Radius of print element 35:
r7 = 0.61 mm
Minimum width of slot 31 near apex:
d1 = 0.31 mm
Width of slot 32:
d2 = 0.64 mm
Distance from center of print element to apex of finger 33:
d3 = 1.2 mm
Length of arm of slot 31:
d4 = 16.8 mm
Length of arm of slot 32:
d5 = 13.6 mm
Width of finger 33 adjacent to attachment points to band 5:
d6 = 0.85 mm
Width of finger 33 adjacent to apex:
d7 = 1.95 mm
Angle between arms of finger 33 = 84.36°
[0028] The above dimensions are given by way of example only and are only approximate.
[0029] Figure 4 illustrates one of the print elements 35 and the method of attaching it
to one of the fingers 33 of the band 5. The element 35 consists of a cylindrical body
portion 61 formed with a flange 62, a neck portion 63 having a diameter slightly less
than the outer diameter of the body portion 61, a conical end portion 64 and a flat
end face 65. The end face 66 of the conical end portion 64 is spherical. Alternatively
the end face 66 can be flat. The element 35 is made of a relatively hard material,
for example a martensitic stainless steel.
[0030] In order to attach the element 35 to the finger 33, a hole 67 of diameter just greater
than the outer diameter of the body portion 61 of the element 35 is formed in the
apex of the finger 33 and the body portion 61 of the element is inserted into the
the hole 67 so that the flange 62 abuts against the surface of the finger. A swaging
ring 68 of relatively soft material, for example a free machining low carbon steel,
is placed around the neck portion 63 of the element. By using a suitable swaging tool
the ring 68 is deformed so that it is forced into the neck portion 63 and pulls the
body portion 61 downwardly as viewed in Figure 4. As a result, the flange 62 is forced
against the upper surface of the finger 33 and the element 35 is secured in position.
[0031] In order to perform a printing operation, the end face 65 of the print element 35
is struck by a hammer in the hammer bank 2 so that the element 35 moves into the printing
position and the end face 66 performs the printing operation.
[0032] Figure 5 illustrates one of the hammers of the hammer bank 2 and shows how this hammer
cooperates with the print elements 35 on the band 5 in order to perform printing operations.
[0033] The hammer bank 2 consists of a plurality of hammers 70 which can be of the type
described in general terms in United States Patent No. 4,428,284. Each hammer 70 consists
of a resilient flexible arm 71 attached at one end 72 to a hammer frame member 73
and formed at its other end with a hammer head 74. On the frame member 73 are mounted
two permanent magnets 75, 76 and a pole piece 77 and all these components cooperate
to produce a magnetic flux. This flux attracts the free end of the flexible arm 71
into a cocked position in which the arm rests against the pole piece 77 and is resiliently
biased away from this cocked position by its natural resilience. A coil 78 surrounds
the pole piece 77. When the coil 78 is energised it produces another magnetic flux
which overcomes the magnetic flux produced by the frame member 73, the permanent magnets
75, 76 and the pole piece 77 and releases the flexible arm 71 from its cocked position.
The arm 71 moves away from the frame 73 and the hammer head 74 on the free end of
the arm 71 projects through a gap 79 in the guide member 18 attached to the hammer
bank 2 and strikes the flat end face 65 of a print element 35 which is in position
adjacent to the hammer. The hammer head 74 is made of a suitable material, such as
a carburised low carbon steel with a hard chromium outer layer so as to be able to
withstand the repeated impacts that occur during operation of the printer.
[0034] The hammers 70 are mounted on a common frame 81 which extends along the platen 1
and all the hammer heads 74 are aligned along a line extending along the platen. The
frame 81 supports the guide member 18 and also supports connections (not illustrated)
to drive circuits for the coils 78 of the hammers which are located elsewhere in the
printer. The operation of the hammers is described in detail in United States Patent
No. 4,428,284 and does not form part of the invention.
[0035] When the flat end face 65 of a print element 35 is struck by a hammer, the chevron
shaped finger 33 on which the print element is mounted will deflect out of the plane
of the band 5 so that the end face 66 impacts the ribbon 9 moving it into contact
with the print medium 8. The ribbon 9 and the print medium 8 are pressed against the
platen 1 and a printing operation is performed. A dot of the same shape as the end
face 66 of the element 33 is printed.
[0036] It is essential that the axis of the print element 35, as it impacts the ribbon 9
and presses the ink ribbon 9 and the print medium 8 against the platen 1, is accurately
at right angles to the plane of the platen 1 so that a dot will be printed in the
required position. Two factors may prevent this from happening, one that the hammer
does not strike the print element directly in the center of the end face 65 and the
other that the construction of the finger 33 does not allow movement of the print
element in a path at right angles to the plane of the platen 1.
[0037] Figures 6 and 7 illustrate diagrammatically the various ways in which the finger
33 can deflect upon impact by a hammer. Figure 6 is a diagrammatic plan view of one
of the fingers 33 to which is attached a print element 35. The print element 35 is
in a position to be struck by a hammer head 74. If the hammer head 74 strikes accurately
in the center of the end face 65 of the print element 35 and the finger 33 is correctly
shaped, the finger 33 will deflect into an S-shape as illustrated in Figure 6a. The
axis of the print element 35 will remain accurately at right angles to the plane of
the platen 1 and accurate printing will result. If the hammer head 74 strikes the
end face 65 at a point spaced to the right of its center, the finger 33 will deflect
into a C-shape as illustrated in Figure 6b. In this situation the axis of the print
element 35 will not remain accurately at right angles to the plane of the platen 1
as illustrated and inaccurate printing will result. If the hammer head 74 strikes
the end face 65 at a point spaced to the left of its center, the finger 33 will deflect
into an S-shape as illustrated in Figure 6c. In this situation also the axis of the
print element 35 will not remain accurately at right angles to the plane of the platen
1 as illustrated and inaccurate printing will result.
