This invention relates to control amplifiers. Control amplifiers are used for the automatic compensation of telephone cable attenuation, or in receivers of broadband optical systems for the automatic compensation of length and broadband optical systems for the automatic compensation of length and temperature-dependent attentuation of optical links in a optical transmission system. In this type of amplifier, bandwidth must usually be sacrificed at the expense of control range. A known control amplifier is described in EP-A 0152151.
Another known control amplifier is described, for example, in Netherlands Patent Application 7,908,411 (= PHN 9630). A series arrangement of two resistors is provided between the output of this amplifier and a point of constant potential. The collector of one transistor is coupled to the output and the collector of the other transistor is coupled to the junction of the two resistors. The magnitude of the control range of this prior art amplifier is determined by the resistance values of the two resistors and is equal to
Herein A is the control range, R(1) is the resistance value of the resistor connected to the point of constant potential and R(2) is the resistance value of the resistor connected to the output of the amplifier. The maximum value of R(2) is limited by the collector capacitance of the other transistor, this capacitance also determining the maximum frequency at which the amplifier is still suitable for use. A further limiting factor is the minimal value of R(1). Unavoidably, the resistor connected to the point of constant potential has a parasitic inductance, as a result of which the output voltage of the amplifier will increase versus an increasing frequency, when the impedance of the parasitic inductance is not small with respect to R(1). In view of the foregoing, R(1) = 10 Ω, and R(2) = 90 Ω are customary values at a maximum frequency of approximately 700 Mhz. Filling up these values in the relation (1) shows that the maximum control range is equal to 20 dB.
The invention has for its object to provide measures by means of which the maximum control range can be increased at an unchanged bandwidth.
According to this invention there is provided a control amplifier as claimed in claim 1.
The invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying Figure.
In the sole Figure, the collector of the transistor 1 is connected to a point of constant potential via a resistor 6 and, via the capacitance 10 to the input of a dual-stage negatively feedback amplifier, constituted by the transistors 3 and 4. The base of the transistor 1 is connected to ground via the d.c. voltage source 13. The emitter of the transistor 1 is connected to the emitter of the transistor 2, this base being connected to ground via a control voltage source. The collector of the transistor 2 is connected to a point of constant potential via the resistor 5 and to the emitter of transistor 4 of the two-stage amplifier via the resistor 7. The emitters of the transistors 1 and 2 are connected to ground via the series arrangement of the main current path of the transistor 14 and the resistor 15. The base of the transistor 14 is connected to ground via the signal voltage source 16. The emitter of the transistor 3 is connected to a point of constant potential. The collector of the transistor 3 is connected to ground via the resistor 11 and also to the base of the transistor 4, whose collector is connected to ground via the resistor 12 and to the output 0 of the two stage amplifier. The emitter of the transistor 4 is connected to a point of constant potential via the resistor 8. The base of the transistor 3 is connected to the emitter of the transistor 4 via the resistor 9.
With the aid of the control voltage produced by the control voltage source 17 the current distribution factor α is set, where 0<α<1. This causes a direct current having a value α.I to flow through the main current path of the transistor 2 and a direct current having a value (1-α).I to flow through the main current path of the transistor 1. A signal current having a value α.i also flows through the main current path of the transistor 2 and a signal current having a value (1-α).i flows through the main current path of the transistor 1. The values of the currents I and i are determined by the voltage produced by the input signal source 16 in combination with the value of the resistor 15. Since the input impedance of the amplifier formed by the transistors 3 and 4 is much less than the value of the resistor 6, substantially all the signal current flowing in the main current path of the transistor will flow through the said input impedance via the capacitor 10.
How the control amplifier shown in the Figure operates can best be understood when the control amplifier is in its extreme positions, so when α=0 or α=1. When α=0, all the signal current i flows via the capacitor 10 through the low-resistance input impedance of the dual-stage amplifier formed by the transistors 3 and 4. The current gain of this amplifier is in a proper approximation
where I(0) is the output signal current, R(9) is the resistance value of the resistor 9 and R(X) is defined by
Herein R(8) is the resistance value of the resistor 8, R(5) is the resistance value of the resistor 5 and R(7) is the resistance value of the resistor 7. This means that the maximum current gain of the overall circuit is equal to
For example,when
When α=1 all the signal current i flows through the transistor 2 and is split in the resistors 5 and 7. The right-hand side of the resistor 7 is connected to a very low-impedance point of the dual-stage amplifier, as the result of which the current through the resistor 7 is determined by the relation
In a simple way it can be demonstrated that with a very good approximation this current also flows in the collector of the transistor 4, so that in this case the gain of the control amplifier is equal to
When, for example, R(5) = 10 Ω and R(7) = 90 Ω, this gain amounts to - 20dB. Combined with the preceding example for α=0, this accomplishes an overall control range of 34 dB, so 14 dB larger than with the prior art control amplifier.
The control amplifier has the advantage that the impedances with which the collectors of the transistors 1 and 2 are terminated are low-resistance impedances, so that the influence of the collector capacitances on the bandwidth is much smaller.
An additional advantage is that a parasitic inductance of the resistor 5 can be compensated for by including such an inductance in series with the resistor 7 that splitting the current through the resistors 5 and 7 does not depend on the frequency. This is possible when