[0038] Figure 7 is a diagrammatic end view of one of the fingers 33, as viewed along the
length of the band 5, to which is attached a print element 35. The element is in a
position to be struck by the head 74 of a hammer 71. If the hammer head 74 strikes
accurately in the center of the end face 65 of the print element 35 and the finger
33 is correctly shaped, the finger will deflect symmetrically as illustrated in Figure
7a and accurate printing will result. If the hammer head 74 strikes the end face 65
at a point spaced to the right or to the left of its center, the finger 33 will deflect
asymmetrically as illustrated in Figures 7b and 7c. In these situations the axis of
the print element 35 will not remain accurately at right angles to the plane of the
platen 1 and inaccurate printing will result.
[0039] When each print element 35 is struck by the hammer head 74 and the associated finger
33 is deflected, the finger 33 will bend and stresses will occur in the finger at
the point S1 adjacent to the apex of the finger 33 at the point of attachment of the
element 35, and at the points S2 adjacent to the points of attachment of the finger
33 to the rest of the band 5, as illustrated in Figures 6 and 7. It is desirable that
these stresses be reduced to a minimum in order to increase the life of the print
element band 5.
[0040] Figure 8, which is a diagrammatic plan view of the drive wheel 6 and part of the
band 5, illustrates how each finger 33 deflects away from the rest of the band 5 as
the band passes around the periphery of the drive wheel 6. As the band 5 moves onto
the periphery of the drive wheel it bends to conform to the shape of the periphery.
However, each of the fingers 33 will not bend and, as a result, each finger 33 will
project above the periphery of the wheel 6 as illustrated. Stresses are therefore
set up in the band 5 at S3 in the regions of the points of attachment of each finger
33 to the band 5. Further, when the fingers 33 are in the positions illustrated in
Figure 8 in which they project out of the rest of the band 5, there is a possibility
that any one of the fingers 33 will come into contact with a fixed part of the printer.
[0041] The overall shape of and the dimensions of the slots 31, 32 provided in the band
5 so as to form the fingers 33 are selected so as to reduce:
(a) the chances of each of the print elements 35 not moving accurately at right angles
to the platen 1 when struck by a hammer head 74,
(b) the values of the stresses set up at S1 and S2 in each of the fingers 33 and at
S3 in the regions of the band 5 adjacent to the points of attachment of the fingers
33 to the band,
(c) the chances of a finger 33 being damaged or deformed by making contact with any
fixed part of the printer.
[0042] As will be apparent from Figures 3 and 4 the main characteristic of each of the fingers
33 is that it is chevron shaped, with the arms of the chevron positioned symmetrically
about a base line 22 extending parallel to the longitudinal center line of the band
5 and the apex of the chevron located at the rear of the finger with respect to the
direction of movement of the band 5. A further characteristic is that the width of
each arm of each chevron in the regions 41 near the points of attachment of the arm
to the band 5 is less than the width of each arm in the region 42 near the apex of
the chevron. Yet another characteristic is that the sides 38, 39 of each arm are straight.
These characteristics tend to ensure that each finger 33 will take up the S-shape
illustrated in Figure 6a when the print element 35 is struck by a hammer head 74 even
if the hammer head makes contact at a point spaced from the center of the end face
65 of the print element 35 as illustrated in Figures 6b and 6c. This shape also tends
to reduce the values of the stresses set up in the fingers in the regions S1, S2 as
illustrated in Figure 6.
[0043] Making each finger 33 in the shape of a chevron with two equal sized arms positioned
symmetrically about the base line 22 extending parallel to the longitudinal center
line of the band 5 tends to ensure that the finger 33 will take up the symmetrical
shape illustrated in Figure 7a when the print element 35 is struck by a hammer head
74, even if the hammer head makes contact at a point spaced from the center of the
end face 65 of the print element as illustrated in Figures 7b and 7c.
[0044] If the fingers 33 are in the positions illustrated in Figure 8 and one of the fingers
comes into contact with a fixed part of the printer, the finger will move back towards
the rest of the band 5. The likelihood of damage being done to the finger or the finger
being deformed is low since the apex of each finger is located at the rear of the
finger 33 with respect to the direction of movement and the finger will tend to slide
over the fixed part of the printer with which it comes into contact.
[0045] A further characteristic of each of the slots 31 is that the radius of each end 36
of the slot is appreciably greater than the radius of the ends of each of the slots
32. This tends to ensure that the values of the stresses set up at S3 in the regions
of the band 5 adjacent to the points of attachment of the arms of the fingers 33 are
reduced.
[0046] The band 5 is constructed by taking a long continuous strip of metal etching out
the geometrics herein described. As an alternative these slots and holes can be formed
by punching or by burning out using a laser. Each of the print elements 35 is then
inserted into its respective hole 67 and secured in position by swaging, using a ring
68 of deformable material as described above. The continuous strip is then cut into
short individual strips each equal to the length of a band and the ends of each individual
strip are welded together to form the individual bands 5 as continuous loops.